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Williamson, Robert A. "Avoiding forced termination of pastors a win-win possibility through polarity management of conflict /." Theological Research Exchange Network (TREN), 2003. http://www.tren.com.
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Wockatz, Philip. ""WOW. FOR VOLVO" : cognition and affect combining forces to measure the immeasurable." Thesis, Linköping University, Department of Computer and Information Science, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-20990.
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Bartra, Obando Ricardo A. "Integration of the Peruvian Air Force information systems through an integrated LAN/WAN." Thesis, Monterey, California. Naval Postgraduate School, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/28300.
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Tam, Wai-man, and 譚偉文. "Market force and urban design: a case study of Wanchai District." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2008. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B40687272.
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Hederström, Max. "Nato's luftkrig i Bosnien utifrån Pape's teorier." Thesis, Försvarshögskolan, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:fhs:diva-4745.
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Dr. Robert A. Pape gav 1996 ut sin bok Bombing to Win – Airpower and Coercion in War där han presenterar sin teori om hur luftmakt bäst ska användas för att påtvinga sin vilja över en motståndares. Genom empiriska studier argumenterar han för att strategisk bombning inte fungerar utan luftstridskrafterna ska istället användas till att bekämpa fiendens militära strategi.Detta självständiga arbete presenterar kärnan ur Pape's teori, samt tar ut tre centrala kriterier som verkar sammanfattande för teorin och undersöker sedan om det går att urskilja dessa inom Nato's nyttjandet av luftmakt under Operation Deliberate Force i Bosnien 1995. Luftkampanjen användes som ett politiskt instrument för att få slut på ett krig som präglades av etniska rensningar och territoriella dispyter. Stödet från världssamfundet att genomföra Deliberate Force var skört, vilket gjorde att utrymmet för misstag var litet.Slutsatsen är att Pape's resonemang kring lokal luftöverlägsenhet delvis går att urskilja, medan den nekande operationskonsten samt hammare och städ-taktiken tydligt går att urskilja. En slutsats är även att luftkampanjen var en avgörande faktor vid upphävandet av belägringen i Sarajevo, och hade stor påverkan på de strider som utspelade sig på marken, som sedan skulle bli avgörande för att Dayton-avtalet skrevs.
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Santos, Daniel. "Combined forced and parametric excitation of a single degree of freedom oscillator." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 1991. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk/R?func=search-advanced-go&find_code1=WSN&request1=AAIU602266.
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This report looks at two forms of Mathieu's equation, each subjected to an external sinusoidal excitation, and has been appropriately divided into two sections. The first section analyses a nonhomogeneous linear equation considered initially without, and then with damping, The second section investigates a nonlinear nonhomogeneous equation, with damping, and is supplemented by laboratory investigations and analogue computing. The principal mathematical method used throughout has been the perturbation method of multiple scales, with the method of variation of parameters incorporated to investigate the linear case. Some of the results, from both cases, are presented in the form of time trace diagrams and these compared well with results obtained from numerical integration of the original equation using the Runge - Kutta algorithm. All the remaining results are presented in the form of 3D diagrams in an effort to give more information about the frequency content of the response. Experimental results for parametric and forced excitation of a light cantilever with an end mass agreed qualitatively with theoretical predictions and analogue computer results agreed well. Again the results were presented in a similar format to those of the previous sections, using 3D diagrams. The main findings for the linear problem were that the response was dominated by the frequencies ? and ?p - ? , where ? is the forcing frequency and ? is the parametric excitation frequency. Close to the stability boundary the interaction between the forced and parametric responses resulted in a response much larger than that due to either effect on its own. When the nonlinearities considered here were added it was found that, with no external forcing the response in the unstable region was dominated as expected by a component at ? p/2, but as the amplitude of the external forcing was increased this component was suppressed and replaced by dominant components at frequencies ? and ?P- ? In addition there were normally sidebands present, sometimes of relatively quite considerable amplitude and even the appearance, for a limited window, of what might have been chaotic motion, with a continuous range of spectral components. These digital computer findings were confirmed by analogue computer and laboratory observations.
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Jansson, Markus. "Operation Allied Force : En undersökning om Pape´s luftmaktsteorier applicerade på detta krig gav önskat resultat." Thesis, Försvarshögskolan, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:fhs:diva-4797.
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24 mars 1999 påbörjar NATO för första gången i organisationens historia krigshandlingar med luftstridskrafter. Detta mot ett Serbien med Slobodan Milosevic i spetsen som utförde etniska rensningar på kosovoalbaner i Kosovo. Denna konflikt kom att från NATOs håll kallas operation Allied Force. Tre år innan denna konflikt urartade släppte Dr. Robert A. Pape en bok vid namn Bombing to win där Pape framför sina teorier för hur luftkrig och framförallt luftmakt skall genomföras. Tidigare forskning om Pape´s teorier och operation Allied Force visar att det finns vissa kopplingar mellan dennes teorier och den använda taktiken under luftkriget i konflikten. Syftet med denna undersökning är att försöka urskilja faktorer som påverkade utgången genom användandet av Pape´s teorier. Slutsatsen är att delar av Pape´s teorier inte applicerades tillräckligt mycket så att ett positivt resultat kunde nås. Analysen visar att NATO´s taktik i detta luftkrig är en blandning av olika teoretikers teorier, vilket kan förklaras med att flera olika politiska viljor har haft en stor inverkan på den utförda taktiken.
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Mitchell, Susanne. "Evaluating impacts and defining public perceptions of police body-worn cameras (BWCs)." Kent State University / OhioLINK, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=kent1555332027726849.
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Kopniczky, Judit. "Nanostructures Studied by Atomic Force Microscopy : Ion Tracks and Nanotextured Films." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala : Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis : Univ.-bibl. [distributör], 2003. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-3763.
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Kyle, Michael Jon. "THE IMPACT OF BODY-WORN CAMERAS ON USE OF FORCE AND CITIZEN COMPLAINTS: A QUASI-EXPERIMENTAL STUDY AT THE NEWPORT NEWS POLICE DEPARTMENT." OpenSIUC, 2020. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/dissertations/1794.
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Several questionable officer involved shootings and perceived abuses of authority disproportionately involving minority citizens have resulted in public outcry, protests, and nationwide scrutiny of police in recent years. The resulting police legitimacy crisis has prompted agencies to rapidly equip officers with body-worn video cameras (BWCs). BWC advocates lauded the findings of an early study that attributed significant reductions in use of force incidents and citizen complaints to the devices and it is this and a handful of other short-term studies upon which the claims of these benefits are predicated. However, subsequent research has produced mixed findings and the sustainability of any reductions remains questionable. The limited knowledge concerning the impact of BWCs on the aforementioned outcomes is problematic considering the potential negative impact of unrealistic expectations and the expense of BWC program maintenance. The objective of this dissertation is to address gaps in the extant research by exploring the impact of an incremental deployment of the devices on the frequency and severity of use of force incidents and the frequency and outcome of citizen complaints while controlling for staffing, volume of officer-initiated enforcement contacts, and the Ferguson incident. Utilizing 86-months of secondary data collected from the Newport News, Virginia Police Department (NNPD) a vector autoregressive multivariate time series analysis indicates that BWCs were a significant factor in a substantial sustained reduction in use of force and a substantial sustained increase in exonerated complaint dispositions at the NNPD.
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Leverick, Fiona. "A critical analysis of the law of self-defence in Scotland and England." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2003. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk/R?func=search-advanced-go&find_code1=WSN&request1=AAIU172065.
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This thesis is a critical analysis of the law of self-defence in Scotland and England. It is argued that it is far more difficult to justify the use of lethal force in self-defence than is commonly assumed and that, drawing on the work of Uniacke, the most convincing justification is on the basis of a right to life, accompanied by a theory of forfeiture. That is, the victim of an attack is entitled to protect herself from an aggressor who threatens her right to life. The reason why she is permitted to kill the aggressor, but the aggressor is not permitted to kill her, is because an aggressor forfeits her right to life by virtue of becoming an unjust immediate threat to the life of another. However, the right to life is seen as a fundamental right that should be respected in relation to all human beings, even aggressors, as far as is reasonably possible. This is because, unlike almost all other types of loss, a deprivation of life is something from which the victim can never recover and for which the victim can never be compensated. As such, it is argued that an aggressor's right to life is only forfeited at the point where it is no longer reasonably possible to save both the life of the victim and the life of the aggressor. On this basis, the thesis proceeds to argue that the law of self-defence should contain strict rules on when it is permissible to take the life of another human being. As such, relatively restrictive rules are proposed in relation to five specific aspects of self-defence law: retreat, mistake, self-generated self-defence, imminence and proportionality. It is suggested that Scots law conforms to these strict rules to a greater extent than does English law.
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Al, Mohammad Ahmad. "Structure et morphologie des surfaces d'Al2O3α et des films minces WO3 : application à leurs interactions avec Au". Aix-Marseille 3, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001AIX30011.
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Ce travail concerne l'étude des surfaces d'oxydes (la préparation, la structure, la morphologie) et de leur interaction avec un dépôt métallique (la granulométrie et la réactivité). Les surfaces d'oxyde qui ont été utilisées sont des surfaces l'alumine et d'oxyde de tungstène. Après avoir préparé et caractérisé les surfaces substrats du point de vue cristallographique par RHEED, AFM, et AES, nous avons étudiée la croissance d'un dépôt d'or sur ces différentes surfaces utilisées comme substrats. Nous avons étudié l'influence de la structure atomique d'une surface sur la croissance de l'or et caractérisé l'interaction entre cette surface et les atomes d'or. Pour ceci nous avons examiné des dépôts d'or de différentes épaisseurs, obtenus à différentes températures sur des surfaces (1012) et (0001) d'AI2O3 stœchiométriques ou réduites. Nous avons mis en évidence des différences dans les mécanismes de croissance de l'or sur ces surfaces: sur les surface stœchiométriques la croissance s'effectue atome par atome et par coalescence des particules. Sur les surfaces réduites la croissance ne se fait qu'atome par atome. Des expériences de croissance nous avons déduit les énergies d'adsorption des atomes d'or sur ces surfaces. .<br>This work concerns the study of the oxyde surfaces (preparation, structure, morphology) and their interaction with metallic deposit (granulometry and reactivity). The oxide surfaces which were used are the alumina surfaces and tungsten oxide. We prepared and characterized the crystallographic structure of the substrate surfaces by RHEED, AFM, and AES techniques. We studied the growth of gold deposit on these various surfaces. We studied the influence of the surface atomic structure on the gold deposit growth and investigated the interactions between the surface and the gold atoms. For that we examined gold deposits of various thicknesses, deposited at various temperatures on stoichiometric or reduced surfaces (1012 ) and (0001) of alumina. .
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Coats, Alison M. "Vibrational spectra, force fields and structures of polyatomic molecules." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 1991. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk/R?func=search-advanced-go&find_code1=WSN&request1=AAIU546415.
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This Thesis reports the results of detailed isotopic studies carried out on three main groups of compounds, MMe2(M= Zn,Cd,Hg), MH 4(M= Si,Ge,Sn) and B(OMe)3 (Me&61 12CH 3,13CH3,12CD3). The infrared and Raman spectra of four isotopic species, 12CH 3, 13CH3, 12CD3, 13CD3, of dimethyl zinc, cadmium and mercury have been recorded, the fundamental frequencies corrected for Fermi resonance and anharmonicity and the empirical force field of each compound calculated. By incorporating interaction force constants determined by ab initio methods, semi-empirical force fields have also been calculated for these three compounds. A comparison of the scaled ab initio force fields with the empirical force field shows that properly constructed basis sets which employ effective core potentials are capable of producing results of similar quality to near Hartree-Fock calculations on molecules containing lighter atoms. The absolute infrared intensities in the 12CH3 isotopes of dimethylzinc, cadmium and mercury and in (12CD3)2Zn have been measured and the associated electrooptical parameters and atomic polar tensors calculated. The electrooptical models which appeared capable of explaining hydrocarbon infrared intensities have been shown to be invalid for these organometallic compounds. Atomic polar tensors have proved to be the more satisfactory means of representing infrared intensities generally. The absolute infrared intensities of SiH4, GeH4 and SnH4 have been remeasured in order to clarify the confusion over previous conflicting results. The unusual intensity patterns and the technological importance of these compounds in chemical vapour deposition made more precise intensity data desirable. The link between the gas phase intensities of these compounds and their gas-crystal shifts has been discussed and the electrooptical parameters and atomic polar tensors have been calculated for all three compounds. Three isotopes of trimethoxy boron; B(O12CH3)3, B(O13CH 3)3 and B(O12CD3)3 have been prepared and their infrared and Raman spectra recorded. The new 13C shifts allowed the spectra to be analysed in greater detail than was previously possible. A rudimentary force field of trimethoxy boron has also been calculated.
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Paula, Amir El Hakim de. ""Os operários pedem passagem! - A Geografia do operário na cidade de São Paulo (1900-1917)"." Universidade de São Paulo, 2005. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8136/tde-15122005-200627/.
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A dissertação procura entender a relação entre o operário e a cidade de São Paulo no período de 1900 a 1917. Esse período é marcado por um grande crescimento populacional e geográfico da cidade, sendo que esse crescimento possibilita o surgimento de novos bairros na capital paulista. Por meio desse trabalho, demonstramos que conforme a cidade crescia surgia nela um processo de segregação espacial, separando geograficamente, em bairros com distintas paisagens, as classes mais populares (como os operários) e a elite paulistana, representada principalmente pela burguesia cafeeira e/ou burguesia industrial. Com esse processo de segregação espacial, os operários ficaram circunscritos à bairros sem muita infra-estrutura urbana (como ruas asfaltadas e arborizadas, serviços de água e esgoto), em contrapartida ao fato de serem eles os principais construtores da cidade. A partir disso, buscamos entender como ocorreria um questionamento a essa segregação espacial, ou seja, como e quando os operários, enquanto movimento organizado, "invadiam" as regiões mais centrais da cidade. Analisando as lutas contra a Carestia de Vida e a Greve de 1917, percebemos que, em momentos de grande agitação social, o operário chegava ao centro e questionava essa "ordem" urbana. Sendo assim, percebemos que a geografia do operário na cidade vai muito além de simplesmente localizar esse trabalhador na cidade. Ela passa a entender também o significado desse processo de apropriação espacial.<br>This dissertation is a search to understand the relation between the worker and the city of São Paulo from 1900 to 1917. Noticeably, in the period, there is rapid population and geographical growth which enables the development of new districts in the capital of the state of São Paulo. In this the dissertation, we demonstrated that as the city developed a spacial segregation process was brought about, separating geographically into districts with distinet layouts the more popular classes (as the workers) and the São Paulo elite, represented mainly by the coffee grower and/or the industrial bourgeoisies. In this special segregation process the workers were circumscribed (such as asphalt and trees along services) in spite of the fact that they are the main city builders. From this starting point we attempt to understand what would be a questioring on this spacial segregation or rather, how and when the workers, as an organized movement "invaded" the city center. Analyzing the struggles against the high cost of living and strike in 1917, we notice that in periods of great social commotion the workers get to the city center and question this urban "order". Thus, we perceive that the geography of the workers in the city goes far beyond to simply localize them in the city. It also analyses the meaning of this special take over process.
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Carlberg, Tommy. "NATO:s luftkrig i Kosovo utifrån Pape:s teorier." Thesis, Försvarshögskolan, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:fhs:diva-4085.
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Dr. Robert A. Pape publicerar 1996 boken Bombing to Win. Kvantitativa studier av 33 konflikter där luftstridskrafter använts har genomförts. Detta för att söka ett samband mellan lyckade respektive misslyckade slutresultat. De teorier som Pape framför har därför en empirisk förankring och de slutsatser som förs fram är att strategisk bombning väldigt sällan fungerar och att luftstridskrafter istället bör användas för att neka fiendes styrkor framgång på slagfältet. Tre år efter att Bombing to Win publiceras inleds Operation Allied Force. En operation ledd av NATO för att förhindra den etniska rensningen av albaner i Kosovo. Syftet med detta arbete är att se om Robert A. Pape:s teorier uppmärksammats. Detta genom att leta efter händelser där NATO använder luftstridskrafterna på ett sätt som överensstämmer med Pape:s teorier. Slutsatsen är att det finns vissa händelser i konflikten där NATO:s agerande överensstämmer med de teorier Pape presenterar i Bombing To Win. Det finns däremot inte en koppling till ett särskilt skede eller del av operationen. Genom uttalanden av militära beslutsfattare går det att påvisa att teorierna har uppfattats av dessa. Politiska viljor har haft stor inverkan, och vissa militära strategiska viljor har fått stå tillbaka.
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Cacou, Crina. "The contribution of mechanical forces to the healing of wounds in the human skin." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 1992. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk/R?func=search-advanced-go&find_code1=WSN&request1=AAIU602272.
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The effect of mechanical forces in the healing of human wounds has been investigated. The study examined the effect of forces acting perpendicular to the plane of skin and parallel to it. The closure force of 17 surgical wounds made in favourable and unfavourable directions was measured and a relationship between the mechanical force acting across a wound and the final scar width became apparent. A technique to alter the local forces acting on a wound during healing was established. The results from eleven patients are presented and improved wound healing and prevention of hypertrophy was obtained. Examination of the piezoelectric properties of stressed skin samples gave the basis for a hypothesis to explain the contribution of mechanical forces at the cellular level. High levels of pressure were applied to 11 keloid and hypertrophic scars. The effectiveness of this treatment became apparent but problems were encountered with the application of high levels of pressure so far as the convenience of the patients was concerned. It became apparent that the cause of scarring is multifactorial with biological and mechanical factors being the main contributors. Modification of the mechanical forces involved can lead to an improved healing.
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Agouris, Ioannis. "The variability of force platform, kinematic and kinetic data in normal and cerebral palsy gait." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2002. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk/R?func=search-advanced-go&find_code1=WSN&request1=AAIU154295.
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Gait analysis can produce useful results once the natural and systematic variability of gait measurements is established [1]. It was therefore the purpose of this study to investigate the variability of temporal-spatial, kinematic and kinetic parameters of gait, in adults and children with normal gait as well as in children with cerebral palsy (CP) gait, using three-dimensional motion analysis. Investigations of the variability and symmetry of ground reaction force (GRF) data, in healthy and CP children, using time and frequency domain analysis, concluded that GRF data in CP children was more variable compared to normal. The vertical force was the least and the mediolateral force the most variable parameter. Time domain analysis is limited since it involves only selected points of the force-time curves, whereas frequency domain analysis contains information about the entire waveforms. Motion analysis require reflective markers attached on the subject's skin. Marker misplacement is considered a major source of variability in gait analysis [2]. A marker placement protocol was established and validated by eight different marker applicators. Within and between-applicators reproducibility was high. Consistency in applying an established protocol is important, although the marker positions may not be entirely accurate. The effect of marker misplacement on the kinematics and kinetics of gait was quantified by using modelling software. The gait parameters in the transverse plane were the most sensitive to market misplacement, which should be taken into account during examination of gait analysis reports. Temporal-spatial, kinematic and kinetic patterns of gait, in adults and children (healthy and CP), were determined. All parameters of normal gait showed considerable repeatability, with kinetics being more repeatable than kinematics. CP gait showed repeatability in the sagittal and frontal plane, however the transfer plane kinematic parameters were highly variable.
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Shen, Yu-Ting. "Changing Role of Women in the Economic Development of Taiwan." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2015. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-206156.
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The main goal of the thesis was to discover the relation between Taiwan economic development and women position with respect to the analysis of trade liberalization in Taiwan (especially after 1990) and its influence on Taiwanese economic status of women and their opportunity to participate in trade. The thesis uses descriptive analysis which is one of the quantitative method as a mean to interpret the selected data to discuss the changing role of women in the economic development of Taiwan. The conclusions from the thesis are as follows. The economic development of Taiwan has placed women at the important position. In just fifty years, Taiwan has experienced rapid economic development, which transformed the industrial structure to the service sector. After becoming officially a member of WTO in 2002, the female labor participation rate has continued to grow year by year up to more than 50% till today and most of the women participate in the service sector. Till 2014, average hourly payment of men has been 15% higher than the one of women, though the women reached higher level of education.The rising women position in the society affects that women not only postpone the age of getting married and having a baby, but also the fertility rate has been reduced to 1.1 in Taiwan.
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Scarlato, Michele. "Sicurezza di rete, analisi del traffico e monitoraggio." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2012. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/3223/.
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Il lavoro è stato suddiviso in tre macro-aree.
Una prima riguardante un'analisi teorica di come funzionano le intrusioni, di quali software vengono utilizzati per compierle, e di come proteggersi (usando i dispositivi che in termine generico si possono riconoscere come i firewall).
Una seconda macro-area che analizza un'intrusione avvenuta dall'esterno verso dei server sensibili di una rete LAN.
Questa analisi viene condotta sui file catturati dalle due interfacce di rete configurate in modalità promiscua su una sonda presente nella LAN.
Le interfacce sono due per potersi interfacciare a due segmenti di LAN aventi due maschere
di sotto-rete differenti. L'attacco viene analizzato mediante vari software.
Si può infatti definire una terza parte del lavoro, la parte dove vengono analizzati i file
catturati dalle due interfacce con i software che prima si occupano di analizzare i dati di
contenuto completo, come Wireshark, poi dei software che si occupano di analizzare i dati di
sessione che sono stati trattati con Argus, e infine i dati di tipo statistico che sono stati trattati
con Ntop.
Il penultimo capitolo, quello prima delle conclusioni, invece tratta l'installazione di Nagios, e
la sua configurazione per il monitoraggio attraverso plugin dello spazio di disco rimanente su
una macchina agent remota, e sui servizi MySql e DNS. Ovviamente Nagios può essere
configurato per monitorare ogni tipo di servizio offerto sulla rete.
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Huang, Bing-Sen, and 黃秉森. "The Centripetal Force and Continued Tradition Spirit of Hak-ka--Shigang District Plum Village Lin Family Win li Chapel Hall." Thesis, 2016. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/35c848.
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碩士<br>南華大學<br>建築與景觀學系環境藝術碩士班<br>104<br>How do the ethnic groups of Hakka gather and inherit their spirits? And how does it get preserved? The aim of research is to discuss the relation between ancestral halls and ethnic groups by observing the Lin family in Meizhi Village, Shikang District.
The author had reflections about being a Hakkanese and the lack of knowledge about the spirit of Hakka, therefore initiated the thought of conducting a research on Hakka culture. Due to that fact that the author is a Hakkanese from Chiayi area, also once lived in Taichung, the thought of doing a research about the issue of “the cohesion and inheritance” of the Shikang Hakka culture thus initiated. The discussion of the cohesion and inheritance of the Shikang Hakka culture is based on the structure of the ceremonial activities of Hakka and the aspect of regional insights. It focuses on presenting the mechanism and reason of cultural reproduction and expect to present the ceremonial activities to realize the cohesion of Hakka, the meanings of inheritance and the characteristics of regional culture. From the mechanism of the culture inheritance of the ancestral halls, the study provides understanding of the Hakka culture and constructs the recognition to Hakka culture.
From the process of researching, the author also concerned about the shift arrangement made by the Hakkanese ancestors and the situation of operation by their descendant. It also influenced the association between the way the elderly inherit the Hakka culture and the ceremonial activities the young conducts. In addition, from the characteristics of the Hakka culture , it can even highlight “the cohesion and inheritance” referred in this research. Lastly, the “the cohesion and inheritance” rebuild the cultural reproduction of the Hakka spirit in order to enhance the recognition to the Hakka culture. These conditions influenced the process of shaping the Hakka culture directly or indirectly, also apparently impacted the mechanism of the Lin family Hakka spirit. In the process of research, no matter it is the entertainment when having ceremonial activities at the very beginning, or the ceremonial activities led by the people at the prosperous stage, they have different individual contexts.
Lastly, the research, via theoretical analysis and deep interviews and observation, also aggregated the information from the research to represent the spirit of Hakka. The study expects to bring positive effects to the conservation of culture and the education of the traditional Hakka culture via guiding shift arrangements and its meanings and indirectly observing the process of ceremonial activities by the Lin family. People can seek for the long lost Hakka culture by the issue of shift arrangements.