Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Forces électrostatiques'
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Léonard, Guillaume. "Analyses rhéologiques des systèmes granulaires appliquées à l'étude des effets des forces électrostatiques." Thèse, Université de Sherbrooke, 2011. http://savoirs.usherbrooke.ca/handle/11143/1948.
Full textSausse, Lhernould Marion. "Etude théorique et expérimentale des forces électrostatiques appliquées à la micromanipulation : influence de l'état de surface." Paris 6, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PA066513.
Full textMeere, Bernard. "Etude d'hydrosols de silice amorphe par spectroscopie de corrélation de photons. Effet des forces électrostatiques interparticulaires." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/212908.
Full textBacchetta, Hervé. "Une nouvelle technique d'étude des diélectriques par mesure de forces électrostatiques et sans contact : analyse théorique, développement expérimental et premiers résultats." Dijon, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998DIJOS027.
Full textZouaghi, Ayyoub. "Manipulation de particules diélectriques micrométriques par ondes électrostatiques progressives et stationnaires - Études théorique, expérimentale et numérique." Thesis, Poitiers, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019POIT2296.
Full textTraveling and standing wave electrostatic conveyors (TWC and SWC) are presented as advantageous techniques to effectively manipulate and transport particles on a surface. The aim of this work is to study the behavior of micrometer particles on these systems. Experimental studies begin with granulometric and optical characterization of particles and the measurement of their charge. Then, the particles displacement efficiency in both types of conveyors is studied under different conditions. In addition, the trajectories of the particles are visualized using high speed camera. The post-processing of the obtained images using Particle Tracking Velocimetry technique (PTV) is carried out to calculate and study the particles mean velocity and how it is affected by different parameters. The theoretical and numerical studies carried out aim to study the electric potential waves, the spatial and temporal variation of the electric field and the balance of the forces acting on particles. The last part concerns the modeling of particles trajectories and the numerical computation of their average velocity and displacement distance. The results obtained by modeling are in good agreement with the experimental observations and calculations. Several modes of movement are obtained depending on frequency, applied voltage value, as well as particle charge and size. Particles are transported more efficiently in the TWC when they are in synchronous hopping mode. Increasing the number of phases can minimize the effect of the backward harmonic waves and increase the speed of propagation of the forward wave that may help the particles to move faster and farther in one direction and lead to better displacement efficiency
Sausse, Marion. "Theoretical and experimental study of electrostatic forces applied to micromanipulations: influence of surface topography." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/210423.
Full textBeaucoup de problèmes sont rencontrés lors de micromanipulations. Ces problèmes nécessitent d’être étudiés afin de pouvoir concevoir et produire des outils performants en micromécanique. A l’´echelle microscopique,
les forces qui prédominent sont les forces de van derWaals, de capilarité et électrostatiques.
Ce travail a pour thème les forces électrostatiques car elles sont les moins étudiées.
Le but de ce projet est le développement d’un outil de simulation afin d’étudier les forces électrostatiques adhésives. Ce problème implique la compréhension de certains mécanismes comme l’électrification de contact. En pratique, le but sera de trouver des solutions pour contrôler les forces électrostatiques lors de la conception de micromanipulateurs et de développer des stratégies pour la micromanipulation. Ceci est possible grâce à un outil de simulation et à l’étude de la littérature. La particularité
des simulations repose sur la prise en compte des paramètres de rugosité grâce à l’utilisation de la
fonction fractale de Weierstrass-Mandelbrot.
La première partie est dédiée à la revue de la littérature afin de comprendre les principes fondamentaux de l’électrostatique, les applications, et de répertorier les modèles de prédiction existants. Un outil de simulations est présenté et validé dans la seconde partie ainsi que le choix de la représentation fractale de la rugosité. Enfin, un banc de mesures de nano-forces est présenté qui permet de valider
les resultats des simulations.
Doctorat en Sciences de l'ingénieur
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
Polesel, Jérôme. "Modélisations et Expérimentations en Microscopie à Force Atomique Dynamique en Ultra Vide." Phd thesis, Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse III, 2005. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00009666.
Full textMouret, Guillaume. "Étude de la filtration des aérosols nanométriques." Thesis, Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008INPL063N/document.
Full textThis study aims to better understand the mechanisms encountered in nanoparticles aerosol filtration, the particles being charged or not. Three different types of media were studied: stainless steel or synthetics wire screens, unwoven filters in glass or polymer fibres, and at last, granular beds made from steel or zeolite balls. Experimental results show that, whatever the media, collection efficiency increases as the particle diameter decreases down to 4 nm. This point conflicts with the so-called thermal rebound effect developed by Wang and Kasper in 1991, according to which collection efficiency could decrease below 10 nm. The checking of Wang and Kasper’s calculations enables to explain this discrepancy and shows from more probable particle-to-fibre adhesion energy values that if thermal rebound phenomenon exists, it would only be measurable below 1 nm. Then, experimental points can be modelled from both diffusion and electrostatic forces collection mechanisms. An investigation on the filtration behaviour of fibreglass filters in the nanometric domain when intentionally-pierced with calibrated needles completes the above-mentioned works. For a same media, penetration increases as the leak diameter does. On the other hand, for a given hole size, penetration becomes independent of the particle diameter below a critical scale, which is a function of the leak diameter. It was lastly shown that the efficiency of a pierced media decreases all the more that its air flow resistance is higher. A semi-empirical model based on the differentiation between the aerosol flow across the leak and the one through the residual fibrous bed of the filter enables to well represent these points
Brutin, David. "Ecoulements liquides en microtubes et ébullition convective en minicanaux : étude expérimentale et modélisation." Phd thesis, Université de Provence - Aix-Marseille I, 2003. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00162617.
Full textNony, Laurent. "Applications de la microscopie de force dynamique en mode non-contact : structures supramoléculaires sur surfaces isolantes et microscopie de sonde de Kelvin." Habilitation à diriger des recherches, Aix-Marseille Université, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00861989.
Full textBelaidi, Sophie. "Microscopie à force électrostatique : étude fondamentale et simulation numérique." Montpellier 2, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997MON20222.
Full textBoularas, Abderrahmane. "Modélisation multidimensionnelle des interactions électrostatiques pointe/diélectrique en microscopie à champ proche." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015TOU30366/document.
Full textThe Scanning Probe Microscopy techniques (SPM) are highly diversified and no longer confined to expert laboratories, being widely used by material scientists for "micro" or "nano" applications. The use of Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM), and techniques derived from it, such as Electrostatic Force Microscopy (EFM) or Kelvin Force Microscopy (KFM), provides a considerable advantage allowing the acquisition of new information down to nanoscale, such as the charge state of dielectric materials and their ability to store and dissipate charges. However, these techniques do not allow to precisely know the spatial distribution of the lateral and deep distribution of the space charge in the insulating materials, required for a better understanding of the phenomena of transportation and charge trapping data. For this purpose, we are interested in the electrostatic force distance curve -EFDC- as a new tool to allow the location of the space charge. The aim of the thesis is to understand the relationship between the shape of the force curve and the spatial positioning of the space charge in the material. To do this, two studies were conducted in parallel: an experimental study and a study by numerical modeling. The research work here is focused mainly on the simulation of the AFM probe by electrostatic modeling of physical phenomena. One of the difficult obstacles to do in this work is the taken in account disparity of scale objects modeled and the three-dimensionality of the system. For this purpose, a mathematical model for the study of electrostatic interactions between an AFM tip and the surface of a dielectric material has been developed in 2D. The discretization of equations describing the system is based on a new numerical scheme of high order finite volume method obtained by the principle of polynomial reconstruction operator. This first model was used to understand the influence of the geometry of the tip, including the radius of curvature of the apex and the half-opening angle on the qualitative and quantitative aspects of the force curves. The results show, for example, more than the radius of curvature of the tip is smaller the curvature of the force curve is pronounced
Palleau, Etienne. "Assemblage électrostatique dirigé de nanoparticules colloïdales sur des surfaces par nanoxérographie par microscopie à force atomique." Thesis, Toulouse, INSA, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011ISAT0013/document.
Full textThe study of original properties of colloidal nanoparticles and their integration into nanodevices requires their assembly onto specific areas of solid surfaces. The aim of this thesis work is to develop an innovative method for the directed assembly of colloidal nanoparticles: the nanoxerography process by atomic force microscope (AFM). This technique consists in injecting charges into electrets using an AFM tip. The injected charges are then used to electrostatically trap nanoparticles from suspensions onto the surface. In this context, the charge writing and charge decay in PolyMethyMethAcrylate (PMMA) thin films were studied and the charge density of the charged patterns were quantified using Kelvin force microscope (KFM), an electrical mode of AFM. Assemblies of nanoparticles of different nature (metallic, polymeric (organic and inorganic)), with average sizes extending over a large range (2 nm to 1 µm) and controlled zeta potential were obtained on PMMA thin films. This allowed the analysis of assembly mechanisms and demonstration of the excellent performance of the method. Finally, two techniques of parallel charge writing, viz., the electrical microcontact printing and the electrical nanoimprinting were explored with the prospect of extending the nanoxerography process to industrial scale
Bellencontre, Frédéric. "Contributions au développement d'un champ de forces classique pour la spectroscopie vibrationnelle de bio-molécules." Thesis, Evry-Val d'Essonne, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008EVRY0005.
Full textMolecular dynamics simulations is the proper tool giving a precise interpretation and comprehension of vibrational spectroscopy experiments. As our interests lie in the vibrational spectroscopy of biomolecules, classical molecular dynamics simulations should be performed, thus relying on empirical classical force fields. This thesis is thus dedicated to the development of a biomolecular classical force field specifically to be used in the context of vibrational infrared spectroscopy. To that end, we have developed an electrostatic model, in which the parameters are fitted from ab initio Car-Parrinello molecular dynamics simulations, which is the strength of the present developments. We have more specifically developed an electrostatic fluctuating charge model in which the charges linearly fluctuate with the molecular internal coordinates. Our method has been applied on Alanine polypeptides, and is shown to reproduce the ab initio reference spectra in the 1000-2000 cm-1 spectral domain which is characteristic of the Amide I, II and III modes of peptides and proteins
Walter, Benjamin. "Fabrication de micro-résonateurs haute fréquence pour la microscopie à force atomique sur des objets biologiques." Thesis, Lille 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011LIL10168/document.
Full textHigh speed Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) and its potential applications in nanobiotechnology need to increase the resonance frequency of the probes limited in the case of the usual cantilever to a few megahertz. The first chapter describes the state of the art of the AFM and focus on the potential of MEMS in this area. The second chapter treats of the conception of a sensor taking advantage of the high resonance frequency of a silicon bulk mode resonator integrating a nanotip fabricated in batch process. We describe in the next chapter the realization of MEMS-based AFM Nanoprobes with integrated in-plane nanotip and 80nm self-aligned capacitive transduction gaps. The probes are fabricated using a photolithographic process and deep reactive ion etching. Small gaps being critical to maximize the capacitive transduction, the self-aligned 80nm capacitive gaps are obtained by thermal oxidation of the resonator side walls and polysilicon refilling. A chemical wet etching defines the in-plane nanotip thanks to the selectivity between the silicon planes. The radius of the tip apex obtained is about 10-20nm.One probe, working at 11MHz and showing a Q factor of 1300 is optically and electrically fully characterized. The probe holder of a Multimode Veeco microscope is replaced by a dedicated circuit board supporting the MEMS probe. The sample is constituted by DNA origami which is bimolecular self-assembled structure programmed to form various geometric shapes. In this case, 50nm side and 2nm height squares of DNA deposited on mica surface are used. For this probe, the minimal detectable force is estimated at 5pN.Hz-1/2
Zdrojek, Mariusz. "Étude des propriétés électroniques de nanotubes de carbone par microscopie à force électrostatique et spectroscopie Raman." Lille 1, 2006. https://ori-nuxeo.univ-lille1.fr/nuxeo/site/esupversions/1ce119af-301d-43a9-a2d6-610ad4950ac6.
Full textMerlin, Jenny. "Propriétés électrostatiques, mécaniques et chémodynamiques de (bio)interphases molles : analyses en régime d'équilibre et transitoire." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012LORR0295/document.
Full textIn natural media, the solid matter is mainly present as soft (bio)particles (bacteria, viruses, humic acids) which are permeable toward ions and hydric fluxes. These (bio)particles are unceasingly exposed to electrical/mechanical perturbations, so that the physicochemical properties of (bio)interphases, developed by (bio)particles with the medium, evolve continuously. (Bio)interphases are thus not necessarily at equilibrium during interfacial processes e.g. electrostatic interactions, complexation with metallic contaminants. Under such a context, we evaluated theoretically at equilibrium the electrostatic interaction energy between soft multilayered (bio)particles with arbitrary sizes and charge densities. We then determined the impact of non- equilibrium electric properties of soft ligand polymeric (bio)films on their ability to form complexes with metals. The aim of the last theoretical model developed here is to analyze the dynamics of multilayered heterogeneous (bio)interphases in both equilibrium and non-equilibrium regimes. Finally we analyzed at equilibrium, by coupling AFM and microelectrophoresis measurements, mechanical and electrical properties of bacterial strains Escherichia coli that specifically express (or not) different surface structures (pili, fimbriae, adhesin Ag43). All these studies highlighted the necessity to integrate for the analysis of (bio)particles reactivity with their surrounding medium (i) a close representation of soft (bio)particles (mechanical and hydrodynamic softness, spatial heterogeneity of the soft material) and (ii) the impact of spatiotemporal dynamics of (bio)interphases on the processes governing their reactivity
Teulon, Lauryanne. "Nouvelles approches pour l'assemblage électrostatique de particules colloïdales par nanoxérographie : du procédé aux applications." Thesis, Toulouse, INSA, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018ISAT0044.
Full textOwing to their unique physico-chemical properties, colloidal nanoparticles are building blocks for the creation of plentiful innovative devices. In order to make easier their characterization and to incorporate them into functional nano-devices, it is necessary to perfectly control their directed assemblies onto solid surfaces. In this context, this thesis’ purpose is to simultaneously better understand and optimize the nanoxerography method, which allows electrostatic and selective directing assemblies of nanoparticles onto charged patterns. After an optimization of the nanoxerography process, three specific problematics have been addressed: (1) micron-sized particles assembly. The combined use of numerical simulations and experiments enabled to unveil the key parameters involved in micron-sized particles assembly and to expend the particle size range foreseeable for an assembly by nanoxerography (factor 100). (2) the 3D assembly analysis. The influence of diverse parameters on the 3D assembly of luminescent model nanoparticles was quantified by using a new assembly protocol. The results gave the generic key criterions for the 3D assembly of colloids by nanoxerography. (3) directed assembly of nanogels sensitive to an external environmental stimulus. The use of an optimized protocol allowed elaborating nanogels assemblies interactive with their environment and to sort these nanoparticles onto the same surface
Cadet, Expédit Philippe. "Etude et modélisation de la microscopie à force électrostatique : Analyse de la résolution latérale et de la précision des mesures de potentiel à l'échelle nanométrique." Montpellier 2, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004MON20171.
Full textSilvestre, de Ferron Antoine Michel. "Utilisation des fortes puissances électriques pulsées dans l'électrofiltration d'effluents gazeux." Pau, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006PAUU3012.
Full textThe work presented in this thesis concerns the improvement of the performances of the electrostatic precipitators treatment efficiency on two particular applications: the filtration of Diesel engine exhaust gas and the filtration in exit of incineration processes. The first chapter collects the state of the knowledge on the electric discharges in small distances, the electrostatic filtration and the pulsed powers applications. The second chapter is dedicated to the automotive application. We realized, for this part of the study, a prototype of impulsive generator allowing to obtain a combined voltage signal where impulses, relatively wide (250µs), are stacked in a continuous bottom of tension. The best performances of this thyristors switch are: an amplitude of impulses of -24kV, a repetition rate of 3kHz, a continuous bottom of -7kV. We compared this generator with a continuous supply, or with a Marx generator delivering narrow impulses, according to two aspects: a characterization Voltage / Current in static (without gas flue) then by a comparison of treatment efficiency thanks to tests on driving bench. We advanced the advantages of the use of our prototype concerning the treatment efficiency and especially concerning the power involved which can be an interesting point if this application would become more democratic. The experimental results of the filtration of dusts stemming from processes of incineration will be presented in the third and last chapter. We realized and optimized, in this part, the active electrode geometry as well as the characteristics of the generator allowing to obtain a combined voltage signal. The switch associated to the adequate electric circuit allows to apply impulses of -30kV at the repetition rate of 1kHz stacked in a continuous tension which can achieve -50kV. Because of the presence of tip on the conceived electrode, we were interested, then, in a study in point to plane or point to cylinder geometry to try to explain the reasons of variations of the treatment efficiency in time. Finally, we validated, in real conditions ,the improvements brought by our association electrode / combined generator on gases from incineration process
Lambert, Jérôme. "Etude de la dynamique de charges par microscopie à force électrostatique - Exemple des isolants à grande constante diélectrique." Phd thesis, Université Paris-Diderot - Paris VII, 2003. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00005195.
Full textBintein, Pierre-Brice. "Dynamiques de gouttes funambules : applications à la fabrication de laine de verre." Thesis, Paris 6, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA066091/document.
Full textThis thesis deals with several dynamic situations involving drops hanging on fibers, in total wetting. Such drops can be found during the industrial process of glass wool manufacturing, as liquid glue is projected onto glass fibers in order to bind them and form the thermal insulator.In the first part, we study the spontaneous evolution of a liquid junction between two wires : a wetting drop makes the wires align and approach, and we characterize the dynamics and magnitude of these capillary interactions.Besides, a drop placed in the wedge between two fibers spreads in the corner, whereas an excess of liquid placed at the intersection spreads in the opposite direction until it reaches a spacing close to the fiber radius. We calculate this critical distance and observe it inside glass wool, revealing the possible spreading of industrial binder before it dries. The influence of elasticity is discussed.In the second part, we propose two ways to induce drop displacement. First of all, an electrostatic field between a conductive fiber and a counter electrode leads to the irreversible spreading of an insulating drop when the electricoverpressure exceeds the capillary overpressure. We model the dynamics of this dielectrophoretic spreading asa Marangoni effect. Secondly, a transversal air flow can induce the continuous motion of the drop in a random direction if the Reynolds number exceeds a critical value, at which point the wake becomes asymmetric. We model the dynamics of this translation as a viscous entrainment of the drop by the main vortex of the wake.The interactions between vortices are responsible for long-range repulsion between drops, their rebonds over solid obstacles and their capture by a downstream obstacle
Bret, Céline. "Modélisation de la polarisation dans les champs de forces moléculaires et études des structures redox du cytochrome C3 de Desulfovibrio africanus par dynamique moléculaire." Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000GRE19008.
Full textVouriot, Elise. "Effets de nanoparticules de silice sur la physicochimie de surface de bactéries planctoniques et sur l’architecture des biofilms : analyse par électrophorèse et holotomographie." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LORR0278.
Full textThe release of manufactured nanoparticles (NPs) into the environment has profound repercussions on the physico-chemical equilibria operating in natural aquatic media. In order to appreciate these repercussions, it is critical to address, among other things, the interaction mechanisms between NPs and the biotic compartment of ecosystems, in particular bacteria in planktonic state or organized in a biofilm. In this context, this thesis work was devoted to the understanding of the physico-chemical interactions between silica nanoparticles with -NH2 or -COOH functionalized surface, and several mutants of a bacterial model system (Escherichia coli) selectively displaying different types of surface appendages at their periphery (YeeJ adhesive proteins or pili-F protein filaments). The use of electrophoresis applied to bacteria-NPs binary suspensions made it possible to detect (i) the electrostatic signatures of the first stages of interactions, (ii) the changes in the electro-hydrodynamic characteristics of both bacteria and NPs due to membrane damage and acquisition of bio-corona by NPs following the release of cellular compounds, and (iii) the strong dependence of the electrokinetic properties of both cells and nanoparticles on the nature of the parietal biostructure, on NPs concentration and on solution pH. The use of atomic force microscopy further allowed the evaluation of cells morphology depending on cells exposure conditions, as well as their surface roughness, these results corroborating the conclusions derived from electrokinetic study. The second part of this thesis, exploratory in nature, concerns the analysis by a 3D imaging technique (holotomography, no sample labelling required) of the structure of bacterial biofilms generated in the presence of NPs. A method for exploiting holotomographic data is proposed and leads to the determination of different proxies characterizing the structure of the biofilm, in particular its thickness, its density profile, or the identification of ‘chimneys’ at the biofilm/solution interface. The capabilities of the method to evaluate these physicochemical fingerprints are tested on a biofilm generated from bacteria decorated with YeeJ proteins. The impacts of silica nanoparticles on the structure of this biofilm are then discussed according to the nature of their functional surface groups (-NH2 or -COOH)
Mahmood, Ather. "Towards graphene based mono-molecular electronics : structural and electrical characterization of side-gated devices." Toulouse 3, 2009. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/715/.
Full textThis thesis work aimed at preparing and nanopatterning graphene as well as exploring the electronic properties of graphene sheets and nanoribbons. Graphene is a two-dimensional arrangement of sp2 hybridized carbon atoms into a honey-comb lattice. While graphene has long been predicted to show new transport behaviour when tailored at the sub-10 nm length scale, a major road-lock in graphene nanoelectronics was the efficient production of the one-atom thick sheet. By combining a number of approaches, we demonstrate how single, few and multiple layers of graphene can be produced on bare or pre-patterned Si/SiO2 substrates. Optical, scanning electron and scanning probe microscopy methods were applied to characterize and reliably determine the number of layers. Additionally, Raman spectroscopy clearly distinguished the single sheet from highly decoupled few layered graphene structures obtained by epitaxy. Patterned micropillars of 20µm diameter were manipulated and micromechanically exfoliated in-situ to deposit < 10 nm thick discs in between pre-defined electrodes on 350 nm oxide. Focused Ion Beam was used to deposit metal contacts and to pattern the discs into 2 µm long and 80 - 250 nm wide ribbons with graphitic side-gates. Temperature dependent transport was performed through these gated nanoribbons and tunnelling of charges along a 1-D array of graphene quantum dots was observed and modelled. Furthermore, we have used electric force microscopy (EFM) to investigate the 2-D delocalization of residual as well as injected charges in sub-micron graphene islands. The induced surface charge density as a function of thickness was interpreted with a simple capacitive model. This EFM approach was used to characterize similar side-gated nanoribbons transistor devices with sub-100 nm ribbon width but tailored in monolayered graphene by FIB
Soetens, Jean-Christophe. "Développement d'un programme de dynamique moléculaire incluant des modèles électrostatiques élaborés : application à l'étude de fluides polarisables et de solutions ioniques." Nancy 1, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996NAN10241.
Full textVerstraeten, Julie. "Conception d'un microcapteur de force 3-axes pour tissus mous." Thèse, Université de Sherbrooke, 2010. http://savoirs.usherbrooke.ca/handle/11143/1940.
Full textEl, Khoury Diana. "Towards the use of electrostatic force microscopy to study interphases in nanodielectric materials." Thesis, Montpellier, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017MONTS078/document.
Full textInterphases are usually considered to be responsible for the physical properties of nanodielectrics unexplainable by general mixture laws. The prediction of the effective dielectric permittivity of these materials needs to reconsider the intrinsic permittivity and the volume of the interphase. Despite the urge for a local characterization of these nanometric interfacial regions, no reliable experimental method has been developed yet. The Electrostatic Force Microscope (EFM) constitutes a promising technique to fulfill this objective. The aim of this thesis is to develop appropriate experimental protocols and signal analysis to explore the ability of EFM to the study of interphases in nanodielectrics. We first resorted to finite-element numerical simulations in order to deeper our understanding of the interaction between an EFM probe and several types of nanostructured samples, allowing to simulate afterwards the specific response to a nanocomposite possessing an interphase. We proposed a three-phase electrostatic model of a nanodielectric, upon which, we designed and synthesized model samples of known properties to play the role of a reference nanodielectric material for EFM measurements. Consequently, we were able to develop several experimental protocols and signal analysis with both DC and AC force gradient EFM modes. These techniques offer versatile methods to characterize interphases with reduced impact of the parasitic effects commonly convoluted within EFM signals. Finally, a quantification of the interphase in our nanodielectric model samples was possible thanks to correlation with our numerical simulations
Braga, Delfin. "Etude des phénomènes de charge des matériaux isolants sous faisceau d'électrons de basse énergie (200 eV-30 keV)." Paris 11, 2003. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00004341.
Full textCharging phenomena of insulating materials were studied thanks to a scanning electron microscope which allows the injection of few electrons doses in a large domain of energies and the measurements of the secondary electron emission and the induced current created in the sample holder by the charges generated in the sample. The results shown that the secondary electron emission yield is a very sensitive parameter to characterise the charging state of an insulator and they allowed to class these materials in two groups relatively to their ability to relax the generated charges: the "trapping insulators", presenting high resistivities, in which the charges are trapped in a stable way during several months and the "conductive insulators", presenting lower resistivities than the "trapping" ones, in which the charges relaxation occurs more or less rapidly depending on the density and the mobility of intrinsic charges of the material. The fundamental parameter controlling the charging kinetic is the current density J0. For "trapping insulators", different regimes (self-regulated, ageing, degradation) function of J0 and the domain of energy considered were observed. The study of "conductive insulators" revealed that a permanent current exist in these materials which is characterised by a steady state yield [sigma]∞ which fix the maximum value of J0 withstanding by a "conductive" without charge accumulation beneath its surface. These results allowed to define what kind of materials should be used from an electrical angle to reduce indeed to cancel the deviation of electrons due to spacers in field emission displays, and also to introduce a new characterisation process of the internal field created by thermal poling in glasses samples. We also developed a new exploration way of spatial and time evolution of trapped charges in "trapping insulators" thanks to an electrostatic force microscope. Firsts results show the very high stability of trapped charges in these materials
Xiong, Zhuang. "Design, fabrication and characterization of MEMS-based oscillating AFM probes." Thesis, Lille 1, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013LIL10019.
Full textMost of commercial Atomic Force Microscope (AFM) oscillating probes are based on micrometric cantilevers which can make measurement with pico-Newton force resolution. However, these flexural vibrating cantilever resonators suffer from low quality factor when operating in liquids and the laser-based vibration sensing unit limits the integration and miniaturization. The major objective of this thesis is thus studying alternative MEMS-based AFM probe with high resonance frequency and quality factor as well as integrated driving and sensing transduction. Several in-plane oscillating structure is proposed such as flexural vibration ring resonators, extensional vibration rectangular plates and extensional vibration dog-bone resonators. Variety kinds of integrated driving and sensing methods are investigated and compared, for example: electrostatic excitation/piezoresistive detection, piezoelectric excitation/detection, and thermal excitation/piezo-resistive detection. The fabrication process of these new AFM probes are defined and carried out and both the electrical and mechanical properties are measured such as the resonance frequency, the quality factor and the vibration amplitude. In general, these probes resonate between 1 to 5 MHz with a quality factor of several thousands in air. Well-performing probes are then mounted onto a commercial AFM microscope and topographic images of patterned sample surfaces are obtained. The highest force resolution deduced from the measurement is about 10 pN/Hz0.5
Heiba, Usama Zaghloul. "Nanoscale and macroscale characterization of the dielectric charging phenomenon and stiction mechanisms for electrostatic MEMS/NEMS reliability." Toulouse 3, 2011. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/1428/.
Full textThe reliability of electrostatically actuated micro- and nano-electromechanical systems (MEMS and NEMS) is determined by several failure modes which originate from different failure mechanisms. Among various reliability concerns, the dielectric charging constitutes major failure mechanism which inhibits the commercialization of several electrostatic MEMS devices. In electrostatic capacitive MEMS switches, for example, the charging phenomenon results in shifting the electrical characteristics and leads to stiction causing the device failure. In spite of the extensive study done on this topic, a comprehensive understanding of the charging phenomenon and its relevant failure mechanisms are still missing. The characterization techniques employed to investigate this problem, though useful, have serious limitations in addition to the missing correlation between their results. On the other hand, recent studies show that tribological phenomena such as adhesion and friction are crucial in MEMS/NEMS devices requiring relative motion and could affect their performance. Since the operation of MEMS switch is based on intermittent contact between two surfaces, the movable electrode and the dielectric, critical tribological concerns may also occur at the interface and influence the device reliability. These concerns have not been investigated before, and consequently, micro/nanotribological studies are needed to develop a fundamental understanding of these interfacial phenomena. Also, the multiphysics coupling between the charging phenomena and those expected tribological effects needs to be studied. This thesis addresses the abovementioned weaknesses and presents numerous novel characterization techniques to study the charging phenomenon based on Kelvin probe force microscopy (KPFM) and, for the first time, force-distance curve (FDC) measurements. These methods were used to study plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) silicon nitride films for application in electrostatic capacitive MEMS switches. The proposed methods are performed on the nanoscale and take the advantage of the atomic force microscope (AFM) tip to simulate a single asperity contact between the switch movable electrode and the dielectric surface. Different device structures were characterized including bare dielectric films, MIM capacitors, and MEMS switches. In addition, the charge/discharge current transients (C/DCT) and thermally stimulated depolarization current (TSDC) assessment methods were used to study the charging/discharging processes in metal-insulator-metal (MIM) capacitors. A comparison and correlation between the results from the investigated characterization techniques were performed. Moreover, a correlation between the obtained nanoscale/macroscale results and the literature reported data obtained from device level measurements of actual MEMS devices was made. The influence of several key parameters on the charging/discharging processes was investigated. This includes the impact of the dielectric film thickness, dielectric deposition conditions, and substrate. SiNx films with different thicknesses were deposited over metal layers and over silicon substrates to study the effect of the dielectric thickness. The impact of the dielectric deposition conditions was investigated through depositing SiNx films using different gas ratio, temperature, power, and RF modes. To study the influence of the substrate, SiNx layers were deposited on evaporated gold, electrochemically-deposited gold, evaporated titanium layers, and over bare silicon substrates. Fourier transform infra-red spectroscopy (FT-IR) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) material characterization techniques were used to determine the chemical bonds and compositions, respectively, of the investigated SiNx films. The obtained data from these techniques were used to explain the electrical characterization results. The impact of electrical charge injection conditions, which are the voltage amplitude, polarity and duration, was also explored. Finally, the influence of the relative humidity, environment medium, and contaminants on the charging phenomenon was studied. Furthermore, the thesis investigates different tribological phenomena at the interface between the two contacting surfaces of electrostatic MEMS switches as well as their multiphysics coupling with the dielectric charging failure mechanism. The adhesive and friction forces were measured on the nanoscale under different electrical stress conditions and relative humidity levels using an AFM to study different stiction mechanisms. In these devices, stiction can be caused by two main mechanisms: dielectric charging and meniscus formation resulting from the adsorbed water layer at the interface. The effect of each mechanism as well as their multiphysics interaction and impact on the overall adhesion or stiction was quantified. Finally, the impact of the dielectric charging on the friction force between the two contacting surfaces of the switch has been studied
Nolhier, Nicolas. "Methodologie de conception des protections des circuits intégrés contre les décharges électostatiques." Habilitation à diriger des recherches, Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse III, 2005. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00265344.
Full textMaisonnet, Jérôme. "Optimisation et réalisation d'un micro-gyromètre deux axes à poutres vibrantes en silicium." Phd thesis, Université de Franche-Comté, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00476857.
Full textGestraud, Cecilia. "Synthèse, fonctionnalisation et assemblage de nanodisques d'argent." Thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019INPT0112.
Full textSilver nanoparticles, used extensively in catalysis, optics and electronics, are now emerging in new applications such as imaging, photonics or chemical and biochemical detection. Among these applications, some require particular morphologies such as rods or disks (conductive films, enhanced Raman spectroscopy) while others mainly involve a large specific surface area such as in heterogeneous catalysis. Anisotropic metal nanoparticles are traditionally produced in two stages, separating the formation of seeds and their growth, in order to better control their morphology. However, the two-stage synthesis makes the transfer on industrial scale difficult because of the long incubation time and the washing steps required. In this context, we decided to focus on the synthesis of anisotropic nanoparticles, in particular silver nanodisks, as well as their assembly in solution and on surfaces. In our work, we adopted an approach that allows to carry out the two stages of the formation of silver nanodisks in the same reaction medium. The principle is based on the use of two reducers, one weak and one strong, with different kinetic reduction rates, allowing the control of anisotropy. This method is simple and fast but requires good control of the experimental parameters. The time between the addition of the two reducers determines the morphology of the formed objects. There is actually an optimal range for this time, which depends particularly on the temperature of the synthesis. In order to vary the optical properties of these nanodisks, different strategies can be considered. We chose to form assemblies both in solution and on surfaces by different deposition techniques. The adsorption of bifunctional organic molecules can provoke the formation of assemblies in solution: one function has an affinity with silver and the other interacts with the free functions of the other nanoparticles through hydrogen or electrostatic bonds for example. Assemblies can also be made on surfaces. We have been working on original deposition method, which allow an oriented assembly of nanodisks through electrostatic forces.We have demonstrated that these assemblies are good candidates for developing micro-structured SERS substrates
Mohand, Ousaid Abdenbi. "Conception d'une chaîne de micro téléopération stable et transparente." Phd thesis, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00811544.
Full textBodin, Audrey. "Un dispositif de filtre en énergie couplé à un spectromètre de masse quadrupolaire pour le dépôt d'ions moléculaires sur des surfaces isolantes avec énergie contrôlée." Toulouse 3, 2013. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/2224/.
Full textMolecular electronics is an alternative technology for nanoelectronics. It requires the conception of new equipments in order to deposit large and fragile molecules on insulating surfaces under ultra high vacuum (UHV). Keeping intact the deposited molecules is essential for the functionality of the fabricated devices. The most generally used deposition technique for molecules under UHV is thermal evaporation. However, this technique is often detrimental for fragile molecules. The development of less destructive deposition methods is therefore needed. An alternative technique is based on the use of a dedicated mass spectrometer. The commercial device used for our study is a Finnigan triple quadrupole mass spectrometer TSQ700 coupled to a multi-chamber equipment under UHV called " Dinamo " UHV Factory. To transform the TSQ700 in a low energy ion source, we studied the energy distribution of the ions at the exit of the analyzer by using the simulation software SIMION(r). This study revealed that the ion beam displays a high energy tail up to 1500 eV. The ion beam must then be filtered in energy in order to remove the high energy tail. To filter the ions in energy, we decided to add an electrostatic sector. The ion current measured at the output of electrostatic sector showed that the high-energy tail has been removed after this modification. The modified spectrometer was used to deposit CF3+ ions on a KBr(001) surface then characterized by Non-Contact Atomic Force Microscopy (NC-AFM) and Kelvin Probe Force Microscopy (KPFM). KPFM observations are consistent with the presence of positive charges
Arcizet, Olivier. "Mesure optique ultrasensible et refroidissement par pression de radiation d´un micro-résonateur mécanique." Phd thesis, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, 2006. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00175959.
Full textOn a également mis en évidence un effet d'auto-refroidissement dû à la modification de la dynamique par la pression de radiation dans une cavité désaccordée. On a observé selon le désaccord un refroidissement et un chauffage du résonateur, qui conduit à forte puissance à une instabilité dynamique.
Ces techniques de refroidissement combinées à de la cryogénie passive devraient permettre de refroidir suffisamment le micro-résonateur pour observer son état quantique fondamental.
On présente enfin une étude expérimentale de l'effet photothermique et une mesure des dilatations induites par l'échauffement lié à l'absorption de lumière dans les traitements optiques.
Cedano, Serrano Francisco Javier. "From molecular architecture and electrostatic interactions to underwater adherence of hydrogels." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SORUS056.
Full textThis work attempts to unravel some of the intricacies of the aqueous adhesion of elastic or viscoelastic highly swollen charged polymers. In Part I the first model synthetic system permitted us to successfully link the molecular architecture of the elastic hydrogels, their interfacial charge density and the ionic strength of the medium with the underwater adhesion properties at a macroscopic level using probe-tack experiments and a microscopic level using atomic force microscopy. In Part II we successfully expanded the synthetic elastic system to measure macroscopic adhesion between oppositely charged gelatin-based hydrogels. Finally, in Part III we developed a synthetic and bio-inspired adhesive based on complex coacervation. This novel adhesive system combines the contribution of electrostatic interactions and thermoresponsive domains resulting in a material with promising properties as an injectable viscoelastic adhesive for medical applications
Rollier, Anne-Sophie. "Technologies microsystèmes avancées pour le fonctionnement de dispositifs en milieu liquide et les applications nanométriques." Phd thesis, Université des Sciences et Technologie de Lille - Lille I, 2006. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00128689.
Full textL'innovation réside dans l'intégration d'un actionnement propre directement sur le capteur, pour diminuer la quantité de fluide déplacé par rapport à un actionnement déporté d'une sonde classique, et d'une pointe effilée par un nanotube de carbone, pour atteindre une résolution latérale inférieure au nm.
La recherche de la compréhension des phénomènes physiques entrant en jeu a conduit à une modélisation analytique complète du comportement dynamique du levier en milieu liquide. Cette modélisation, intégrant les phénomènes de dissipation intrinsèque à la structure et ceux dus au milieu liquide, permet d'optimiser les paramètres géométriques du capteur conduisant aux meilleures performances en terme de fréquence de résonance (>MHz) et de coefficient de qualité (>10). Des leviers aux dimensions optimales pour un actionnement en milieu liquide ont ainsi été fabriqués par technique de micro-usinage de surface et de volume. Deux voies technologiques ont été envisagées : l'actionnement électrostatique et l'actionnement piézoélectrique qui, au vue de l'étude bibliographique, sont les deux principes d'actionnement les plus adaptés à la détection de force en milieu liquide.
La résolution latérale nanométrique a été obtenue en intégrant à l'extrémité du levier une pointe à apex très effilée. Une première méthode a consisté à utiliser la croissance localisée d'un unique nanotube de carbone dans le prolongement de la pointe. Cette étape a été rendue possible par une collaboration intensive avec le LEPES et plus particulièrement avec Anne-Marie Bonnot où une statistique de greffage de nanotubes de carbone a été réalisée sur des champs de pointe à géométrie variable pour contrôler, entre autre, la longueur des tubes obtenus à l'apex des pointes en silicium. Le procédé de dépôt des nanotubes de carbone étant réalisé à haute température (>800°C), il n'est donc compatible qu'avec une technologie de fabrication haute tempérautre comme c'est le cas de l'actionnement électrostatique (1100°C). Une autre méthode est donc utilisée pour effiler les pointes en silicium des leviers piézoélectriques à technologie froide (<650°C). La pointe est fabriquée avant le dépôt des couches de PZT qui réalisent l'actionnement et un apex nanométrique est obtenu par cycles d'oxydation-désoxydation.
Ainsi les leviers actifs ont pu être caractérisés dans l'air et dans l'eau par vibrométrie laser puis par AFM, les leviers comportant un support aux dimensions entièrement compatibles avec les AFM commerciaux. Les effets d'électrolyse et d'écrantage du potentiel des électrodes, inhérents au milieu liquide d'actionnement, ont été d'autre part étudiés.
Cette étude pluridisciplinaire en collaboration avec le LEPES (nanotube de carbone) et le CPMOH (caractérisations AFM des pointes à nanotubes) a permis de fabriquer une nouvelle génération de sondes actives AFM adaptées au milieu liquide.
Torricelli, Gauthier. "Caractérisation des Interactions entre une Microsphère et une Surface Métalliques aux Echelles Nanométriques." Phd thesis, 2005. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00069070.
Full textDianoux, Raphaelle. "Injection et détection de charges dans des nanostructures semiconductrices par Microscopie à Force Atomique." Phd thesis, 2004. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00008831.
Full textTruchon, Jean-François. "Modéliser la polarisation électronique par un continuum diélectrique intramoléculaire vers un champ de force polarisable pour la chimie bioorganique." Thèse, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/6551.
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