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Journal articles on the topic 'Ford vans'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 2 February 2022

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1

Mazaheri Nezhad Fard, Ramin, Mohammad Mehdi Soltan Dallal, Maryam Abbaspour, and Zahra Rajabi. "Study of VanA, B, C, D, E Genes in Vancomycin Resistant Enterococci Isolated from Retailed Dried Vegetables in Tehran, Iran." International Journal of Enteric Pathogens 7, no. 1 (January 18, 2019): 9–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.15171/ijep.2019.03.

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Background: Enterococcus spp. are resistant to many antimicrobials including vancomycin. They may be found in foods and water. Objective: In the current study, van genes were investigated in vancomycin resistant enterococci (VRE) isolated from dried vegetables in Tehran, Iran. Materials and Methods: In this study, 140 dried vegetable samples were collected from local retailers in Tehran, Iran, 2015. Bacteria were isolated using culture, biochemistry and molecular methods. Susceptibility of the enterococcal isolates was assessed to six antibiotics of ampicillin, chloramphenicol, erythromycin, gentamicin, tetracycline and vancomycin using Kirby-Bauer method. The prevalence of vanA, B, C, D, E genes was molecularly studied in VRE using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and sequencing techniques. Results: Of 140 dried vegetable samples, Enterococcus spp. strains were isolated from 84 samples (60%). Totally, 48% of the isolates were resistant to vancomycin. Of 41 vancomycinresistant enterococcal isolates, vanA was found in 23 (56.1%), vanB in 8 (19.5%) and vanC in 2 (4.9%) isolates. No vanD or vanE was found in the isolates. Results have shown a high rate of contamination with Enterococcus spp., especially VRE, in dried vegetables in Tehran. Conclusion: Therefore, further hygienic regulations such as personal training and food processing, transportation, storage and marketing must be routine in food industries and local retailers.
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2

MUS, T. E., F. CETINKAYA, R. CIBIK, G. DEGIRMENCI, and F. B. DILER. "Molecular Identification of Vancomycin Resistance and Virulence Genes in Foodborne Enterococci." Journal of the Hellenic Veterinary Medical Society 70, no. 2 (July 12, 2019): 1487. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/jhvms.20819.

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The study was performed to determine the presence of vancomycin phenotyping genes and some virulence traits in enterococci species. For this purpose, a total of 42 enterococci including 6 vancomycin-resistant and 36 vancomycin-susceptible strains originated from meat/meat products and milk/dairy products were assessed for the vanA, vanB and vanC genes and agg, esp, gelE, ace and efaA virulence genes by using polymerase chain reaction or multiplex polymerase chain reaction. The vanA gene was found in 12% (n=5) of the strains and vanC gene in 50% (n=21). From these, three vanA- (E. faecalis, E. durans, E. casseliflavus) and two vanC-positive (E. durans) strains had a minimum inhibitory concentration of > 256 μg/ml as previously determined with the E-test. The strains expressing vancomycin susceptibility originating from ready-to-eat food were found to carry vanA (n=1) and vanC (n=5) genes. On the other hand, the vanB gene was not detected among strains. Moreover, no strain was found to harbor virulence traits studied. Our results indicated that resistant or susceptible enterococci from foods of animal origin can be a possible reservoir for resistance genes and may have a potential role for transfer of genetic elements among enterococci or to other bacteria. Furthermore, to develop epidemiological surveillance systems for foodborne antibiotic resistant pathogens as vancomycin-resistant enterococci and their genes responsible for resistance, primarily vanA, vanB, continues to be an essential issue all around the world. The present work provides data for foodborne enterococci isolates harboring vanA gene from Turkey.
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3

Arthur, Michel, Florence Depardieu, Peter Reynolds, and Patrice Courvalin. "Moderate-Level Resistance to Glycopeptide LY333328 Mediated by Genes of the vanA and vanB Clusters in Enterococci." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 43, no. 8 (August 1, 1999): 1875–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.43.8.1875.

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ABSTRACT Three of five natural plasmids carrying a wild-typevanA gene cluster did not confer LY333328 glycopeptide resistance on Enterococcus faecalis JH2-2 (MIC = 2 μg/ml). The two remaining plasmids conferred resistance to the drug (MIC, 8 μg/ml). The vanB gene cluster did not confer resistance to LY333328, since this antibiotic was not an inducer. Mutations in the vanSB sensor gene that allowed induction by teicoplanin or constitutive expression of thevanB cluster led to LY333328 resistance (MIC, 8 to 16 μg/ml). Overproduction of the VanH, VanA, and VanX proteins ford-alanyl-d-lactate (d-Ala-d-Lac) synthesis andd-Ala-d-Ala hydrolysis was sufficient for resistance to LY333328 (MIC, 16 μg/ml). Mutations in the hostd-Ala:d-Ala ligase contributed to LY333328 resistance in certain VanA- and VanB-type strains, but the MICs of the antibiotic did not exceed 16 μg/ml. Addition ofd-2-hydroxybutyrate in the culture medium of mutants that did not produce the VanH d-lactate dehydrogenase led to incorporation of this d-2-hydroxy acid at the C-terminal ends of the peptidoglycan precursors and to LY333328 resistance (MIC, 64 μg/ml). The vanZ gene of the vanA cluster conferred resistance to LY333328 (MIC, 8 μg/ml) by an unknown mechanism. These data indicate that VanA- and VanB-type enterococci may acquire moderate-level resistance to LY333328 (MIC ≤ 16 μg/ml) in a single step by various mechanisms.
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4

Civolani, Claudio, Paolo Barghini, Anna Rita Roncetti, Maurizio Ruzzi, and Alma Schiesser. "Bioconversion of Ferulic Acid into Vanillic Acid by Means of a Vanillate-Negative Mutant of Pseudomonas fluorescens Strain BF13." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 66, no. 6 (June 1, 2000): 2311–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.66.6.2311-2317.2000.

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ABSTRACT From a ferulic-acid-degrading Pseudomonas fluorescensstrain (BF13), we have isolated a transposon mutant, which retained the ability to bioconvert ferulic acid into vanillic acid but lost the ability to further degrade the latter acid. The mutant, BF13-97, was very stable, and therefore it was suitable to be used as a biocatalyst for the preparative synthesis of vanillic acid from ferulic acid. By use of resting cells we determined the effect on the bioconversion rate of several parameters, such as the addition of nutritional factors, the concentration of the biomass, and the carbon source on which the biomass was grown. The optimal yield of vanillic acid was obtained with cells pregrown on M9 medium containing p-coumaric acid (0.1% [wt/vol]) as a sole carbon source and yeast extract (0.001% [wt/vol]) as a source of nutritional factors. Under these conditions, 1 mg (wet weight) of biomass produced 0.23 mg of vanillic acid per h. The genomic region of BF13-97 flanking the transposon's site of insertion was cloned and sequenced revealing two open reading frames of 1,062 (vanA) and 954 (vanB) bp, respectively. The van genes are organized in a cluster and encode the subunits of the vanillate-O-demethylase, which catalyzes the first step of the vanillate catabolism. Amino acid sequences deduced from vanA and vanB genes were shown to have high identity with known VanAs and VanBs fromPseudomonas and Acinetobacter spp. Highly conserved regions known to exist in class IA oxygenases were also found in the vanillate-O-demethylase components from P. fluorescens BF13. The terminal oxygenase VanA is characterized by a conserved Rieske-type [2Fe-2S]R ligand center. The reductase VanB contains a plant-type ferredoxin [2Fe-2S]Fd, flavin mononucleotide, and NAD-ribose binding domains which are located in its C-terminal and N-terminal halves, respectively. Transfer of wild-type vanAB genes to BF13-97 complemented this mutant, which recovered its ability to grow on either vanillic or ferulic acid.
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5

Marshall, C. Gary, and Gerard D. Wright. "DdlN from Vancomycin-Producing Amycolatopsis orientalis C329.2 Is a VanA Homologue withd-Alanyl-d-Lactate Ligase Activity." Journal of Bacteriology 180, no. 21 (November 1, 1998): 5792–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.180.21.5792-5795.1998.

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ABSTRACT Vancomycin-resistant enterococci acquire high-level resistance to glycopeptide antibiotics through the synthesis of peptidoglycan terminating in d-alanyl-d-lactate. A key enzyme in this process is a d-alanyl-d-alanine ligase homologue, VanA or VanB, which preferentially catalyzes the synthesis of the depsipeptide d-alanyl-d-lactate. We report the overexpression, purification, and enzymatic characterization of DdlN, a VanA and VanB homologue encoded by a gene of the vancomycin-producing organism Amycolatopsis orientalisC329.2. Evaluation of kinetic parameters for the synthesis of peptides and depsipeptides revealed a close relationship between VanA and DdlN in that depsipeptide formation was kinetically preferred at physiologic pH; however, the DdlN enzyme demonstrated a narrower substrate specificity and commensurately increased affinity ford-lactate in the C-terminal position over VanA. The results of these functional experiments also reinforce the results of previous studies that demonstrated that glycopeptide resistance enzymes from glycopeptide-producing bacteria are potential sources of resistance enzymes in clinically relevant bacteria.
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6

Ozawa, Yoshiyuki, Koichi Tanimoto, Takahiro Nomura, Masao Yoshinaga, Yoshichika Arakawa, and Yasuyoshi Ike. "Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococci in Humans and Imported Chickens in Japan." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 68, no. 12 (December 2002): 6457–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.68.12.6457-6461.2002.

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ABSTRACT The phenotypes and genotypes of 22 VanA-type vancomycin-resistant enterococci that had been isolated in Japan were examined. The VanA resistance determinant was plasmid mediated in each of the 22 strains. Of the 22 strains, 8 were isolated from different patients and 11 and 3 were obtained from different samples of chickens imported from Thailand and France, respectively. Three of the strains that were isolated from patients and the 11 strains isolated from the Thai chickens showed high-level vancomycin resistance (MICs, 512 to 1,024 μg/ml) and low-level teicoplanin resistance (MICs, 0.5 to 4 μg/ml). Each of these strains had three amino acid substitutions in the N-terminal region of the deduced VanS sequence. L50 was converted to V, E54 was converted to Q, and Q69 was converted to H compared to the vanS gene sequence of Tn1546.
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7

Hill, Craig M., Kevin M. Krause, Stacey R. Lewis, Johanne Blais, Bret M. Benton, Mathai Mammen, Patrick P. Humphrey, Alfred Kinana, and James W. Janc. "Specificity of Induction of the vanA and vanB Operons in Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococci by Telavancin." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 54, no. 7 (April 19, 2010): 2814–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.01737-09.

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ABSTRACT Telavancin is a bactericidal, semisynthetic lipoglycopeptide indicated in the United States for the treatment of complicated skin and skin structure infections caused by susceptible Gram-positive bacteria and is under investigation as a once-daily treatment for nosocomial pneumonia. The related vanA and vanB gene clusters mediate acquired resistance to glycopeptides in enterococci by remodeling the dipeptide termini of peptidoglycan precursors from d-alanyl-d-alanine (d-Ala-d-Ala) to d-alanyl-d-lactate (d-Ala-d-Lac). In this study, we assessed the ability of telavancin to induce the expression of van genes in VanA- and VanB-type strains of vancomycin-resistant enterococci. Vancomycin, teicoplanin, and telavancin efficiently induced VanX activity in VanA-type strains, while VanX activity in VanB-type isolates was inducible by vancomycin but not by teicoplanin or telavancin. In VanA-type strains treated with vancomycin or telavancin, high levels of d-Ala-d-Lac-containing pentadepsipeptide were measured, while d-Ala-d-Ala pentapeptide was present at very low levels or not detected at all. In VanB-type strains, vancomycin but not telavancin induced high levels of pentadepsipeptide, while pentapeptide was not detected. Although vancomycin, teicoplanin, and telavancin induced similar levels of VanX activity in VanA-type strains, these organisms were more sensitive to telavancin, which displayed MIC values that were 32- and 128-fold lower than those of vancomycin and teicoplanin, respectively.
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8

Eisner, Alexandra, Gebhard Feierl, Gregor Gorkiewicz, Franz Dieber, Harald H. Kessler, Egon Marth, and Josef Köfer. "High Prevalence of VanA-Type Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococci in Austrian Poultry." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 71, no. 10 (October 2005): 6407–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.71.10.6407-6409.2005.

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ABSTRACT Fecal samples from humans and food-producing animals were analyzed for the presence of vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE). The VRE carriage rate in humans was 6%, and there was a predominance of VanC-type resistance. Enterococcus faecium with vanA-mediated resistance was frequent in broiler chickens (42%) but rare in cattle and pig samples.
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9

Poole, T. L., M. E. Hume, L. D. Campbell, H. M. Scott, W. Q. Alali, and R. B. Harvey. "Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococcus faecium Strains Isolated from Community Wastewater from a Semiclosed Agri-Food System in Texas." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 49, no. 10 (October 2005): 4382–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.49.10.4382-4385.2005.

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ABSTRACT Vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium strains (VRE) were isolated from human wastewater but not swine fecal waste from a semiclosed agri-food system in Texas. Forty-nine VRE isolates possessed vanA, and one possessed vanB. Twenty-one pulsed-field gel electrophoresis types were identified and segregated into three groups. There was evidence of clonal dissemination among geographically separated sites.
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10

GUERRERO-RAMOS, EMILIA, DIANA MOLINA-GONZÁLEZ, SONIA BLANCO-MORÁN, GILBERTO IGREJAS, PATRÍCIA POETA, CARLOS ALONSO-CALLEJA, and ROSA CAPITA. "Prevalence, Antimicrobial Resistance, and Genotypic Characterization of Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococci in Meat Preparations." Journal of Food Protection 79, no. 5 (May 1, 2016): 748–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-15-390.

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ABSTRACT A total of 160 samples of poultry (80), pork (40), and beef (40) preparations (red sausages, white sausages, hamburgers, meatballs, nuggets, minced meat, escalope, and crepes) were tested in northwestern Spain to determine the prevalence of vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE). VRE were detected in 38 (23.8%) samples (37.5% of poultry, 15.0% of pork, and 5.0% of beef samples). One strain per food sample was further characterized. Isolates were identified as Enterococcus faecium (14 strains), E. durans (10), E. hirae (7), E. gallinarum (5), and E. casseliflavus–E. flavescens (2). All strains showed resistance or intermediate susceptibility to three or more antimicrobials of clinical significance, in addition to vancomycin. High rates of resistance or intermediate susceptibility were observed for teicoplanin (81.6% of isolates), chloramphenicol (81.6%), erythromycin (100%), quinupristin-dalfopristin (89.5%), and ciprofloxacin (81.6%). A moderate rate of resistance or intermediate susceptibility emerged for ampicillin (34.2%) and tetracycline (36.8%). Genes encoding antimicrobial resistance and virulence were studied by PCR. The vanA, vanB, vanC-1, and vanC-2/3 genes were identified in 27, 1, 5, and 2 isolates, respectively. Other resistance genes or transposon sequences found were tet(L), tet(M), Tn5397 (tetracycline), erm(A), erm(B) (erythromycin), vat(D), and vat(E) (quinupristin-dalfopristin). Most isolates were free of virulence determinants (agg, hyl, and efaAfm genes were detected in one, one, and five strains, respectively). Strains were classified as not biofilm producers (crystal violet assay; 4 isolates) or weak biofilm producers (34 isolates). Cluster analysis (EcoRI ribotyping) suggested a strong genetic relationship among isolates from different types of meat preparations, animal species, and retail outlets. Meat preparations might play a role in the spread through the food chain of VRE with several resistance and virulence genes.
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Moubareck, Carole, Djalal Meziane-Cherif, Patrice Courvalin, and Bruno Périchon. "VanA-Type Staphylococcus aureus Strain VRSA-7 Is Partially Dependent on Vancomycin for Growth." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 53, no. 9 (June 15, 2009): 3657–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.00338-09.

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ABSTRACT VanA-type Staphylococcus aureus strain VRSA-7 was partially dependent on glycopeptides for growth. The vanA gene cluster, together with the erm(A) and the ant(9)-Ia resistance genes, was carried by the ca. 35- to 40-kb conjugative plasmid pIP848 present at five copies per cell. The chromosomal ddl gene had a mutation that led to a N308K substitution in the d-Ala:d-Ala ligase that resulted in a 1,000-fold decrease in activity relative to that of strain VRSA-6. Strain VRSA-7 grown in the absence or in the presence of vancomycin mainly synthesized precursors ending in d-Ala-d-Lac, indicating that the strain relied on the vancomycin resistance pathway for peptidoglycan synthesis. Greatly enhanced growth in the presence of glycopeptides and the absence of mutations in the genes for VanR and VanS indicated the inducible expression of resistance. Thus, a combination of loose regulation of the vanA operon by the two-component system and a gene dosage effect accounts for the partial glycopeptide dependence of VRSA-7. Since peptidoglycan precursors ending in d-Ala-d-Lac are not processed by PBP 2′, the strain was fully susceptible to oxacillin, despite the production of a wild-type PBP 2′.
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Batista Xavier, Diego, Francisco Ernesto Moreno Bernal, and Ricardo Titze-de-Almeida. "Absence of VanA- and VanB-Containing Enterococci in Poultry Raised on Nonintensive Production Farms in Brazil." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 72, no. 4 (April 2006): 3072–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.72.4.3072-3073.2006.

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ABSTRACT We examined cloacal samples from poultry raised on nonintensive production farms in Brazil for the presence of vancomycin-resistant enterococci. No VanA- or VanB-containing enterococci were identified in a total of 200 cloacal swabs. The most prevalent species were Enterococcus gallinarum (vanC1; 13.0%) and E. casseliflavus (vanC2/3; 5.5%).
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13

Kalan, Lindsay, Sara Ebert, Tom Kelly, and Gerard D. Wright. "Noncanonical Vancomycin Resistance Cluster from Desulfitobacterium hafniense Y51." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 53, no. 7 (May 4, 2009): 2841–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.01408-08.

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ABSTRACT The glycopeptide vancomycin is a drug of last resort for infection with gram-positive organisms, and three genes are vital to resistance: vanH, vanA, and vanX. These genes are found in a vanHAX cluster, which is conserved across pathogenic bacteria, glycopeptide antibiotic producers, and other environmental bacteria. The genome sequence of the anaerobic, gram-positive, dehalogenating bacterium Desulfitobacterium hafniense Y51 revealed a predicted vanA homolog; however, it exists in a vanAWK-murFX cluster, unlike those of other vancomycin-resistant organisms. Using purified recombinant VanA from D. hafniense Y51, we determined its substrate specificity and found it to have a 42-fold preference for d-lactate over d-alanine, confirming its activity as a d-Ala-d-Lac ligase and its annotation as VanA. Furthermore, we showed that D. hafniense Y51 is highly resistant to vancomycin, with a MIC for growth of 64 μg/ml. Finally, vanADh is expressed during growth in vancomycin, as demonstrated by reverse transcription-PCR. This finding represents a new glycopeptide antibiotic resistance gene cluster and expands the genetic diversity of resistance to this important class of antibiotic.
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14

Jorgensen, James H., Sharon A. Crawford, Cynthia C. Kelly, and Jan E. Patterson. "In Vitro Activity of Daptomycin against Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococci of Various Van Types and Comparison of Susceptibility Testing Methods." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 47, no. 12 (December 2003): 3760–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.47.12.3760-3763.2003.

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ABSTRACT The increasing prevalence of vancomycin-resistant enterococcal (VRE) infections and the limited number of antimicrobial agents for their treatment emphasize a need for new, more effective agents. In this study, the in vitro activity of daptomycin was determined against a collection of 156 VRE from seven different institutions. Van types were characterized by PCR, and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis was performed to exclude isolates with >85% relatedness by dendrogram. Included were 126 Enterococcus faecium (109 vanA, 17 vanB) isolates, 5 Enterococcus faecalis (3 vanA, 2 vanB) isolates, 2 Enterococcus avium (vanA) isolates, 1 Enterococcus durans (vanA) isolate, 10 Enterococcus gallinarum (vanC1) isolates, and 12 Enterococcus casseliflavus (vanC2) isolates. MICs of daptomycin and five additional agents were determined by the NCCLS broth microdilution method with Mueller-Hinton (MH) broth containing supplemental calcium. MICs were also determined using two investigational E-test strip formulations, and disk diffusion testing was performed by the standard NCCLS method. The MIC of daptomycin at which 50% of the isolates tested were inhibited for this isolate collection was 4 μg/ml, and the MIC at which 90% of the isolates tested were inhibited was 8 μg/ml. Two isolates of vanA E. faecium were resistant to linezolid, and one isolate was resistant to quinupristin-dalfopristin. MICs of daptomycin determined by the E test with and without added calcium varied by 8- to 16-fold, and disk diffusion zones varied by 3 to 6 mm according to the calcium content of the commercial MH agar lots used in the study. This study has shown daptomycin to have good activity against a diverse collection of contemporary VRE isolates. However, improved standardization of the calcium content of MH agar will be important for reliable testing of daptomycin by clinical laboratories using either the E test or disk diffusion methods.
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Ribeiro, Tânia, Marta Abrantes, Maria de Fátima Silva Lopes, and Maria Teresa Barreto Crespo. "Vancomycin-susceptible dairy and clinical enterococcal isolates carry vanA and vanB genes." International Journal of Food Microbiology 113, no. 3 (February 2007): 289–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2006.08.010.

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16

Harwood, Valerie J., Miriam Brownell, William Perusek, and John E. Whitlock. "Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococcus spp. Isolated from Wastewater and Chicken Feces in the United States." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 67, no. 10 (October 1, 2001): 4930–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.67.10.4930-4933.2001.

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ABSTRACT Vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus spp. (VRE) were isolated from sewage and chicken feces but not from other animal fecal sources (dog, cow, and pig) or from surface waters tested. VRE from hospital wastewater were resistant to ≥20 μg of vancomycin/ml and possessed the vanA gene. VRE from residential wastewater and chicken feces were resistant to 3 to 5 μg of vancomycin/ml and possessed the vanC gene.
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Bhardwaj, Pooja, Elizabeth Ziegler, and Kelli L. Palmer. "Chlorhexidine Induces VanA-Type Vancomycin Resistance Genes in Enterococci." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 60, no. 4 (January 25, 2016): 2209–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.02595-15.

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ABSTRACTChlorhexidine is a bisbiguanide antiseptic used for infection control. Vancomycin-resistantE. faecium(VREfm) is among the leading causes of hospital-acquired infections. VREfm may be exposed to chlorhexidine at supra- and subinhibitory concentrations as a result of chlorhexidine bathing and chlorhexidine-impregnated central venous catheter use. We used RNA sequencing to investigate how VREfm responds to chlorhexidine gluconate exposure. Among the 35 genes upregulated ≥10-fold after 15 min of exposure to the MIC of chlorhexidine gluconate were those encoding VanA-type vancomycin resistance (vanHAX) and those associated with reduced daptomycin susceptibility (liaXYZ). We confirmed thatvanAupregulation was not strain or species specific by querying other VanA-type VRE. VanB-type genes were not induced. ThevanHpromoter was found to be responsive to subinhibitory chlorhexidine gluconate in VREfm, as was production of the VanX protein. UsingvanHreporter experiments withBacillus subtilisand deletion analysis in VREfm, we found that this phenomenon is VanR dependent. Deletion ofvanRdid not result in increased chlorhexidine susceptibility, demonstrating thatvanHAXinduction is not protective against chlorhexidine. As expected, VanA-type VRE is more susceptible to ceftriaxone in the presence of sub-MIC chlorhexidine. Unexpectedly, VREfm is also more susceptible to vancomycin in the presence of subinhibitory chlorhexidine, suggesting that chlorhexidine-induced gene expression changes lead to additional alterations in cell wall synthesis. We conclude that chlorhexidine induces expression of VanA-type vancomycin resistance genes and genes associated with daptomycin nonsusceptibility. Overall, our results indicate that the impacts of subinhibitory chlorhexidine exposure on hospital-associated pathogens should be further investigated in laboratory studies.
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van der Aart, Lizah T., Nicole Lemmens, Willem J. van Wamel, and Gilles P. van Wezel. "Substrate Inhibition of VanA by d-Alanine Reduces Vancomycin Resistance in a VanX-Dependent Manner." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 60, no. 8 (June 6, 2016): 4930–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.00276-16.

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ABSTRACTThe increasing resistance of clinical pathogens against the glycopeptide antibiotic vancomycin, a last-resort drug against infections with Gram-positive pathogens, is a major problem in the nosocomial environment. Vancomycin inhibits peptidoglycan synthesis by binding to thed-Ala–d-Ala terminal dipeptide moiety of the cell wall precursor lipid II. Plasmid-transferable resistance is conferred by modification of the terminal dipeptide into the vancomycin-insensitive variantd-Ala–d-Lac, which is produced by VanA. Here we show that exogenousd-Ala competes withd-Lac as a substrate for VanA, increasing the ratio of wild-type to mutant dipeptide, an effect that was augmented by several orders of magnitude in the absence of thed-Ala–d-Ala peptidase VanX. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) analysis showed that high concentrations ofd-Ala led to the production of a significant amount of wild-type cell wall precursors, whilevanX-null mutants produced primarily wild-type precursors. This enhanced the efficacy of vancomycin in the vancomycin-resistant model organismStreptomyces coelicolor, and the susceptibility of vancomycin-resistant clinical isolates ofEnterococcus faecium(VRE) increased by up to 100-fold. The enhanced vancomycin sensitivity ofS. coelicolorcells correlated directly to increased binding of the antibiotic to the cell wall. Our work offers new perspectives for the treatment of diseases associated with vancomycin-resistant pathogens and for the development of drugs that target vancomycin resistance.
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Vasil’ev, V. I., A. V. Savel’ev, and N. N. Rybin. "Design of sanitation posts for truck vans transporting food." Herald of the Ural State University of Railway Transport, no. 1 (2018): 60–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.20291/2079-0392-2018-1-60-68.

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20

Novais, Carla, Ana R. Freitas, João C. Sousa, Fernando Baquero, Teresa M. Coque, and Luísa V. Peixe. "Diversity of Tn1546 and Its Role in the Dissemination of Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococci in Portugal." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 52, no. 3 (January 7, 2008): 1001–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.00999-07.

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ABSTRACT We characterized the molecular diversity of vanA vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE; 176 isolates/87 pulsed-field gel electrophoresis types) from different sources and cities in Portugal (1996 to 2004): (i) food animals (FA; n = 38 isolates out of 31 samples), hospitalized humans (HH; n = 101/101), healthy human volunteers (HV; n = 7/4), and environmental sources (n = 30/10). Some strains were isolated from different hosts and persistently recovered for years. Twenty-four Tn1546 variants were identified, all located on plasmids (30 to 250 kb). Some Tn1546 variants were associated with specific sources such as FA (3 types), HH (11 types), or HV (1 type), while others were recovered from isolates of different origins (8 types). Polymorphisms in the central vanRSHA region of Tn1546 were scarcely detected, while alterations upstream of vanR and downstream of vanA were frequently identified involving mutations (vanS and vanX), deletions (vanY), insertions (IS1216V, ISEf1, and IS19; sequences with or without homology with others available in GenBank databases), and different genetic rearrangements. Most Tn1546 variants contained IS1216V (14 types) or ISEf1 (6 types). IS1216V was found alone or associated with an IS3-like element at different orientations and positions in Tn1546 from human, animal, and environmental samples. ISEf1 was located within vanX-vanY region at nucleotide 9044 of Tn1546 variants mostly associated with clinical isolates, suggesting a common genetic platform. IS19 was observed within the vanX-vanY region in one Tn1546 variant from poultry. Recent spread of VRE in Portugal reflects a complex epidemiology involving both clonal spread and plasmid dissemination containing a variety of Tn1546 types. Apparent Tn1546 heterogeneity among enterococci from human, animal, and environmental sources might reflect frequent genetic exchange events and evolution of particular widely disseminated genetic elements.
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INAGUMA, Yoshiharu. "Friction Characteristics of Vane for a Balanced Vane Pump." TRANSACTIONS OF THE JAPAN FLUID POWER SYSTEM SOCIETY 45, no. 4 (2014): 58–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.5739/jfps.45.58.

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Zhang, Li, Hui Li, Jingwen Gao, Jianpeng Gao, Dianhua Wei, and Yayin Qi. "Identification of drug-resistant phenotypes and resistance genes in Enterococcus faecalis isolates from animal feces originating in Xinjiang, People’s Republic of China." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 100, no. 4 (December 1, 2020): 674–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjas-2018-0161.

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This study examined the presence and the antibiotic resistance patterns of Enterococcus faecalis isolated from the feces of 285 animals. Polymerase chain reaction tests verified the presence of E. faecalis from 49 pigs, 20 cows, 174 sheep, 17 horses, 21 chickens, and four dung beetles. Bacterial strains from different animals showed differences in susceptibility and resistance to the tested antimicrobials. The isolates exhibited resistance to ampicillin (6.32%), ciprofloxacin (40.00%), nitrofurantoin (1.40%), erythromycin (54.04%), streptomycin (82.11%), tetracycline (45.26%), amoxicillin (64.91%), penicillin (92.28%), and vancomycin (0.35%). The resistant strains also possessed varying complements of resistance genes including tem (77.89%), tetM (33.68%), gyrA (37.54%), parC (34.74%), aph(3′)-III (22.46%), aac(6′)/aph2″ (10.88%), and ant(6′)-I (8.42%). Genes for vancomycin resistance (vanB and vanC) and erythromycin resistance (mefA) were not detected. These results indicate high levels of antibiotic resistance among the isolates, although no positive correlation was observed between resistance genes and antibiotic resistance spectrum.
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Lemcke, R., and M. Bülte. "Occurrence of the vancomycin-resistant genes vanA, vanB, vanC1, vanC2 and vanC3 in Enterococcus strains isolated from poultry and pork." International Journal of Food Microbiology 60, no. 2-3 (September 2000): 185–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0168-1605(00)00310-x.

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Wist, Valerie, Marina Morach, Marianne Schneeberger, Nicole Cernela, Marc J. A. Stevens, Katrin Zurfluh, Roger Stephan, and Magdalena Nüesch-Inderbinen. "Phenotypic and Genotypic Traits of Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococci from Healthy Food-Producing Animals." Microorganisms 8, no. 2 (February 15, 2020): 261. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms8020261.

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Food-producing animals may be a reservoir of vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE), potentially posing a threat to animal and public health. The aims of this study were to estimate the faecal carriage of VRE among healthy cattle (n = 362), pigs (n = 350), sheep (n = 218), and poultry (n = 102 flocks) in Switzerland, and to characterise phenotypic and genotypic traits of the isolates. VRE were isolated from caecum content of six bovine, and 12 porcine samples respectively, and from pooled faecal matter collected from 16 poultry flock samples. All isolates harboured vanA. Three different types of Tn1546-like elements carrying the vanA operon were identified. Conjugal transfer of vanA to human Enterococcus faecalis strain JH2-2 was observed for porcine isolates only. Resistance to tetracycline and erythromycin was frequent among the isolates. Our data show that VRE harbouring vanA are present in healthy food-producing animals. The vanA gene from porcine isolates was transferable to other enterococci and these isolates might play a role in the dissemination of VRE in the food production chain.
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Riedl, Sabine, Knut Ohlsen, Guido Werner, Wolfgang Witte, and Jörg Hacker. "Impact of Flavophospholipol and Vancomycin on Conjugational Transfer of Vancomycin Resistance Plasmids." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 44, no. 11 (November 1, 2000): 3189–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.44.11.3189-3192.2000.

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ABSTRACT The influence of vancomycin and flavophospholipol (FPL) on the transfer rate of conjugative plasmids harboring the vancomycin resistance operon vanA was determined in several clinical and animal isolates of Enterococcus faecium. FPL significantly inhibited the frequency of transfer of conjugative VanA plasmids up to 70-fold. Vancomycin had no significant effect on the transfer rate of VanA plasmids.
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Junus, Silvara, and Jenni L. Briggs. "Vane Sensor System in Small Strain Oscillatroy Testing." Applied Rheology 11, no. 5 (October 1, 2001): 264–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/arh-2001-0015.

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Abstract To overcome difficulties (slip, sample disturbance) associated with traditional sensors, a semi-empirical method was developed to allow the use of a 4-bladed vane sensor in small strain oscillatory testing. It was assumed that the vane sensor acted as a bob with an acting radius, RV, different from the actual radius of the vane (0.02005 m). To solve for RV, the complex modulus obtained using a concentric cylinder sensor from reference viscoelastic fluid, was set equal to the complex modulus equation for vane sensor. RV values were grouped into three phase shift ranges from 5° to less than 16°, from 16° to less than 60°, and from 60° to 90° and they were 0.01883, 0.01869, and 0.01850 m, respectively. These values were used in the calculation of viscoelastic properties of eight commercial food products, which resulted in complex modulus values within 15% of those obtained using a concentric cylinder sensor. Results showed that this particular vane and cup system can be used to directly measure the storage and loss moduli of viscoelastic material and phase shift within the upper frequency value of 6.28 rad/s. Above 6.28 rad/s, there is an inconsistency in phase shift angles measured using vane method. This method is ideal for testing thixotropic food systems because disturbance is minimal during sample loading, giving more accurate viscoelastic measurements.
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Lisec, Andrej, Klemen Lisec, and Matevž Obrecht. "Cost and Safety Aspects of Using Electric and Hybrid Vehicles in Local Food Supply Chain." Production Engineering Archives 25, no. 25 (December 1, 2019): 35–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.30657/pea.2019.25.06.

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Abstract Integrating electric vehicles in a supply chain and distribution is a viable option when special conditions such as short distance road distribution and environmental considerations as well as small amounts of goods enabling delivery with delivery vans are met. In this paper, possibility of investment in electric vehicles for distribution of local food will be examined and analysed. Safety concerns in electric vehicles will also be addressed and accident consequences and vehicle safety will be analysed and compared with conventional vehicles that use internal combustion engines.
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SERIO, ANNALISA, ANTONELLO PAPARELLA, CLEMENCIA CHAVES-LÓPEZ, ALDO CORSETTI, and GIOVANNA SUZZI. "Enterococcus Populations in Pecorino Abruzzese Cheese: Biodiversity and Safety Aspects." Journal of Food Protection 70, no. 7 (July 1, 2007): 1561–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-70.7.1561.

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The presence of enterococci in Pecorino Abruzzese cheese during ripening was evaluated. Counts were high, especially in fully ripened summer batches. Seventy strains were isolated and identified based on phenotypical and genotypical features as Enterococcus faecium (48.5%), Enterococcus faecalis (40%), and Enterococcus durans (11.5%), with the first species predominant in spring batches and the second predominant in summer batches. High biodiversity was revealed by random amplification of polymorphic DNA and a PCR assay, suggesting the presence of autochthonous strains. E. faecium isolates were the most resistant to the tested antibiotics, especially to erythromycin, chloramphenicol, and penicillin, but all strains were susceptible to vancomycin, as confirmed by the absence of vanA and vanB genes. The presence of some virulence determinants was investigated, revealing the diffusion of aggregation substance (asa1) and gelatinase (gelE ) genes in 37.5% of E. faecalis strains. However, none of the isolates produced gelatinase in vitro, suggesting the presence of silent genes. The virulence genes were absent in E. durans. Among E. faecium strains, only Lab 41/1 possessed gelE and asa1, whose presence previously has been reported only in E. faecalis. Decarboxylating activity was revealed for phenylalanine (27% of the strains) and tyrosine (96%) but not histidine. The presence of a tyrosine decarboxylase–encoding gene was observed for all strains. A comparison of these results with those of previous studies of clinical and food isolates indicates that enterococci from Pecorino Abruzzese cheese have low pathogenic potential.
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Robredo, Beatriz, Kavindra V. Singh, Fernando Baquero, Barbara E. Murray, and Carmen Torres. "From vanA Enterococcus hirae tovanA Enterococcus faecium: a Study of Feed Supplementation with Avoparcin and Tylosin in Young Chickens." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 43, no. 5 (May 1, 1999): 1137–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.43.5.1137.

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ABSTRACT Fifteen newborn chickens were isolated in separate cages after 1 month of living together, divided into three groups, and challenged for 5 weeks with seed food which either was supplemented with avoparcin (10 mg/kg of animal food) or tylosin (40 mg/kg) or was nonsupplemented. At 9 weeks of age and after the 5-week challenge, all chickens received nonsupplemented feed for 4 additional weeks. At 4, 9, and 13 weeks of life, feces were collected and inoculated on M-Enterococcusagar plates with and without vancomycin (4 μg/ml).vanA-containing Enterococcus hirae was isolated from 11 of 15 chickens before antibiotic challenge, without detection of vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium. At 9 weeks of age and after the 5-week avoparcin challenge, vanA E. hiraestrains were no longer detected, but five of five chickens now hadvanA E. faecium. At a lower frequency, vanA E. faecium had also displaced vanA E. hirae in both the tylosin group (one of four chickens) and the control group (two of five chickens). One month after avoparcin discontinuation, the number of chickens colonized with vanA E. faecium decreased from five to one. All vanA-containing E. hirae strains detected in the first month of life and most of thevanA-containing E. faecium strains detected in the second month of life showed identical ApaI andSmaI restriction patterns, respectively, when analyzed by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. All vanA E. hiraeisolates transferred glycopeptide and macrolide resistance toEnterococcus faecalis JH2-2 in vitro; the level of glycopeptide resistance was higher in the transconjugants than in the donor E. hirae strains. These data suggest that E. hirae may be a significant source of vanAdeterminants with the potential of transfer to other enterococcal species from humans or animals.
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DAUBERT, C. R., J. A. TKACHUK, and V. D. TRUONG. "QUANTITATIVE MEASUREMENT OF FOOD SPREADABILITY USING THE VANE METHOD." Journal of Texture Studies 29, no. 4 (October 1998): 427–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-4603.1998.tb00814.x.

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Genovese, Diego B., and M. Anandha Rao. "Components of Vane Yield Stress of Structured Food Dispersions." Journal of Food Science 70, no. 8 (October 2005): e498-e504. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2621.2005.tb11521.x.

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Genovese, D. B., and M. A. Rao. "Vane Yield Stress of Starch Dispersions." Journal of Food Science 68, no. 7 (September 2003): 2295–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2621.2003.tb05762.x.

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33

Vidal, Arnau, Lidia Belova, Christophe Stove, Marthe De Boevre, and Sarah De Saeger. "Volumetric Absorptive Microsampling as an Alternative Tool for Biomonitoring of Multi-Mycotoxin Exposure in Resource-Limited Areas." Toxins 13, no. 5 (May 11, 2021): 345. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins13050345.

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Biomonitoring of biological samples arises as an effective tool to evaluate the exposure to mycotoxins in the population. Owing to the wide range of advantages, there is a growing interest in the use of non- and minimally invasive alternative sampling strategies, such as dried blood spot sampling or volumetric absorptive microsampling (VAMS). A VAMS-based multi-mycotoxin method was developed and validated for 24 different mycotoxins. Method validation was based on the Bioanalytical Method Validation Guideline of the Food and Drug Administration from the United States and for most of the studied mycotoxins, the results of the performance characteristics were in agreement with the criteria of the European Commission Decision 2002/657/EC. The recovery for the different mycotoxins was not haematocrit dependent and remained acceptable after storing the VAMS for 7 and 21 days at refrigeration temperature (4 °C) and room temperature, demonstrating that VAMS could be applied to assess mycotoxin exposure in blood in resource-limited areas, where there may be a delay between sampling and analysis. Finally, a comparison between VAMS and a procedure for liquid whole blood analysis, performed on 20 different blood samples, did not result in missed exposed cases for VAMS. Moreover, both methods detected similar levels of ochratoxin A, ochratoxin alpha, zearalenone and aflatoxin B1. Given all the benefits associated with VAMS and the developed method, VAMS sampling may serve as an alternative to conventional venous sampling to evaluate multiple mycotoxin exposure.
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Hayden, M. K., R. N. Picken, and D. F. Sahm. "Heterogeneous expression of glycopeptide resistance in enterococci associated with transfer of vanB." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 41, no. 4 (April 1997): 872–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.41.4.872.

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In mating experiments using a clinical strain that constitutively expresses vanB-encoded glycopeptide resistance, resistance transfer was detectable at a frequency of <10(-7) transconjugants/donor. Vancomycin MICs for transconjugants were 2- to 10-fold lower than those for the donor; both inducibly and constitutively resistant transconjugants were obtained. These findings demonstrate that the transfer of vanB among enterococci can be associated with substantial alterations in the level and control of glycopeptide resistance expression.
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Mace, Sharon, and Connie Doyle. "Caring for the Vulnerable Geriatric Individual in a Disaster." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 34, s1 (May 2019): s107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x19002231.

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Introduction:The elderly have the highest rates of morbidity/mortality in a disaster and are therefore the most vulnerable. 50% of deaths in Hurricane Katrina were ≥75 years old. In the California wildfires, most deaths were people in their 70s and 80s living in areas with unreliable communication services (without cell phone service, etc.), and were uninformed of the disaster or unable and/or unwilling to evacuate. Issues include social isolation and limited technology skills (may not receive messages).Methods:A review of the literature and after action reports from multiple disasters.Results:Augmented services are needed for persons with decreased mobility (impaired access to transportation and shelters); impaired senses; dependence on devices/technology, comorbidities requiring medications/equipment/oxygen, special feedings, sanitary/hygiene needs increased susceptibility to environmental extremes (heat, cold), inability to do ADLs (need for caregivers), increased susceptibility and increased morbidity/mortality with infections, illnesses, trauma; exacerbation of underlying conditions/illnesses when in crowded transportation vehicles and shelters. Additional stress may precipitate or exacerbate coping skills especially in those with dementia, delirium, or mental health illnesses.Discussion:Recommendations include the following: 1.Communications: messages in various forms: closed captioning, TTY deaf phones, use of family, friends, neighbors, officials for notification in addition to mass communication notices, house-to-house notification.2.Medical: Medical/Special Needs Shelters to provide medical care (dialysis, etc.), cache of common medications (diabetic and BP medications) and devices (BP monitoring, glucometers), oxygen, wound care supplies, potable and non-potable water, special diets/formulas, feeding tubes, catheter care, diapers and other hygiene supplies.3.Independence: Health care professionals to assist with medical and psychiatric needs. Caregivers to assist with ADLs.4. Supervision: Those with dementia, delirium, mental health conditions may need supervision.5. Transportation: Need for ambulances, wheelchair vans, specially equipped buses/vans in addition to “usual” school buses/vans with access to water, food, and sanitation if traveling long distances.
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JAVED, IMRAN, SAFIA AHMED, SRIKANTH MANAM, MARIAM RIAZ, BASHIR AHMAD, M. ISHTIAQ ALI, ABDUL HAMEED, and G. JILANI CHAUDRY. "Production, Characterization, and Antimicrobial Activity of a Bacteriocin from Newly Isolated Enterococcus faecium IJ-31." Journal of Food Protection 73, no. 1 (January 1, 2010): 44–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-73.1.44.

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This work aimed to isolate and characterize Enterococcus spp. from indigenous dairy products in Islamabad, Pakistan. By classical microbiological techniques, one strain from a butter sample was identified to be Enterococcus faecium, and we designated it E. faecium IJ-31. The precise identity of this strain was then established by determining the sequence of its 16S and 23S rRNA genes. The sequence homology searches revealed matches with a number of previously reported strains, such as E. faecium HN-N3 and HN-N29, both isolated from swine intestines in China. The newly isolated strain was tested for hemolysis and antibiotic sensitivity; it was nonhemolytic on sheep and human blood and sensitive to vancomycin. Consistent with its vancomycin sensitivity, repeated attempts to amplify the vancomycin resistance genes vanA and vanB failed. Similar attempts to amplify the virulence genes gelE, agg, and cyl also failed, suggesting the absence of these genes. In contrast, the enterocin-P gene, entP, readily amplified with primers based on the previously reported sequences, and the deduced sequence showed near identity with a number of reported sequences from E. faecium. Further, the 71-residue enterocin-P sequence from strain IJ-31 is only the second complete sequence reported. The enterocin was partially purified and tested for antibacterial activity. It showed potent inhibitory activity against many bacteria, including Listeria monocytogenes, a routinely used test strain. Further, the enterocin showed potent activity against Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus cereus. The enterocin retained antibacterial activity even following heating to 121°C for 15 min. Further, it also retained activity after exposure to pH values ranging from 4 to 10. However, proteinase K treatment rendered the peptide nonfunctional.
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Ramtekey, Vinita, Susmita Cherukuri, Kaushalkumar Gunvantray Modha, Ashutosh Kumar, Udaya Bhaskar Kethineni, Govind Pal, Arvind Nath Singh, and Sanjay Kumar. "Extraction, characterization, quantification, and application of volatile aromatic compounds from Asian rice cultivars." Reviews in Analytical Chemistry 40, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 272–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/revac-2021-0137.

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Abstract Rice is the main staple food after wheat for more than half of the world’s population in Asia. Apart from carbohydrate source, rice is gaining significant interest in terms of functional foods owing to the presence of aromatic compounds that impart health benefits by lowering glycemic index and rich availability of dietary fibers. The demand for aromatic rice especially basmati rice is expanding in local and global markets as aroma is considered as the best quality and desirable trait among consumers. There are more than 500 volatile aromatic compounds (VACs) vouched for excellent aroma and flavor in cooked aromatic rice due to the presence of aromatic hydrocarbons, aldehydes, phenols, alcohols, ketones, and esters. The predominant VAC contributing to aroma is 2 acetyl-1-pyrroline, which is commonly found in aerial parts of the crop and deposits during seed maturation. So far, literature has been focused on reporting about aromatic compounds in rice but its extraction, characterization, and quantification using analytical techniques are limited. Hence, in the present review, extraction, characterization, and application of aromatic compound have been elucidated. These VACs can give a new way to food processing and beverage industry as bioflavor and bioaroma compounds that enhance value addition of beverages, food, and fermented products such as gluten-free rice breads. Furthermore, owing to their nutritional values these VACs can be used in biofortification that ultimately addresses the food nutrition security.
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Chanthai, Saksit, Sujitra Prachakoll, Chalerm Ruangviriyachai, and Devanand L. Luthria. "Influence of Extraction Methodologies on the Analysis of Five Major Volatile Aromatic Compounds of Citronella Grass (Cymbopogon nardus) and Lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus) Grown in Thailand." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 95, no. 3 (May 1, 2012): 763–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.5740/jaoacint.11-335.

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Abstract This paper deals with the systematic comparison of extraction of major volatile aromatic compounds (VACs) of citronella grass and lemongrass by classical microhydrodistillation (MHD), as well as modern accelerated solvent extraction (ASE). Sixteen VACs were identified by GC/MS. GC-flame ionization detection was used for the quantification of five VACs (citronellal, citronellol, geraniol, citral, and eugenol) to compare the extraction efficiency of the two different methods. Linear range, LOD, and LOQ were calculated for the five VACs. Intraday and interday precisions for the analysis of VACs were determined for each sample. The extraction recovery, as calculated by a spiking experiment with known standards of VACs, by ASE and MHD ranged from 64.9 to 91.2% and 74.3 to 95.2%, respectively. The extraction efficiency of the VACs was compared for three solvents of varying polarities (hexane, dichloromethane, and methanol), seven different temperatures (ranging from 40 to 160°C, with a gradual increment of 20°C), five time periods (from 1 to 10 min), and three cycles (1, 2, and 3 repeated extractions). Optimum extraction yields of VACs were obtained when extractions were carried out for 7 min with dichloromethane and two extraction cycles at 120°C. The results showed that the ASE technique is more efficient than MHD, as it results in improved yields and significant reduction in extraction time with automated extraction capabilities.
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Marahatta, Anu, Vandana Megaraj, Patrick T. McGann, Russell E. Ware, and Kenneth D. R. Setchell. "Stable-Isotope Dilution HPLC–Electrospray Ionization Tandem Mass Spectrometry Method for Quantifying Hydroxyurea in Dried Blood Samples." Clinical Chemistry 62, no. 12 (December 1, 2016): 1593–601. http://dx.doi.org/10.1373/clinchem.2016.263715.

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Abstract BACKGROUND Sickle cell anemia (SCA) is a life-threatening blood disorder characterized by the presence of sickle-shaped erythrocytes. Hydroxyurea is currently the only US Food and Drug Administration–approved treatment and there is a need for a convenient method to monitor compliance and hydroxyurea concentrations, especially in pediatric SCA patients. METHODS We describe a novel approach to the determination of hydroxyurea concentrations in dried whole blood collected on DMPK-C cards or volumetric absorptive microsampling (VAMS) devices. Hydroxyurea was quantified by electrospray ionization LC-MS/MS using [13C15N2]hydroxyurea as the internal standard. Calibrators were prepared in whole blood applied to DMPK-C cards or VAMS devices. RESULTS Calibration curves for blood hydroxyurea measured from DMPK-C cards and VAMS devices were linear over the range 0.5–60 μg/mL. Interassay and intraassay CVs were &lt;15% for blood collected by both methods, and the limit of detection was 5 ng/mL. Whole blood hydroxyurea was stable for up to 60 days on DMPK-C cards and VAMS devices when frozen at −20 °C or −80 °C. Whole blood hydroxyurea concentrations in samples collected on DMPK-C cards or VAMS devices from SCA patients were in close agreement. CONCLUSIONS This tandem mass spectrometry method permits measurement of hydroxyurea concentrations in small volumes of dried blood applied to either DMPK-C cards or VAMS devices with comparable performance. This method for measuring hydroxyurea from dried blood permits the evaluation of therapeutic drug monitoring, individual pharmacokinetics, and medication adherence using heel/finger-prick samples from pediatric patients with SCA treated with hydroxyurea.
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Cooke, Nathalie. "Vanns spices: Blending food, women’s friendship and business in 1980s Baltimore." Food and Foodways 28, no. 4 (October 1, 2020): 297–319. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07409710.2020.1826710.

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41

Biavasco, F., G. Foglia, C. Paoletti, G. Zandri, G. Magi, E. Guaglianone, A. Sundsfjord, C. Pruzzo, G. Donelli, and B. Facinelli. "VanA-Type Enterococci from Humans, Animals, and Food: Species Distribution, Population Structure, Tn1546 Typing and Location, and Virulence Determinants." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 73, no. 10 (March 9, 2007): 3307–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.02239-06.

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ABSTRACT VanA-type human (n = 69), animal (n = 49), and food (n = 36) glycopeptide-resistant enterococci (GRE) from different geographic areas were investigated to study their possible reservoirs and transmission routes. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) revealed two small genetically related clusters, M39 (n = 4) and M49 (n = 13), representing Enterococcus faecium isolates from animal and human feces and from clinical and fecal human samples. Multilocus sequence typing showed that both belonged to the epidemic lineage of CC17. purK allele analysis of 28 selected isolates revealed that type 1 was prevalent in human strains (8/11) and types 6 and 3 (14/15) were prevalent in poultry (animals and meat). One hundred and five of the 154 VanA GRE isolates, encompassing different species, origins, and PFGE types, were examined for Tn1546 type and location (plasmid or chromosome) and the incidence of virulence determinants. Hybridization of S1- and I-CeuI-digested total DNA revealed a plasmid location in 98% of the isolates. Human intestinal and animal E. faecium isolates bore large (>150 kb) vanA plasmids. Results of PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism and sequencing showed the presence of prototype Tn1546 in 80% of strains and the G-to-T mutation at position 8234 in three human intestinal and two pork E. faecium isolates. There were no significant associations (P > 0.5) between Tn1546 type and GRE source or enterococcal species. Virulence determinants were detected in all reservoirs but were significantly more frequent (P < 0.02) among clinical strains. Multiple determinants were found in clinical and meat Enterococcus faecalis isolates. The presence of indistinguishable vanA elements (mostly plasmid borne) and virulence determinants in different species and PFGE-diverse populations in the presence of host-specific purK housekeeping genes suggested that all GRE might be potential reservoirs of resistance determinants and virulence traits transferable to human-adapted clusters.
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Harada, Tetsuya, Masashi Kanki, Takao Kawai, Masumi Taguchi, Tsutomu Asao, and Yuko Kumeda. "Isolation of VanA-Type Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococcus Strains from Domestic Poultry Products with Enrichment by Incubation in Buffered Peptone Water at 42�C." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 76, no. 15 (June 18, 2010): 5317–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.00071-10.

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ABSTRACT Eight VanA-type enterococcal strains were isolated from 8 of 171 domestic poultry products by using enrichment by incubation in buffered peptone water at 35�C and 42�C. The pulsed-field gel electrophoresis patterns of all six VanA-type Enterococcus faecalis isolates were nearly indistinguishable, indicating the presence of a specific clone in Japan.
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43

Truong, V. D., and C. R. Daubert. "Textural Characterization of Cheeses Using Vane Rheometry and Torsion Analysis." Journal of Food Science 66, no. 5 (June 2001): 716–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2621.2001.tb04627.x.

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44

Moubareck, C., N. Bourgeois, P. Courvalin, and F. Doucet-Populaire. "Multiple Antibiotic Resistance Gene Transfer from Animal to Human Enterococci in the Digestive Tract of Gnotobiotic Mice." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 47, no. 9 (September 2003): 2993–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.47.9.2993-2996.2003.

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ABSTRACT It has been proposed that food animals represent the source of glycopeptide resistance genes present in enterococci from humans. We demonstrated the transfer of vanA and of other resistance genes from porcine to human Enterococcus faecium at high frequency in the digestive tract of gnotobiotic mice. Tylosin in the drinking water favored colonization by transconjugants.
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45

Ahmad Afip, Irfan, Siti Noor Linda Taib, Kamaruzaman Jusoff, and Liyana Ahmad Afip. "Measurement of Peat Soil Shear Strength Using Wenner Four-Point Probes and Vane Shear Strength Methods." International Journal of Geophysics 2019 (February 3, 2019): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/3909032.

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The general objective of this research was to measure the peat soil shear strength using Wenner four-point probes and vane shear strength methods. Specifically, the objective of this study was two-fold, namely, (a) investigating the relationship between laboratory soil resistivity and undrained shear strength and (b) determineing the relationship between in-situ soil resistivity and undrained shear strength. Data were randomly collected over six locations in Meranek, Sarawak, for in-situ test and three repetitions for each data were set based on three parameters. The selected parameters were soil density, moisture content, and salinity for both laboratory and in-situ test using Wenner four-point probes and vane shear method. The soil resistivity and vane shear strength readings for laboratory test were correlated with soil salinity, moisture content, and density. The R2 values showed a good correlation for soil salinity (R2 =0.8468) and density (R2 =0.9475), respectively. However, a weak correlation of R2 =0.1205 was observed for soil moisture. The R2 value for in-situ correlation between soil resistivity and three parameters (soil salinity, moisture content, and density) was R2 =0.8916. It can be concluded that the peat soil shear strengths of the study area using Wenner four-point probes from in-situ were (4.38 ohm.m) and laboratory was (2.47 ohm.m) and when using the vane shear strength method, in-situ was (23 kPA) and laboratory was (5 kPA). This study implies that the peat soil of the study area can be categorized as texture (soft loamy soil) and it is suitable for agriculture instead of construction. The relationship established between Wenner four-point probes and vane shear method can be beneficial for ground engineering design to enhance investigation on site suitability. Future work on DUALEM-421 technique should be emphasised for better subsurface exploration accuracy and resolve peat depth for an in-situ test.
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Ghidán, Ágoston, Éva Kaszanyitzky, Orsolya Dobay, Károly Nagy, Sebastian Amyes, and Ferenc Rozgonyi. "Distribution and genetic relatedness of vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) isolated from healthy slaughtered chickens in Hungary from 2001 to 2004." Acta Veterinaria Hungarica 56, no. 1 (March 1, 2008): 13–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/avet.56.2008.1.3.

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The presence of the vanA gene was determined in enterococci from healthy poultry, originating from the Hungarian resistance monitoring system between 2001 and 2004. Enterococci (n = 562) were collected from intestinal samples of slaughtered broiler chickens. The presence of van genes was detected by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The vancomycin-resistant enterococcus (VRE) strains carried only the vanA gene. Genus- and species-level identification of the vanA gene carrier strains was carried out by PCR using specific primers. In 2001, 25 out of the 289 isolated strains (8.6%) were vanA carriers (1 Enterococcus mundtii , 13 E. durans and 11 E. faecium ). In 2002 (n = 87), 20 (23%) strains were vanA positive (11 E. durans and 9 E. faecium ). In 2003 and 2004, none of the strains (n = 95 and 91, respectively) were positive for the most common van genes. In 2003, there was only one strain for which higher minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of vancomycin (4 mg/L) and teicoplanin (8 mg/L) were found. In 2004 there were three strains for which the MIC of vancomycin was 8 mg/L, and 2 strains and 1 strain with teicoplanin MICs of 4 mg/L and 8 mg/L, respectively. The potential similarity of these strains was studied by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). The VRE strains were not closely related to one another. The annual data of vancomycin resistance indicate an association between the recovery of vancomycin-resistant enterococci and the use of avoparcin in animal feeds. This study indicates that with the reduced use of antibiotics in food animals, it is possible to decrease the rate of resistant bacteria. Although the use of avoparcin had been banned in 1998, the VRE strains disappeared only five years later.
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47

Et. al., V. Sravani Chari. "A Study on the Customer Segmentation based on Psycho Graphics towards the Eco Label Awareness among the Indian Food and Grocery Retailing Customers." Turkish Journal of Computer and Mathematics Education (TURCOMAT) 12, no. 3 (April 10, 2021): 5504–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.17762/turcomat.v12i3.2212.

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This paper is emphasised to understand the psycho-graphic segmentation of online food and grocery retailing customers towards the eco label awareness. The study considered VALS (Values and life styles) model as the base for this paper. The better psychological understanding helps the marketers to served them in a better way. Hence, the data has been collected from the Indian customers who preferred online to purchase their food and grocery products. There are 117 samples drawn for this study and applied cross-tabulation analysis. The results of the study are provided elaborately in the paper
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48

ALI, ABDULLA A., and NICK J. SPENCER. "Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point Evaluation of School Food Programs in Bahrain." Journal of Food Protection 59, no. 3 (March 1, 1996): 282–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-59.3.282.

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Hazard analyses were conducted in six food preparation sites and 16 school canteens in the State of Bahrain. Sandwiches made with cheese, meat, eggs, liver, and beef burgers were prepared in small shops or a bakery outside schools. Foods were cooked between 4 and 5 a.m. Time-temperature exposure during cooking was adequate to kill vegetative microbes and their spores, but potential for recontamination existed from the hands of food workers, utensils, and cloths and sponges used for wiping. All foods were left at room temperature before they were transported in vans to schools where they were also kept at room temperature between 17°C and 41°C. Air temperature inside the canteens during this investigation was between 18.5 and 28°C with a relative humidity of 65 to 70%. Hazard analyses, which included observation of operations inside school canteens and sites of food preparation, measuring temperatures, and interviewing workers and consumers (teachers, students) were carried out. Hazards were primarily associated with preparation of foods long before they were consumed, physical touching of products, and holding foods at room temperature after preparation. Holding foods at room temperature would have allowed germination of bacterial spores and multiplication of microbes. Reheating of foods was not practiced. Health promoters must be aware of these hazards and need to educate food workers, administrators, and the public on the methods of prevention.
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SERVAIS, C., S. RAVJI, C. SANSONNENS, and I. BAUWENS. "OSCILLATING VANE GEOMETRY FOR SOFT SOLID GELS AND FOAMS." Journal of Texture Studies 33, no. 6 (December 2002): 487–504. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-4603.2002.tb01363.x.

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DEJONGH, JULIE J., and JAMES F. STEFFE. "YIELD STRESS OF HOT CEREALS BY THE VANE METHOD." Journal of Texture Studies 35, no. 1 (May 2004): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-4603.2004.tb00819.x.

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