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Journal articles on the topic 'Ford, Whitey'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 7 February 2022

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1

Schildkraut, Deborah J. "The Political Meaning of Whiteness for Liberals and Conservatives." Forum 17, no. 3 (October 25, 2019): 421–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/for-2019-0028.

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Abstract This study examines new open-ended and closed-ended survey responses among white liberals and conservatives in the US to assess the role they think their racial group membership plays in how they think about politics. It then uses insights from those responses to develop and test a new measure designed to capture how white identity operates politically. To date, much political science research on white racial identity documents the links between white identity and right-leaning candidate and policy preferences. Much less is known about the role of whiteness on the left. The analysis here shows that even though white liberals talk about anti-racism, privilege, and institutional racism when asked about race and politics and say that they have become more aware of their race in recent years, they generally do not view their own whiteness as a politically salient identity. The results indicate that it is important for scholars to use measures that distinguish between whites who appear “woke” but do not act on their “wokeness” from whites for whom an awareness of privilege motivates them toward an anti-racist agenda.

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2

Wong, Janelle S. "Race, Evangelicals and Immigration." Forum 17, no. 3 (October 25, 2019): 403–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/for-2019-0031.

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Abstract White evangelicals constitute the core of President Trump’s electoral base. The loyalty of White evangelical Trump supporters to the President is grounded in racial anxieties expressed well before Trump’s 2016 campaign. White evangelicals’ anti-immigration agenda runs deep, and it is as important to understanding the current political moment as their anti-abortion agenda. Perceptions of discrimination against Whites drives the group’s conservative views on immigration. Even as growing numbers of Black, Asian, and Latinx evangelicals exhibit political attitudes and behavior that stand in sharp contrast to their White evangelical counterparts, White evangelicals’ overrepresentation in the electorate relative to dwindling population share creates a pathway to continued political influence.

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3

Maloney, Thomas N., and Warren C. Whatley. "Making the Effort: The Contours of Racial Discrimination in Detroit’s Labor Markets, 1920–1940." Journal of Economic History 55, no. 3 (September 1995): 465–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022050700041607.

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In 1940 the Ford Motor Company employed half of the black men in Detroit but only 14 percent of the whites. We find that black Detroiters were concentrated at Ford because they were excluded from working elsewhere. Those most affected were young married black men. A Ford job was virtually the only opportunity they had to earn a family wage; but to keep it, they had to put out the extra effort that Ford required. White married men in Detroit had better employment opportunities elsewhere, so they tended to avoid Ford or leave very quickly.

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4

Kaufmann, Eric. "White Identity and Ethno-Traditional Nationalism in Trump’s America." Forum 17, no. 3 (October 25, 2019): 385–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/for-2019-0026.

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Abstract As the white share of America continues to decline, white identity is becoming more important for politics. I show that white identity is considerably stronger among whites who are attached to their ancestry, i.e. Irish, ‘American’ or Italian. Accordingly, we should see it as more reflective of cultural attachment than a desire for politico-economic advantage. In addition, a separate dynamic I term ethno-traditional American nationalism, is important. This is not white nationalism, but a form of American national identity in which ethnocultural elements form an important part but do not, like the American accent, form a condition of equal national membership. Ethno-traditional nationalism is about the ‘what is American’ question of symbolic attachment, rather than the ‘who is American’ question of which groups belong and are excluded, that has received the lion’s share of academic attention.

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5

Holman, Mirya R., and J. Celeste Lay. "How Katrina Shaped Trust and Efficacy in New Orleans." Forum 18, no. 1 (September 21, 2020): 117–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/for-2020-1006.

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AbstractIn 2005, Hurricane Katrina led to substantial demographic changes in New Orleans. The city lost large numbers of its African American population and became more diverse with the arrival of more Latino migrants and more highly educated, affluent white newcomers. Demographic change has the potential to depress political trust, efficacy, and trust in others. In this essay, we show that more than 10 years after Katrina, neither white nor Black New Orleanians trust local or national government. Black residents, particularly Black women, are generally more distrustful of their neighbors, whites, Latinos, and newcomers in the city. White newcomers are more efficacious and trusting than pre-Katrina white residents. These findings provide more evidence for the thesis that race and place shape trust and that Katrina continues to have an impact on New Orleans in distinctly racialized ways.

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6

Yaemsiri, Sirin, E. Carolyn Olson, Ka He, and Bonnie D. Kerker. "Food concern and its associations with obesity and diabetes among lower-income New Yorkers." Public Health Nutrition 15, no. 1 (August 3, 2011): 39–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1368980011001674.

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AbstractObjectiveTo examine food concern (FC) and its associations with obesity and diabetes in a racially diverse, urban population.DesignCross-sectional population-based survey.SettingFive boroughs of New York City.SubjectsLower-income adults (n 5981) in the 2004 New York City Community Health Survey.ResultsThe overall prevalence of obesity was 24 % and was higher among FC than non-FC white men and women, black women, US- and foreign-born whites and foreign-born blacks. In multivariable analysis, FC was marginally associated with obesity (OR = 1·18, 95 % CI 0·98, 1·42) among all lower-income New Yorkers, after controlling for socio-economic factors. The association of FC and obesity varied by race/ethnicity, with FC being positively associated with obesity only among white New Yorkers. FC whites had 80 % higher odds of obesity than whites without FC (OR = 1·80; 95 % CI 1·21, 2·68), with a model-adjusted obesity prevalence of 20 % among non-FC whites v. 31 % among FC whites. FC was not associated with diabetes after controlling for obesity and socio-economic factors.ConclusionsThe prevalence of obesity was significantly higher among FC whites and certain subgroups of blacks. FC was positively associated with obesity risk among lower-income white New Yorkers. Programmes designed to alleviate FC and poverty should promote the purchase and consumption of nutritious, lower-energy foods to help address the burden of obesity in lower-income urban populations.

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7

Jardina, Ashley. "White Consciousness and White Prejudice: Two Compounding Forces in Contemporary American Politics." Forum 17, no. 3 (October 25, 2019): 447–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/for-2019-0025.

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Abstract In recent years, American politics has been defined by party polarization driven in part by Americans’ diverging attitudes toward immigration. In this article, I suggest that Donald Trump was able to capitalize on this polarization and on the way in which race is implicated in the issue of immigration. He did so by appealing to the attitudes held by two distinct groups of white Americans – those who possess a sense of animosity toward members of immigrant groups like Muslims and Latinos, and separately, whites who may demonstrate little out-group hostility, but instead have a strong sense of solidarity with their racial group. I show how white hostility toward Latinos and Muslims and white racial consciousness have become two distinct forces in American politics, driving opposition to immigration and bolstering support for Donald Trump above and beyond other presidential candidates, regardless of their party affiliations.

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8

Sugden, M. C., R. M. Grimshaw, H. Lall, and M. J. Holness. "Regional variations in metabolic responses of white adipose tissue to food restriction." American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism 267, no. 6 (December 1, 1994): E892—E899. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.1994.267.6.e892.

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The effects of food restriction (limited access to food for 2 h/day for 10 days) on lipoprotein lipase (LPL) activities and rates of fatty acid synthesis and glucose utilization in vivo in two superficial (interscapular and subcutaneous) and three deep abdominal white adipose tissue depots (parametrial, perirenal, and mesenteric) of adult female Wistar rats were examined before and at 2 h after a standard laboratory diet meal (5 g). Fasting LPL activities in perirenal (1.6-fold), mesenteric (5.9-fold), and subcutaneous (2.7-fold) adipose tissue, when expressed per unit of delipidated tissue, were increased in response to food restriction. This effect was retained (but not enhanced) after the meal. In contrast, muscle LPL activities were either unchanged or suppressed by food restriction. Stimulation of adipose tissue fatty acid synthesis and glucose utilization evoked by feeding in control rats was greatly enhanced by prior food restriction. There was no relationship between anatomical location and presence or absence of the response of adipose tissue LPL activity to food restriction, but the effect of food restriction to enhance the responses of fatty acid synthesis and glucose utilization to a meal was more marked in perirenal and parametrial adipose tissue than in the more superficial depots. The results thus demonstrate regional specificity in the response of adipose tissue functions to food restriction.

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9

Gross, Myron D., Xinhua Yu, Joan Hilner, Cay Loria, Lyn Steffen-Batey, and David R. Jacobs. "Black-white differences in serum antioxidant concentrations reflect differences in food intake:." Circulation 103, suppl_1 (March 2001): 1366. http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/circ.103.suppl_1.9998-79.

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P79 Blacks have been reported to have lower serum antioxidant vitamin concentrations than whites. We studied black-white patterns of antioxidant concentrations and food intake in 1985-86 (3477 nonusers of supplemental vitamins A, C, and E, 18-30 year old). Black men and women had lower levels than white men and women of serum alpha-tocopherol (aTOCO), alpha-carotene (aCARO) and beta-carotene (bCARO), but higher levels of gamma tocopherol (gTOCO) and similar levels of lycopene (LYCO), adjusted for age, plasma lipids, clinic, and smoking. Intake of minimally processed plant foods (MPPF: whole grain, fruits, vegetables, nuts, and Table legumes processed to preserve nutrient content) was positively correlated with aTOCO, aCARO, and bCARO. Further adjustment for this and related food groups reduced differences in serum antioxidant concentrations between black and white women: aTOCO (0.09vs0.06), gTOCO (.022vs.011), aCARO (2.22vs1.42) and bCARO (3.96vs1.16), all still significant except gTOCO, with a similar pattern of reductions for men. Thus, low serum antioxidants, indicators of cardiovascular disease risk in blacks, reflect differences in food intake between blacks and whites. Culturally-specific dietary interventions may be necessary for an improvement in antioxidant status to reduce the risk of developing cardiovascular disease. Table 1.

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10

Sterrett, Mary E., Michael S. Bloom, Erica L. Jamro, Abby G. Wenzel, Rebecca J. Wineland, Elizabeth R. Unal, John Brock, John Kucklick, Kelly Garcia, and Roger B. Newman. "Maternal Food and Beverage Consumption Behaviors and Discrepant Phthalate Exposure by Race." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 4 (February 23, 2021): 2190. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18042190.

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Background: Differential exposure to endocrine-disrupting chemicals, including phthalate diesters, may contribute to persistent racial/ethnic disparities in women’s reproductive health outcomes. We sought to characterize sources of gestational exposure to these agents that may differ according to maternal race. Methods: We enrolled pregnant Black (n = 198), including African American, and White (n = 197) women during the second trimester, and measured eight phthalate monoester metabolites in urine. We assessed confounder-adjusted associations between multiple food and beverage consumption habits, summarized using a principal component analysis, as predictors of maternal urinary phthalate metabolite levels, stratified by race. Results: Whites reported significantly greater unprocessed food consumption (42.5% vs. 32.0%; p < 0.001) and storage of food in clear unbreakable plastic containers (66.5% vs. 49.3%; p < 0.001) than Blacks, while Blacks consumed more canned fruits and vegetables (23.5% vs. 12.2%; p < 0.001) than Whites. Using plastics for food storage, microwaving in plastic containers, and using hard plastic water bottles was associated with urinary phthalate concentrations, especially DEHP metabolites (e.g., mean difference = 5.13%; 95% CI: 3.05, 7.25). These associations were driven primarily by Black pregnant women. Conclusions: Targeted interventions to reduce maternal exposure to phthalates need to be designed with specific attention to differences in food and beverage consumption behaviors among Black and White women.

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11

Knowles, Eric D., and Linda R. Tropp. "The Racial and Economic Context of Trump Support." Social Psychological and Personality Science 9, no. 3 (February 16, 2018): 275–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1948550618759326.

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Donald Trump’s ascent to the Presidency of the United States defied the expectations of many social scientists, pundits, and laypeople. To date, most efforts to understand Trump’s rise have focused on personality and demographic characteristics of White Americans. In contrast, the present work leverages a nationally representative sample of Whites to examine how contextual factors may have shaped support for Trump during the 2016 presidential primaries. Results reveal that neighborhood-level exposure to racial and ethnic minorities predicts greater group threat and racial identification among Whites as well as greater intentions to vote for Trump in the general election. At the same time, however, neighborhood diversity afforded Whites with opportunities for intergroup contact, which predicted lower levels of threat, White identification, and Trump support. Further analyses suggest that a healthy local economy mutes threat effects in diverse contexts, allowing contact processes to come to the fore.

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12

Fadel, H. H. M., and N. A. Hegazy. "Improvement and stabilization white of bread flavour." Food / Nahrung 37, no. 4 (1993): 386–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/food.19930370412.

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13

Kroll, J., H. Rawel, R. Kröck, J. Proll, and W. Schnaak. "Interactions of isothiocyanates with egg white proteins." Food / Nahrung 38, no. 1 (1994): 53–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/food.19940380110.

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14

Padem, Nurcicek, Kristin Erickson, Meagan Yong, Melanie Makhija, Kathryn E. Hulse, and Anne Marie Singh. "Dysregulated specific IgE production to bystander foods in children with peanut allergy but not egg allergy." Journal of Food Allergy 3, no. 1 (April 1, 2021): 24–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.2500/jfa.2021.3.210005.

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Background: Food specific immunoglobulin E (sIgE) levels are associated with the development of allergic responses and are used in the clinical evaluation of food allergy. Food sIgG4 levels have been associated with tolerance or clinical nonresponsiveness, particularly in interventional studies. Objective: We aimed to characterize food-specific antibody responses and compare responses with different foods in food allergy. Methods: Serum sIgA, sIgG4, and sIgE to whole peanut, egg white, and wheat, along with total IgE were measured in 57 children. Children with food allergy, children with natural tolerance, and controls were studied. The Mann-Whitney test or Kruskall Wallis test with the Dunn correction were used for statistical analysis. Results: As expected, total IgE levels were highest in the subjects with food allergy compared with the subjects who were nonallergic (p < 0.001) or the subjects who were naturally tolerant (p < 0.001). Peanut sIgE levels were higher in subjects with peanut allergy compared with the subjects who were naturally tolerant (p < 0.0001) and the control subjects (p < 0.03). Interestingly, peanut sIgG4 levels were also highest in children with peanut allergy compared with subjects who were naturally tolerant and control subjects (p = 0.28 and p < 0.001, respectively). Subjects with peanut allergy alone had comparable egg white sIgE levels to children with egg white allergy. In addition, the subjects with peanut allergy alone also had higher levels of egg white and wheat sIgE compared with the control subjects (p < 0.02 and p = 0.001, respectively). In contrast, the subjects with egg white allergy did not demonstrate elevated peanut or wheat sIgE levels. Conclusion: These novel findings suggested that IgE production is dysregulated in patients with peanut allergy, who are much less likely to outgrow their allergy, and suggest that the mechanisms that drive more persistent forms of food allergy may be distinct from more transient forms of food allergy.

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NYLAND, G. A., B. C. McKENZIE, P. R. MYLES, M. G. SEMPLE, W. S. LIM, P. J. M. OPENSHAW, R. C. READ, et al. "Effect of ethnicity on care pathway and outcomes in patients hospitalized with influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 in the UK." Epidemiology and Infection 143, no. 6 (August 1, 2014): 1129–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268814001873.

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SUMMARYData were extracted from the case records of UK patients admitted with laboratory-confirmed influenza A(H1N1)pdm09. White and non-White patients were characterized by age, sex, socioeconomic status, pandemic wave and indicators of pre-morbid health status. Logistic regression examined differences by ethnicity in patient characteristics, care pathway and clinical outcomes; multivariable models controlled for potential confounders. Whites (n = 630) and non-Whites (n = 510) differed by age, socioeconomic status, pandemic wave of admission, pregnancy, recorded obesity, previous and current smoking, and presence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. After adjustment fora prioriconfounders non-Whites were less likely to have received pre-admission antibiotics [adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 0·43, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0·28–0·68,P < 0·001) but more likely to receive antiviral drugs as in-patients (aOR 1·53, 95% CI 1·08–2·18,P = 0·018). However, there were no significant differences by ethnicity in delayed admission, severity at presentation for admission, or likelihood of severe outcome.

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16

Maxwell, Angie. "Why Trump Became a ‘Confederate’ President." Forum 18, no. 4 (December 30, 2020): 493–529. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/for-2020-2107.

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Abstract This article explores the causes for and the contemporary ramifications of the realignment of the American South with the Republican Party. Using the American National Election Surveys (ANES) Time Series Cumulative Data File (1948–2016), the 2016 and 2020 Blair Center Polls, and the election tracking data compiled by Richard Berg-Andersson and Tony Roza at www.thegreenpapers.com, the author first explores the role that racial animus, anti-feminism, and religious fundamentalism played in white southern voters’ emergence as the Republican Party base. Second, the author considers the structural advantages that this prominence in the GOP gives southern whites in the primary nomination process and to what degree these advantages benefitted Donald Trump in 2016. Finally, the author explores the influence of Racial Resentment, Modern Sexism, and Christian Fundamentalism on the 2016 Republican primary elections and the 2016 and 2020 General Elections.

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Qing Wang, Qing Wang, Haisong Xu Haisong Xu, and Jianqi Cai Jianqi Cai. "Chromaticity of white sensation for LED lighting." Chinese Optics Letters 13, no. 7 (2015): 073301–73304. http://dx.doi.org/10.3788/col201513.073301.

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18

Mohr, K. H., Th Kleinschmidt, and J. Borgwardt. "Concentration of egg white by ultrafiltration (Short communication)." Food / Nahrung 31, no. 4 (1987): 345–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/food.19870310427.

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19

Kroll, J., H. Rawel, R. Kröck, and W. Schnaak. "Interaction of benzyl isothiocyanate with egg white proteins." Food / Nahrung 37, no. 2 (1993): 179–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/food.19930370215.

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20

Campbell, Lydia, Vassilios Raikos, and Stephen R. Euston. "Modification of functional properties of egg-white proteins." Nahrung/Food 47, no. 6 (December 1, 2003): 369–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/food.200390084.

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21

Merolla, Jennifer L. "White Identity Politics." Forum 18, no. 2 (September 29, 2020): 287–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/for-2020-2009.

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22

Qureshi, Adnan I., Malik M. Adil, Negin Shafizadeh, and Shahram Majidi. "A 2-fold higher rate of intraventricular hemorrhage–related mortality in African American neonates and infants." Journal of Neurosurgery: Pediatrics 12, no. 1 (July 2013): 49–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/2013.4.peds12568.

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Object Despite the recognition of racial or ethnic differences in preterm gestation, such differences in the rate of intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH), frequently associated with preterm gestation, are not well studied. The authors performed the current study to identify racial or ethnic differences in the incidence of IVH-related mortality within the national population of the US. Methods Using the ICD-10 codes P52.0, P52.1, P52.2, P52.3, and P10.2 and the Multiple Cause of Death data from 2000 to 2009, the authors identified all IVH-related mortalities that occurred in neonates and infants aged less than 1 year. The live births for whites and African Americans from the census for 2000–2009 were used to derive the incidence of IVH-related mortality for whites and African Americans per 100,000 live births. The IVH rate ratio (RR, 95% confidence interval [CI]) and annual percent change (APC) in the incidence rates from 2000 to 2009 were also calculated. Results A total of 3249 IVH-related mortality cases were reported from 2000 to 2009. The incidence rates of IVH were higher among African American infants (16 per 100,000 live births) than among whites (7.8 per 100,000 live births). African American infants had a 2-fold higher risk of IVH-related mortality compared with whites (RR 2.0, 95% CI 1.2–3.2). The rate of increase over the last 10 years was less in African American infants (APC 1.6%) than in white infants (APC 4.3%). Conclusions The rate of IVH-related mortality is 2-fold higher among African American than white neonates and infants. Further studies are required to understand the underlying reasons for this prominent disparity in one of the most significant causes of infant mortality.

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23

Mitchell, Kimani I. "Black Appetite, White Food." Multicultural Perspectives 22, no. 3 (July 2, 2020): 161–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15210960.2020.1792304.

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24

Blake, William D. "“One Difficulty…of a Serious Nature”: The Overlooked Racial Dynamics of the Electoral College." Forum 17, no. 2 (July 26, 2019): 315–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/for-2019-0019.

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Abstract This paper explores the racial origins and legacy of the Electoral College through historical and quantitative analyses. At the Constitutional Convention, the Electoral College served the interests of Southern slaveowners by perpetuating the advantage of the Three-Fifths Compromise. Following Reconstruction, Southern states that disenfranchised African Americans received an even larger voice in the Electoral College. Republicans tried to counter these moves by admitting unusually small states into the union. The ironic consequence of this non-racial decision is that, today, these states are heavily White and have citizens with higher levels of racial resentment. A MM-regression analysis of every election from 2000 on indicates the Electoral College has consistently awarded more votes per capita to states with Whiter populations and more racially conservative attitudes. The racially-disparate power exerted by these states makes it more difficult to enact racially-egalitarian policies. This paper adds a new perspective to the normative debate over the Electoral College, which typically focuses on democratic fairness and federalism concerns.

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Wishart, David M. "Evidence of Surplus Production in the Cherokee Nation Prior to Removal." Journal of Economic History 55, no. 1 (March 1995): 120–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022050700040596.

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Debate over the level of economic development for the Eastern Cherokees was heated during the 1830s. Removal opponents argued that the Cherokees had adopted white agricultural methods, whereas advocates of removal maintained that little evidence of progress existed. Removal advocates believed that Cherokee economic progress required that they be removed from contact with whites. This article examines the statistical record to show that a majority of Cherokee households produced surplus food before removal. The large number of Cherokee households producing surpluses before removal suggests the existence of significant rents to be transmitted to white farmers via the removal policy.

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Harris, Ashley, Nymisha Chilukuri, Meredith West, Janice Henderson, Shari Lawson, Sarah Polk, David Levine, and Wendy L. Bennett. "Obesity-Related Dietary Behaviors among Racially and Ethnically Diverse Pregnant and Postpartum Women." Journal of Pregnancy 2016 (2016): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/9832167.

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Introduction.Obesity is common among reproductive age women and disproportionately impacts racial/ethnic minorities. Our objective was to assess racial/ethnic differences in obesity-related dietary behaviors among pregnant and postpartum women, to inform peripartum weight management interventions that target diverse populations.Methods.We conducted a cross-sectional survey of 212 Black (44%), Hispanic (31%), and White (25%) women, aged ≥ 18, pregnant or within one year postpartum, in hospital-based clinics in Baltimore, Maryland, in 2013. Outcomes were fast food or sugar-sweetened beverage intake once or more weekly. We used logistic regression to evaluate the association between race/ethnicity and obesity-related dietary behaviors, adjusting for sociodemographic factors.Results.In adjusted analyses, Black women had 2.4 increased odds of fast food intake once or more weekly compared to White women (CI = 1.08, 5.23). There were no racial/ethnic differences in the odds of sugar-sweetened beverage intake.Discussion.Compared with White or Hispanic women, Black women had 2-fold higher odds of fast food intake once or more weekly. Black women might benefit from targeted counseling and intervention to reduce fast food intake during and after pregnancy.

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Nguyen, Thi Lai, Huong Son Pham, Thi Binh Nguyen, Thi Khanh Van Le, and Anh Duc Pham. "Study on selection of packaging materials and shelf life of protein-richpowder produced from the egg whitesof salted duck eggs." Ministry of Science and Technology, Vietnam 63, no. 1 (January 30, 2021): 60–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.31276/vjst.63(1).60-64.

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Egg whites of salted duck eggs are normally discarded in the separation of egg yolks. Most of the nutritional values of normal duck eggs are still retained in the egg whites of salted duck eggs. To make use of such egg whites, it is necessary to process the egg whites into a protein-rich powder, which can be used as a food processing material. Nevertheless, long-term storage of the egg white powder is challenging because this powder can easily absorb moisture, resulting in physical deteriorations (e.g: colour change), chemical alternation (e.g., protein and lipid degradation), and biological contamination (e.g., growth of yeasts and molds that produce toxic compounds). A study was conducted to test different types of packaging materials includingone-layered Polyethylene (PE) film, two-layered PE film, and three-layered films (PE, AL-Foil, BOPP/PE, Al/PE, BOPP/Al/PE, PET/Al/PE). The result shows that the most suitable packaging material for the protein-rich powder produced from egg whites of salted duck egg was two-layered AI/PE film. The quality of the product stored in AI/PE film package remained nearly unchanged in 12 months, which proved safe to be used as food processing material.

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Houška, m., k. Kýhos, p. Novotná, a. Landfeld, and j. Strohalm. "Gel strength of the native egg white." Czech Journal of Food Sciences 22, No. 2 (November 16, 2011): 58–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/3407-cjfs.

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The study examined gel strength of the native egg white as a function of pH and the dry matter content. The egg white samples were isolated from fresh eggs and the eggs in different stages of storage. The gel strength was measured with Texture Analyser of TA-XT2i type. The study has shown that the gel strength increases with rising pH and the content of dry matter. The influence of the egg age is more complicated. The gel strength increases over the first 14 days after egg laying and slowly decreases afterwards. Mathematical dependence of the gel strength was predicted on the basis of the measured data by the method of non-linear regression: gel strength (p/cm<sup>2</sup>) = exp[0.00674*time (days) + 0.289*dry matter (%) + 0.1165*pH + 1.433].

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Korbaš, Július. "Some partial formulae for Stiefel-Whitney classes of Grassmannians." Czechoslovak Mathematical Journal 36, no. 4 (1986): 535–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.21136/cmj.1986.102114.

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30

Matsuoka, Ryosuke, Hitoshi Kurihara, Noriaki Nishijima, Yoshifumi Oda, and Akihiro Handa. "Egg White Hydrolysate Retains the Nutritional Value of Proteins and Is Quickly Absorbed in Rats." Scientific World Journal 2019 (August 27, 2019): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/5475302.

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Egg white protein has a high net protein utilisation, with a score of 100 in the amino acid rating system. Although the enzymatic breakdown of egg white yields hydrolysates that are rapidly absorbed and various physiological activities can be expected from them, flavouring egg white to meet taste requirements as a food has been a difficult challenge. Herein, we developed a high-molecular-weight egg white hydrolysate and compared the absorption rate and nutritional value of the hydrolysate with those of egg white proteins obtained from raw materials, whey proteins, and hydrolysates, also known as high-quality proteins. The absorption rate of egg white hydrolysates was faster than that of egg white and whey proteins in portal vein cannulated rats, and their bioavailability values were higher than those of whey proteins and hydrolysates. According to the protein digestibility-corrected amino acid score and digestible indispensable amino acid score, the scores for egg white hydrolysates were equivalent to those of egg white and whey proteins but higher than those of whey hydrolysates. Our results show that egg white hydrolysates maintain the nutritional value of egg whites and are rapidly absorbed by the body.

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31

Kroll, J., and B. Gassmann. "Manufacture of egg white substitute materials based on mechanolysis and ultrafiltration." Food / Nahrung 30, no. 1 (1986): 93–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/food.19860300126.

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32

Niewiarowicz, A., Barbara Szczepaniak, Anna Stachowiak, and T. Reksiński. "The effect of proteolytic enzymes on the thermostability of egg-white." Food / Nahrung 30, no. 7 (1986): 687–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/food.19860300710.

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33

Abd El-aal, M. H. "Factors affecting production of a near-white protein isolate from grapeseed." Food / Nahrung 36, no. 2 (1992): 112–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/food.19920360203.

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34

Radványi, D., R. Juhász, Cs Németh, A. Suhajda, Cs Balla, and J. Barta. "Evaluation of the stability of whipped egg white." Czech Journal of Food Sciences 30, No. 5 (July 25, 2012): 412–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/258/2011-cjfs.

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An investigation was made into the effects of various egg white products and sweeteners on the stability and organoleptic properties of egg white foams. 12 foam products were prepared from egg white and sweeteners. The egg white was produced in the following forms: raw liquid egg white, pasteurised liquid egg white, liquid egg white treated at 55°C for 24 h, and spray-dried egg white powder. Three different sweeteners were used: sucrose, fructose-glucose syrup, and fructo-oligosaccharide syrup. The storage stability, firmness, adhesiveness based on the texture profile analysis, and organoleptic properties of the foams were evaluated. The flow curves of raw materials were also determined by means of a rotational viscometer. The results indicated that sucrose among the sweeteners and egg white powder among the egg white products are the most suitable for producing egg white foam and enhancing its stability. However, liquid egg white heat treated at low temperature also proved to be an appropriate choice for making stable egg white foams for the confectionery industry.  

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35

Landgren, Ola, Gloria Gridley, Ingemar Turesson, Neil E. Caporaso, Lynn R. Goldin, Dalsu Baris, Thomas R. Fears, Robert N. Hoover, and Martha S. Linet. "Risk of monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS) and subsequent multiple myeloma among African American and white veterans in the United States." Blood 107, no. 3 (February 1, 2006): 904–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2005-08-3449.

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Abstract The age-adjusted incidence of multiple myeloma (MM) is 2-fold higher in African Americans than in whites. A few small studies have reported a higher prevalence of monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS) in African Americans versus whites. Etiologic factors for MGUS and determinants for transformation of MGUS to MM are unknown. We quantified the prevalence of MGUS and subsequent risk of MM among 4 million African American and white male veterans admitted to Veterans Affairs (VA) hospitals. The age-adjusted prevalence ratio of MGUS in African Americans compared with whites was 3.0 (2.7-3.3 95% confidence interval). Among 2046 MGUS cases, the estimated cumulative risk of MM during the first 10 years of follow-up was similar (P = .37) for African Americans (17%) and whites (15%). In the largest study to date, we suggest that the excess risk of MM in African Americans results from an increase in risk of MGUS rather than an increased risk of progression from MGUS to MM.

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36

KOMATSU, REIKO. "Food poisoning by white hellebores." Food Hygiene and Safety Science (Shokuhin Eiseigaku Zasshi) 35, no. 5 (1994): 557. http://dx.doi.org/10.3358/shokueishi.35.557.

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37

Behnke, U., E. Kiss, V. Nádudvari, and H. Rutiloff. "Enzymatic modification of egg-white protein and some of its functional properties." Food / Nahrung 30, no. 3-4 (1986): 319–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/food.19860300330.

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38

Hegazi, Fakhreya Z. "Loss of white pickled cheese constituents ripened with and without salt whey." Food / Nahrung 29, no. 4 (1985): 335–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/food.19850290406.

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39

Amaro-López, M. A., R. Moreno-Rojas, G. Zurera-Cosano, and P. S. Sánchez-Segarra. "Study of chromium and nickel content in white asparagus (Asparagus officinalis, L.)." Food / Nahrung 41, no. 2 (1997): 114–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/food.19970410213.

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40

Ford, Andrew J., David A. Halford, Marlien Van Der Merwe, and Michael T. Mathieson. "A revision of the tropical white-flowered species of Comesperma (Polygalaceae) in Australia." Australian Systematic Botany 30, no. 2 (2017): 159. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sb16044.

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A taxonomic treatment is presented for all eight white-flowered Comesperma species that occur in tropical Australia (here defined as north of latitude 21°S). In total, eight species are circumscribed, of which five are new species and one is new subspecies, viz. C. albimontanense A.J. Ford & Halford, C. anemosmaragdinum A.J. Ford & Halford, C. minutum A.J. Ford & Halford, C. rhyoliticum A.J. Ford & Halford, C. sabulosum A.J. Ford & Halford and C. secundum subsp. oligotrichum A.J. Ford & Halford. Notes on habitat, distribution and conservation status are provided. A key to all 10 tropically distributed Comesperma species, including two non-white flowered species, is given.

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41

Pastuszewska, Barbara, Maija Vitjazkova, Ewa Swiech, and Marcin Taciak. "Composition and in vitro digestibility of rawversus cooked white- and colour-flowered peas." Nahrung/Food 48, no. 3 (June 2004): 221–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/food.200300417.

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42

Nonogaki, Katsunori, Miki Hazama, and Noriko Satoh. "Liraglutide Suppresses Obesity and Hyperglycemia Associated with Increases in Hepatic Fibroblast Growth Factor 21 Production in KKAyMice." BioMed Research International 2014 (2014): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/751930.

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Social isolation contributes to the development of obesity and insulin-independent diabetes in KKAymice. Here we show that systemic administration of liraglutide, a long-acting human glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) analog, significantly decreased food intake, body weight, and blood glucose levels at 24 h after its administration while having no significant effects on plasma insulin and glucagon levels in individually housed KKAymice. In addition, the systemic administration of liraglutide significantly increased plasma fibroblast growth factor (Fgf) 21 levels (1.8-fold increase) associated with increases in the expression of hepaticFgf21(1.9-fold increase) andPparγ(1.8-fold increase), while having no effects on the expression of hepaticPparαandFgf21in white adipose tissue. Moreover, systemic administration of liraglutide over 3 days significantly suppressed food intake, body weight gain, and hyperglycemia in KKAymice. On the other hand, despite remarkably increased plasma active GLP-1 levels (4.2-fold increase), the ingestion of alogliptin, a selective dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor, over 3 days had no effects on food intake, body weight, blood glucose levels, and plasma Fgf21 levels in KKAymice. These findings suggest that systemic administration of liraglutide induces hepatic Fgf21 production and suppresses the social isolation-induced obesity and diabetes independently of insulin, glucagon, and active GLP-1 in KKAymice.

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43

de Rijke, C. E., J. J. G. Hillebrand, L. A. W. Verhagen, T. A. P. Roeling, and R. A. H. Adan. "Hypothalamic neuropeptide expression following chronic food restriction in sedentary and wheel-running rats." Journal of Molecular Endocrinology 35, no. 2 (October 2005): 381–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1677/jme.1.01808.

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When rats are given access to a running-wheel in combination with food restriction, they will become hyperactive and decrease their food intake, a paradoxical phenomenon known as activity-based anorexia (ABA). Little is known about the regulation of the hypothalamic neuropeptides that are involved in the regulation of food intake and energy balance during the development of ABA. Therefore, rats were killed during the development of ABA, before they entered a state of severe starvation. Neuropeptide mRNA expression levels were analysed using quantitative real-time PCR on punches of separate hypothalamic nuclei. As is expected in a state of negative energy balance, expression levels of agouti-related protein (AgRP) and neuropeptide Y (NPY) were increased 5-fold in the arcuate nucleus (ARC) of food-restricted running ABA rats vs 2-fold in sedentary food-restricted controls. The co-regulated expression of AgRP and NPY strongly correlated with relative body weight and white adipose tissue mass. Arcuate expression of pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) and cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART) was reduced 2-fold in the ABA group. In second-order neurons of the lateral hypothalamic area (LHA), melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) mRNA expression was upregulated 2-fold in food-restricted running rats, but not in food-restricted sedentary controls. Prepro-orexin, CART and corticotropin-releasing hormone expression levels in the LHA and the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) were unchanged in both food-restricted groups. From this study it was concluded that during the development of ABA, neuropeptides in first-order neurons in the ARC and MCH in the LHA are regulated in an adequate response to negative energy balance, whereas expression levels of the other studied neuropeptides in secondary neurons of the LHA and PVN are unchanged and are probably regulated by factors other than energy status alone.

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44

Omar, M. M., and A. I. El-Zayat. "A study on the ripening of white pickled Brinza cheese made from ewe's milk." Food / Nahrung 31, no. 8 (1987): 783–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/food.19870310804.

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45

Toman, J., F. Malíř, V. Ostrý, Y. Grosse, V. Dvořák, T. Roubal, and L. Neuchlová. "The occurrence of ochratoxin A in white and parboiled rice." Czech Journal of Food Sciences 34, No. 1 (June 3, 2016): 32–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/316/2015-cjfs.

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46

Kaida, Ryuichi, Masahiro Naka, Kozo Ogawa, and Koichi Ikeda. "Development of Optical Design Program for White Diffuse Luminaire Reflector." JOURNAL OF THE ILLUMINATING ENGINEERING INSTITUTE OF JAPAN 78, Appendix (1994): 385–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.2150/jieij1980.78.appendix_385.

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47

Margaroni, David. "White oils and the food industry." Industrial Lubrication and Tribology 51, no. 1 (February 1999): 6–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/00368799910251686.

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48

Niewiarowicz, A., and Danuta Łysiak. "The effect of egg aging on the proteolytic activity and thermostability of egg-white protein." Food / Nahrung 29, no. 3 (1985): 309–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/food.19850290319.

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49

Sui, Yixing, and Patricia J. Harvey. "Effect of Light Intensity and Wavelength on Biomass Growth and Protein and Amino Acid Composition of Dunaliella salina." Foods 10, no. 5 (May 7, 2021): 1018. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods10051018.

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Dunaliella salina is a halotolerant, photoautotrophic marine microalga and one of the richest sources of natural carotenoids but also shows potential as a novel food source with high protein quality. This study sought to optimise the production of biomass, protein and amino acids from D. salina, alongside carotenoids using a two-stage cultivation approach based on the use of light of different intensities and quality, i.e., white, red and blue LED light. In stage 1, four white LED light intensities were tested. In stage 2, the same four light intensities from either blue or red LEDs were applied once exponential growth ceased and cells reached the stationary phase under white LED light in stage 1. Remarkably, both biomass concentration and biomass productivity showed a 1.3–1.7-fold increase in stage 2, without medium replenishment, while protein concentration and protein productivity showed an ~1.1-fold increase. The amino acid content and amino acid index remained unchanged from stage 1 to stage 2, and minimum difference was found across different light intensities. Overall, D. salina delivered so-called high protein quality, with an essential amino acid index (EAAI) of 0.99, and red light, which has previously been shown to increase carotenoid production, boosted further biomass production over and above white light, at all light intensities tested.

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50

Wielgosz, Sławomir, and Magdalena Tadajewska. "Factors determining diet composition and food availability for bream, Abramis brama (L.), and white bream, Blicca bjoerkna (L.), in Włocławek dam reservoir." Acta Ichthyologica et Piscatoria 18, no. 1 (June 30, 1988): 79–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.3750/aip1988.18.1.08.

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