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Journal articles on the topic 'Forehead'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 25 January 2023

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1

Linden, Olivia E., Vanessa M. Baratta, Jose A. Gonzalez, Margaret E. Byrne, Petra M. Klinge, Stephen R. Sullivan, and Helena O. Taylor. "Surgical Correction of Metopic Craniosynostosis: A 3-D Photogrammetric Analysis of Cranial Vault Outcomes." Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Journal 56, no. 2 (May 9, 2018): 231–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1055665618775729.

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Objective: To evaluate 3-dimensional (3-D) photogrammetry as a tool for assessing the postoperative head shape of patients who had undergone cranial vault remodeling for metopic synostosis. Design: We prospectively analyzed images of patients with metopic craniosynostosis who had undergone anterior cranial vault remodeling and age-matched controls. To ensure standardized facial orientation, each 3-D image was positioned to “best fit” the preoperative face by aligning 6 soft tissue landmarks. Forehead measurements were taken from a standardized position behind the surface of the face to landmarks placed in a ray configuration across the forehead. Setting: Academic teaching hospital. Patients, Participants: Thirteen pediatric patients with metopic craniosynostosis who had undergone anterior cranial vault remodeling and age-matched controls. Interventions: Images were taken preoperatively, immediately postoperatively, and over 1-year postoperatively. Main Outcome Measures: Forehead contours preoperatively and postoperatively, with statistics performed using a multivariate analysis of variance shape analysis. Results: Mean postoperative follow-up was 1.8 (0.6) years. The average distance from the origin to forehead landmarks was 55.1 (3.4) mm preoperatively, 59.3 (0.7) mm immediate postoperatively, 59.1 (1.0) mm 1-year postoperatively, and 59.4 (0.6) mm in controls. Postoperative metopic forehead contours varied significantly from preoperative contours ( P < .01), while there was no statistical difference between the 2 postoperative time points ( P = .70). One-year postoperative patients were not significantly different from their age-matched controls ( P > .99). Conclusions: Preoperative metopic forehead contours varied significantly from postoperative contours. Cranial reconstructions approximated the foreheads of normal controls, and reconstructions were stable at more than 1-year follow-up.

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2

Yasri, Sora, and Viroj Wiwanitkit. "Forehead Sparganosis." Journal of Craniofacial Surgery 28, no. 8 (November 2017): e764-e765. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/scs.0000000000003938.

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3

Hogan, Sara, Katie Beleznay, and Jean Carruthers. "Forehead Rejuvenation." Advances in Cosmetic Surgery 3, no. 1 (June 2020): 109–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.yacs.2020.01.005.

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4

SIEGLE, RONALD J. "Forehead Reconstruction." Journal of Dermatologic Surgery and Oncology 17, no. 2 (February 1991): 200–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1524-4725.1991.tb01615.x.

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5

CHRISMAN, B. B. "Forehead Lift." Archives of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery 111, no. 12 (December 1, 1985): 827. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archotol.1985.00800140071015.

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6

Seline, Peter C., and Ronald J. Siegle. "Forehead reconstruction." Dermatologic Clinics 23, no. 1 (January 2005): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.det.2004.09.010.

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7

Patrocinio, Lucas G., and José A. Patrocinio. "Forehead-lift." Archives of Facial Plastic Surgery 10, no. 6 (November 3, 2008): 391–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archfaci.10.6.391.

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8

He, Danqing, Yan Gu, and Yannan Sun. "Evaluation of aesthetic anteroposterior position of maxillary incisors in patients with extraction treatment using facial reference lines." Journal of International Medical Research 47, no. 7 (May 30, 2019): 2951–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0300060519850740.

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Objective To examine whether facial reference lines could be used to evaluate the anteroposterior position of the maxillary incisors in patients that had undergone extraction treatment. Methods The study enrolled Angle Class I patients who had favourable facial profiles after extraction treatment. Superimposition of post-treatment lateral photographs and cephalograms were constructed and anatomical landmarks on the forehead were identified. Reference lines of the forehead’s anterior limit line (FALL) and the vertical line through the soft-tissue glabella (G line) were constructed. The distance between the maxillary incisors and the FALL and G line were measured. Regression analyses were performed between the maxillary incisor position and forehead inclination. Results Forty-one patients (31 females and 10 males) were included in the study. The mean ± SD distances of the facial-axis point of the maxillary incisors (FA)–FALL and FA–G line were 1.8 ± 1.9 mm and –2.4 ± 1.8 mm, respectively. The distance of the maxillary incisors to FALL and the relative position of the maxillary incisors were both significantly correlated with forehead inclination. Conclusions The mean position of the maxillary incisors in patients with extraction was approximately in the middle of the G line and the FALL. Correct maxillary incisor position was correlated with forehead inclination.

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9

Kim, Jeonghee, Derrick Knox, and Hangue Park. "Forehead Tactile Hallucination Is Augmented by the Perceived Risk and Accompanies Increase of Forehead Tactile Sensitivity." Sensors 21, no. 24 (December 10, 2021): 8246. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21248246.

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Tactile hallucinations frequently occur after mental illnesses and neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s disease. Despite their common occurrence, there are several complicating factors that make it difficult to elucidate the tactile hallucinations. The forehead tactile hallucination, evoked by the physical object approaching to the forehead, can be easily and consistently evoked in healthy-bodied subjects, and therefore it would help with investigating the mechanism of tactile hallucinations. In this pilot study, we investigated the principles of the forehead tactile hallucination with eight healthy subjects. We designed the experimental setup to test the effect of sharpness and speed of objects approaching towards the forehead on the forehead tactile hallucination, in both a physical and virtual experimental setting. The forehead tactile hallucination was successfully evoked by virtual object as well as physical object, approaching the forehead. The forehead tactile hallucination was increased by the increase of sharpness and speed of the approaching object. The forehead tactile hallucination also increased the tactile sensitivity on the forehead. The forehead tactile hallucination can be solely evoked by visual feedback and augmented by the increased perceived risk. The forehead tactile hallucination also increases tactile sensitivity. These experimental results may enhance the understanding of the foundational mechanisms of tactile hallucinations.

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10

Ho, Shau-Ru, Yu-Chen Lin, and Chi-Nien Chen. "The Impact of Phototherapy on the Accuracy of Transcutaneous Bilirubin Measurements in Neonates: Optimal Measurement Site and Timing." Diagnostics 11, no. 9 (September 20, 2021): 1729. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics11091729.

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Transcutaneous bilirubinometer devices are widely applied to assess neonatal hyperbilirubinemia. However, the optimal skin site and timing of transcutaneous bilirubin (TCB) measurements for the strongest correlation with total serum bilirubin (TSB) levels after phototherapy are still unclear. We conducted a retrospective observational study evaluating the correlation of TCB and TSB levels in neonates postphototherapy. The TCB measurements on the forehead and mid-sternum at 0 and 30 min postphototherapy were assessed by using a JM-103 bilirubinometer. Paired TCB and TSB measurements were assessed by Pearson correlation and Bland–Altman plots. We analyzed 40 neonates with 96 TSB and 384 TCB measurements. The TSB level correlated moderately with the forehead TCB level at 30 min postphototherapy (r = 0.65) and less strongly with the midsternum TCB level at 0 min postphototherapy (r = 0.52). The forehead at 30 min after cessation of phototherapy was the best time point and location of TCB measurement for the assessment of neonatal jaundice status. The reliability of TCB measurements varied across skin sites and durations after phototherapy. The effectiveness of TCB measurement to assess neonatal hyperbilirubinemia is much better on covered skin areas (foreheads) 30 min postphototherapy. The appropriate application of transcutaneous bilirubinometers could aid in clinical practice and avoid unnecessary management.

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11

Nisticò, Daniela, Luisa Cortellazzo Wiel, Irene Berti, Lorenzo Calligaris, Marco Rabusin, Alessia Saccari, Egidio Barbi, and Valentina Kiren. "Isolated Forehead Swelling." Journal of Pediatrics 232 (May 2021): 300–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpeds.2021.01.001.

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12

Ehrl, Denis, P. Niclas Broer, Paul I. Heidekrueger, and Milomir Ninkovic. "Microsurgical Forehead Reconstruction." Journal of Craniofacial Surgery 28, no. 1 (January 2017): 212–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/scs.0000000000003275.

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13

Daniel, R. "Endoscopic forehead lift." Aesthetic Surgery Journal 21, no. 2 (March 2001): 169–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1067/maj.2001.115258.

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14

Ahn, Yong Su, Yun Yong Park, and Jung Woo Chang. "Multiplane Forehead Shortening." Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery 143, no. 2 (February 2019): 405–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/prs.0000000000005271.

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15

Li, Xin, Carrie A. Kubiak, Xiaoning Yang, Stephen W. P. Kemp, Paul S. Cederna, and Jiguang Ma. "Forehead Fat Grafting." Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery 144, no. 5 (November 2019): 1057–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/prs.0000000000006122.

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16

SEWELL, LINDSAY D., DAVID C. ADAMS, and VICTOR J. MARKS. "Subcutaneous Forehead Nodules." Dermatologic Surgery 34, no. 6 (June 2008): 791–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00042728-200806000-00012.

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17

Gutek, E. Philip, Maithe E. Fowler, and Colleen Heeter. "The Forehead Lift." Plastic Surgical Nursing 13, no. 4 (1993): 188–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00006527-199301340-00005.

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18

Eisenkraft, James B. "Forehead Pulse Oximetry." Anesthesiology 105, no. 6 (December 1, 2006): 1075–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00000542-200612000-00004.

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19

Agashe, Geeta S., Joseph Coakley, and Paul D. Mannheimer. "Forehead Pulse Oximetry." Anesthesiology 105, no. 6 (December 1, 2006): 1111–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00000542-200612000-00010.

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Background This study investigated whether a tensioning headband that applies up to 20 mmHg pressure over a forehead pulse oximetry sensor could improve arterial hemoglobin oxygen saturation reading accuracy in presence of venous pooling and pulsations at the forehead site. Methods Healthy volunteers were studied breathing room air in supine and various levels of negative incline (Trendelenburg position) using the forehead sensor with the headband adjusted to its maximum and minimum recommended pressure limits. Saturation readings obtained from the forehead sensor with the subjects supine and the headband in place were used as a baseline to compare the effects of negative incline on reading accuracy when using and not using the headband. Occurrences of false low-saturation readings detected by forehead sensors were compared with those from digit sensors. Results No difference was observed between saturation readings obtained from the forehead sensor in supine and negative incline positions when the headband was applied. Forehead sensor readings obtained while subjects were inclined and the headband was not used were significantly lower (P < 0.05) than the supine readings. There was no statistically significant difference between the digit and forehead sensor in reporting false low-saturation readings when the headband was applied, regardless of body incline. Conclusions Application of up to 20 mmHg pressure on the forehead pulse oximetry sensor using an elastic tensioning headband significantly reduced reading errors and provided consistent performance when subjects were placed between supine and up to 15 degrees head-down incline (Trendelenburg position).

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20

&NA;. "SUBCUTANEOUS FOREHEAD LIFT." Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery 84, no. 4 (October 1989): 700. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00006534-198910000-00035.

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&NA;. "SUBCUTANEOUS FOREHEAD LIFT." Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery 84, no. 4 (October 1989): 700. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00006534-198984040-00035.

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22

Daniel, Rollin K., and Beatrix Tirkanits. "Endoscopic Forehead Lift." Clinics in Plastic Surgery 22, no. 4 (October 1995): 605–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0094-1298(20)31163-9.

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23

Isse, Nicanor G. "Endoscopic Forehead Lift." Clinics in Plastic Surgery 22, no. 4 (October 1995): 661–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0094-1298(20)31167-6.

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24

Niamtu, Joseph. "The aging forehead." Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology, Oral Radiology, and Endodontology 96, no. 6 (December 2003): 656–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tripleo.2003.08.008.

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25

Mellick, Larry B. "Delayed Forehead Hematoma." Pediatric Emergency Care 28, no. 8 (August 2012): 830–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/pec.0b013e3182628b3f.

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26

Duvigneaud, S., M. Shahla, B. Ouattara, G. Swennen, and A. Lemaître. "Aesthetic forehead remodelling." International Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery 34 (January 2005): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0901-5027(05)80946-4.

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27

Makkar, Surinder, Atul Parashar, Ramesh K. Sharma, and Kanwaldeep S. Aneja. "‘Turbaned’ forehead flap." Journal of Plastic, Reconstructive & Aesthetic Surgery 61, no. 5 (May 2008): 594–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bjps.2007.08.035.

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28

Marchac, D., and S. Goni. "Endoscopic Forehead Lift." Acta Chirurgica Belgica 101, no. 5 (October 1, 2001): 210–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00015458.2001.12098618.

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29

Hammer, Daniel, Fayette Williams, and Roderick Kim. "Paramedian Forehead Flap." Atlas of the Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Clinics 28, no. 1 (March 2020): 23–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cxom.2019.11.003.

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30

Klatsky, S. "The difficult forehead." Aesthetic Surgery Journal 24, no. 2 (April 2004): 146–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.asj.2004.01.001.

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31

Baker, Shan R., and Eugene L. Alford. "Mid-forehead flaps." Operative Techniques in Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery 4, no. 1 (March 1993): 24–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1043-1810(10)80103-4.

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32

Wojtanowski, Michael H. "Bicoronal forehead lift." Aesthetic Plastic Surgery 18, no. 1 (1994): 33–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00444245.

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33

Smart, Ryan J., Melvyn S. Yeoh, and D. David Kim. "Paramedian Forehead Flap." Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Clinics of North America 26, no. 3 (August 2014): 401–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.coms.2014.05.008.

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34

Güerrissi, Jorge O. "Total Forehead Flap." Journal of Craniofacial Surgery 20, no. 2 (March 2009): 522–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/scs.0b013e31818434df.

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35

Piero, Cascone, Gennaro Paolo, Ramieri Valerio, and Esposito Vincenzo. "Forehead Trauma Outcomes." Journal of Craniofacial Surgery 20, no. 2 (March 2009): 498–501. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/scs.0b013e31819b9e14.

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36

Matarasso, A., and E. O. Terino. "Forehead-Brow Rhytidoplasty." Ophthalmic Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery 11, no. 2 (June 1995): 149. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00002341-199506000-00032.

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37

SWISCHUK, LEONARD E. "Lump on forehead." Pediatric Emergency Care 10, no. 5 (October 1994): 301–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00006565-199410000-00016.

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38

Matarasso, Alan, and Edward O. Terino. "Forehead-Brow Rhytidoplasty." Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery 93, no. 7 (June 1994): 1378. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00006534-199406000-00007.

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39

Matarasso, Alan, Edward O. Terino, and Malcolm D. Paul. "Forehead-Brow Rhytidoplasty." Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery 93, no. 7 (June 1994): 1390. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00006534-199406000-00008.

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40

Weinzweig, Norman, Brian Davies, and John W. Polley. "Microsurgical Forehead Reconstruction." Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery 95, no. 4 (April 1995): 647–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00006534-199504000-00005.

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41

Jellinek, Nathaniel J., Tri H. Nguyen, and John G. Albertini. "Paramedian Forehead Flap." Dermatologic Surgery 40 (September 2014): S30—S42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/dss.0000000000000112.

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42

Skaria, A. M. "Median Forehead Flap." Dermatologic Surgery 41, no. 7 (July 2015): 859–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/dss.0000000000000387.

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43

Benito-Ruiz, J., J. Monner, J. Fontdevila, and J. M. Serra-Renom. "Forehead flag flap." British Journal of Plastic Surgery 57, no. 3 (April 2004): 270–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bjps.2003.08.020.

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44

Romo, Thomas, and Haresh Yalamanchili. "Endoscopic Forehead Lifting." Dermatologic Clinics 23, no. 3 (July 2005): 457–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.det.2005.03.004.

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45

Kahlon, S. K., S. S. Kahlon, Mridu Manjari, and Vikram Parkash. "Cold abscess forehead." Indian Journal of Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery 46, no. 4 (October 1994): 199–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03048574.

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46

Chung, Jae Min, Won Ki Kang, and Jeong Su Shim. "Measurement of changes in forehead height after endoscopic forehead lift." Archives of Aesthetic Plastic Surgery 26, no. 3 (July 30, 2020): 87–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.14730/aaps.2020.02166.

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47

Park, Hannara, Jaemin Seong, Hyouchun Park, and Hyeonjung Yeo. "Bilateral Rectangular Musculocutaneous Advancement Flap: A Viable Alternative for Reconstruction of Large-Sized Forehead Defects with Exposed Bone." Journal of Wound Management and Research 16, no. 3 (October 31, 2020): 164–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.22467/jwmr.2020.01165.

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Reconstruction of large-sized forehead defects with exposed bone is challenging, as the forehead is an esthetically important area and the complex courses of the sensory nerves make them prone to damage during reconstruction. The purpose of this study was to achieve forehead reconstruction by predicting the pathways of the forehead sensory nerves and applying an operative technique that minimizes sensory nerve injury. We classified forehead sensory nerves that traverse the flap into five types according to their course, defined the frontalis muscle piercing line that allows for intuitive prediction of a nerve course, and devised a surgical technique for each nerve type. Next, we applied the techniques to a bilateral rectangular musculocutaneous advancement flap to reconstruct a large defect on the forehead caused by squamous cell carcinoma. No complications were observed except partial skin necrosis of the flap that healed spontaneously. Although tension and restricted early movement of the forehead was observed, it resolved within 2 weeks. After 5 months of treatment, the transverse scars were camouflaged by the skin creases and the sensory nerves of the forehead were intact.

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48

Jung, Joo Sung, and Nam Kyu Lim. "A Rare Case of Secondary Cutis Verticis Gyrata on the Forehead." Journal of Wound Management and Research 16, no. 2 (June 30, 2020): 113–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.22467/jwmr.2020.01046.

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Cutis verticis gyrata (CVG) is an unusual morphological condition of the scalp characterized by ridges and furrows resembling the surface of the brain. Most patients have lesions on the scalp, and only a few cases with forehead lesions have been described in literature. We report an extremely rare case of secondary CVG on the forehead. A 61-year-old female patient was referred to our outpatient clinic with a large area of hypertrophic skin on the forehead. A lesion measuring 12×3 cm extended across both eyebrows, the glabella, and the forehead. The patient reported that a pruritic erythematous lesion in that region had occurred 10 years ago after she performed acupuncture on herself on the forehead several times. She had no underlying diseases and no relevant family history. We removed the entire lesion and covered the defect with a forehead advancement flap. This solved the initial aesthetic problem. Her forehead skin became flattened, and the sagging upper eyelid skin was aesthetically corrected. Pathological findings showed nodular lesions with dense collagen fibers and microvascular proliferation, supporting the diagnosis of CVG. We achieved good results through surgical treatment for the extremely rare case of CVG on the forehead.

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49

Chen, Anming, Jia Zhu, Qunxiong Lin, and Weiqiang Liu. "A Comparative Study of Forehead Temperature and Core Body Temperature under Varying Ambient Temperature Conditions." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 23 (November 29, 2022): 15883. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192315883.

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When the ambient temperature, in which a person is situated, fluctuates, the body’s surface temperature will alter proportionally. However, the body’s core temperature will remain relatively steady. Consequently, using body surface temperature to characterize the core body temperature of the human body in varied situations is still highly inaccurate. This research aims to investigate and establish the link between human body surface temperature and core body temperature in a variety of ambient conditions, as well as the associated conversion curves. Methods: Plan an experiment to measure temperature over a thousand times in order to get the corresponding data for human forehead, axillary, and oral temperatures at varying ambient temperatures (14–32 °C). Utilize the axillary and oral temperatures as the core body temperature standards or the control group to investigate the new approach’s accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity for detecting fever/non-fever conditions and the forehead temperature as the experimental group. Analyze the statistical connection, data correlation, and agreement between the forehead temperature and the core body temperature. Results: A total of 1080 tests measuring body temperature were conducted on healthy adults. The average axillary temperature was (36.7 ± 0.41) °C, the average oral temperature was (36.7 ± 0.33) °C, and the average forehead temperature was (36.2 ± 0.30) °C as a result of the shift in ambient temperature. The forehead temperature was 0.5 °C lower than the average of the axillary and oral temperatures. The Pearson correlation coefficient between axillary and oral temperatures was 0.41 (95% CI, 0.28–0.52), between axillary and forehead temperatures was 0.07 (95% CI, −0.07–0.22), and between oral and forehead temperatures was 0.26 (95% CI, 0.11–0.39). The mean differences between the axillary temperature and the oral temperature, the oral temperature and the forehead temperature, and the axillary temperature and the forehead temperature were −0.08 °C, 0.49 °C, and 0.42 °C, respectively, according to a Bland-Altman analysis. Finally, the regression analysis revealed that there was a linear association between the axillary temperature and the forehead temperature, as well as the oral temperature and the forehead temperature due to the change in ambient temperature. Conclusion: The changes in ambient temperature have a substantial impact on the temperature of the forehead. There are significant differences between the forehead and axillary temperatures, as well as the forehead and oral temperatures, when the ambient temperature is low. As the ambient temperature rises, the forehead temperature tends to progressively converge with the axillary and oral temperatures. In clinical or daily applications, it is not advised to utilize the forehead temperature derived from an uncorrected infrared thermometer as the foundation for a body temperature screening in public venues such as hospital outpatient clinics, shopping malls, airports, and train stations.

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50

Muller, Matthew D., Zhaohui Gao, Hardikkumar M. Patel, Matthew J. Heffernan, Urs A. Leuenberger, and Lawrence I. Sinoway. "β-Adrenergic blockade enhances coronary vasoconstrictor response to forehead cooling." American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 306, no. 6 (March 15, 2014): H910—H917. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.00787.2013.

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Forehead cooling activates the sympathetic nervous system and can trigger angina pectoris in susceptible individuals. However, the effect of forehead cooling on coronary blood flow velocity (CBV) is not well understood. In this human experiment, we tested the hypotheses that forehead cooling reduces CBV (i.e., coronary vasoconstriction) and that this vasoconstrictor effect would be enhanced under systemic β-adrenergic blockade. A total of 30 healthy subjects (age range, 23–79 years) underwent Doppler echocardiography evaluation of CBV in response to 60 s of forehead cooling (1°C ice bag on forehead). A subset of subjects (n = 10) also underwent the procedures after an intravenous infusion of propranolol. Rate pressure product (RPP) was used as an index of myocardial oxygen demand. Consistent with our first hypothesis, forehead cooling reduced CBV from 19.5 ± 0.7 to 17.5 ± 0.8 cm/s ( P < 0.001), whereas mean arterial pressure increased by 11 ± 2 mmHg (P < 0.001). Consistent with our second hypothesis, forehead cooling reduced CBV under propranolol despite a significant rise in RPP. The current studies indicate that forehead cooling elicits a sympathetically mediated pressor response and a reduction in CBV, and this effect is augmented under β-blockade. The results are consistent with sympathetic activation of β-receptor coronary vasodilation in humans, as has been demonstrated in animals.

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