Relevant bibliographies by topics / Foreign currency exchange policy

Contents

  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Foreign currency exchange policy'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 30 May 2022
Last updated: 31 July 2025

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Journal articles on the topic "Foreign currency exchange policy"

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o’g’li, Samandarov Zuxriddin Raup. "Mechanism for Optimizing Interbank Currency Exchange to Enhance Market Liquidity and Ensure Exchange Rate Stability." Journal of Management and Economics 5, no. 4 (2025): 59–62. https://doi.org/10.55640/jme-05-04-10.

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In modern monetary policy, optimizing the mechanism of interbank currency trading plays a vital role in enhancing the liquidity of the foreign exchange market and reducing devaluation pressures. Transparent exchange rate formation and reduced transaction costs are key factors that can lead to a more stable and efficient foreign currency system.
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Setiawati, Ririt Iriani Sri, Renny Oktafia, and Siti Alfi Nikmatin Khoiriyah. "Analysis of the Impact of Monetary Policy on Exchange Rates and Foreign Exchange Reserves in Indonesia." Proceedings of International Conference on Economics Business and Government Challenges 6, no. 1 (2023): 184–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.33005/icebgc.v6i1.72.

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This article aims to analyze the impact of monetary policy on exchange rates and currencies in Indonesia using case studies. Monetary policy is chosen because it is one of the government policies that can influence currency and currency movements in the market. The results from the study show that monetary policy has a significant impact on exchange rates and currencies in Indonesia. Policies implemented by the Bank of Indonesia, such as raising reference interest rates and selling currencies on the market, can strengthen the currency exchange rate and increase the country’s foreign exchange r
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Ishkhanov, Alexander, and Elena Linkevich. "Currency Effects of Tax Policy Application." Vestnik Volgogradskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Ekonomika, no. 3 (October 2022): 158–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.15688/ek.jvolsu.2022.3.13.

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The article examines the Russian experience in the field of currency regulation and the instruments that affect the exchange rate of the Russian ruble in crisis conditions. It is justified that the dynamics of the Russian ruble exchange rate depends primarily on the influence of four factors: the state of the economy of the issuing country, state monetary and financial policies, price dynamics of international commodity markets, and instability of the global monetary and financial system. It was established that the Russian ruble exchange rate also depends on the volume of foreign currency pur
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Behdad, Sohrab. "Foreign Exchange Gap, Structural Constraints, and the Political Economy of Exchange Rate Determination in Iran." International Journal of Middle East Studies 20, no. 1 (1988): 1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020743800057482.

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Foreign currency transactions have come under stringent controls in postrevolutionary Iran. This is a relapse into the prevailing conditions in the years preceding 1974, before the increase in oil revenues eliminated the foreign currency gap. Initially, the Islamic Republic of Iran (IRI) imposed exchange controls to stop the postrevolutionary capital flight. Soon, however, exchange controls became an integral policy instrument of the government for rationing the existing supply of foreign currency in the face of a widening foreign exchange gap.
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Chernilevskaya, Klavdiya E. "Internationalization of Renminbi as a Function of China’s Foreign Exchange Policy." RUDN Journal of Political Science 23, no. 2 (2021): 233–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2313-1438-2021-23-2-233-242.

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This article discusses the prospects of the Chinese renminbi (RMB) to expand its sphere of influence and become a full-scale reserve world currency. The methods used in the article are retrospective analysis and graphic analysis. The work is divided into three sections. The first section provides a broad overview of modern reserve currencies. The second part characterizes RMBs shaping as a reserve currency, as well as inner and outer factors that influence its status. The third section includes information about RMBs current status and its perspectives for being a reserve currency in the futur
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Dudzich, Viktar. "Relationships between exchange rate regime, real exchange rate volatility and currency structure of government bonds in emerging markets." Review of Economic Perspectives 20, no. 1 (2020): 3–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/revecp-2020-0001.

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AbstractPublic foreign currency borrowing is a common problem of emerging markets. Scholars named it the original sin of foreign debt. It has a proven negative influence on economic growth and development, undermining financial stability, and increasing the probability of monetary crises. The roots of the original sin often lay in emerging markets’ institutional underdevelopment, with low-quality monetary policy, inappropriate exchange rate regime choice, and exchange rate mismanagement being stated among the most important causes. This paper evaluates the influence of the exchange rate policy
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Mercy, Femi-Olagundoye,, and Adedokun, Sikiru Adetona. "Exchange Rate Management in Nigeria: Historical Trends and Policy Insights." International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science IX, no. II (2025): 88–102. https://doi.org/10.47772/ijriss.2025.9020008.

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The exchange rate is critical in any economy, especially where imports exceed exports. A depreciated local currency boosts export trade by making it cheaper in the international market and increasing foreign exchange inflow. However, it also makes imports expensive and depletes available foreign exchange. The study reviewed the exchange rate in Nigeria on a decade basis for a holistic overview of the rate over six decades. Nigeria’s import trade is massive compared to the export trade. As a result, the demand for foreign currency is constantly rising, and due to insufficient supply, the exchan
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Solodzhuk, Tetiana, and Tetiana Myhovych. "Assessment of an Exchange Rate’s Fluctuations Impact on the Foreign Exchange Market." Journal of Vasyl Stefanyk Precarpathian National University 9, no. 3 (2022): 55–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.15330/jpnu.9.3.55-64.

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The article analyzes the foreign exchange market functioning under the influence of exchange rate fluctuations. The main factors determining the exchange rate in the existing conditions have been determined. All course-forming factors are divided into fundamental ones, which include the main economic indicators; technical conjunctural; extraordinary (unexpected) and non-economical. The formation of the forward currency operations market trends, in particular forward contracts, currency swaps, options and other financial instruments, was also investigated. The income trends of the current curre
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Dr., Hariharan Narayanan. "Exchange rate policies and refor-ms adopted by India until 2010: A literature analysis." International Journal of Financial Engineering 8, no. 2 (2021): 33. https://doi.org/10.1142/S2424786321500201.

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Exchange rate is a rate at which one currency can be exchanged into another currency. This paper will concentrate on the exchange rate policy, policy reforms and measures undertaken by India. It also will deal with the INR appreciations and depreciations from 1993–1994 to 2010–2011. It will give the clear comprehensive literature and measure of exchange rate policy and various reforms adopted by India, chronology of money, INR fluctuations and RBI interventions to curb volatility. This study is historical, descriptive and analytical which concentrates for a period of 10 years start
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Kumamoto, Hisao, and Masao Kumamoto. "Currency Substitution and Monetary Policy Effects: The Case of Latin American Countries." International Journal of Economics and Finance 9, no. 2 (2017): 32. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijef.v9n2p32.

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In this study, we empirically investigate how currency substitution transmits foreign monetary policy shocks to domestic countries and evaluate how the central bank respond to real exchange rate movements in three inflation-targeting Latin American countries under currency substitution, namely Chile, Mexico and Peru, between 2000 and 2011. Our model is based on a small open economy dynamic stochastic general equilibrium model that incorporates currency substitution and incomplete financial markets, and we estimate it by using Bayesian estimation techniques. Our empirical results are as follows
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Foreign currency exchange policy"

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Pomeroy, Roger Thorsten. "Optimal currency pegs for primary producing countries." Thesis, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/101250.

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The paper compares several methods a developing country can use to select a basket of currencies against which to peg its exchange rate, if the country's goal is to minimize variations in its real effective exchange rate. Data over the period 1973-1983 for Zaire, Zambia, Chile and Peru are used to compare the lowest variance exchange rate pegs that are obtained by: a) using different formulas to calculate the indexes of exchange rate variability, b) using different types of weights in the formulas (e.g., weighting bilateral exchange rate fluctuations by export, import or total trade), and c) c
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Zwanger, Sebastian. "Determinants of exchange rates the case of the Chilean peso /." View electronic thesis, 2008. http://dl.uncw.edu/etd/2008-3/zwanzgers/sebastianzwanzger.pdf.

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Kim, Tae Hyung. "Three essays on international economics : international technology transfer, domestic content protection, real exchange rate dynamics under currency substitution /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/7438.

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Theel, Thomas M. "The relation between currency value and stock returns evidence from Germany /." View electronic thesis, 2008. http://dl.uncw.edu/etd/2008-3/rp/theelt/thomastheel.pdf.

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El-Refadi, Idris Abdulsalam. "Foreign Exchange Risk Management in U.S. Multinationals Under SFAS no. 52: Change in Management Decision Making in Response to Accounting Policy Change." Thesis, North Texas State University, 1986. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc331685/.

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SFAS No. 52, Foreign Currency Translation, was issued in December, 1981, replacing SFAS No. 8, Accounting For the Translation of Foreign Currency Transactions and Foreign Currency Financial Statements. SFAS No. 52 has shifted the impact of translation gains and losses from the income statement to the balance sheet. It was expected that SFAS No. 52 would eliminate the incentive for multinationals to engage in various hedging activities to reduce the effect of the translation process in reported earnings. It was also expected that multinationals would change their foreign exchange risk managemen
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Haponets, A. D. "Currency component of the competitiveness of exported products." Master's thesis, Sumy State University, 2020. https://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/81317.

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У роботі досліджувався аналіз впливу валюти та курсу валюти на конкурентоспроможність експортної продукції українських виробників, закріплення теоретичних основ впровадження іноземних валют в експортну діяльність підприємства з метою підвищення конкурентоспроможності експортованої продукції<br>The analysis of the influence of currency and exchange rate on the competitiveness of export products of Ukrainian producers, consolidation of the theoretical foundations of the introduction of foreign currencies in the export activities of the enterprise in order to increase the competitiveness of expor
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Yi, Chae-Deug. "Fiscal policy effects on the real exchange rate and current account in a small open economy." The Ohio State University, 1993. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/29609628.html.

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Mlambo, Courage. "Effects of exchange rate volatility on the stock market: a case study of South Africa." Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/d1007125.

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This study assessed the effects of currency volatility on the Johannesburg Stock Exchange. An evaluation of literature on exchange rate volatility and stock markets was conducted resulting into specification of an empirical model.The Generalised Autoregressive Conditional Heteroskedascity (1.1) (GARCH) model was used in establishing the relationship between exchange rate volatility and stock market performance. The study employed monthly South African data for the period 2000 – 2010. The data frequency selected ensured an adequate number of observations. A very weak relationship between curren
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Sibanda, Kin. "The impact of real exchange rates on economic growth: a case study of South Africa." Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/d1007129.

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This study examined the impact of real exchange rates on economic growth in South Africa. The study used quarterly time series data for the period of 1994 to 2010. The Johansen cointegration and vector error correction model was used to determine the impact of real exchange on economic growth in South Africa. The explanatory variables in this study were real exchange rates, real interest rates, money supply, trade openness and gross fixed capital formation. Results from this study revealed that real exchange rates, gross fixed capital formation and real interest rates have a positive long run
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Wang, Xiao Wei. "World financial crisis and RMB Internationalization : a false or real historical opportunity?" Thesis, University of Macau, 2012. http://umaclib3.umac.mo/record=b2595547.

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Books on the topic "Foreign currency exchange policy"

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Komiya, Ryūtarō. Japan's foreign exchange policy, 1971-1982. Edited by Suda Miyako 1948-. Allen L. Unwin, 1991.

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1948-, Suda Miyako, ed. Japan's foreign exchange policy, 1971-1982. Allen & Unwin, 1991.

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Honohan, Patrick. An examination of Irish currency policy. Economic and Social Research Institute, 1993.

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Goldstein, Morris, and Nicholas R. Lardy. Debating China's exchange rate policy. Peterson Institute for International Economics, 2008.

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Theodoridis, Ariane. Currency basket construction and currency basket policy: Theoretical and empirical aspects of currency basket construction and currency basket policy in Austria and the Nordic countries. Institut universitaire de hautes études internationales, 1997.

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Fernández, Roque B. Exchange rate policy and hyperinflation. C.E.M.A., 1990.

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Agénor, Pierre-Richard. Parallel currency markets in developing countries: Theory, evidence, and policy implications. International Finance Section, Dept. of Economics, Princeton University, 1992.

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Goldberg, Linda S. Black-markets for currency, hoarding activity and policy reform. National Bureau of Economic Research, 1992.

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S, Tavlas George, ed. The collapse of exchange rate regimes: Causes, consequences, and policy responses. Kluwer Academic, 1997.

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Céspedes, Luis García. Balance sheets and exchange rate policy. National Bureau of Economic Research, 2000.

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Book chapters on the topic "Foreign currency exchange policy"

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Basevi, Giorgio, Daniela Cocchi, and Pier Luigi Lischi. "The Choice of Currency in the Foreign Trade of Italy." In Monetary and Exchange Rate Policy. Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-18710-2_1.

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Rajković, Ivana, and Branko Urošević. "On Inflation Targeting and Foreign Exchange Interventions in a Dual Currency Economy." In Monetary Policy, Financial Crises, and the Macroeconomy. Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-56261-2_8.

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Zhou, Yiwen. "Analysis of Countermeasures After Being Listed as a Currency Manipulator, Taking Vietnam’s Foreign Exchange Market as an Example." In Applied Economics and Policy Studies. Springer Nature Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-5727-7_25.

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Sykes, Carolyn. "Strategic Currency Management in Foreign Equity Portfolios." In Foreign Exchange. Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-12901-0_7.

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Anthony, Steve. "Currency Options — Pricing." In Foreign Exchange in Practice. Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781403914552_10.

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Kallianiotis, John N. "Foreign Currency Derivatives." In Exchange Rates and International Financial Economics. Palgrave Macmillan US, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137318886_5.

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Anthony, Steve. "Applications of Currency Options." In Foreign Exchange in Practice. Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781403914552_11.

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Banks, Erik. "Foreign Exchange and Currency Derivatives." In The Credit Risk of Financial Instruments. Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-13247-8_12.

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Wang, Peijie. "Currency Futures." In The Economics of Foreign Exchange and Global Finance. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-00100-0_12.

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Wang, Peijie. "Currency Options." In The Economics of Foreign Exchange and Global Finance. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-00100-0_13.

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Conference papers on the topic "Foreign currency exchange policy"

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Zhong, Yonghong, and Chang Hong. "How does the uncertainty of U.S. monetary policy affect the RMB foreign exchange market?" In 2024 17th International Symposium on Computational Intelligence and Design (ISCID). IEEE, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1109/iscid63852.2024.00020.

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Syarifuddin, Ferry. "Governance Aspect of Foreign-Exchange Policy in Indonesia." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c06.01288.

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While most recent central bank’s foreign-exchange interventions have been directed at mitigating speculative currency pressures and reducing risks to price instability, as well as curbing volatility in capital flows, the good governance implementation plays significant role in making the foreign-exchange operations done in efficient and effective way. For Bank Indonesia, the implementation of foreign exchange policy strategy followed governance principle is essential and geared toward price and financial system stability. In practice, the objective is reached through foreign-exchange intervent
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Kahky, Yara El. "DYNAMIC INTERRELATION BETWEEN STOCK MARKET INDEX, EXCHANGE RATE, T-BILLS AND POLICY RATE: THE CASE OF EGYPT 2010-2020." In BuPol London 2024–International Conference on Business, Economics & Policy, 20-21 February. Global Research & Development Services, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.20319/icssh.2024.194-195.

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A robust securities market is the engine of a country's economy. Undoubtedly, the stability and strength of a country's financial intermediaries and secondary market systems determine its overall economic growth. Since 2009, when the secondary market and Egypt’s EGX 30 stock index were established, the Egyptian economy has been on a trajectory of growth. However, Egypt's economy has been facing various economic and financial challenges in recent years because of political instability and social unrest, starting with the 2011 political revolution and the global external shocks such as the Coron
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Vinogradova, Anna, Julia Grinevich, Alma Turganbayeva, Mokhinur Bakhramova, and Anna Troitskaya. "Impact of currency regulation on public welfare and economic security." In Human resource management within the framework of realisation of national development goals and strategic objectives. Dela Press Publishing House, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.56199/dpcsebm.mohy2122.

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The research examines the role of currency regulation in ensuring economic security, and special emphasis is placed on the analysis of this issue from the point of view of public welfare. Income growth as a source of human capital development is impossible without effective state regulation at the current stage of economic development. Regular changes in Russia’s foreign economic activity, economic and political problems at the national and international levels, and the widespread use of modern technology pose a threat to both national and economic security. All this creates the need for regul
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Eshov, Mansur, and Karina Benetti. "Impact of Monetary Policy Sustainability Indicators on Economic Growth in Transition to Inflation Targeting." In Liberec Economic Forum 2023. Technical University of Liberec, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.15240/tul/009/lef-2023-40.

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Foreign experience in the transition to inflation targeting has been studied empirically. The foreign experience shows that countries with inflation targeting regimes have not abandoned and have not returned to other alternative monetary regimes. This indicates that the inflation targeting regime has been successfully tested in practice. It should be noted that inflation targeting has led to new approaches to monetary policy targets. As a result, international economists and experts have started to research inflation targeting as a new path in the scientific arena. The aim of the study is the
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Dağlaroğlu, Tolga, Baki Demirel, and Serdar Varlık. "De-Leveraging and Mitigating Pro-Cyclicality of Capital Flows in Emerging Market Economies: Role of Macro-Prudential Policies." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c04.00727.

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International capital flows have been on an unprecedented roller-coaster ride in recent years. Capital flows to emerging market economies have been strongly correlated with changes in global financing conditions, rising sharply during periods with relatively low global interest rates and low VIX (called risk-on) and shrinking afterward. In open emerging market economies, interest rate increases can attract excessive capital inflows appreciating the exchange rate, and leading to excessive borrowing in foreign currency, and encouraging leverage. A well-designed macro prudential policy prevents c
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Ialaia, Irina. "Central banking amid shocks and uncertainty in developing economies." In International scientific conference "Development Through Research and Innovation" IDSC-2025. Academy of Economic Studies, 2025. https://doi.org/10.53486/dri2025.01.

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The article looks at modern policy challenges faced by typical central banks small, open, developing economies that don't rely on resource exports, integrating Republic of Moldova as a representative case. These countries often operate under a complex set of typical structural weaknesses, such as ongoing current account deficits, a high degree of currency substitution, and fiscal constraints. The study relies on a qualitative approach to analyse the role and how a central bank, operating under an inflation-targeting regime, could develop its approach to capturing and responding to external sho
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Karluk, S. Rıdvan. "Effects of Global Economic Crisis on Kyrgyzstan Economy and Developments in Economic Relations between Turkey and Kyrgyzstan." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c02.00239.

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The global crisis which started in September 2008 adversely affected many global economies and also Kyrgyzstan economy. Kyrgyzstan economy which declined and experienced a severe recession in 2009 due to the crisis started recovering from the adverse effects of the crisis after 2010. What lie beneath this positive development is increased foreign exchange revenues abroad and vigor experienced in construction industry and industrial production. The recovery experienced in economies of Russia and neighbor Kazakhstan resulted in increased exports and thus increased revenues in foreign currencies
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He, Haibo, and Xiaoping Shen. "Bootstrap Methods for Foreign Currency Exchange Rates Prediction." In 2007 International Joint Conference on Neural Networks. IEEE, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ijcnn.2007.4371141.

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Yu, Mei, and Jie Gao. "The Optimal Currency Composition of China's Foreign Exchange Reserve." In 2011 Fourth International Joint Conference on Computational Sciences and Optimization (CSO). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cso.2011.278.

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Reports on the topic "Foreign currency exchange policy"

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Goldberg, Linda S., and Oliver Hannaoui. Drivers of Dollar Share in Foreign Exchange Reserves. Federal Reserve Bank of New York, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.59576/sr.1087.

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The share of U.S. dollar assets in the official foreign exchange reserve portfolios of central banks is sometimes taken as an indicator of dollar status. We show that the observed decline in the aggregate share of U.S. dollar assets does not stem from a systematic shift in currency preferences away from holding dollar assets. Instead, a small group of countries with large foreign exchange reserve balances drive the dollar share decline observed in aggregate statistics. This arises either due to countries conducting monetary policy vis-à-vis the euro or due to preference shifts away from dollar
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Davies, Martin H., and Marcel Schröder. The Path to Kina Convertibility: An Analysis of Papua New Guinea’s Foreign Exchange Market. Asian Development Bank, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.22617/wps220228-2.

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This paper recommends an immediate and frontloaded exchange rate depreciation that can encourage an adjustment process to address the foreign exchange shortage in Papua New Guinea. Due to a shortage in foreign exchange (forex) since 2015, the central bank of Papua New Guinea rationed forex that led to a large backlog of orders and import compression. The study finds that the policy proposals discussed in the country are inadequate to restore currency convertibility, based on surveys of the forex market structure and analysis of recent market conditions. It recommends more exchange rate flexibi
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Carrasco, Alex, and David Florián Hoyle. External Shocks and FX Intervention Policy in Emerging Economies. Inter-American Development Bank, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0003457.

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This paper discusses the role of sterilized foreign exchange (FX) interventions as a monetary policy instrument for emerging market economies in response to external shocks. We develop a model for a commodity-exporting small open economy in which FX intervention is considered as a balance sheet policy induced by a financial friction in the form of an agency problem between banks and their creditors. The severity of banks agency problem depends directly on a bank-level measure of currency mismatch. Endogenous deviations from the standard UIP condition arise at equilibrium. In this context, FX i
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Patalinghug, Epictetus, Aubrey Tabuga, Madeleine Louise Baiño, Mark Gerard Ruiz, Ma Kristina Ortiz, and Danika Astilla-Magoncia. Philippine Retirement Authority Policy Development with Impact Assessment. Philippine Institute for Development Studies, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.62986/dp2024.13.

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This study's third phase evaluates the regulatory impact analysis (RIA) of policy recommendations aimed at enhancing the Philippine Retirement Authority's (PRA) retirement program, focusing on competitiveness and sustainability. Utilizing methodologies such as benefit-cost analysis, breakeven analysis, cost-effectiveness analysis, and regression analysis, the study compares targeting foreign retirees aged 40 and above with those aged 50 and above, assesses the cost-effectiveness of current PRA policies, and determines breakeven volumes. Findings reveal that lowering the minimum retirement age
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Kang, Jong Woo, and Carlos Cabaero. Dynamic Impact of Foreign Exchange Trading Volume on Foreign Exchange Volatility. Asian Development Bank, 2025. https://doi.org/10.22617/wps250025-2.

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This paper examines the effect of foreign exchange (FX) trading volume on volatility using high-frequency data. FX trading volume is a key factor in volatility. Estimation results from econometric models reveal a significant impact of third-party trade volumes on the volatilities of original currency pairs. Though the United States dollar (USD) exerts sizeable effect through third-party channels, currency pairs without USD linkages also have impact, calling renewed attention to using regional cooperation in mitigating volatility as compared with major FX trading partners.
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Montiel, Peter J., and Eduardo Fernández-Arias. Crisis Response in Latin America: Is the "Rainy Day" at Hand? Inter-American Development Bank, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0010915.

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This paper examines the countercyclical policy options available to Latin American countries in the face of the current global economic crisis, concluding that most of the major countries in the region appear to possess the fiscal space (as measured by credible fiscal sustainability and debt headroom) to run prudent countercyclical fiscal deficits. Those countries should undertake a constrained fiscal expansion focused on productive public spending and financed by rainy day fundslarge stocks of foreign exchange reserves that they have accumulated during recent yearsrather than by market borrow
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7

Dominguez, Kathryn M. E., Rasmus Fatum, and Pavel Vacek. Does Foreign Exchange Reserve Decumulation Lead to Currency Appreciation? National Bureau of Economic Research, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w16044.

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8

Giovannini, Alberto. Currency Substitution and the Fluctuations of Foreign-Exchange Reserves with Credibly Fixed Exchange Rates. National Bureau of Economic Research, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w3636.

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9

Kaminsky, Graciela, and Karen Lewis. Does Foreign Exchange Intervention Signal Future Monetary Policy? National Bureau of Economic Research, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w4298.

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10

Holden, Paul, and Sarah Holden. Foreign Exchange Risk and Microfinance Institutions: A Discussion of the Issues. Inter-American Development Bank, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0008611.

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As the MFI industry matures, the necessity of dealing with foreign exchange risk becomes more urgent. Identifying possible solutions to foreign currency risk before they become a critical priority will give MFIs more options in the future.
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