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Journal articles on the topic 'Foreign exchange administration – Africa, Sub-Saharan'

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1

Joshua, Udi, David Babatunde, and Samuel Asumadu Sarkodie. "Sustaining Economic Growth in Sub-Saharan Africa: Do FDI Inflows and External Debt Count?" Journal of Risk and Financial Management 14, no. 4 (2021): 146. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jrfm14040146.

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The quest for the attainment of economic development is sought after by all global economies, which by effect is expected to transcend to improving livelihoods and standard of living. However, several factors hinder the process of achieving sustained economic development, especially in developing countries. In this regard, assessing the extent of economic expansion orchestrated by foreign direct investment (FDI) inflows in vulnerable economies such as Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), particularly in the face of the significant fall in global FDI inflow, is worthwhile. In essence, this study ascertain
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2

Roberts, John. "Liberalizing Foreign-Exchange Rates in Sub-Saharan Africa." Development Policy Review 7, no. 2 (1989): 115–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-7679.1989.tb00123.x.

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3

Kirkpatrick, Colin, and Dimitris Diakosavvas. "Food Insecurity and Foreign-Exchange Constraints in Sub-Saharan Africa." Journal of Modern African Studies 23, no. 2 (1985): 239–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022278x00000161.

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The problem of food insecurity in less-developed countries (L.D.C.s) continues to demand the attention of the international community. Despite the progress that has been made in increasing the world's production of cereals and other major foodstuffs, many L.D.C.s continue to face immense difficulties in ensuring an adequate level of food supplies on a regular year-to-year basis. The current African food crisis has once again demonstrated the vulnerability of low-income economies to a sudden shortfall in supplies, and has highlighted the need for additional measures to strengthen food security
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4

Mwase, Ngila R. L. "Liberalizing Foreign-Exchange Rates in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Comment." Development Policy Review 8, no. 1 (1990): 83–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-7679.1990.tb00148.x.

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5

Suliman, Adil, Khaled Elmawazini, and Mohammed Zakaullah Shariff. "Exchange Rates and Foreign Direct Investment: Evidence for Sub-Saharan Africa." Journal of Developing Areas 49, no. 2 (2015): 203–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/jda.2015.0036.

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6

Thomas, Alun H. "Exchange Rate and Foreign Interest Rate Linkages for Sub-Saharan Africa Floaters." IMF Working Papers 12, no. 208 (2012): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5089/9781475505580.001.

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7

Johnson, Robin. "Agriculture and Trade in Sub-Saharan Africa." Outlook on Agriculture 34, no. 2 (2005): 71–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.5367/0000000054224382.

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Savanna Africa is characterized by smallholding agricultural systems that produce a mixture of food and cash crops in a single season. Crops can be rotated, intermixed, or grown in specialized plots. In the former rainforests nearer the equator, crops such as cassava and maize are sown in close proximity to cocoa and oil palms, while tea is sometimes grown in specialized plots or in plantations. Traditionally, the cash crops of the savanna have been cotton and groundnuts, with cocoa, oil palm and tea in the forest areas. Various UNCTAD and FAO reports have recently drawn attention to the decli
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8

Kyereboah‐Coleman, Anthony, and Kwame F. Agyire‐Tettey. "Effect of exchange‐rate volatility on foreign direct investment in Sub‐Saharan Africa." Journal of Risk Finance 9, no. 1 (2008): 52–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/15265940810842410.

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9

Mawere, Munyaradzi. "Indigenous Knowledge and Public Education in Sub-Saharan Africa." Africa Spectrum 50, no. 2 (2015): 57–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000203971505000203.

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The discourse on indigenous knowledge has incited a debate of epic proportions across the world over the years. In Africa, especially in the sub-Saharan region, while the so-called indigenous communities have always found value in their own local forms of knowledge, the colonial administration and its associates viewed indigenous knowledge as unscientific, illogical, anti-development, and/or ungodly. The status and importance of indigenous knowledge has changed in the wake of the landmark 1997 Global Knowledge Conference in Toronto, which emphasised the urgent need to learn, preserve, and exch
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10

Ikoba, Jonathan, Akorlie A. Nyatepe-Coo, and Oluwole Owoye. "The Effects of Domestic Policies and External Factors on the Real Exchange Rate and Economic Performance in Sub-Saharan Africa." American Economist 40, no. 1 (1996): 92–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/056943459604000111.

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This paper examines the relative contributions of domestic and external factors to real exchange rate changes in six sub-Sahara African countries during the period 1960–91. A vector autoregression (VAR) model is used to analyze the interrelationships between the current account, the budget balance and the real exchange rate. The results suggest that external factors such as the terms of trade and foreign income were as important as domestic policy mistakes in causing real exchange rate misalignment in sub-Saharan Africa.
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11

Tolulope, Apanisile Olumuyiwa, and Okunlola Charles Olalekan. "Growth Effect of Export Promotion on Non-oil Output in Sub-Saharan Africa (1970–2014)." Emerging Economy Studies 3, no. 2 (2017): 139–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2394901517730728.

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The study examines the growth effect of export promotion strategies on non-oil output in the sub-Saharan African (SSA) countries between 1970 and 2014. The study employed panel data and three estimation techniques (pooled ordinary least square [OLS], fixed effect, and dynamic generalized moment method [GMM]) to analyze the data. In addition, export promotion policies (EPPs) such as commercial bank credit to private sector, foreign direct investment (FDI) to non-oil sector, real effective exchange rate, and government expenditure were used. Results show that all export promotion policy instrume
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12

Ocran, Matthew, and Nicholas Biekpe. "Trends and volatility in sub Saharan Africa’s key primary commodity exports." South African Journal of Economic and Management Sciences 10, no. 1 (2013): 116–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/sajems.v10i1.541.

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Using a GARCH model the paper sought to test the hypothesis that price volatility of key Sub Saharan Africa primary commodity exports, have not changed over the past four decades. Whilst crude oil, aluminium, cocoa and six others have not experienced significant change in price volatility over the period, nine other major commodities recorded changes. Efforts need to be made to extensively diversify the portfolio of agricultural commodity exports by including new products of which price volatilities in the past decades have been reduced. This is crucial for countries that depend on up to three
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13

Waweru, Nelson, Musa Mangena, and George Riro. "Corporate governance and corporate internet reporting in sub-Saharan Africa:the case of Kenya and Tanzania." Corporate Governance: The International Journal of Business in Society 19, no. 4 (2019): 751–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/cg-12-2018-0365.

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PurposeThis paper aims to investigate corporate internet reporting (CIR) by Kenyan and Tanzanian listed companies and whether the level of CIR is related to corporate governance structures.Design/methodology/approachThe authors collect data over a four-year period from companies listed on the Nairobi Securities Exchange and the Dar es Salaam Securities Exchange. Panel data models (random effects) are used for the analysis.FindingsThe results indicate that the level of CIR in both countries is high, but the highest in Kenya. The authors find that CIR increases with foreign ownership, audit comm
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14

Raheem, Ibrahim Dolapo, and Simplice A. Asongu. "Extending the determinants of dollarization in sub-Saharan Africa: The role of easy access to foreign exchange earnings." Research in International Business and Finance 45 (October 2018): 106–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ribaf.2017.07.138.

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15

Korley, Maud, and Evangelos Giouvris. "The Regime-Switching Behaviour of Exchange Rates and Frontier Stock Market Prices in Sub-Saharan Africa." Journal of Risk and Financial Management 14, no. 3 (2021): 122. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jrfm14030122.

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Frontier markets have become increasingly investible, providing diversification opportunities; however, there is very little research (with conflicting results) on the relationship between Foreign Exchange (FX) and frontier stock markets. Understanding this relationship is important for both international investor and policymakers. The Markov-switching Vector Auto Regressive (VAR) model is used to examine the relationship between FX and frontier stock markets. There are two distinct regimes in both the frontier stock market and the FX market: a low-volatility and a high-volatility regime. In c
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16

Muraina, Saheed Adekunle. "EFFECT OF BANK-CHARACTERISTIC AND MACRO-ECONOMIC FACTORS ON LISTED COMMERCIAL BANKS’ PROFITABILITY IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA." International Journal of New Economics and Social Sciences 9, no. 1 (2019): 51–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0013.3033.

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This study investigated Bank-characteristic and Macro-Economic factors affecting commercial banks’ profitability in Sub Saharan Africa for the period of 2008-2017 using panel data of 56 listed banks drawn from the Sub-Region. Secondary data ex-tracted from the listed Commercial Banks' financial statements were analyzed. The explanatory variables were represented by Credit Risk, Liquidity Risk, Leverage Ratio and Exchange Rate while profitability was represented by Return on Assets (ROA). The study explored a correlational research design to examine the effect of Bank-characteristic and Macro-E
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17

Molele, Mashukudu Hartley, and Janine Mukuddem-Petersen. "Emerging market currency risk exposure: evidence from South Africa." Journal of Risk Finance 21, no. 2 (2020): 159–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jrf-07-2019-0123.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine the level of foreign exchange exposure of listed nonfinancial firms in South Africa. The study spans the period January 2002 and November 2015. Foreign exchange risk exposure is estimated in relation to the exchange rate of the South African Rand relative to the US$, the Euro, the British Pound and the trade-weighted exchange rate index. Design/methodology/approach The study is based on the augmented-market model of Jorion (1990). The Jorion (1990) is a capital asset pricing model-inspired framework which models share returns as a function of the
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18

Ayeni, A. "Extension education strategy for minimizing aflatoxin impact on sub-Saharan African agriculture and food systems." World Mycotoxin Journal 8, no. 2 (2015): 253–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/wmj2014.1716.

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Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) is the most vulnerable region of the world to all aflatoxin-related problems including food insecurity, ill health and reduced foreign exchange earnings. Aflatoxin-contaminated maize, groundnuts (peanuts), sorghum and other crops reduce human access to adequate calories from these staples; consumption of aflatoxin-contaminated foods results in severe health conditions, including liver cancer, that deny the region a significant amount of otherwise productive man-hours; while the reduction of grain quality below the international standards due to aflatoxin contamination
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19

Olarewaju, Odunayo M. "Nexus of Market Risk, Dividend Policy and Commercial Banks’ Performance in Sub-Saharan Africa." Folia Oeconomica Stetinensia 20, no. 2 (2020): 279–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/foli-2020-0048.

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Abstract Research Background: The concept of risk is of great importance in any financial system, due to unstable economic situations and fluctuating environmental factors. Like other variables, risk has a significant effect on firms’ returns and profit. Purpose: This study aims at examining the relationship between dividend policy and performance taking cognisance of the uncontrollable risk (market risk). Research methodology: This study was modelled using 250 commercial banks from 30 selected Sub-Saharan African countries in the period 2008 to 2017. The Panel-Vector Error Correction Model wa
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20

Chidaushe, Wilbert Kudakwashe. "The Impediments and Evolution of Derivatives in Sub Sahara Africa." Journal of Business Strategy Finance and Management 1 and 2, no. 1 and 2 (2019): 54–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.12944/jbsfm.01.0102.06.

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The research follows on the Arusha declaration of 2005 and the global financial crisis of 2008 and explored the impediments and the evolution of derivatives in Sub Sahara Africa with special attention onZimbabwe, Botswana and South Africa. The research has been based on a review of literature of the seminal authors and through a conduct of questionnaire surveys in each of the three countries of Zimbabwe, Botswana and South Africa. The purpose of the study was to identify any disparities in the evolution of commodities and financial derivatives in the Sub-Saharan African countries. The study un
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21

Abu, Nurudeen, and Mohd Zaini Abd Karim. "The relationships between foreign direct investment, domestic savings, domestic investment, and economic growth: The case of Sub-Saharan Africa." Society and Economy 38, no. 2 (2016): 193–217. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/204.2016.38.2.4.

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Despite the large body of research on foreign direct investment, domestic savings, domestic investment and economic growth, little has been done to investigate the relationships among them. This paper examines the relationships among foreign direct investment, domestic savings, domestic investment, and economic growth in 16 Sub-Saharan African (SSA) countries from 1981 to 2011, using various techniques. The results of VAR estimation and Granger causality tests demonstrate that there is a unidirectional causality from foreign investment to growth and domestic investment, savings to growth, and
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22

Gupta, Vijay. "Economic Crisis in Africa." India Quarterly: A Journal of International Affairs 41, no. 2 (1985): 236–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/097492848504100205.

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Sub-Saharan Africa is facing deep economic crisis. A situation has reached where there is total stagnation with zero per cent growth rate and no hope of recovery. Hunger is hovering over vast areas of Africa threatening the lives of 150 million people and every day people are dying of starvation. It is said, that nature and international economic relations are both responsible for the crisis. The problems include drought and expanding desertification leading to scarcity of food and consequently rising foreign exchange expenditure on food purchase. There is shortage of inputs for the very few i
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23

Letete, Puseletso. "Developments In Exchange Of Information In Tax Matters Within SADC: A Move Towards Tackling Tax Fraud In Southern Africa." International Business & Economics Research Journal (IBER) 17, no. 2 (2018): 9–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.19030/iber.v17i2.10143.

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In recent years around the world, it is apparent that the need for mutual assistance between states is increasing and gaining support. The Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) has been in the lead of this effort. This approach has also been prevalent in Africa, particularly in the Southern African Development Community (SADC) which is viewed in the context of strengthening economic integration and cooperation in the region. Recently, there has been extensive commitment by many jurisdictions around the world to eradicate problems to the exchange of information in tax mat
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24

Sedai, Ashish Kumar. "Why So Serious about Foreign Capital?" International Journal of Financial Studies 7, no. 3 (2019): 47. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijfs7030047.

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This study examines the cost and benefits of capital inflow in emerging economies and delineates equity and debt to examine the nature and trends of capital inflows in Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa (BRICS), East Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa since their economic reforms. We adopt a two-step process to address endogeneity and to tease out the causal effect of capital flow on economic growth and vice versa. First, we run the panel Granger causality test to examine the precedence of causality between per capita GDP growth, Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) inflows, portfolio inflows and
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25

Odedokun, M. O. "Dynamics of inflation in Sub-Saharan Africa: the role of foreign inflation, official and parallel market exchange rates, and monetary growth." Applied Financial Economics 7, no. 4 (1997): 395–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/096031097333501.

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26

Olufemi, Adeyeye Patrick, Aluko Olufemi Adewale, and Migiro Stephen Oseko. "Efficiency of Foreign Exchange Markets in Sub-Saharan Africa in the Presence of Structural Break: A Linear and Non-Linear Testing Approach." Journal of Economics and Behavioral Studies 9, no. 4(J) (2017): 122–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.22610/jebs.v9i4(j).1827.

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This study examines the efficiency of foreign exchange (forex) market of 10 selected countries in sub-Saharan Africa in the presence of structural break. It uses data on the average official exchange rate of currencies of the selected countries to the US dollar from November 1995 to October 2015. This study employs Perron unit root test with structural break to endogenously determine the break period in the forex markets. It also employs the Kim wild bootstrap variance ratio test and BDS independence test to detect linear and nonlinear dependence in forex market returns respectively. In the fu
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Olufemi, Adeyeye Patrick, Aluko Olufemi Adewale, and Migiro Stephen Oseko. "Efficiency of Foreign Exchange Markets in Sub-Saharan Africa in the Presence of Structural Break: A Linear and Non-Linear Testing Approach." Journal of Economics and Behavioral Studies 9, no. 4 (2017): 122. http://dx.doi.org/10.22610/jebs.v9i4.1827.

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This study examines the efficiency of foreign exchange (forex) market of 10 selected countries in sub-Saharan Africa in the presence of structural break. It uses data on the average official exchange rate of currencies of the selected countries to the US dollar from November 1995 to October 2015. This study employs Perron unit root test with structural break to endogenously determine the break period in the forex markets. It also employs the Kim wild bootstrap variance ratio test and BDS independence test to detect linear and nonlinear dependence in forex market returns respectively. In the fu
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28

Njindan Iyke, Bernard, and Sin-Yu Ho. "Real exchange rate volatility and domestic consumption in Ghana." Journal of Risk Finance 19, no. 5 (2018): 513–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jrf-01-2017-0010.

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PurposeThis paper aims to examine the effects of exchange rate volatility on consumption by focusing on a small open sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) country, Ghana, which has experienced exchange rate volatility frequently.Design/methodology/approachThe authors used annual data covering the period 1980-2015, the annualised variance of the real exchange rate as a measure of exchange rate volatility and a technique that is able to separate short-run effects from long-run effects.FindingsThe authors found that exchange rate volatility has negative effects on domestic consumption in the short run, which
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29

Parfitt, Trevor W., and Stephen P. Riley. "African in the Debt Trap: Which Way Out?" Journal of Modern African Studies 24, no. 3 (1986): 519–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022278x00007151.

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At the October 1985 meeting in Seoul of the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank, African delegates insisted that ‘the economic situation is the worst in recent history’.Indeed, it is now widely accepted that the states and peoples of sub-Saharan Africa are in the midst of a crisis of unprecedented magnitude that has been caused by both short-term and long-range factors. Domestic food production has been declining, whilst food imports have increased, and this has exacerbated the televised disasters of drought and famine. The recession in western countries has led to a decline in the
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30

Tyce, Matthew. "The politics of industrial policy in a context of competitive clientelism: The case of Kenya’s garment export sector." African Affairs 118, no. 472 (2019): 553–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/afraf/ady059.

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Abstract The success of Kenya’s garment export sector relative to other African countries challenges a growing pessimism regarding the prospects of devising and implementing industrial policy in contemporary Africa, particularly in contexts characterized by Competitive Clientelism. Kenya became sub-Saharan Africa’s fourth largest exporter of garments by value during the last two decades, catching up with major players like Lesotho and South Africa while converging on the two largest exporters, Mauritius and Madagascar. Nuancing existing explanations for the sector’s growth, which emphasize ext
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31

Pásztor, Szabolcs. "Monetáris politikai kihívások a szubszaharai régióban." Afrika Tanulmányok / Hungarian Journal of African Studies 13, no. 1-2. (2019): 57–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.15170/at.2019.13.1-2.4.

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The monetary policy of the Sub-Saharan countries is a lesser-known field for those Hungarian readers who are interested in Africa. In the last few decades several fundamental changes took place so a short synthesis is badly needed to better understand this issue. Apart from the fact that this study tries to shed light on the monetary policy challenges of different periods, it also places much emphasis on the contemporary issues in central banking.After the turn of the new millenium the central banks have been struggling with unpredictable fiscal policies, the appropriate treatment of the reven
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32

Szymczak, Pat Davis. "Africa Set To Fuel Asian Growth and Its Own Brighter Future." Journal of Petroleum Technology 73, no. 05 (2021): 28–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/0521-0028-jpt.

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Africa is on track to becoming the world’s most populous region by 2023 as growth in the continent’s population surpasses that of China and India; between 2020 and 2040, one in every two births will be African, according to the International Energy Agency (IEA). The problem—and the opportunity—is that three-quarters of those new global citizens living in sub-Saharan Africa will live without access to electricity and other energy-driven staples of the modern world. “More than half a billion people [will be] added to Africa’s urban population by 2040, much higher than the growth seen in China’s
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Akanji, Babatunde, Chima Mordi, Afam Ituma, Toyin Ajibade Adisa, and Hakeem Ajonbadi. "The influence of organisational culture on leadership style in higher education institutions." Personnel Review 49, no. 3 (2019): 709–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/pr-08-2018-0280.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to explore the impact of organisational culture (OC) on leadership styles in Nigerian universities. The study utilises the cultural dimensions theory (Hofstede’s insights) and the social exchange concept as theoretical lenses to examine the phenomena. Design/methodology/approach Using an exploratory qualitative approach, 40 interviews were conducted with senior academics and non-teaching staff working in Nigerian universities. Findings The findings reveal hierarchical, patriarchal, servile, and interdependent values as the underlying characteristics of orga
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34

Aklaku, E. K., E. N. K. Sowley, and M. Ofosu. "Incidence of fungi and aflatoxin contamination of maize in Tolon-Kumbungu district of Ghana." African Crop Science Journal 28, no. 2 (2020): 195–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/acsj.v28i2.5.

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Maize (Zea mays L.) is an important staple food crop and a source of income to farmers, as well as foreign exchange earner in most countries in sub-Saharan Africa. Its production is hampered by fungal diseases, which also cause contamination with mycotoxins, especially aflatoxin and its associated health hazards. This study sought to isolate and identify aflatoxigenic fungi, as well as detect the presence of Aflatoxin B1 (AfB1) in maize samples obtained from farmers in the Tolon-Kumbungu district in the northern region of Ghana. Twenty farming communities were randomly selected for the study i
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35

Popoola, Oluwatoyin Muse Johnson. "Preface to the Volume 2 Issue 2 of Indian Pacific Journal of Accounting and Finance." Indian-Pacific Journal of Accounting and Finance 2, no. 2 (2018): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.52962/ipjaf.2018.2.2.44.

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It is a great pleasure to introduce the second volume second issue of our journal into the global community yearning for high-quality, impactful papers. IPJAF continues to seek and provide readers throughout the world with technology supported peer-reviewed scholarly articles on a broad range of established and emergent areas of accounting, finance, business, economics, and social sciences.
 
 I am resolute to maintain the high-quality standard of research and publication which is anchored on the exemplary service and dedication of our editorial board, editorial review and the editor
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Asmah, Emmanuel Ekow, and Francis Kwaw Andoh. "Exchange Rate Volatility and Foreign Direct Investment in Sub-Saharan Africa." Journal for the Advancement of Developing Economies, February 15, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.13014/k2m61hf4.

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WANG, ZHIKAI, YANGYANG LU, SIMIN ZHANG, and ENGIDAW SISAY NEGASH. "ANALYSIS OF THE BRI AND CHINA’S OFDI IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA." Singapore Economic Review, September 16, 2020, 1–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217590820500496.

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The “Belt and Road Initiative” (BRI) has been launched by the Chinese government in 2013. The aim was to stimulate cross-border economic development in massive geographical areas covering Asia, Oceania, Europe, Africa, and Latin America which accounts for 80% and 40% of the world population and gross domestic product (GDP), respectively. The BRI has devised an extension of the “going global” strategy to reconfigure China’s overseas sector in order to extend its spillovers, and create more development opportunities for participating countries. In practice, cross-border infrastructure was a comp
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Raheem, Ibrahim D., and Simplice A. Asongu. "Extending the Determinants of Dollarization in Sub-Saharan Africa: The Role of Easy Access to Foreign Exchange Earnings." SSRN Electronic Journal, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2838044.

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39

Nwachukwu, Jacinta. "Foreign Capital Inflows, Economic Policies and the Real Exchange Rate in Sub Saharan Africa: Is There an Interaction Effect?" SSRN Electronic Journal, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1265537.

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"The Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia." IMF Staff Country Reports 20, no. 29 (2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.5089/9781513528137.002.

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In the last decade, rapid growth, the fastest in Sub-Saharan Africa, and strong policies to address poverty have yielded a remarkable improvement in living standards. But the debt-financed public investment-led development model has reached its limits, amid a buildup in external vulnerabilities, as illustrated by severe foreign exchange shortages and high premia on the parallel market, as well as debt and likely financial sector vulnerabilities. Recognizing these vulnerabilities, the authorities have prepared a “Homegrown Economic Reform Plan”. Their reform agenda is appropriately ambitious an
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Odugbesan, Jamiu Adetola, George Ike, Gbolahan Olowu, and Bosede Ngozi Adeleye. "Investigating the causality between financial inclusion, financial development and sustainable development in Sub‐Saharan Africa economies: The mediating role of foreign direct investment." Journal of Public Affairs, December 2, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pa.2569.

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