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Journal articles on the topic 'Foreign exchange rates – Nigeria'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 4 February 2022

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1

A. Ogundipe, Adeyemi, Joys Alabi, Abiola J. Asaleye, and Oluwatomisin M. Ogundipe. "Exchange rate volatility and foreign portfolio investment in Nigeria." Investment Management and Financial Innovations 16, no. 3 (2019): 241–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/imfi.16(3).2019.22.

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The study examines the link between exchange rate volatility and foreign portfolio in Nigeria using data that covers the period 1996Q1 to 2016Q4. The theoretical framework used is the return and creditworthiness model, which is based on the push and pull factors theory. In achieving the objective, the study adopted the vector autoregressive model in ascertaining the dynamics between exchange rate volatility and foreign portfolio investment in Nigeria. Also, the study examines the impact of exchange rate innovations (shocks) on foreign portfolio investment and equally assesses how induced varia

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2

Ranti Uwuigbe, Olubukola, Ayomide Omoyiola, Uwalomwa Uwuigbe, Nassar Lanre, and Opeyemi Ajetunmobi. "Taxation, exchange rate and foreign direct investment in Nigeria." Banks and Bank Systems 14, no. 3 (2019): 76–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/bbs.14(3).2019.07.

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This paper investigates factors that may impact foreign direct investment in Nigeria. It seeks to establish the role of taxation (corporate tax) for foreign direct investment in Nigeria. Annual time series data derived from the Central Bank of Nigeria statistical bulletin and the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development covering a period of 31 years (1985–2015) were used for this study. The variables considered in the study include FDI, corporate tax, exchange rate, inflation rate, real gross domestic product (RGDP). They were analyzed using Ordinary Least Squares (OLS), Johansen Co-

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3

Ikue-John, Nenubari, Emeka Nkoro, and Jeremiah Anietie. "Time-Gap effects of crude oil prices on the foreign exchange rates." Bussecon Review of Finance & Banking (2687-2501) 1, no. 2 (2019): 01–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.36096/brfb.v1i2.136.

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There is a pool of techniques and methods in addressing dynamics behaviors in higher frequency data, prominent among them is the ARCH/GARCH techniques. In this paper, the various types and assumptions of the ARCH/GARCH models were tried in examining the dynamism of exchange rate and international crude oil prices in Nigeria. And it was observed that the Nigerian foreign exchange rates behaviors did not conform with the assumptions of the ARCH/GARCH models, hence this paper adopted Lag Variables Autoregressive (LVAR) techniques originally developed by Agung and Heij multiplier to examine the dy

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4

Adebowale, Edward Adedoyin, and Akindele Iyiola Akosile. "Interest Rate, Foreign Exchange Rate, and Stock Market Development in Nigeria." Binus Business Review 9, no. 3 (2018): 247–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.21512/bbr.v9i3.4941.

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This research investigated the effect of interest rate and foreign exchange rate on stock market development in Nigeria. This research was centered on two research problems. First, it was whether interest rate had a significant effect on stock market development in Nigeria. Second, it was whether foreign exchange rate had a significant impact on stock market development in Nigeria. The scope of the research covered the period from 1981 to 2017. Data for this period were chosen because it covered pre and post-liberalization periods of Nigerian financial system. This research made use of ex post

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Ovenseri Ogbomo, Friday Osaru, and Precious Imuwahen Ajoonu. "Impact of Exchange Rate Management on the Nigerian Economic Growth: Empirical Validation." American International Journal of Economics and Finance Research 1, no. 2 (2019): 28–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.46545/aijefr.v1i2.68.

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This paper examined the impact of Exchange Rate Management on economic growth in Nigeria between 1980 and 2015. The study was set to gauge how the management of exchange rate in Nigeria has impacted the economy. The study employed the Ordinary Least Square (OLS) method in its analysis. Co-integration and Error Correction Techniques were used to establish the Short-run and Long-run relationships between economic growth and other relevant economic indicators. The result revealed that exchange rate management proxy by various exchange rates regimes in Nigeria was not germane to economic growth. R

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Awe, Olushina Olawale, Damola M. Akinlana, and Sherifat Omolola Adesunkanmi. "Foreign Trade-Foreign Exchange Nexus in Nigeria: A Vector Error Correction Modelling Approach." Binus Business Review 7, no. 1 (2016): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.21512/bbr.v7i1.1427.

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This study investigates trade foreign exchange nexus in Nigeria. This study is also done with a view to detecting the kind of relationship that exists between the two and also to investigate their co-integration. Annual time series data for the period 1996 – 2010 was used for the study. The Vector Correction Model (VECM) approach was employed to determine both the short and long run relationships. Results showed that the series becomes stationary after second difference. The co – integration test reveals five co – integrating vectors in the model, implying that the variables have the same stoc

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7

Atoi, Ngozi V., and Chinedu G. Nwambeke. "Money and Foreign Exchange Markets Dynamics in Nigeria: A Multivariate GARCH Approach." Central Bank of Nigeria Journal of Applied Statistics 12, No. 1 (2021): 109–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.33429/cjas.12121.5/6.

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This study examines money market and foreign exchange market dynamics in Nigeria by estimating the dynamic correlation and volatility spillovers between Nigeria Naira/US Dollar Bureau De Change (BDC) exchange rate and interbank call rate with data from January 2007 to August 2019. The study employs a dynamic conditional correlation form of GARCH model (DCC-GARCH) to access the nature of correlation, while an unrestricted bivariate BEKK-GARCH (1, 1) form of multivariate GARCH model is utilized to investigate shocks and volatility spillover of the rates. The estimated DCC-GARCH (1, 1) reveals th

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8

Ogbonna, BigBen Chukwuma. "Exchange Rate and Demand for Money in Nigeria." Research in Applied Economics 7, no. 2 (2015): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/rae.v7i2.7916.

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<p>This study is designed to examine empirically the impact of exchange rate on the stability of demand for money in Nigeria where official and black market exchange rates operate side by side due to exchange controls. Variants of money demand model are estimated using monthly data for the period of 2005-2013. Cointegration and system equation techniques combined with CUSUM and CUSUMSQ tests are employed in the data analysis. Results indicate that in all the variants of the money demand model, coefficients of exchange rates variable (official or black market exchange rates) manifest sign

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9

Oke, David Mautin, Koye Gerry Bokana, and Olatunji Abdul Shobande. "Re-Examining the Nexus between Exchange and Interest Rates in Nigeria." Journal of Economics and Behavioral Studies 9, no. 6 (2018): 47–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.22610/jebs.v9i6.2004.

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Nigeria has experienced somersault of foreign exchange policies by the Central Bank. One policy concern in recent times is to have an appropriate target of the exchange and interest rates. Therefore, this paper seeks to provide a foundation for the targeting of an appropriate exchange and interest rates for the country. Using the Johansen Cointegration and Vector Error Correction Mechanism approaches, it specifically examines the relationships among Nigeriaâ€™s weak exchange rate, its local rate of interest and world interest rate. Contrary to many studies, a control measure involving inclusio

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Olatunde, Olaleye John, and Ojomolade Dele Jacob. "Effect of Foreign Exchange Rate Volatility on Industrial Productivity in Nigeria, 1981- 2015." International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development Volume-3, Issue-3 (2019): 823–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.31142/ijtsrd22910.

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11

Kuhe, D. A., J. T. Aarga, and I. T. Ayigege. "Modeling Volatility of Exchange Rates Returns in the Nigerian Foreign Exchange Market in the Presence of Non-Gaussian Errors." NIGERIAN ANNALS OF PURE AND APPLIED SCIENCES 1 (March 14, 2019): 246–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.46912/napas.31.

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This study investigates volatility behaviour of exchange rates returns of Naira against CFA, Euro, Great British Pounds, US Dollar, West African Unit of Account (WAUA) and Japanese Yen in Nigeria using historical volatility approach as well as symmetric and asymmetric Autoregressive Conditional Heteroskedasticity (GARCH) models in the presence of non-Gaussian errors. The study utilizes daily quotations of these exchange rates from 12/11/2001 to 04/13/2018 making a total of 4008 observations each. Historical (annualized) volatility approach as well as symmetric GARCH (1,1) and asymmetric EGARCH

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12

Nkwocha, Callistus Ikechukwu, Mike Anyanwaokoro, Awa Kalu Idika, and Ebere Ume Kalu. "A temporal study of the responsiveness of foreign private investment to exchange rate in Nigeria, 1981 – 2018." Journal of Economic Info 8, no. 1 (2021): 12–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.31580/jei.v8i1.1456.

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This study examined the response of foreign private investment flows to fluctuations in foreign exchange rates in Nigeria. The empirical analysis was conducted using ordinary least square Multiple Regression on E-view 10 Econometric model for the period 1981 to 2018. Preliminary analysis was carried out with Jarque Bera normality test and Johnson’s transformation test to confirm normal distribution of data and the transformation is effective. A negative relationship between foreign exchange fluctuation and foreign private investment is found. Also, that Bank lending interest rate, market capit

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13

Emmanuel, Benson, Eya Criscent Ike, and Yunusa Alhasan. "Effect of Exchange and Interest Rates on Foreign Direct Investment in Nigeria 2006-2018." International Journal of Contemporary Research and Review 10, no. 07 (2019): 21572–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.15520/ijcrr.v10i07.717.

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This study examined the Effect of Exchange and Interest Rates on Foreign Direct Investment in Nigeria 2006-2018. Secondary data was used for the study and it was obtained from the financial statement of the Central Bank of Nigeria for the period 2000-2018. The unit root property of the data was analyzed using the Augmented Dickey Fuller Test and the variables were all stationary at first difference. Also, Johansen Co-integration test statistics was used to test the cointegrating nature of the data while the longrun and the shortrun relationship between the variables of the study were examined

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14

M., Robinson, and Kabari L.G. "Predicting Foreign Exchange Using Digital Signal Processing." British Journal of Computer, Networking and Information Technology 4, no. 2 (2021): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.52589/bjcnit-sqwfnrnd.

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The forex market is one associated with so much volatility and can lead to grave financial losses if not properly understood. To understand the market is to study the price patterns from previous years or months and make predictions from the rate of falling and rising. There have been so much researches aimed at developing a predictive model for the FOREX market, however, no model has been able to handle the market volatility while predicting future rates accurately. In this work, we have developed a digital processing model for predicting foreign exchange using ARIMA and Artificial Neural Net

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15

Alimi, R. Santos. "ARDL Bounds Testing Approach to Cointegration: A Re-Examination of Augmented Fisher Hypothesis in an Open Economy." Asian Journal of Economic Modelling 2, no. 2 (2014): 103–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.18488/journal.8.2014.22.103.114.

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This paper investigated the relationship between expected inflation and nominal interest rates in Nigeria and the extent to which the Fisher effect hypothesis holds, for the period 1970-2012. We attempted to advance the field by testing the traditional closed-economy Fisher hypothesis and an augmented Fisher hypothesis by incorporating the foreign interest rate and nominal effective exchange rate variable in the context of a small open developing economy, such as, Nigeria. We applied ARDL bound testing, vector error correction (VECM) and stability of the functions was also tested by CUSUM and

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16

OZSOZ, EMRE, MUSTAPHA AKINKUNMI, ISMAIL CAGRI AY, and ADEMOLA BAMIDELE. "HOW CBN CONFRONTED THE MELTDOWN: THE GLOBAL FINANCIAL CRISIS AND THE CENTRAL BANK OF NIGERIA’S RESPONSE." Singapore Economic Review 62, no. 01 (2017): 147–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217590817400070.

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This paper provides an analysis of policy responses to the Global Financial Crisis by the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN). Given its unique position as a major commodity exporter with a large population, Nigerian authorities utilized a mixture of policies including reductions in the monetary policy rate and capital reserve requirement, lending through the expanded discount window, money market interbank transactions guaranty and limitations on deposit money banks’ (DMBs) foreign exchange net open positions. CBN also rolled over margin loans that were extended to equity investors. As a result the

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17

Shobande, Olatunji A. "Imperative of Exchange Rates Policy and Industrial Growth in Nigeria: A Time Series Analysis." Timisoara Journal of Economics and Business 10, no. 2 (2017): 187–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/tjeb-2017-0012.

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Abstract This paper looks at the impact of foreign exchange rate policies on industrial growth in Nigeria between 1981 and 2016. The study employed the Vector Error Correction Model (VECM) techniques, following the results of Johansen Cointegration techniques that shows the existence of long run relationship among the variables considered. While, VECM estimates showed that money supply (monetary policy) impacted positively effects, evidence on, TAX (fiscal policy) impacted negative on industrial growth. Besides, the Exchange rate and Inflation impacted negatively on industrial growth., suggest

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18

Uchenna Okoye, Lawrence, Felicia O. Olokoyo, Felix N. Ezeji, Johnson I. Okoh, and Grace O. Evbuomwan. "Determinants of behavior of inflation rate in Nigeria." Investment Management and Financial Innovations 16, no. 2 (2019): 25–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/imfi.16(2).2019.03.

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Inflation is an important macroeconomic issue that has continued to dominate discussions at major economic fora over time. Governments all over the world are concerned about its rising trend because of its pervasive effect on economic performance. One intriguing fact about inflation is that it is both the cause and effect of certain policy actions of government. Several studies have been conducted on the effect of inflation on economic activities in developing and developed nations, but studies on its cause, particularly in developing nations, are scant. This paper aims at identifying major fa

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19

Lawal, Adedoyin I., Russel O. C. Somoye, and Abiola A. Babajide. "Impact of Oil Price Shocks and Exchange Rate Volatility on Stock Market Behavior in Nigeria." Binus Business Review 7, no. 2 (2016): 171. http://dx.doi.org/10.21512/bbr.v7i2.1453.

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The impact of exchange rate and oil prices fluctuation on the stock market has been a subject of hot debate among researchers. This study examined the impact of both the exchange rate volatility and oil price volatility on stock market volatility in Nigeria, so as to guide policy formulation based on the fact that the nation’s economy was foreign induced and mono-cultured with heavy dependence on oil. EGARCH estimation techniques were employed to examine if either the volatility in exchange rate, oil price volatility or both experts on stock market volatility in Nigeria. The result shows that

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20

Sakanko, Musa Abdullahi, and Kanang Amos Akims. "Monetary Policy and Nigeria's Trade Balance, 1980-2018." Signifikan: Jurnal Ilmu Ekonomi 10, no. 1 (2021): 129–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.15408/sjie.v10i1.18132.

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Several countries have integrated monetary easement into their foreign policy to faucet the gains from trade thereby, assuring that market forces determine monetary policy instruments such as interest rate and exchange rate. It is on this note and this paper empirically evaluate the effect of monetary policy on Nigeria's trade balance using the Autoregressive Distributed Lag Model on the time series data spanning from 1980 to 2018. The findings reveal that monetary policy tools of real interest and effective exchange rate have a long-run co-integration relationship and significant adverse effe

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21

Aziakpono, M., and S. B-Obasa. "Financial liberalization, currency substitution and savings in Nigeria: Evidence from cointegration and error correction modeling." South African Journal of Economic and Management Sciences 7, no. 2 (2004): 316–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/sajems.v7i2.1381.

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The study set out to test the McKinnon-Shaw proposition that financial liberalization will significantly increase savings mobilization. The results partly supported the financial liberalization proposition. Variables that capture the effects of currency substitution such as the interest rate differential, a proxy for underground economy, the inflation differential (as a measure of macroeconomic instability) and a dummy for political instability were significant in their adverse impacts on the saving mobilization process in Nigeria. We, therefore, advocate for an active monetary policy that wil

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22

Edo, Onome Christopher, Anthony Okafor, and Akhigbodemhe Emmanuel Justice. "Corporate Taxes and Foreign Direct Investment: An Impact Analysis." GATR Accounting and Finance Review 5, no. 2 (2020): 28–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.35609/afr.2020.5.2(1).

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Objective – The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of corporate taxes on the flow of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) in Nigeria between 1983 and 2017. Methodology/Technique – This study adopts an ex-post facto research design. Secondary data was sourced from the World Bank Development Indicator, the Central Bank of Nigeria database, and the Federal Inland Revenue database. The research data was analyzed using the Error Correction Model (ECM). Findings – The coefficient of determination (R2) shows that approximately 77% of systematic changes in FDI are attributed to the combined

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23

Emenike, Kalu Onwukwe. "Exchange rate volatility in West African countries: is there a shred of Spillover?" International Journal of Emerging Markets 13, no. 6 (2018): 1457–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijoem-08-2017-0312.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to evaluate selected West African currencies/US dollar exchange rates for the evidence of volatility spillover. Specifically, the paper examines West African CFA franc, Gambian dalasi and Nigerian naira exchange rates in relation to the USD, for any evidence of shock and volatility spillover. Design/methodology/approach The author employs multivariate GARCH (1,1)–BEKK model which enables the evaluation of the interaction within the volatility of two or more series because of its capability to detect volatility spillover among time series observations, as we

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24

Onakoya, Adegbemi Babatunde, and Hassan Akolade Alayande. "Macroeconomic Variables, the Oil, and the Agricultural Sectors in Nigeria." Asian Social Science 16, no. 1 (2019): 69. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ass.v16n1p69.

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The present study examined the impact of the macroeconomic variables and the oil sector on the performance of the agricultural sector between 1981and 2017 in Nigeria. The study adopted a three-stage estimation approach. The initial step in this estimation was the conduct of descriptive statistics and stationarity tests of the variables. Some of the series were stationary at level and some others at the first difference which informed the deployment of the Auto regressive distributed lag (ARDL) technique for model estimation. The third stage was the post-estimation of the model in order ascerta

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25

Olisaemeka, UFOEZE, Lawrence, OKUMA, N. Camilus, and Prof Clem NWAKOBY. "Effect of Foreign Exchange Rate Fluctuations on Nigerian Economy." International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development Volume-2, Issue-1 (2017): 1558–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.31142/ijtsrd8310.

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26

Awujola, Abayomi, Anna Dyaji Baba Iyakwar, and Ropheka Emerson Bot. "Examination Of The Relationship Between Oil Price Shock And Macroeconomic Variables In Nigeria." SocioEconomic Challenges 4, no. 1 (2020): 102–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.21272/sec.4(1).102-110.2020.

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The price of oil is one of the important macroeconomic indicators because of the extreme importance of supplying oil to different countries of the world to meet their energy needs. As Nigeria’s economy depends on oil prices, the country remains vulnerable to fluctuations in world oil prices. During periods of rising oil prices caused by macroeconomic and political conditions in the international market, the state usually has a positive trade balance, there is an increase in foreign exchange reserves and the revaluation of the national currency. The purpose of the article is to evaluate the rel

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27

Olaniyi, Oladokun Nafiu, Mohamad Asmy Bin Mohd Thas Thaker, Hassanudin Mohd Thas Thaker, and Anwar Allah Pitchay. "The Financing Problems Facing the Agricultural Sector in Nigeria and the Prospect of Waqf-Muzaraah-Supply Chain Model (WMSCM)." Global Review of Islamic Economics and Business 2, no. 1 (2015): 001. http://dx.doi.org/10.14421/grieb.2014.021-01.

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Agriculture sector becomes important sector in many developing countries including in Nigeria. The contribution of agricultural sector to the development of Nigeria is considerable. This important sector was the economic backbone upon which the government of the Federal Republic of Nigeria relied for its foreign exchange and revenue. A country was once a net exporter of agricultural products. However, since the discovery of oil in the early 1960, agricultural productivity has continually decreased due to many problems, especially related to financial aspect. Several programmes and policies hav

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28

Okenna, Nwabueze Prince, and Babatunde Moses Adesanya. "International Trade and the Economies of Developing Countries." American International Journal of Multidisciplinary Scientific Research 6, no. 2 (2020): 31–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.46281/aijmsr.v6i2.747.

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The economic significance and benefits of foreign trade also known as international trade to the economies of developing countries cannot be overemphasized. Its role and contributions to the gross domestic earnings, employment generation, economic development, and poverty reduction in these underdeveloped countries such as Nigeria, Ghana, Benin Republic, and others have been too glaring especially in agrarian economies with fertile arable land.The main aim of this paper was to examine in-depth the contributions and relationship between international trade and the economic development of develo

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29

Igbinovia, S. O., M. C. Onuoha, and O. K. Olaogun. "Design, Construction and Performance Evaluation of a Low Cost Electric Arc Welding Machine." Advanced Materials Research 62-64 (February 2009): 135–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.62-64.135.

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Apart from woodwork, brickwork, all other formworks are of metalwork. Thus engineering devices, equipment, machineries and infrastructures are made possible with the use of welding machines, be it carbide or arc – welding type. In Nigeria, where the cost of imported goods rises astronomically in accordance with the foreign exchange rates, the need to fabricate this very important equipment became of important necessity. In this paper, a single-phase 6KVA, 240VAC/30-70 VDC electric arc welding machine was designed and constructed using locally available materials. The different operating curren

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30

Olutegbe, Nathaniel Siji, and Abdullahi Oluwadamilola Sanni. "Determinants of Compliance to Good Agricultural Practices among Cocoa Farmers in Ondo State, Nigeria." Caraka Tani: Journal of Sustainable Agriculture 36, no. 1 (2021): 123. http://dx.doi.org/10.20961/carakatani.v36i1.44894.

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Cocoa is one of Nigeria’s most important agricultural commodities due to its status as a source of foreign exchange earnings. However, low quality and hence low patronage of cocoa beans of Nigeria origin has reduced this fortune in recent years due mainly to non-adherence to Good Agricultural Practices (GAP) among farmers. The study therefore identified the determinants of compliance to GAP among cocoa farmers in Ondo State, Nigeria. A three-stage sampling procedure was used to select 20% (150) of cocoa farmers across randomly sampled cocoa-producing communities in Ondo State. Information was

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31

Havenner, Arthur, and Bagher Modjtahedi. "Foreign exchange rates." Journal of Econometrics 37, no. 2 (1988): 251–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0304-4076(88)90005-x.

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Nathani, Navita, Jaspreet Kaur, and Pooja Shrivas. "Dynamics of Foreign Exchange Rates." Prestige International Journal of Management & IT - Sanchayan 04, no. 02 (2015): 35–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.37922/pijmit.2015.v04i02.002.

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33

van de Gucht, Linda M., Marnik G. Dekimpe, and Chuck C. Y. Kwok. "Persistence in foreign exchange rates." Journal of International Money and Finance 15, no. 2 (1996): 191–220. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0261-5606(96)00001-0.

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JÜTTNER, D. JOHANNES, and BERND P. LUEDECKE. "Interest Rates, Exchange Rates and Foreign Debt." Economic Record 67, no. 2 (1991): 139–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4932.1991.tb02537.x.

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35

Obiagwu, M. C. "Foreign Exchange and Library Collections in Nigeria." Information Development 3, no. 3 (1987): 154–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026666698700300303.

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36

Sideris, Dimitrios A. "Foreign exchange intervention and equilibrium real exchange rates." Journal of International Financial Markets, Institutions and Money 18, no. 4 (2008): 344–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.intfin.2007.04.001.

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37

LOWE, PHILIP, and ALISON TARDITI. "Interest Rates, Exchange Rates and Foreign Debt: Comment*." Economic Record 69, no. 1 (1993): 77–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4932.1993.tb01800.x.

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JÜTTNER, D. JOHANNES. "Interest Rates, Exchange Rates and Foreign Debt: Rejoinder." Economic Record 69, no. 1 (1993): 80–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4932.1993.tb01801.x.

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39

Cheung, Yin-Wong. "Long Memory in Foreign-Exchange Rates." Journal of Business & Economic Statistics 11, no. 1 (1993): 93. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1391309.

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40

Mahajan, Arvind, and Andrew J. Wagner. "Nonlinear dynamics in foreign exchange rates." Global Finance Journal 10, no. 1 (1999): 1–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1044-0283(99)00002-2.

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41

Stevens, Guy V. G. "Exchange Rates and Foreign Direct Investment." Journal of Policy Modeling 20, no. 3 (1998): 393–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0161-8938(97)00007-0.

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42

Cheung, Yin-Wong. "Long Memory in Foreign-Exchange Rates." Journal of Business & Economic Statistics 11, no. 1 (1993): 93–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07350015.1993.10509935.

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43

Bollen, Nicolas P. B., Stephen F. Gray, and Robert E. Whaley. "Regime switching in foreign exchange rates:." Journal of Econometrics 94, no. 1-2 (2000): 239–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0304-4076(99)00022-6.

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44

HUANG, GUOBO, and CLEMENT YUK-PANG WONG. "UNIFICATION OF CHINA'S FOREIGN EXCHANGE RATES." Contemporary Economic Policy 14, no. 4 (1996): 42–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1465-7287.1996.tb00632.x.

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45

Strauch, Bruce, and Katina Strauch. "Foreign exchange rates and journal pricing." Library Acquisitions: Practice & Theory 13, no. 4 (1989): 417–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0364-6408(89)90052-5.

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46

Wolff, Christian C. P. "Forward foreign exchange rates and expected future spot rates." Applied Financial Economics 10, no. 4 (2000): 371–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09603100050031499.

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Rahim, Muhammad Abdur, and Zahangin Alam. "Foreign Exchange Reserves." International Journal of Finance & Banking Studies (2147-4486) 2, no. 4 (2013): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.20525/ijfbs.v2i4.159.

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Abstract:

This study is about foreign exchange reserves of Bangladesh. The main purpose of this study is to the influence of exchange rateson foreign exchange reserves to the Bangladesh context. Both the primary and secondary data has been used in this study. The primary data has been collected through a structured questionnaire from 50 respondents. The secondary data, namely Bangladesh foreign exchange reserves (FER), Bangladesh current account balance (CAB), Bangladesh capital and financial account balance (CFAB), and BDT/USD exchange rates (ER). This study covers yearly data from July 01, 1996 to Jun

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Hsieh, David A. "Modeling Heteroscedasticity in Daily Foreign-Exchange Rates." Journal of Business & Economic Statistics 7, no. 3 (1989): 307. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1391528.

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Gonçalves, Fernando M. "Accumulating Foreign Reserves Under Floating Exchange Rates." IMF Working Papers 08, no. 96 (2008): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5089/9781451869576.001.

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Brenner, Menachem, Young Ho Eom, and Yoram Landskroner. "Implied foreign exchange rates using options prices." International Review of Financial Analysis 5, no. 3 (1996): 171–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1057-5219(96)90012-5.

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