Academic literature on the topic 'Foreign government bonds'

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Journal articles on the topic "Foreign government bonds"

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Liu, Kerry. "The Chinese Government Bond Markets: Foreign Investments and Market Efficiency." Global Journal of Emerging Market Economies 14, no. 1 (2022): 93–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/09749101211070954.

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The Chinese bond market is the world’s second largest, with government bonds accounting for the majority of the market. The Chinese government has been gradually opening up its bond markets to foreign investors since 2015. However, studies on the Chinese bond markets are very few. Based on data of most frequently traded government bonds in 2015 and 2019, statistical tests including Ken-tau tests and variance ratio tests show that while Chinese government bond markets were generally not efficient in 2015, the efficiency has significantly improved in 2019. The change of market efficiency is like
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Shandietrysno, Adrianus Jeffri, Zahry Vandawati Chumaida, and Bambang Sugeng Ariadi Subagyono. "Legal Protection For Investors of Government Bonds Whose Clauses Do Not Have A Maturity Period." Nagari Law Review 7, no. 1 (2023): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.25077/nalrev.v.7.i.1.p.14-28.2023.

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The state in running its government needs funds with the aim of national development and maintaining the stability of the country's economy. One of the funds obtained is through debt instruments, both domestic debt and foreign debt. The government avoids foreign debt, thus optimizing domestic debt with consideration so that the public can participate in raising funds for national development. With this goal, the government issued government bonds or better known as Government Bonds (SUN). Government Bonds are securities in the form of debt recognition letters in rupiah and foreign currencies g
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Sihombing, Pardomuan, Edi Santoso, and Dini Hariyanti. "Macroeconomic Variables Effect on 10-Year Tenor Government Bonds Yield." Research of Economics and Business 1, no. 2 (2023): 57–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.58777/reb.v1i2.83.

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This study aims to analyze the effect of macroeconomic conditions on the yield of 10-year government bonds. The macroeconomic indicators studied were the consumer price index, BI 7 days reverse repo rate, foreign exchange reserves, Indo CDS 5 years, and the Government Budget Deficit from January 2009 to December 2019. This research uses the Vector Error Correction Model (VECM) method because there is cointegration between variables, indicated by Trace Statistics and Max-Eigenvalue statistics, which are greater than Critical Value. The analysis results show that the Consumer Price Index (CPI) a
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Khurshid, Mirakhmedov. "EXPERIENCE OF GOVERNMENT DEBT MANAGEMENT IN DEVELOPED FOREIGN COUNTRIES." Innovations in economy 5, no. 5 (2022): 5. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7220024.

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This scientific article introduces the best foreign practice of public budget management. The factors that stimulate the growth of external public debt and their analysis are also considered separately. Using the materials of statistical data, the growth trend of the gross public debt of the countries of the world is analyzed.
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Maharani, Devi Widhia, and Emy Widyastuti. "CONTRIBUTION OF FOREIGN DEBT, SUKUK, AND BONDS IN INDONESIA'S ECONOMIC GROWTH." Jurnal Ekonomi dan Bisnis Airlangga 34, no. 1 (2024): 64–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/jeba.v34i12024.64-76.

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Introduction: Indonesia's economic growth experiences unstable conditions from year to year, The study explores their impact on Indonesia's inability to overcome government spending problems by comparing three alternative sources of Indonesian state income to support economic growth, namely foreign debt, Sukuk, and bonds. Methods: The research uses a quantitative approach derived from secondary data in the form of time series data. Foreign debt has a negative effect on Indonesia's economic growth, while sukuk and bonds have a positive effect on Indonesia's economic growth. Results: The simulta
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Fatmawatie, Naning, Endri Endri, and Destyanah Husein. "Macroeconomic factors and government bond yield in Indonesia." Public and Municipal Finance 13, no. 1 (2024): 95–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/pmf.13(1).2024.08.

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The issuance of bonds by the government attracts the interest of many investors, including foreigners. The government must understand the factors determining bond yields for managing government debt. This study aims to investigate the effect of domestic and global macroeconomic variables on government bond yields in Indonesia. The paper uses monthly data from November 2014 to December 2022. The research sample comprises government bonds with 5, 10, and 15-year tenor bonds. The GARCH (1,1) and GARCH-M (1,1) models are applied to estimate and analyze the determinants of government bond yields. R
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Husein, Destyanah, and Endri Endri. "Determinants of Indonesia Government Bonds Yield Period 2019-2022." Devotion : Journal of Research and Community Service 5, no. 1 (2024): 67–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.59188/devotion.v5i1.660.

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This research seeks to examine how the yields of Indonesian government bonds are influenced by various factors, including the BI interest rate, inflation, foreign exchange reserves, IHSG, and exchange rates. The investigation utilizes monthly time series data spanning from 2019 to 2022, focusing on the benchmark series of 10-year SUN. Data analysis is carried out using Eviews 13, and the GARCH-M (1,1) analytical method is employed. The research findings reveal that the BI interest rate has a notably positive and significant effect on bond yields. In contrast, inflation does not exhibit a signi
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Ikezam, Nwonodi Daniel. "Foreign Portfolio Investment and Performance of the Nigerian Capital Market." Australian Finance & Banking Review 2, no. 1 (2018): 11–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.46281/afbr.v2i1.76.

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This study examined the effect of foreign portfolio investment on the performance of Nigerian capital market. The specific objectives are to investigate the impact of Net Foreign Portfolio Investment, Foreign Portfolio Investment in Equity, Foreign Portfolio Investment in Bonds, Foreign Portfolio in Government Securities and Nigerian Exchange Rate per US Dollar on the performance of Nigerian Capital Market. The required data were sourced from Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) Statistical Bulletin and Stock Exchange Annual Report. The study has All Share Price Index and Market Capitalization as pro
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Herman, Barry. "Introduction: The Players and the Game of Sovereign Debt." Ethics & International Affairs 21, no. 1 (2007): 5–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-7093.2007.00058.x.

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This essay characterizes the main actors and how they operate during a buildup of government foreign debt and after a default on payments. These actors are the borrowing governments, domestic and foreign commercial banks, purchasers of government bonds, other governments lending to the debtor, and multilateral institutions (the International Monetary Fund and development banks). As there is no international sovereign analog to national court-supervised bankruptcy in the case of countries, the workout from crises, mainly hitting poorer economies, occurs without legislated rules or an enforcemen
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Harkavenko, Valentyna, and Galina Yershova. "The influence of government debt policy on the development of Ukraine's economy." Economy and forecasting 2022, no. 1 (2022): 84–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/econforecast2022.01.084.

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The influence of the government's debt policy on the development of Ukraine's economy is analyzed. It is determined that today almost all indicators of debt stability in Ukraine exceed the critical limit, beyond which the state loses the ability to solve debt problems on its own. Thus, during 2014–2021, the domestic public and state-guaranteed debt of Ukraine increased in hryvnia equivalent by 3.9 times and as of the end of 2021 amounted to UAH 1,111.6 billion. The increase in debt was primarily due to direct public debt, which increased 4.1 times during the analyzed period. It is concluded th
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Foreign government bonds"

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Machac, Erik, and Renato Cucurnia. "The attraction of foreign government bonds from the perspective of swedish investors." Thesis, Umeå University, Umeå School of Business, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-1285.

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<p>Even though today´s world unwinds on the increasing way of the globalisation, investors are aware of the possibilities the international markets offer and distance is not an issue any more, they are still governed by the “home bias factor“. This phenomenon implies that investors tend to prefer investing in domestic securities rather than entering the global market. Swedish investors are not the exception and the issue of the attraction of foreign fixed income securities is highlighted even more when we have found out there is lack of academic research about the topic from the perspective of
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Марчук, В. П. "Кредитно-дефолтні свопи (CDS), як спекулятивний інструмент та показник вимірювання ризику дефолту". Thesis, Українська академія банківської справи Національного банку України, 2009. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/56915.

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CDS - похідний цінний папір базовим активом для якого може бути будь-яке боргове зобов'язання. Котирування CDS по зовнішним державним облігаціям дає можливість використовувати їх для оцінки спроможності держав виконувати зовнішні зобов'язання.<br>CDS - derivative security reference asset for which can be any debt. Quotes CDS on external government bonds makes it possible to use them for assessing the ability of States to comply with external obligations
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Lee, Su-ching, and 李素卿. "The relation between Taiwan government bonds index, stock index, interest rate and foreign exchange rate." Thesis, 2008. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/ss8kx8.

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碩士<br>世新大學<br>財務金融學研究所(含碩專班)<br>96<br>Whether it has influences on bond market in Taiwan or not when domestic stock market, interest rate, and Foreign Exchange Rate change? In the portfolio, how investors adopt the most suitable measures to increase return on investment of assets? The period of this research is from January 1, 2005 to February 29, 2008. There are 758 samples in daily data and 160 samples in weekly data. It used six different Taiwan Government Bond Index as dependent variables. The Weighted Stock Index in Taiwan, Stock Exchange Amount in Taiwan, Overnight Interbank Call-loan
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Books on the topic "Foreign government bonds"

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Klingebiel, Daniela. Government bonds in domestic and foreign currency: The role of macroeconomic and institutional factors. World Bank, 2003.

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Bruslerie, Hubert de La. Gestion obligataire internationale. Economica, 1990.

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Patnaik, Ila. Foreign investment in the Indian government bond market. Publications Unit, National Institute of Public Finance and Policy, 2013.

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Kirschen, Ya'akov. Dry bones: Israel's political comic strip since 1973. Edited by Margalit Liʼat and Muzeʼon ha-Yiśreʼeli le-ḳariḳaṭurah ule-ḳomiḳs (Ḥolon, Israel). Israeli Cartoon Museum, 2012.

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Michael, Green. Persona non grata: Breaking the bond : Fiji and New Zealand, 2004-2007. Dunmore Publishing, 2013.

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Corse, Theron Edward. Protestants, revolution, and the Cuba-U.S. bond. University Press of Florida, 2007.

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Gleeck, Lewis E. Dissolving the colonial bond: American ambassadors to the Philippines, 1946-1984. New Day Publishers, 1988.

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Gleeck, Lewis E. Dissolving the colonial bond: American ambassadors to the Philippines, 1946-1984. iAcademic Books, 2001.

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Office, General Accounting. Tax administration: Electronic filing falling short of expectations : report to the ranking minority member, Committee on Government Affairs, U.S. Senate. The Office, 1995.

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Gowland, David. Financial change. Dartmouth Pub. Co., 1995.

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Book chapters on the topic "Foreign government bonds"

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Meier, Henri B., John E. Marthinsen, Pascal A. Gantenbein, and Samuel S. Weber. "Swiss Debt Markets." In Swiss Finance. Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-23194-0_8.

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AbstractThe stable Swiss franc currency, low-interest rates, high market liquidity, and long-term funding opportunities have made Swiss debt markets an attractive source of capital for borrowers, such as businesses, governments, and supranational organizations. The exceptionally well-developed long-term debt market has reduced the need for short-term financing and has proven highly resilient during times of turmoil. Today, Switzerland has a non-public borrowers’ market that is larger than the public borrowers’ segment, partly due to the federal debt brake. A distinctive feature is the Pfandbri
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Herman, Barry. "Towards a More Ethical Lending to Sovereigns." In Sovereign Debt and Human Rights. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198810445.003.0019.

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This chapter examines the relationship between a private household in one country and the foreign government whose bond the household has purchased. What is the ‘right’ thing for a household to want to do when the government encounters economic difficulties and faces pressure to cut back social spending that was advancing human rights objectives? Individual bondholders are in any case rarely empowered to act on their ethical priorities. The nature of sovereign bond contracts gives ethical savers little room to give vent to their ethical preference. The chapter also specifies the concerns that
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Ferguson, Niall. "The First “Eurobonds”:The Rothschilds and the Financing of the Holy Alliance, 1818-1822." In The Origins Of Value. Oxford University PressNew York, NY, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195175714.003.0019.

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Abstract The term “eurobond” entered financial parlance in the 1960s to describe the dollar-denominated bearer bonds that came to be not just traded but also issued in European financial markets, principally London. Siegmund Warburg is usually credited with the creation of this new market, which flourished during the 1960s and 1970s as restrictions on bond issuance by foreign corporations in New York were tightened. How ever, the idea of issuing bonds for a government or company in a market and a currency other than the issuing entity’s dates back much further than 1963, the year of the first
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Eichengreen, Barry. "Warfare to Welfare." In In Defense of Public Debt. Oxford University PressNew York, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197577899.003.0008.

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Abstract In the first half of the twentieth century, the focus of government borrowing shifted again, this time toward funding social services and transfer payments. War, of course, remained important: World Wars I and II led to major bursts of debt accumulation. In addition, democratization created a demand for social welfare that governments could not ignore, particularly during the difficult postwar years and Great Depression. A political consensus emerged according to which the state should provide insurance to citizens in situations when they could not adequately insure themselves. When r
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Eichengreen, Barry. "Caveat Emptor." In In Defense of Public Debt. Oxford University PressNew York, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197577899.003.0005.

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Abstract The appetite of investors for foreign government bonds reflected the belief that the projects so funded would yield hard-currency receipts needed to pay the money back. Because foreign finance was devoted to infrastructure investment in the context of an expanding world economy, this expectation was often met. But there also were instances when things went spectacularly awry—where investment projects were ill conceived, bondholders and borrowers were poorly served by banks and promoters, money was squandered, and worse. This chapter presents examples of both outcomes. Japan used its b
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Wilmarth Jr., Arthur E. "Foreign Affairs." In Taming the Megabanks. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190260705.003.0004.

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A speculative and unstable credit boom occurred in overseas markets during the 1920s, as universal banks and private investment banks competed aggressively to sell more than $12 billion of foreign bonds to U.S. investors. The resulting surge in overseas lending left many governments and private sector borrowers in Central and Eastern Europe and Latin America in a dangerously exposed position when U.S. investors lost their appetite for foreign bonds at the end of the 1920s. Universal banks and investment banks sold many unsound foreign bonds to unsophisticated and trusting American investors. T
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Queralt, Didac. "Introduction." In Pawned States. Princeton University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691231426.003.0001.

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This introductory chapter covers different state capacities in the nineteenth century. It notes that countries that then relied on domestic resource mobilization as opposed to foreign debt to fund government hold higher levels of state capacity today. States are weak when governments cannot accomplish their tasks relating to access to natural resources, ethnic division, and colonialism. The chapter explains the consequences of foreign loans for state building by focusing on war finance in the nineteenth century. It considers the Hobson-Lenin hypothesis, wherein European powers used internation
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Smith, Gregory. "Accessing Global Debt Markets." In Where Credit is Due. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197619971.003.0003.

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The main types of global capital market access have been eurobonds, sukuks, syndicated loans, and foreign investment into local bond markets. As foreign aid promises fell flat, market access became more easily available. The total of outstanding African sovereign eurobonds reached $123 billion at the start of 2021 from twenty issuers, eleven of whom had received HIPC debt relief. The theory behind eurobond borrowing was that the money could be borrowed and then invested. Those investments would increase the size of the economy, so that a larger pool of government revenue and foreign exchange w
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Cormier, Ben. "Peru." In How Governments Borrow. Oxford University PressOxford, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198882732.003.0005.

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Abstract Chapter 5 covers Peru, an important third case for two reasons. First, government partisanship changed over the timeframe of this study. This allows for a within-case test of partisanship’s effects on foreign borrowings, adding to the between-case test in Chapter 4. Second, the country’s DMO is a unit within a reputably independent ministry that uses its influence to promote conservative economic policies in many areas of Peru’s economy despite the election of increasingly left-leaning governments since the early 2000s. If this book’s model of sovereign debt accumulation is credible,
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Cormier, Ben. "Thailand." In How Governments Borrow. Oxford University PressOxford, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198882732.003.0006.

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Abstract Chapter 6 presents the case of Thailand, a country exhibiting within-unit change on many political and economic dimensions important to this study. While government partisanship in Peru trended from right to left from 1990 to 2015, Thailand’s governments oscillated between conservative parties and left-leaning populist parties. Moreover, some of these changes occurred not through democratic elections but through military coups. Thailand’s central role in the Asian Financial Crisis also makes it an important case for assessing whether and how major economic crises affect this book’s pa
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Conference papers on the topic "Foreign government bonds"

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Topaloğlu, Mustafa. "Establishment of a Company and Share Acquisitions in Turkey by Foreigner Investors." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c11.02230.

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Relating to the establishment and acquisition of a company in Turkey by foreign investors, Foreign Direct Investments Law No.4875, FDI has entered into force on 17.06.2003. FDI formed a notification-based system rather than an approval-based system for foreigners to establish a new company and to take over company shares. Accordingly, company information regarding foreign investors will be notified to the General Directorate of Incentive Implementation and Foreign Capital via “Electronic Incentive Implementation and Foreign Capital Information System”. Foreign investment means establishment of
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SIMONE, Pierluigi. "THE RECASTING OF THE OTTOMAN PUBLIC DEBT AND THE ABOLITION OF THE CAPITULATIONS REGIME IN THE INTERNATIONAL LEGAL ACTION OF TURKEY LED BY MUSTAFA KEMAL ATATÜRK." In 9. Uluslararası Atatürk Kongresi. Atatürk Araştırma Merkezi Yayınları, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.51824/978-975-17-4794-5.64.

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The recast of the international debt contracted by the former Ottoman Empire and the overcoming of the capitulations regime that had afflicted Turkey for centuries, are two of the most relevant sectors in which the political and diplomatic action promoted by Mustafa Kemal Atatürk has been expressed. Extremely relevant in this regard are the different disciplines established, respectively, by the Treaty of Sèvres in 1920 and then by the Treaty of Lausanne in 1923. After the Ottoman Government defaulted in 1875, an agreement (the Decree of Muharrem) was concluded in 1881 between the Ottoman Gove
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N Schrage, Burkhard. "Natural Catastrophes and Sovereign Bond Prices." In InSITE 2017: Informing Science + IT Education Conferences: Vietnam. Informing Science Institute, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.28945/3784.

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Aim/Purpose: This study investigates effects of natural catastrophes on the cost of sovereign debt in developing countries and discusses MNC financing strategies. Background: Over the last decades, natural disasters have increased in both number and severity. The combination of higher event frequency and intensity, coupled with fragile economic conditions in emerging market countries, may affect sovereign bond prices—particularly in developing countries—and consequently may have effects on the financing strategy of MNCs Methodology: Parametric and non-parametric analyses and event study method
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Nedeljkovic, Milan, and Nikola Vasiljevic. "EMERGING FOREIGN EXCHANGE MARKETS AND MONETARY POLICY IN EURO AREA: EVIDENCE FROM THE CRISIS." In 4th International Scientific Conference – EMAN 2020 – Economics and Management: How to Cope With Disrupted Times. Association of Economists and Managers of the Balkans, Belgrade, Serbia, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.31410/eman.s.p.2020.11.

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We examine how emerging market (EM) foreign exchange (FX) markets respond to innovations in the monetary policy in advanced economies over the crisis period. We focus on the case of the European Central Bank (ECB) which pursued a combination of different policies during the Eurozone sovereign crisis. In a new econometric framework, we identify responses of foreign exchange markets in three EM economies (Hungary, Poland and Turkey) to different types of ECB policies. We find weak effect of the ECB’s Euro liquidity provisions on the EM foreign exchange markets. In contrast, while the ECB’s forei
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Chernykh, Aleksandr. "Evaluating the Effectiveness of EU Sanctions On Russian Financial Markets: A Garch-Based Approach." In 9th FEB International Scientific Conference. University of Maribor Press, 2025. https://doi.org/10.18690/um.epf.5.2025.51.

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This study assesses the efficiency of European Union sanctions imposed on Russia in 2022–2023, focusing on their short- and mid-term impact on financial markets. Despite Russia’s restrictions on macroeconomic and international trade statistics, stock market data remains accessible, allowing an empirical investigation of market responses. Using a CCC-GARCH model, particularly conditional covariance estimation, the study analyzes volatility spillovers and contagion effects across Russian financial markets: stock, government bond, and foreign exchange markets. The findings identify key turbulence
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Udoudo, Kufre Jerome. "From Reserves to Revenue: The Economic Dynamics of Nigeria's Natural Gas Export from 1999 - 2022." In SPE Nigeria Annual International Conference and Exhibition. SPE, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/221649-ms.

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Abstract Nigeria's position as a major participant in the global energy market, especially via its natural gas exports, is crucial in this age of energy transition. Nigeria's enormous natural gas reserves have become an important part of the global gradual shift from conventional fossil fuels towards greener energy sources, providing a cleaner substitute for coal and oil. This study examined the economic impact of Nigeria's natural gas exports from 1999 to 2022, utilizing an Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) model to provide a detailed analysis. The methodology includes descriptive statist
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Reports on the topic "Foreign government bonds"

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Outes Velarde, Juliana, Srinithya Nagarajan, Eleanor Carter, Michael Gibson, and Ruairi Macdonald. INDIGO Impact Bond Insights. Government Outcomes Lab, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.35489/bsg-golab-ri_2022/002.

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Our International Network on Data for Impact and Government Outcomes – INDIGO – is an emerging data collaborative where different organisations share their data on a voluntary basis with the goal of advancing knowledge on outcomes-based partnerships. As part of this initiative, we host an Impact Bond Dataset that collects data on impact bond projects from all over the world. Every six months, we take stock of the new additions and offer a snapshot of the global landscape of impact bond projects.2 The first section describes the distribution of impact bond projects across countries and regions.
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Outes Velarde, Juliana, Madhu Chauhan, Eve Grennan, Srinithya Nagarajan, and Ozioma Paul. INDIGO Impact Bond Insights Report - Edition 5. Government Outcomes Lab, Blavatnik School of Government, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.35489/bsg-golab-ri_2023/002.

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The International Network on Data for Impact and Government Outcomes -INDIGO- is a data and learning collaborative where different organisations share their data on voluntary basis with the aim of creating a series of open data assets and advancing our understanding of outcomes-based contracting. The Impact Bond Dataset and the Pipeline dataset are examples of this collaborative approach. Every six months, we take stock of the new data on projects or upcoming projects and offer a snapshot of the landscape of impact bonds across the world2. The first section describes the distribution of impact
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Rojas, Luis E., and Dominik Thaler. The bright side of the doom loop: banks’ sovereign exposure and default incentives. Banco de España, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.53479/36258.

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The feedback loop between sovereign and financial sector insolvency has been identified as a key driver of the European debt crisis and has motivated an array of policy proposals. We revisit this “doom loop” focusing on governments’ incentives to default. To this end, we present a simple 3-period model with strategic sovereign default, where debt is held by domestic banks and foreign investors. The government maximizes domestic welfare, and thus the temptation to default increases with externally-held debt. Importantly, the costs of default arise endogenously from the damage that default cause
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Galindo Paliza, Luis Miguel, Bridget Hoffmann, and Adrien Vogt-Schilb. Research Insights: How Much Will It Cost to Achieve the Climate Goals in Latin America and the Caribbean? Inter-American Development Bank, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0004334.

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Meeting the climate change challenge requires structural transformations in infrastructure, health and social protection, and financial institutions. Climate action calls for a redirection of existing financial flows. An adequate response requires redirecting financial flows to achieve annual spending of 2 to 8 percent of GDP on the provision of infrastructure services and 5 to 11 percent of GDP on social programs. Specific financing sources, such as green taxes and sustainable bonds, can finance part of climate efforts. However, to redirect public and private spending and foreign investment i
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Payment Systems Report - June of 2021. Banco de la República, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.32468/rept-sist-pag.eng.2021.

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Banco de la República provides a comprehensive overview of Colombia’s finan¬cial infrastructure in its Payment Systems Report, which is an important product of the work it does to oversee that infrastructure. The figures published in this edition of the report are for the year 2020, a pandemic period in which the con¬tainment measures designed and adopted to alleviate the strain on the health system led to a sharp reduction in economic activity and consumption in Colom¬bia, as was the case in most countries. At the start of the pandemic, the Board of Directors of Banco de la República adopted
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Monetary Policy Report - January 2023. Banco de la República, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.32468/inf-pol-mont-eng.tr1-2023.

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1. Macroeconomic Summary In December, headline inflation (13.1%) and the average of the core inflation measures (10.3%) continued to trend upward, posting higher rates than those estimated by the Central Bank's technical staff and surpassing the market average. Inflation expectations for all terms exceeded the 3.0% target. In that month, every major group in the Consumer Price Index (CPI) registered higher-than-estimated increases, and the diffusion indicators continued to show generalized price hikes. Accumulated exchange rate pressures on prices, indexation to high inflation rates, and sever
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