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Shimono, Torrin Robert. "The Dynamic Cognitive Processes of Second Language Reading Fluency." Diss., Temple University Libraries, 2019. http://cdm16002.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p245801coll10/id/586672.
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Teaching & Learning<br>Ph.D.<br>Second language (L2) reading fluency has not received sufficient attention in the field of second language acquisition (SLA) and applied linguistics, especially regarding the types of treatments that promote reading fluency (Grabe, 2009). Hence, this study was a longitudinal, quasi-experimental investigation of the effects of timed reading, repeated oral reading, and extensive reading on the development of reading fluency among Japanese university students. The eight purposes of this study were to: (a) better understand how timed reading, repeated oral reading, and extensive reading treatments contribute to reading fluency in terms of reading rate and comprehension over one academic year; (b) distinguish how extensive reading, timed reading, and repeated oral reading treatments differentially promote reading fluency; (c) elucidate on how timed reading, repeated oral reading, and extensive reading treatments affect the automatization of word recognition sub-processes over time; (d) investigate differences between the reading fluency treatment groups in terms of their word recognition sub-processes; (e) further understand how reading fluency treatments contribute to oral reading fluency; (f) examine differences in oral reading fluency between the reading fluency treatment groups; (g) determine how reading fluency training affects learners’ perception of their L2 reading self-efficacy; and (h) shed light on differences in L2 reading self-efficacy between reading fluency treatment groups. This study was conducted in a private university in western Japan. The participants (N = 101) were first- and second-year Japanese university students. These participants formed four quasi-experimental groups: (a) Group 1, labeled as the oral reading group, received a reading fluency treatment consisting of extensive reading, timed reading, and repeated oral reading; (b) Group 2, the timed reading group, participated in extensive reading and timed reading; (c) Group 3, the extensive reading group, did extensive reading only; and (d) Group 4, the comparison group, practiced speaking and communication activities. Data for this study were obtained using the following instruments: a vocabulary size test, timed reading tests, timed reading practice passages used throughout the treatment period, an extensive reading test, a lexical decision task, an antonym semantic decision task, a pseudoword homophone judgment task, an oral reading task, and an L2 reading self-efficacy questionnaire, a utility of the reading fluency treatments questionnaire, as well as individual interviews with 20 of the participants. Excluding the vocabulary size test, the timed reading treatment passages, the utility of the reading fluency treatments questionnaire, and the interviews, the other measures were administered three times over the course of one academic year—once prior, once in the middle, and once at the end of the reading fluency treatment period. Prior to conducting quantitative analyses on the data gathered with the instruments mentioned above, the L2 reading self-efficacy questionnaire data were analyzed using the Rasch rating-scale model in order to confirm the validity and reliability of the instrument as well as to transform the raw scores into equal interval measures. In addition, the Rasch model was used to check for interrater reliability and rater severity of the scores of the oral reading task. Data cleaning procedures were also applied to the reaction time and reading rate data. The data were then analyzed using repeated-measures ANOVAs and MAN(C)OVAs in order to ascertain differences in within-subjects and between-subjects measures. The results showed that the three reading fluency treatment groups made significant within-subjects increases in their reading fluency with the oral reading group making the most reading rate gains, followed by the timed reading group, and the extensive reading group. Moreover, the oral reading group generally outperformed the other groups on reading rate measures. However, the extensive reading group did not significantly outperform the comparison group. In addition, while the timed reading group had the fastest word recognition reaction times, the oral reading group made the most gains in orthographic, semantic, and phonological processing. Furthermore, no significant differences were found between the groups on orthographic processing, but the oral reading group, timed reading group had significantly faster semantic and phonological processing reaction times compared to the comparison group. With regards to oral reading fluency, the oral reading group made the most gains and achieved the highest scores, but the timed reading group also made significant gains. Finally, the oral reading groups’ L2 reading self-efficacy increased the most. The results of the study underscore the importance of using a multifaceted approach of extensive reading, timed reading, and repeated oral reading in the development of L2 reading fluency. Through this reading fluency training, the learners not only became more proficient readers in both silent and oral modes, but they also became more self-efficacious in L2 reading tasks. Ultimately, these learners became more empowered to achieve success in their L2 learning endeavors.<br>Temple University--Theses
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Mellinger, Christopher Davey. "Computer-Assisted Translation: An Empirical Investigation of Cognitive Effort." Kent State University / OhioLINK, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=kent1398088162.
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Морозова, Ірина Анатоліївна, Ирина Анатольевна Морозова, and Iryna Anatoliivna Morozova. "Some benefits of learning a foreign language." Thesis, Sumy State University, 2016. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/46805.
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Learning a new language takes time and dedication. Being fluent in a
second language offers numerous benefits and opportunities. Learning a
foreign language is exciting and beneficial at all ages. It offers practical,
intellectual and many aspirational benefits. Today there are more than 7000
languages and learning at least one can do a lot of good. Although it has been
proven that it is easier for children to learn a second language, it is obviously
never too late to learn. Whatever your age, being bilingual certainly has
advantages. Physiological studies have found that speaking two or more
languages is a great asset to the cognitive process.
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Li, Suogui. "A cognitive approach to foreign-inspired Chinese terms." View thesis, 2008. http://handle.uws.edu.au:8081/1959.7/26322.
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Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Western Sydney, 2008.<br>A thesis submitted to the University of Western Sydney, College of Arts, School of Humanities and Languages in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Includes bibliographical references.
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Graham, Suzanne. "Foreign language learning processes in post-compulsory education." Thesis, University of Bath, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.261182.
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Li, Suogui. "A cognitive approach to foreign-inspired Chinese terms." Thesis, View thesis, 2008. http://handle.uws.edu.au:8081/1959.7/26322.
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This thesis has aimed to set out the classification and word production of foreign-inspired Chinese terms (FICT) within the language system of modern Chinese. FICT refers to a group of vocabulary items in Chinese as a recipient language, where formation is motivated by foreign entities or concepts and designated by some foreign words, but no established foreign elements are in fact transferred from the donor language. The thesis establishes a group of terms identified as a particular category of Chinese borrowings according to the motivation of word production, concerning human bodily perception and cognition experience of foreign entities or concepts. Chinese borrowing is categorized as four types: phonic loans, semantic loans, loan blends and FICT, based on the motivation of sound, form and meaning of foreign words, and sensory perception and cognition of foreign entities and concepts. Cognitive semantics, adopted as an approach in the thesis, is a study of mind and its relationship with embodied experience and culture. Employing language as a key methodological tool for uncovering conceptual organization and structure, this study explores the methods of FICT word production, such as sensory perceptual and metaphorical production in terms of principles of cognitive semantics within the Chinese language system. The various types of Chinese borrowings are analysed in terms of the theory of categorization, and FICT in particular are examined under the semantic model proposed here. It is hoped that the thesis is able to open a new approach to the investigation of Chinese loan words and the process of FICT word production within cognitive semantics.
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Ikawa, Hisako. "Events and anaphoric processes." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/288990.
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This dissertation deals with the cognitive act of perception and the linguistic form of perceptual reports, and the linguistic mechanism of anaphoric processes involved in the semantics of atomic "events" in human language. It has been claimed that the notion of "events" should be incorporated into formal grammar. Adopting this insight, our main concern in the present thesis is how "events" are realized in syntactic and semantic structures. I show that Japanese is a suitable language to demonstrate that an "event" is a fundamental notion of human thought and language. I follow Davidson's (1967) original conception of event semantics, and I illustrate that human language has a variety of devices for marking events, and that our language architecture does reflect the event structure of the human mind. More specifically, following the ontological discussion of Bach (1981, 1989), I provide evidence that supports Higginbotham (1985, 1987, 1996) and Higginbotham and Ramchand (1996), who claim that every predicate (including stative predicates) has an implicit event argument that can be bound by either overt or non-overt operators. For this purpose, I look at data from three general areas. The first area is the cognitive judgment style of thetic assertion and its syntactic realization in perceptual reports. I show that thetic sentences are sentences in which an event variable e&barbelow; is obligatorily existentially closed. The second area I address involves anaphoric processes of reciprocity and eventualities in linguistics semantics. Specifically, I investigate otagai and V-aw, the so-called "reciprocals" in Japanese. The properties of otagai and V-aw give rise to the seeming appearance of reciprocity. However, I illustrate that "reciprocals" in Japanese are not like the reciprocals in English. I propose that otagai is a dual existential quantifier over event positions, and that it binds event variables in predicates. The third area is the semantics of zibun (the so-called "reflexive" in Japanese) and otagai with regard to "intensional context". This analysis reveals the different stage-phases of the properties of the Japanese pro-forms. Throughout the chapters, I pursue the question of how "stageness" is captured and computed in human language devices.
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Liao, Chu Hsiu. "First language use in EFL (English as a foreign language) writing processes." Thesis, online access from Digital Dissertation Consortium, 2005. http://libweb.cityu.edu.hk/cgi-bin/er/db/ddcdiss.pl?3171170.
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Jago, Martine Ann. "Foreign languages in early schooling : policy, pupils and processes." Thesis, University of Kent, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.342149.
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This study explores the professional values which underpin choices made on behalf of young children (three to seven year olds) for learning a foreign language in English nursery, infant and primary schools. Since the Education Reform Act of 1988, young children in maintained early years settings have been excluded from the modern foreign languages curriculum in England. The aim of this inquiry is to expose the belief systems of individuals in institutions with the power to influence the quality of the early learning experience and notions of status and control with regard to the conceptualisation of both 'childhood' and 'foreign language education'. A value position is unavoidable: any interest on the part of the researcher has been set aside to eliminate traces of attachment and to ensure, as far as possible, an unbiased inquiry. The research questions which lead the investigation are as follows: • Why are modern foreign languages omitted from Government policies for nursery settings and from the National Curriculum at Key Stage 1? • To what extent, if at all, have local education authorities in England already established foreign language initiatives for young learners? • What are the challenges facing schools in the current context for the implementation of a national policy? • What is the underpinning structure that supports the policy making framework for this area of the early years curriculum? For the purpose of this study, the term 'policy maker' is used to encompass headteachers (micro level), local education authority advisers (meso level) and national authorities (macro level). Research methods include case study, postal questionnaire and indepth interviews. Outcomes are presented as an analysis of innovation in one English county, perceptions of early language learning in local education authorities and discussions with policy makers at the national level. A research study which links education policy making, constructions of childhood and theories about modern foreign language acquisition has not yet been conducted in England. It is anticipated that this investigation will contribute to the debate on curriculum and values at the turn of the millennium based on new paradigms for the sociology of childhood and the perceived needs of young children in an increasingly multicultural, multilingual society. The notion of 'bilingualism' will be deconstructed and reconstructed within an inclusive spectrum: the bilingual continuum. The outcomes of the study are likely to have implications for future education policy and practice.
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Powell, Deborah Sue. "Increasing cognitive functioning in science for English language learners." CSUSB ScholarWorks, 1997. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd-project/3024.
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Hiser, Elizabeth Ann. "A study of short term memory, language learning, hemisphere lateralisation and personality." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.324724.
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Smith, Jacqueline R. C. "The interrelationship between social and cognitive factors in second/foreign language development." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 1996. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/10021698/.
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Foreign language pedagogy has often been influenced by findings drawn from the area of first and/or second language acquisition with confusing results. The thesis explores the extent to which the inter-relation of variables in foreign language learning differs from that in natural acquisition processes and varies across a range of learning contexts, thereby encouraging different pedagogical approaches. Chapter one argues that some models underestimate the different variables involved and suggests that a socio-cultural approach is more effective in identiffing and explaining the shifting relation between context and cognition. Chapter two seeks to situate foreign language study within a more general process of jimctional differentiation' in the child's widening linguistic repertoire, arguing that not only does the relation of context and cognition change between L I and L2 but also within L2 itself. Chapter three examines the shifting relation between context and cognition with reference to the language programme of European Schools in general, and the one at Culham in particular. The latter provides a basis for answering two questions: (1) is there a correlation between success in an acquisition poor environment and the extent of the learner's analytic competence; (2) does motivation play an increasing role in affecting success in contexts where goals are long-term rather than immediate? Data collected from the school are analyzed in chapter four. Response to both questions would seem to he positive although the complexity of the learners' backgrounds produced greater variation in the role of affective factors than anticipated. Finally, chapter five argues that the relative success of foreign language study from an early stage in schemes such as the European schools or the immersion programmes depends upon a precise interplay of socio-cognitive variables which is unlikely to he replicated elsewhere.
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Hu, Guiling. "Cognitive Mechanisms Underlying Second Language Listening Comprehension." Digital Archive @ GSU, 2009. http://digitalarchive.gsu.edu/alesl_diss/11.
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This dissertation research investigates the cognitive mechanisms underlying second language (L2) listening comprehension. I use three types of sentential contexts, congruent, neutral and incongruent, to look at how L2 learners construct meaning in spoken sentence comprehension. The three types of contexts differ in their context predictability. The last word in a congruent context is highly predictable (e.g., Children are more affected by the disease than adults), the last word in a neutral context is likely but not highly predictable (e.g., Children are more affected by the disease than nurses), and the last word in an incongruent context is impossible (e.g., Children are more affected by the disease than chairs). The study shows that, for both native speakers and L2 learners, a consistent context facilitates word recognition. In contrast, an inconsistent context inhibits native speakers’ word recognition but not that of L2 learners. I refer to this new discovery as the facilitation-without-inhibition phenomenon in L2 listening comprehension. Results from follow-up experiments show that this facilitation-without-inhibition phenomenon is a result of insufficient suppression by L2 learners.
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Romero, Rivas Carlos 1986. "The Effects of foreign-accented speech on language comprehension and retrieval processes." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/399504.
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When people learn a second language, they typically speak with a foreign accent. Crucially, foreign-accented speech is more difficult to understand and requires more processing time than native speech. Nevertheless, native listeners are able to adapt very fast to the variability introduced by foreign-accented speech, reaching similar intelligibility levels than during native speech comprehension. In this thesis, we show that, despite a lack of improvement at phonetic-acoustic levels of processing during the exposure to foreign-accented speech, listeners use lexical information in order to map the foreign-accented variations onto canonical representations. Also, we demonstrate that this adaptation has a cost. Thus, the higher demands on lexical processing during foreign-accented speech comprehension have an effect on lexical anticipation and semantic integration processes. Finally, we show that semantic spreading activation is also modulated by foreign-accented speech, and, particularly, by strong foreign accents. In summary, these results suggest that foreign-accented speech hinders semantic processing.<br>Cuando las personas aprenden una segunda lengua, habitualmente hablan con un acento extranjero. Es importante destacar que el habla con acento extranjero es más difícil de entender y requiere más tiempo de procesamiento que el habla de un nativo. Sin embargo, los oyentes nativos son capaces de adaptarse con mucha rapidez a la variabilidad introducida por el habla con acento extranjero, alcanzando unos niveles de comprensión similares a cuando procesan el habla de un nativo. En esta tesis mostramos que, aunque el procesamiento de la información acústico-fonética no mejora después de la exposición al habla con acento extranjero, los oyentes utilizan la información léxica para establecer correspondencias entre las variaciones introducidas por el acento extranjero y las representaciones canónicas que almacenan en su mente. Además, demostramos que esta adaptación tiene un coste. Así, el mayor esfuerzo requerido para el procesamiento léxico durante la comprensión del habla con acento extranjero tiene un efecto sobre los procesos de anticipación de palabras e integración semántica. Finalmente, mostramos que la difusión de la activación en las redes semánticas se ve modulada por el acento del hablante, particularmente cuando los hablantes tienen un marcado acento extranjero. En resumen, estos resultados sugieren que el acento extranjero dificulta el procesamiento semántico.
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Penilla, Frédérique. "Learning a foreign language with collaborative web-based task : processes and performances." Grenoble, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010GRENL019.
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Dans l'enseignement des langues aujourd'hui, l'approche par les tâches fait l'objet d'une attention particulière en ce qu'elle permettrait d'instaurer les conditions idéales favorisant l'acquisition d'une langue étrangère. Avec l'émergence d'Internet durant la dernière décennie, et l'équipement progressif des établissements scolaires en matériel informatique, de plus en plus d'enseignants ont commencé à utiliser ce que nous appellerons des cybertâches. Le but de cette recherche était d'identifier l'impact des tâches effectuées sur et avec Internet sur le processus d'apprentissage et les performances des apprenants. Trois classes de lycées de première et terminale, constituées d’élèves français apprenant l'anglais, ont ainsi réalisé une cybertâche. Le produit des différentes étapes de sa réalisation, et les enregistrements vidéo correspondants, ont servi de corpus à cette étude. Des questionnaires d'attitude et des tests de connaissances culturelles ont également été collectés et analysés. Ce faisant, ont été passées en revue les notions de motivation face à la tâche, de même que celles de compétence de l'apprenant, compétences langagières mais aussi stratégiques ou spécifiques au domaine d'étude. Celles-ci ont été documentées dans différents contextes incluant alternativement les TIC et/ou la collaboration. Les résultats montrent que les tâches, qu'elles soient ou non réalisées avec le recours à la technologie, ne sont pas préjudiciables à la production langagière et que les apprenants sont favorablement disposés à leur égard, en particulier lorsqu’elles impliquent un travail collaboratif. De plus, notre étude montre que la collaboration a un effet positif mesurable sur l’attitude des apprenants, leurs processus d’apprentissage et leurs performances. Cet impact est manifeste concernant le maintien de l'effort, l'implication de l'élève, la compréhension des consignes implicites, la qualité de la production écrite et celle, plus générale, du produit de la tâche, ainsi que concernant le traitement des opérations de haut niveau. Cependant, nos résultats démontrent aussi que ces bénéfices sont atténués par l'introduction de la technologie, bien que l’impact de celle-ci soit également fonction du degré de familiarité envers la tâche et de la maitrise de la technologie. De tels résultats posent donc la question de la meilleure manière de concevoir des cybertâches et suggèrent que d’autres recherches doivent encore être menées dans cette direction<br>Within language teaching and learning, tasks have been advocated for use as they are thought to set up ideal conditions for language acquisition to occur. With the emergence of the Internet in the last decade, and the deployment of technology in schools, Web-based tasks, referred to as Computer-assisted Language Learning (CALL) are being used by an increasing number of teachers. The purpose of the present research was to identify the impact of Web-based tasks both on the learning process and the learners’ performances. Three intact classes from French high schools, consisting of learners of English as a foreign language, completed a Web-based task. The product of the different stages of its completion and the corresponding video recordings were the database for this study. Attitude questionnaires and cultural awareness tests were also collected and analyzed. In doing so, issues of attitudes and motivation as well as learner competence and language proficiency were examined. These were documented in different experimental settings, including in turn ICT and/or collaboration. The results suggest tasks, whether Web-based or not, do not hinder language production and, in fact, learners respond favourably to them, especially when working collaboratively. Further, the study shows that collaboration has measurable positive effects on the learners' attitudes, processes and performances. These include : positive outcomes in relation to the learners' persistence of effort; their involvement with the task; their understanding of the task's implicit demands ; their quality of writing ; the products they ultimately produce ; and the processing of higher-order skills. Yet the findings also suggest that these benefits are somehow diminished when technology is used, although this in turn is affected by the learners' familiarity with the tasks and their levels of technological literacy. Even so, these results raise the question of how Web-based tasks can be best implemented in language classrooms, and suggest that further research is still required in this area
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Ecke, Peter 1964. "Cross-language studies of lexical retrieval: Tip-of-the-tongue states in first and foreign languages." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/282099.
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This dissertation investigates "tip-of-the-tongue" states (TOTs) in native speakers of English, Russian, and Spanish, studying foreign languages, and in fluent Spanish-English bilinguals. Study (1) explored retrospective reports of subjects' every-day experiences with TOTs. Study (2) investigated TOTs (fragmentary information, associated words, resolution type) that were recorded in structured diaries over a four-week period. Experimental study (3) examined TOTs elicited through definition and translation primes in Spanish-English bilinguals in the U.S., and speakers of Spanish in Mexico. Studies (1) and (2) found that English, Russian, and Spanish TOTs display similar characteristics, but also differences concerning reported letters, syllable numbers, and associates. Foreign language TOTs also displayed differences compared to first language TOTs (different target word types, more phonologically related associates, 24% interlingual associates, extensive reference use). Bilingual TOTs involved 22% interlingual associates and above-average resolutions through reference use. Most of the TOT targets across all groups were nouns; proper names occurred relatively infrequently. Subjects' access to gender in Russian and Spanish noun TOTs, strong syntactic constraints on word associates, and the similarity of most target-associate pairs in either meaning or form support two-stage models of lexical production: Word meaning and syntax is processed at a first stage, dissociated from a second stage at which sound structure is accessed. Study (3) elicited high TOT rates for targets from the diaries supporting the respresentativeness of the diary data. Bilinguals were found more susceptible to TOTs (32%) compared to the control group (14%). Translation proved to be a useful TOT elicitation technique reducing ambiguity compared to definition primes. A comparison of targets of different cognate status found increased recall for cognates compared to non-cognates but no reduction in TOT elicitation. Concerning TOT causation and development, it is argued that neither the incomplete activation hypothesis nor the blocking hypothesis can completely account for this data corpus. Various TOT types were suggested: incomplete activation (with or without non-blocking or facilitating associates), incomplete activation with late blocking associates, and early blocking. Whereas most TOTs appeared to be the product of incomplete target activation, some TOTs occurred as a consequence of word substitution errors.
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Ahn, Soonja. "Cognitive-affective outcomes of classroom writing activities in Korean English as a foreign language." CSUSB ScholarWorks, 2004. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd-project/2434.
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This project addresses writing instruction by teaching journal writing, interactive writing, and poetry instruction to Koreans in the English-as-a-foreign language situation. Writing and indentity construction and writing conferences are also addressed. The curriculum is designed for EFL teachers in Korea at the target-teaching level grades 3-6.
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Clarke, Constance Margaret. "Processing time effects of short-term exposure to foreign-accented English." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/280404.
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Non-native speech can cause perceptual difficulty for the native listener, but experience can moderate this difficulty. This study explored the perceptual benefits of brief exposure to non-native speech. A cross-modal word matching paradigm was used to investigate perception of foreign-accented speech by native English listeners during the first moments of exposure. In 5 experiments, processing speed was tracked by measuring reaction times to visual probe words following English sentences produced by non-native speakers. In Experiment 1, RTs decreased significantly over the course of 16 Spanish-accented utterances and by the end were equal to RTs to a native voice. Control groups in Experiments 1 and 2 who heard a native voice for the first 12 trials were significantly slower than the experimental groups in the final 4 trials, ruling out practice and general strategy explanations for the rapid adaptation. The adaptation effect was replicated with a Chinese-accented voice in Experiment 3. Surprisingly, the control groups also adapted to the accented voice when they heard it at the end of the experiment. Post hoc analyses showed the difference between the control and experimental groups' means was large for the first 2 accented sentences, but attenuated as more sentence trials were included in the means, suggesting adaptation can occur within 2 to 4 sentence-length utterances. In Experiment 4, adaptation to one Spanish-accented voice improved perception of a new Spanish-accented voice, indicating that abstract properties of accented speech are learned during adaptation. In Experiment 5, adaptation to a Spanish-accented voice was as large whether the utterances consisted of English words or mostly legal nonwords. This finding suggested that some characteristics of accented speech can be learned without feedback from lexical knowledge. Overall, the results emphasize the flexibility of the human speech processing system and the need for a mechanism to explain this adaptation in models of spoken word recognition.
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Jiang, Qianhong. "Development of metalinguistic abilities : young learners learning a foreign language by using poetry." Thesis, Toulouse 2, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017TOU20079/document.
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La thèse actuelle propose un modèle interactif de capacité métalinguistique, de poésie et d'apprentissage des langues étrangères. Elle vise à examiner l'influence du cours d'anglais langue étrangère basé sur la poésie sur la capacité métaphonologique des élèves, et à explorer des relations entre leur capacité métaphonologique et les facteurs d'apprentissage tels que la pédagogie des enseignants, les stratégies d'apprentissage des langues des apprenants, l'exposition linguistique à l’anglais en dehors de la classe et les commentaires des élèves sur le cours d’anglais auquel on a intégré de la poésie. Deux études de cas visent à enquêter sur le développement de la capacité métaphonologique des élèves dans le cours d’anglais avec poésie, ainsi que les relations mentionnées ci-dessus. Une combinaison de méthodes quantitatives et de méthodes qualitatives est utilisée dans cette thèse. Les résultats de la quasi-expérience indiquent que la classe d'anglais prenant appui sur la poésie facilite le développement de la capacité métaphonologique des élèves dans une certaine mesure. La théorie de Bialystok (2001, 2012), la « noticing hypothesis » de Schmidt (Schmidt, 2010) et la poétique cognitive de Tsur (2008) sont utilisées pour analyser et expliquer les résultats des tests de capacité métaphonologique<br>The present study proposes an interactive model of metalinguistic awareness, poetry and foreign language learning. It aims at examining the influence from poetry-embedded class of English as a foreign language on pupils’ phonological awareness, with considering the relations between their phonological awareness and the factors in ecological learning environment that includes teacher’s instruction, learners’ language learning strategies, linguistic exposure to English that learners receive outside of classroom, and pupils’ feedback on the poetry sequence. Two case studies are conducted to probe into the development of pupils’ phonological awareness in the context of poetry-embedment English class, as well as the relations mentioned above. A combination of quantitative methods and qualitative methods are employed in the current study. The results of quasi-experiment of phonological awareness indicate poetry-embedment English class globally facilitates the development of pupils’ phonological awareness to some extent. Bialystok’s theory (2001, 2012) Schmidt’s noticing hypothesis (Schmidt,2010), and Tsur’s cognitive poetics (2008) are employed to interpret the results of phonological awareness tests
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Plata, Ramirez Jose Miguel. "Language switching: a qualitative clinical study of four second language learners' composing processes." Diss., University of Iowa, 2012. https://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/2962.
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Recent research about L2 writing indicates that L2 writers are likely to instruct themselves on how and what to do during the writing process, using both languages to do so. This constant switch between their L1 and their L2 during their L2 composing process is known as "language-switching" (L-S). In this qualitative clinical study my goals were mainly three: a) to describe and understand the purposes for which participants would potentially language-switch to their L1s, b) to depict the perceptions and understandings these four participants have about their personal L2 composing process and the use of their L1s, and c) to describe the tensions they experienced during the L2 writing tasks in the study. The participants in this study were four students in an American university who completed two L2 writing tasks using a think-aloud technique, in which students verbalized all their thoughts while they wrote. Data collected in this study included interview transcripts, think aloud protocols, reflection sessions, videotapes, students' written texts and observations. The Atlas TI computer software assisted a constant comparative method which implied a continuous comparison of all the data sources (Merriam, 2009). I matched language-switching instances with the participants' behaviors and assigned codes referring the writers' actual activities, behaviors and perceptions.
Findings suggest that the L2 composing process is a bilingual event in which L-S has a natural occurrence. The use of the writer's L1 during the L2 writing process is closely related to the writer's L2 proficiency, and the degree of proficiency can be related to the situational context (FL vs. SL) where the L2 is learned and used. Findings revealed that Generating L2 Content was the most recurring purpose for L-S during L2 writing, followed by Controlling the Process of Writing and Revising. It also revealed that participants transfer their L1 skills to the L2 writing process and that the writing expertise they bring to the L2 composing process may influence the L-S purpose frequency. One contribution of this study is the participants' perceptions about their L-S habits. Most were aware of the benefits that L-S brought to their L2 writing process. Their L1s helped them organize ideas, write better texts and understand the tasks given. This study also revealed that time frame, prompts, lack of L2 proficiency and think-aloud protocols can influence the participants' L2 writing process negatively.
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Pereira, Cleuza Clair. "Cognitive development and its implication to the teaching of English as a foreign language." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UFPR, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1884/24190.
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Kingsbury, Moore Lois Joy. "Reference and representation in Down's syndrome." Thesis, University of Plymouth, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/10026.1/2522.
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Previous research has highlighted a different pattern in the use of grammatical forms to successfully maintain coherent discourse by individuals with Down's syndrome. To maintain coherent discourse both linguistic and non-linguistic information must be integrated and maintained in a mental representation of current discourse. The ability of children with Down's syndrome to use such a mental representation has been assessed in this study. The ability of adults with Down's syndrome to comprehend and produce a range of grammatical forms was initially assessed, using a grammaticality judgement task, an imitation task, and a spontaneous speech sample. Results indicated that the production and comprehension of pronouns was found moderately difficult. The successful use of a pronoun depends on the ability to use a mental representation to retain information about its antecedent in order to assist correct interpretation and avoid ambiguity. A narrative task was used to investigate the use of referential forms by children with Down's syndrome and typically developing children. The effects of certain contextual features on the use of referential forms were investigated: the status of each character and the number of characters in the story; the method of presenting the story; and the position of a listener while the story was narrated. When narrating a story typically developing children distinguished the status of characters in the stories by consistently using different referential forms for each. As age increased this strategy was used more successfully and flexibly. Children with Down's syndrome did not use referential forms in the same way as typically developing children. It is likely that this is a consequence of a difficulty in maintaining information about the whole story-where many sources of information must be accessed, integrated and maintained in a mental representation. At a local level within the story, children with Down's syndrome used referential strategies successfully, demonstrating an ability to integrate limited amounts of information about characters in a story. The inability to maintain information in a mental representation across longer periods of discourse indicates the importance of short term memory in language production.
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Nitta, Takayo. "Affective, cognitive and social factors affecting Japanese learners of English in Cape Town." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2006. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=gen8Srv25Nme4_1842_1210749983.
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<p>This research used diary studies and interviews with five Japanese learners of English to investigate the different affective, cognitive and social factors that affected their learning of English in Cape Town between 2004 and 2005. The findings of this study corroborate arguments put forward by Gardner that factors such as learning goals, learning strategy, attitude, motivation, anxiety, self-confidence and cultural beliefs about communication affect the acquisition of a second language and correlate with one another.</p>
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Murakami, Janel Rachel Goodman, and Janel Rachel Goodman Murakami. "The Influence of Social Cues and Cognitive Processes In Computer Mediated Second Language Learning." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/625644.
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This dissertation investigated the effects of technological mediation on second language (L2) learning, focusing, as a case study, on gains in listening perception of the subtle but important feature of pitch placement in Japanese. Pitch accent can be difficult to perceive for non-native speakers whose first language (L1) does not rely on pitch or tone as a distinctive feature, such as English (Wayland & Li, 2008). Pedagogically, Face-To-Face (FTF) interactions with native or near-native speakers are typically the most effective way to learn L2 sound system features due to social presence, but these interactions are not always possible because of physical distance. Mediation can facilitate these interactions, but it is unclear which type results in more learning gains. The current study compared three mediation types that vary in the information provided to the learner: audio-only (asynchronous), video (audiovisual asynchronous), and videoconferencing (audiovisual synchronous), as well as a fourth condition of videoconferencing which facilitated mutual eye contact. The lack of mutual eye contact in standard videoconferencing (due to the webcam being above the image of an interlocutor's face) can inhibit the perceived social presence (Bondareva, Meesters, & Bouwhuis, 2006). A pretest/posttest/delayed posttest design was used, which measured error rates and reaction times for a same/different discrimination task and a picture recognition task. The participants were English L1 speakers, with no prior study of Japanese. After the pretest, they received training in the form of two short lessons in beginner Japanese vocabulary and sentence building administered by a native speaking tutor, which did not explicitly address pitch placement, but used minimal pairs for this feature as vocabulary items. The lessons were followed by a posttest, and a delayed posttest one week later. The results showed that all four conditions succeeded in improving Japanese pitch placement detection, both immediately after and up to a week after the lessons. While an ANOVA revealed no main effect of mediation type, planned comparison results suggest videoconferencing without eye contact may lead to more gains in pitch placement perception than video. A surprising suggestion by the data was that videoconferencing with eye contact may lead to worse performance than the other mediation types. An exit survey detected the self-determination of the participants, and higher self-determination correlated with worse testing performance within the videoconferencing with eye contact condition. This suggests that the addition of eye contact increased the social presence of that condition to the point that it triggered Foreign Language Speaking Anxiety (FLSA) in the participants. Overall, this study highlights that lessons and tasks administered through mediation can be used to provide native speaker input for features that are important for listening and speaking, and this can effectively help learners attend to and learn these features.
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Yang, Wan Chi (Ada Yang). "The enlightened Chinese characters : a cognitive approach of computer assisted Chinese character learning." Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/2428.
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Thesis (MPhil (Modern Foreign Languages))--University of Stellenbosch, 2006.<br>With continuing advances in technology, computer-assisted instruction provides opportunities for individualized, interactive learning. In the research paper, I employed the theoretical framework of CALL and the philosophy of cognitive psychhology to promote learner autonomy in the second language aquisition of Chinese...
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Okwor, Festus Amechi. "Motivation for learning as the key to success of foreign students in Ukraine." Thesis, НТУ "ХПІ", 2014. http://repository.kpi.kharkov.ua/handle/KhPI-Press/8440.
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Saleh, Saleh M. "Cognitive and metacognitive learning strategies used by adult learners of Arabic as a foreign language." Diss., This resource online, 1999. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-10052007-143833/.
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Kingen, Sharon A. "When middle school writers compose : exploring relationships of processes, products, and levels of cognitive development." Virtual Press, 1990. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/720404.
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This study was designed first to describe the writing processes and products of students in grades 7, 8, and 9 and second to explore patterns of differences related to cognitive development. From the 117 students enrolled at a midwestern university laboratory school who voluntarily completed the Arlin Test of Formal Reasoning, 12 subjects were chosen on the basis of sex, grade, and test score.Each subject individually wrote four letters. A talk-aloud procedure was employed during three sessions and stimulated recall was used during the last session. Finally, all subjects were interviewed.Audio tapes of interviews and videotapes of writing sessions were transcribed. Final copies of texts were typed. Interview responses were examined and summarized. The letters were rated holistically and scored for audience awareness. Counts of words, T-units, and clauses were conducted. Verbalizations in protocols were coded. Further, all data produced during stimulated recall were examined for information about time use, fluency, and pausing, as well as revising and editing.The data revealed that writers considered themselves capable, but the papers received mediocre ratings and scores. The analysis of products showed that subjects wrote more in response to an expressive/informative task, but syntax was more mature on information and persuasion.Overall, formal thinkers wrote more syntactically mature discourse and usually received higher ratings. The analysis of processes data failed to reveal consistent differences, but there were many similarities. The subjects prewrote mentally and focused on producing text quickly. They reread text and edited often, but they rarely revised. Descriptions of processes and rhetorical principles were vague. Although the writers employed many strategies, had some intuitive sense of purpose and audience, and made decisions on the basis of many factors, they lacked control over their composing activities and were unable to transfer strategies from one task to the next.The study concluded with a series of recommendations for composition instruction and further research, particularly a call for teaching the processes of composing at the middle school level and for measuring the effects of this instruction against the baseline of data provided in this study.<br>Department of Secondary, Higher, and Foundations of Education
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Hockey, Andrew. "Computational modelling of the language production system : semantic memory, conflict monitoring, and cognitive control processes /." [St. Lucia, Qld.], 2006. http://www.library.uq.edu.au/pdfserve.php?image=thesisabs/absthe20099.pdf.
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Condon, Nora. "Investigating a cognitive linguistic approach to the learning of english phrasal verbs." Université catholique de Louvain, 2008. http://edoc.bib.ucl.ac.be:81/ETD-db/collection/available/BelnUcetd-08222008-102049/.
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This dissertation investigates an area of notorious difficulty for learners of English as a Foreign Language (EFL) within the framework of Cognitive Linguistics. Research from previous studies has indicated that phrasal verb learning may be more effective if a Cognitive Linguistic approach is adopted. However, the quantitative and qualitative research in this dissertation demonstrates that the approach, once integrated into a regular, classroom-based EFL programme, does not consistently yield significant learning gains. Further qualitative investigations highlighted the fact that the benefits of the approach have less to do with the Cognitive Linguistic explanations than with their compatibility with other learning strategies, such as employing imagery and grouping information. In addition, the approach is most suited to phrasal verbs that are already partially familiar to students. However, for other phrasal verbs the Cognitive Linguistic approach may even impede learning. In addition, the implications for phrasal verb pedagogy are then presented and discussed.
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Sales, Antonia de Jesus. "Tarefas de traduÃÃo e ensino de l2: uma investigaÃÃo dos processos cognitivos pelo viÃs da hipÃtese da produÃÃo." Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2016. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=18372.
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FundaÃÃo Cearense de Apoio ao Desenvolvimento Cientifico e TecnolÃgico<br>Este estudo visa a investigar a existÃncia de uma possÃvel interface entre atividades de traduÃÃo na sala de L2 e as funÃÃes da HipÃtese da ProduÃÃo de Swain. Swain (1985) postula que ao produzir lÃngua, o aprendiz se engaja em trÃs funÃÃes: percepÃÃo de lacunas, testagem de hipÃteses e reflexÃo metalinguÃstica. O presente estudo parte do pressuposto de que traduzir à produzir lÃngua, considerando a traduÃÃo como recriaÃÃo de efeitos de sentido (Santoro, 2011) e, assim, analisamos se as funÃÃes da HipÃtese da ProduÃÃo emergem durante a atividade de traduÃÃo, de cunho pedagÃgico, a ser realizada. A metodologia previu a conduÃÃo de um experimento prÃtico com uma atividade de traduÃÃo, para a geraÃÃo de dados, em que os participantes da pesquisa foram oito estudantes de graduaÃÃo em Letras-InglÃs, na qual estes fizeram uma atividade narrativa em dupla, gravada em Ãudio. Com base na transcriÃÃo dos Ãudios, os dados foram analisados, qualitativamente, visando a investigar se os processos mentais nos quais os alunos embarcam tÃm relaÃÃo com as funÃÃes da HipÃtese da ProduÃÃo de Swain. Analisamos, portanto, se durante a atividade de traduÃÃo, os participantes notaram lacunas, formularam hipÃteses e se refletiram metalinguisticamente acerca da L2. Os resultados comprovam que as funÃÃes ocorrem de forma entrelaÃada e justaposta dentro dos processos cognitivos exigidos pela referida tarefa. Estes resultados implicam em novas formas de se considerar a traduÃÃo no contexto da sala de LE e de novas proposiÃÃes de tarefas tradutÃrias. Implica, tambÃm, em novas necessidades na formaÃÃo do professor de LE, considerando o contexto de formaÃÃo deste profissional.<br>The present study aims to investigate the existence of an interface between translation activities in L2 classroom and the functions of Swain`s Output Hypothesis. For this, the present study assumes that translating is language production, considering translation as re-creation of meaning effects (Santoro, 2011) and thus, we analyzed if the functions of the Output Hypothesis emerge during a translation activity in a pedagogical nature, to be held. The methodology provided the conduction of a practical experiment with a translation activity, where participants were eight undergraduate students, in which they made an activity in pairs, and it was audio recorded. Based on the transcription of these recordings, the data was analyzed with a view to investigate whether the mental processes in which students embark relate to the functions of Swain`s Hypothesis. In conclusion, we observed if during the translation activity, the participants noted gaps, formulated hypotheses and if they reflected metalinguistically about the L2. The results show that the functions occur interwoven, in a juxtaposed manner within the cognitive processes required by the task. The results imply in news ways of considering the pedagogic translation in the foreign language classroom and it also implies in new necessities in the foreign language teachersâ training.
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Moussa, Jase Education Faculty of Arts & Social Sciences UNSW. "The impact of spoken English on learning English as a foreign language: a cognitive load perspective." Publisher:University of New South Wales. Education, 2008. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/43041.
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When learning a second language, students are taught to read, write, and listen often simultaneously, as it is assumed that it is more effective if both spoken and written versions of the same material are taught together. However, recent research on cognitive load theory and second language learning (Diao, Chandler, & Sweller, 2007; Diao & Sweller, 2007) has shown that a combination of listening to and reading the same material creates a potential for redundancy (Sweller & Chandler, 1994; Kalyuga, Chandler, & Sweller, 1999; 2000; 2004). Learning can be impeded if the same information appearing in one modality is repeated in the other (Sweller, 2005). The aim of this study was to investigate the consequences of listening and reading on the acquisition of listening skills. Four experiments were conducted. During acquisition, native Arabic-speaking students were required to learn a set of English words and sentences. Learners were either exposed to written work only (single modality), auditory work only (single modality) or written work with an auditory component (dual modality). The findings in this study were consistent in that even though participants in the Read + Listen group had had more experience with listening than participants in the Read Only group, they performed more poorly on listening tasks. Students were better able to learn to listen through reading alone because working memory resources were not required to attend to another mode that contained similar, redundant information. These results also suggest that if we want learners to enhance their listening skills, they may be better off reading the materials only rather than simultaneously reading and listening. These results are further discussed in terms of CLT and redundancy.
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Fam, Medhat. "Acquiring Higher Levels of Proficiency in Less Commonly Taught Foreign Languages| A Single Case Study of the Impact of Teacher Perceptions of Cognitive Theories for Instructional Design." Thesis, Northcentral University, 2018. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10936762.
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<p> Acquiring higher levels of proficiency in less commonly taught foreign languages such as Arabic, Chinese, and Korean is an extraordinarily high stressful process. Stress contributes to the cognitive demand imposed on both students and teachers. The cognitive demand is defined as the degree of concentration required for a person to solve problems or complete a task in a given time. The purpose of this qualitative single case study is to investigate the impact of teacher perceptions of cognitive theories for instruction and instructional design. The conceptual framework for this study is based on the ways to reduce cognitive load. Three types of cognitive load are recognized such as extraneous, intrinsic, and germane. It is noted that if both intrinsic and extraneous cognitive loads leave enough space in the working memory then learners may invest extra effort in the learning processes. Based on the problem and the purpose of the study, the research questions for this study were: (1) How do DLI instructors perceive and describe the ways that can be used to reduce cognitive load and its associated stress for the learners of less commonly taught foreign languages, and help them to manage their levels of cognitive load?; and (2) How do DLI instructors perceive and describe the best instructional design that can be used to reduce cognitive load and its associated stress for the learners of less commonly taught foreign languages? Fifteen Defense Language Institute teachers participated in this study. In-depth face-to-face interviews were conducted with each participant. The data collected from the interviews were studied to identify common themes of the participants’ perceptions about the concept and impact of cognitive load. Data of the fifteen interviews were digitally recorded, transcribed, coded and analyzed using NVivo12 qualitative software, which helps to organize the themes that emerged. The data and the results of this study show that the participants have general background knowledge of Cognitive Load Theory (CLT). However, when it comes to practice, there are certain challenges and different practices to alleviate students' stress level. Hopefully, with further institutional training, the process of applying theory to practice will be facilitated and theories will be more relevant to classroom practice. The findings of this study can be used to determine the best instructional practice and curriculum design for less-commonly taught foreign language learners.</p><p>
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Heidlmayr, Karin. "Cognitive control processes and their neural bases in bilingualism." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015USPCB219/document.
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L'objectif de la présente thèse de doctorat était d'étudier la relation entre le bilinguisme et le contrôle exécutif général. Les recherches sur le bilinguisme en psycholinguistique ont montré que la co-activation permanente des langues ainsi que la nécessité de s'adapter à l'environnement linguistique peuvent produire un renforcement des capacités de contrôle chez les bilingues. Toutefois, la nature des processus de contrôle impliqués reste controversée. Trois études ont examiné cette question au niveau neuronal chez des bilingues tardifs français-allemand. Différentes tâches expérimentales mettant en jeu un conflit cognitif ont été utilisées, les unes impliquant une composante linguistique (Stroop et amorçage négatif), et une autre impliquant une composante motrice (antisaccades). Les principaux résultats sont les suivants : (1) Renforcement des processus de gestion de conflits et d'inhibition chez les bilingues, (2) Interaction entre le cortex cingulaire antérieur et le cortex préfrontal dans le contrôle cognitif plus efficace chez les bilingues que chez les monolingues et (3) Modulation du contrôle exécutif par divers facteurs linguistiques individuels inhérents au bilinguisme. Prises dans leur ensemble, ces observations corroborent l'hypothèse d'une implication de processus de contrôle général dans le bilinguisme et révèlent des capacités d'adaptation neuroplastique en fonction des contraintes linguistiques<br>The present doctoral thesis aimed to study the relation between bilingualism and domain-general executive control. Psycholinguistic research on bilingualism has shown that the sustained co-activation of languages and the need to adapt to the linguistic environment lead to a reinforcement of control abilities in bilinguals. However, the nature of domain-general executive control involvement in multiple language use is a matter of debate. Three studies were conducted in order to investigate this issue at the neuronal level in French-German late bilinguals. Different experimental tasks involving a cognitive conflict were used, certain of them involving a linguistic component (Stroop and negative priming) and the other one involving a motoric component (antisaccade). The main findings collected in the present doctoral thesis showed (1) the behavioral and neurophysiological evidence of enhanced conflict monitoring and inhibition in bilinguals, (2) the more efficient dynamic interplay between the anterior cingulate cortex and the prefrontal cortex in executive control in bilinguals in comparison with monolinguals, and (3) a modulation of executive control by the individual linguistic factors inherent to bilingualism. Taken together, the present findings support psycholinguistic theories postulating domain-general control involvement in bilingualism and reveal the capacity of neuroplastic adaptation as a function of linguistic constraints
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Lee, Eun-Jo. "Exploring L2 Writing Strategies from a Socio-cognitive Perspective: Mediated Actions, Goals, and Setting in L2 Writing." The Ohio State University, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1306898143.
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Leighton, Christine M. "The cognitive processes of 6th-grade students of varying Spanish and English proficiencies while writing persuasive letters." Thesis, Boston University, 2011. https://hdl.handle.net/2144/31979.
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Thesis (Ed.D.)--Boston University<br>PLEASE NOTE: Boston University Libraries did not receive an Authorization To Manage form for this thesis or dissertation. It is therefore not openly accessible, though it may be available by request. If you are the author or principal advisor of this work and would like to request open access for it, please contact us at open-help@bu.edu. Thank you.<br>This qualitative study explores the cognitive processes of 10 6th-grade students of varying Spanish and English proficiencies while writing persuasive letters in both languages. The participants who were purposefully selected included: three high Spanish/high English proficient students (high performers), three high English/low Spanish proficient students (high/low performers), two low Spanish/low English proficient students (low performers), and two monolingual English speakers.
The following research question was posed: How do sixth-grade students of varying Spanish and English proficiencies engage in the writing process while composing persuasive letters in both languages? In particular, (a) How do students engage in the cognitive processes of writing in L1 and L2, and do the processes vary by language and/or ability? (b) Are there patterns across participants' writing behaviors in L1 and L2 that indicate cross-linguistic transfer? If so, do the patterns vary by language or writing proficiency? (c) Do bilingual students differ from monolinguals in their use of strategies and resources?
The researcher audio-taped and video-taped participants thinking aloud as they responded to persuasive letter prompts in both Spanish and English (monolinguals responded to two English prompts). Recall protocols and student interviews were also collected. All data were transcribed.
Data were analyzed in three phrases. First, think aloud sessions were coded for three general writing processes: composing, reading, and selecting. Second, recall protocols were coded for specific behaviors within each general process (e.g. attending to text generation, reading the text produced, considering or changing an idea).
Finally, interviews and recall protocols were analyzed for student strategy, bilingual strategy, and resource use as well as general strategy and bilingual strategy awareness. Findings suggest: (1) The writing process did not vary for bilingual and monolingual writers across languages; (2) Low performers focused attention almost exclusively on idea generation without attention to topical importance; (3) For high/low performers' knowledge of discourse features in L1 appeared to mediate writing in the weaker language; (4) Topically important ideas articulated in L1 during the selection process were abandoned if students did not have the vocabulary to express the idea in L2; (5) High performers seemed to intentionally separate their language resources while writing.<br>2031-01-02
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Zulkifli, Putri Afzan Maria Binti. "Applying pause analysis to explore cognitive processes in the copying of sentences by second language users." Thesis, University of Sussex, 2013. http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/45933/.
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Pause analysis is a method that investigates processes of writing by measuring the amount of time between pen strokes. It provides the field of second language studies with a means to explore the cognitive processes underpinning the nature of writing. This study examined the potential of using free handwritten copying of sentences as a means of investigating components of the cognitive processes of adults who have English as their Second Language (ESL). A series of one pilot and three experiments investigated possible measures of language skill and the factors that influence the quality of the measures. The pilot study, with five participants of varying English competence, identified copying without pre-reading to be an effective task and ‘median' at the beginning of words to be an effective measure. Experiment 1 (n=20 Malaysian speakers) found jumbled sentences at the letter and word levels to effectively differentiate test-taker competence in relation to grammatical knowledge. Experiment 2 (n=20 Spanish speakers) investigated the jumbling effects further, but found that participants varied their strategy depending on the order of the sentence types. As a result, Experiment 3 (n= 24 Malaysian speakers) used specific task instructions to control participant strategy use, so that they either attended to the meaning of the sentences, or merely copied as quickly as possible. Overall, these experiments show that it is feasible to apply pause analysis to cognitively investigate both grammar and vocabulary components of language processing. Further, a theoretical information processing model of copying (MoC) was developed. The model assists in the analysis and description of (1) the flow of copying processes; (2) the factors that might affect longer or shorter pauses amongst participants of varying competence level; and (3) sentence stimuli design.
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Gardener, Malinda. "Support strategies used by foundation phase teachers to develop cognitive academic language proficiency." Thesis, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11838/2492.
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Thesis (MEd (Education)--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2016.<br>The study explores how teachers, in English medium Foundation Phase classrooms, use
support strategies to improve Cognitive Academic Language Proficiency (CALP) in learners
whose home language is not English. The research design adopted for this study was an
ethnographic case study that was analysed through qualitative methods at one primary
school in the Western Cape. The participants were three teachers in their Foundation Phase
classes, chosen on the basis of the phenomenon studied.
The focus was to evaluate how successful the language support strategies are and to
determine any gaps in the strategies used. Validity was assessed by means of lesson
observations, supported by interviews and analysis of the teaching documents. Further, to
increase the trustworthiness of the study, findings were compared across these data sources
and methods to triangulate the results. Findings illuminated: (i) Factors impacting language
teaching; (ii) Strategies used by teachers; (iii) Teachers’ understanding of support strategies;
(iv) Teachers’ understanding of CALP; (v) Effectiveness of the support strategies; and (vi)
Gaps in the strategies teachers used in improving CALP. Data were intentionally analysed to
identify pervasive patterns and main themes in the data and a thematic report foreground the
voices of the research participants.
The study raised questions about the teachers’ practice in teaching CALP. Teachers taught
using familiar methods, taught to a task and lacked linguistic structures in their lessons.
Finally, the study report ended with a list of limitations and recommendations for future
research in strategies that the Foundation Phase teacher can use to improve the CALP in
South Africa’s schools.
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Greenberg, Talia. "The Complicated Relationship Between Music and Foreign Language Learning: Nuanced Conditions Required for Cognitive Benefits Due to Music." Oberlin College Honors Theses / OhioLINK, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=oberlin1438129548.
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Jung, Heshim. "The relationship between adult second language readers' metacognitive awareness of reading and their reading processes in a second language." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/185796.
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Prior research in L2 reading has shown that adult ESL readers tend to lack in the use of reading strategies, failing to utilize contextual clues or their background knowledge base. In addition, studies demonstrated that when the adult readers who are highly competent in L1 reading read in L2, they become inefficient, "text-bound" readers, failing to utilize their effective reading strategies in L1. The present study investigated adult L2 readers' processes of reading in relation to their perceived view of L2 reading, in an attempt to explore the underlying factors related to "text-bound" processing in L2 reading. Two specific research questions were raised for investigation: (1) what is the relationship between an L2 reader's perceptions about L2 reading and his or her reading processes in L2?; (2) what is the relationship between an L2 reader's perceptions about reading (both in L1 and L2) and his or her transfer of reading strategies from L1 to L2 reading? A significant correlation between the perception and actual processing pattern was hypothesized for both questions within the three theories of reading: the metacognitive, the psycholinguistic, and the schema/interactive theory. These three theories of reading provided the theoretical bases for the study. The study consisted of two phases. In the first phase, a survey was conducted with 139 adult ESL readers who responded to a questionnaire developed to tap L2 readers' perceptions about reading and their actual processes while reading magazines in English. Their responses were statistically analyzed to test the research hypotheses. In the second phase, a case study method was utilized for further exploration with six readers chosen from the survey's respondents. Two meetings with the researcher were held with each of the six subjects to further probe their perceptions about L2 reading, and their actual reading processes while they read an article from a chosen magazine. The results indicated that the more linguistic perceptions an adult L2 reader has, the more text-based processing he or she employs. It was also found that the greater the difference perceived by the reader between L2 and L1 reading, the greater the difference between his or her interaction and transaction with L2 text compared to L1 text.
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Munetsi, Dennis. "Cognitive Idiosyncrasies in USA’s Foreign Policy Decision-Making: : A Comparison of Obama’s and Trump’s Foreign Policy Decision Making Processes Regarding the Jerusalem Embassy Act of 1995." Thesis, Malmö universitet, Institutionen för globala politiska studier (GPS), 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-45678.
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Decisions made by individuals representing states do not only impact citizens living within the state’s political jurisdiction, but also those from other political jurisdictions. The U.S. Executive’s role in global and international politics is quintessential case of how behaviors of individuals representing a state can shift the balance of power in the global political system. This study aimed to gain a new understanding into how this phenomenon occurs by analyzing the influence of personal characteristics on behaviors of individuals with executive decision-making powers. The Jerusalem Embassy Act of 1995 was used as the case to understand which personal characteristics at the level of cognitive idiosyncrasies were present in Obama’s and Trump’s decision-making processes regarding the Act. The study was an interpretivist enquiry which analyzed speeches gathered using a discourse analysis method and analyzed through the lenses of the cognitive idiosyncrasy theoretical model. Results showed that there were cognitive idiosyncrasies of framing, anchoring, images, evoked set, cognitive consistency, availability of information, historical analogies and verbal styles present in both presidents’ behaviors. The study concluded that though personal characteristics influence decision-making, the extent of their influence varies depending on the individual’s experience, expertise, and interests in the foreign policy problem.
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Evans, Anna A. "An integrated writing task in French as a foreign language: an analysis of processes, products, and perceptions." Diss., University of Iowa, 2019. https://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/6943.
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Writing instruction and assessment in foreign language courses have traditionally relied on independent writing tasks, which require learners to compose essays in response to short prompts. Concerns with the limitations of independent writing tasks (e.g., inauthenticity) have resulted in increased interest in integrated/source-based writing tasks. Integrated writing tasks require learners to use sources in their writing and thus resemble academic writing more closely than do independent writing tasks. A review of the research literature has revealed a significant lack of studies investigating both composing processes and written products in response to integrated writing tasks, French as a second language writing, source-based writing on a computer, and the use of modalities other than print sources (e.g., visual and audio sources).
This study addresses the identified research gaps by investigating French learners’ composing processes, written products, and perceptions in response to an integrated writing task in which the participants read a passage, visually examine a graph, listen to an audio recording, and then write a persuasive essay based on the three sources. Participants were 38 university students enrolled in third-year French language courses. Data included think-aloud protocols, screen recordings, notes, essays, questionnaire responses, and interviews. Data analysis focused on (a) composing processes and time allocated to them; (b) total amount, location, attribution, and degree of transformation of language integrated from the sources into the essays; and (c) perceptions of the integrated writing task and source use.
Results indicate that the French learners actively interacted with the sources and integrated them into their writing in a variety of ways. Despite a relatively high percentage of the total amount of textual borrowing in the essays, the participants’ tendency to acknowledge and transform language from the sources pointed to their developing abilities and skills in appropriate source use. Most students liked writing an essay in response to the integrated writing task and viewed the three sources as valuable resources for language, content, and organization.
Finally, pedagogical implications for student writing in upper-level foreign language courses are discussed. By incorporating integrated writing tasks along with traditional independent writing tasks, instructors can diversify their practices in writing instruction and assessment, increase the authenticity of writing tasks, and prepare students for their future foreign language courses, academic studies, and professional pursuits.
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Clegg, Michael Jonathon. "Character status as a constraint on inference : some aspects of the cognitive processes underlying written language interpretation." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.320253.
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Wang, Fu-Chuan. "An integration of cognitive academic language proficiency and content-based instruction." CSUSB ScholarWorks, 2003. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd-project/2297.
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Chen, Mingjun, and 陈明君. "Strategy to solve cognitive overload in listening comprehension." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2011. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B48365622.
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本研究通過對深圳大學初級漢語水平留學生的晤談以及測試，發現初級水平階段的漢語學生在聆聽過程中常出現以下困難：
1. 未能準確辨識出語音。
2. 雖然能夠識別單個辭彙或者短語，但是無法獲取整個句子的含義。
3. 未能及時進入聆聽狀態，以至於錯過了錄音的開始部分。
4. 遇到障礙往往會卡在困難之處，導致錯過了後續的錄音內容。
5. 無法概括出語段大意。
由於語言知識的不足，留學生在聆聽過程中往往受挫。從認知負荷理論的角度看，無論是語音、辭彙、語法結構，乃至於句子的深層含義和文本大意，不同的層面都對工作記憶施加了負荷。降低認知負荷的有效方法便是激活學生的圖式，對所聽材料進行預測、補充以及選擇性加工，使工作記憶留存更多資源處理不熟悉的任務。適當的聆聽策略可以幫助學生激活長時記憶中的圖式，跳躍障礙，提升理解。
基於此，本研究以深圳大學初級漢語班的外國學生為研究對象，以其中一班（共13 名學生）為實驗組，另一個班（共11 名學生）為控制組，進行准實驗研究。考慮到學生已初步具備預估、猜想的意識，且大部分聆聽困難可透過此方法得以解決，所以在實驗過程中，實驗組學生將接受“猜一猜”的聽力策略教學法。此聽力策略的實施階段包括聆聽以前和聆聽過程。控制組學生接受教師原有的教學方法，即聆聽前教師講解生詞，學生流覽問題，而後聽錄音做練習。
准實驗研究結果顯示，實驗組學生“詞義推斷”一項成效明顯，而“句子深層含義”以及“概括大意”兩項雖然有所改善，但和控制組相比，差異仍未達到顯著水平。“猜一猜”的聆聽策略能在一定程度上幫助學生激活長時記憶中的圖式，在聆聽前根據話題、背景知識等預估錄音大意，在聆聽過程中，利用上下文來跳躍障礙，達成順暢理解。圖式的激活降低了學習者工作記憶的負荷，為工作記憶釋放了大量空間。
從學生調查問卷的結果看，聽力策略“猜一猜”得到了師生的普遍認同，具有教學意義。
最後，本研究對聆聽教學以及未來研究提出了一些建議，以期有更深入的探討。<br>published_or_final_version<br>Education<br>Master<br>Master of Education
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Tam, Susanne. "Cognitive assessment of Chinese immigrant students in Cantonese and English." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/29732.
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Assessing English-as-a-second-language (ESL) children in their native and second languages (L1 & L2) is likely to result in a better estimate of their academic potential than in the L2 alone. In the present study, the Hong Kong-Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (HK-WISC), the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale: Fourth Edition (SB: FE), and the Woodcock Language Proficiency Battery (WLPB) were administered to 32 Cantonese-speaking children from Hong Kong. The mean age of these children was 11.01 years. Their mean age on arrival (A0A) was 9.27 years, while their mean length of residence (L0R) was 1.74 years. Results of the multiple regression analyses and analysis of variance indicated that AOA and LOR are significant predictive variables for ESL immigrant's verbal performance. In addition, variables such as family socioeconomic status, frequency of speaking Cantonese at home, gender, and having studied English before are also useful to make predictions of these children's performance. The present sample had a high nonverbal and low verbal profile of performance on the English IQ measure. However, this profile of performance was not present on the Chinese IQ measure. These findings add to the cumulative data that Orientals have a characteristic intellectual profile. Finally, this study suggests that, if feasible, immigrant children should be assessed in both LI and L2. Standardized tests can be used to assess ESL immigrant children, even in their first few
years of arrival to a new country. The results of the assessment should be kept as a record so that comparisons can be made with future assessment results. However, all these results need to be interpreted with extreme caution because inappropriate labelling and misplacement of these children are unacceptable.<br>Education, Faculty of<br>Educational and Counselling Psychology, and Special Education (ECPS), Department of<br>Graduate
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Stevenson, Maria Marion Cecilia. "Reading and writing in a foreign language a comparison of conceptual and linguistic processes in Dutch and English /." Amsterdam : Amsterdam : SCO-Kohnstamm Instituut ; Universiteit van Amsterdam [Host], 2005. http://dare.uva.nl/document/79420.
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McGoron, Kathleen. "Cognitive-Affective Processes as a mediator of the Relationship between Responsive Parenting and Preschool Children's externalizing Behavior." ScholarWorks@UNO, 2009. http://scholarworks.uno.edu/td/1011.
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Responsive parenting is characteristically child-centered and creates a climate where children's needs are met. While responsive parenting has been studies less than harsh parenting, initial evidence supports a negative relationship between responsive parenting and children's externalizing problems. The current study sought to identify mechanism by which responsive parenting reduces risk for externalizing problems in the preschool years. Specifically, the study sought to evaluate the extent to which children's language development and children's emotion regulation skills mediate the expected negative relationship between responsive parenting and children's externalizing problems. While responsive parenting was found to be negatively related to children's externalizing problems, support for mediation was not found. Results are discussed in terms of what may account for the lack of support for study hypotheses
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Ahmed, Ahmed Khaled. "The relationship between students' cognitive styles and their proficiency in English as a second language." Virtual Press, 1996. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/1033643.
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The purpose of this study was to investigate aspects of cognitive styles in relationship to the academic orientation of Arab ESL students. More specifically, this study attempted to answer the following questions:1- What are the different cognitive styles Arab students use in their learning of English as a second language?2- To what degree do Arab students who possess different cognitive styles perform differently on the Michigan Test of English Language Proficiency?3- Are students' academic majors related to their proficiency in English as a second language?The subjects of this study were 82 students representing 11 Arab countries enrolled in ESL programs in four American universities. The Inventory of Learning Processes (Schmeck, Ribich, & Ramanaiah, 1977), was used to measure the students' cognitive styles and the Michigan Test of English Language Proficiency (MTELP) was used to measure their performance on English as a second language.Results of this study indicated that Arab students fall on a continuum of four different cognitive styles with Elaborative Processing being the most dominant cognitive style among Arab students (44% of students). Deep Processing and Fact Retention were the next two cognitive styles Arab students possessed (26%, 21 % of students respectively). Only 10% of students possessed the Study Methods cognitive style. There was no significant relationship between students' cognitive styles and their performance on English as a second language except for the weak positive relationship that existed between the cognitive style of Elaborative Processing and proficiency in English as a second language. It was also found that students' academic majors played a major role in their performance on MTELP. Literature majors performed significantly better than science majors in English as a second language.It was recommended that ESL instructors at American universities identify Arab students' cognitive styles by using ILP prior to their enrollment in ESL courses. It was also recommended that ESL instructors vary their teaching strategies and resources so that individual student's needs regarding cognitive style are met. Further research is needed to investigate the interaction between students' academic majors, their cognitive styles and their proficiency in English as a second language. It is also important to further explore the relationship between the Elaborative Processing scale and students' proficiency in English as a second language.<br>Department of Secondary, Higher, and Foundations of Education
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Lee, Hyun Jin. "Self-Regulated Learning of a Second Language in an Individualized Instruction Program: A Social Cognitive Perspective." The Ohio State University, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1483365542296511.
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