Academic literature on the topic 'Foreign power factor'
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Journal articles on the topic "Foreign power factor"
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Iva, Andreeva, Byungwon Woo, and Jaiswal Kumkum. "India's Strategic Foreign Aid: 'The China Factor' in India's Foreign Aid Allocation." East and West Studies 35, no. 3 (2023): 5–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.29274/ews.2023.35.3.5.
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Foreign aid is known to be the primary means through which governments assist each other. Beyond the altruistic incentives for such help, however, there is self-interest involved. Consequently, foreign aid is not always directed towards the states who need it the most, but rather to those, who can contribute to the donor’s strategic considerations. India is one of the emerging countries, which over the past three decades has been expanding its foreign aid in scale and scope. The rationale behind such foreign policy move by New Delhi is argued to be improving India’s international standing. Its biggest rival China, however, is rapidly expanding its own influence and is stepping into India’s strategic space. In this paper we argue that ongoing emerging power rivalry with China is a key determinant in New Delhi’s foreign aid allocation decisions. we analyse India’s foreign assistance for the period 2015-2020 and look for the ‘China factor’ in its allocation strategies. The cases of the Maldives and Mauritius provide evidence for the main argument and show India as a ‘reactive donor’.
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Garver, John W. "The Indian Factor in Recent Sino-Soviet Relations." China Quarterly 125 (March 1991): 55–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305741000030307.
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Chinese foreign policy is typically a complex mix of bilateral, regional and global considerations shaped by the perceptions and domestic political concerns of various participants in China's decision-making process. One significant factor shaping Chinese foreign policy over the past decade which has not been given adequate attention is Chinese consideration of South Asia, and especially India. India's size, substantial aggregate national power, central geographic position in South Asia, prominent role in the Third World/Non-Aligned Movement, and the determination of its leaders to establish India as the pre-eminent power in South Asia, have given India significant weight in Chinese foreign policy calculations. This includes, I will argue, Beijing's calculations regarding China's relations with the Soviet Union and the United States.
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Pyk, Svitlana. "Personality Factor Influence in Foreign Policy Decision Making (the Five-Factor Model of Personality Prism)." Przegląd Strategiczny, no. 17 (December 30, 2024): 217–29. https://doi.org/10.14746/ps.2024.1.15.
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This article studies the personality factor influence in foreign policy decision making. The role of personality in power has for a long time been a matter of research interest of many psychologists, political scientists, and experts in Foreign Policy Analysis. Still, there is no universal model of personality, though elaborating it has been ongoing since 1930s. Among multiple versions of tools, the Five-Factor Model (FFM) promoted by American psychologists R. McCrae and P. Costa, Jr. currently seems to be the most promising. According to the FFM, personality can be described within the framework of five broad dimensions, such as Extraversion, Conscientiousness, Agreeableness, Openness to Experience, and Neuroticism. Each dimension is quite abstract and embraces a number of certain personality traits in hierarchical subordination – from basic biological traits to more complicated behavioral facets, so that the complex comprehension of personality structure is possible. Interpretation of the prevailing personality dimensions and their intercorrelations helps to explain the behavior of personality in power during foreign policy decision making and understand why a certain decision has been made.The personality dimensions under the FFM directly or indirectly correspond with personality characteristics and variables basic in other current personality taxonomies. So, the key suggestion of this article is that the Five-Factor Model as a reliable tool can be used in further research of personality factor influence in foreign policy decision making.
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Thao, Nguyen Thi Huyen. "Higher education – the factor of soft power in U.S. foreign policy from the post-cold war to 2016." Science & Technology Development Journal - Social Sciences & Humanities 4, no. 3 (2020): 605–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.32508/stdjssh.v4i3.578.
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Soft power is a concept that was created by Joseph Nye in the 1990s. After the soft power theory was supplemented many times, up to now, it has been considered a theory interesting to many researchers. In 2005, he pointed out that higher education played an important role and was a factor of soft power in U.S. foreign policy. The United States (U.S) is a country that has flexible, adjustable and appropriated changes in foreign policy. The cultural and educational values in history have created the soft power and own mark of U.S , especially in the period of the Cold War (1947- 1991). At that time, higher education contributed to the training and changing of the mind of many students going to the Soviet Union. After the Cold War ended, the U.S. remained the nation's top-rank comprehensive national power in the World. This national power gave the U.S. favorable conditions to enforce and implement strategies globally. In this way, the soft power was never left behind in the U.S foreign policy, especially in higher education. So, how did the U.S. maintain this policy in the foreign policy and what outcomes did it bring to the U.S.? This article presents the higher education and the factor of soft power in the U.S. foreign policy from the Post-Cold War till 2016.
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Mladenovic, Miroslav, and Zoran Jeftic. "“Soft power“ as a factor of Russian power." Medjunarodni problemi 75, no. 4 (2023): 649–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/medjp2304649m.
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Developing the state?s ability to project ?soft power? is becoming a specialty of all major players in the international arena. it is an integrative part of foreign policy with long-term goals and with its cultural, ideological, political or humanitarian resources it offers an attraction to the country towards which it is directed. There is a theoretical agreement between American and Russian authors about the potential contents of ?soft power?. The concept of ?soft power? given by Professor Nye (Joseph Nye) was also accepted by Russian academics. However, in the practice of ?soft power?, Russia is below the level of the USA, China and the European Union, except in the sphere of humanitarian action. Although humanitarian cooperation is implemented in a very broad scope, for the purposes of this work, a narrower interpretation will be applied, which implies immediate humanitarian aid, humanitarian operations and actions carried out in situations of natural and man-made disasters, humanitarian crises and armed conflicts. its uniqueness lies primarily in the specificity of Russia?s national security system and the existence of the powerful Ministry for Emergency Situations and Elimination of the Consequences of Natural and Man-made Disasters, which offers a wide range capabilities for the needs of international humanitarian cooperation. in the paper, the Serbian-Russian humanitarian center will be shown in particular, as a good example of humanitarian cooperation, but also a projection of the ?soft power? of Russia.
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Sperling, James. "Low expectations: does Italy factor into American foreign policy calculations?" Modern Italy 15, no. 3 (2010): 259–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13532944.2010.490335.
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The American attentive foreign policy elite's perceptions of Italy as a foreign policy actor appear inconsistent with Italy's global role. The paradox of Italy's global status as a middle-power and the absence of status within the American foreign policy community raises three questions: What role should we expect Italy to play in American foreign policy calculations given its structural position in the international system? What role does Italy play in aiding or hindering American foreign policy objectives within the transatlantic community? Is there a disjunction between the American elite's subjectively low expectations for Italy as a foreign policy actor and Italy's objective importance for the successful realisation of American foreign policy objectives?
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Khabibullaevich, Khikmatov Fatkhulla. "THE CHINESE FACTOR IN MODERN GEOPOLITICS." International Journal Of History And Political Sciences 4, no. 1 (2024): 15–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.37547/ijhps/volume04issue01-04.
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The article analyzes the geopolitical direction of China's development in the context of the emergence of a “new world order” and the risks for thecountry. The foreign policy of China, the policy of resource security of China associated with changes in the geopolitical map are analyzed. The study concluded that in the long term, a new bipolar balance will be established with centers of power in the US and China.
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Yuldashev, Anvar E., and Ulugbek A. Saidov. "THE FACTOR OF AFGHANISTAN IN THE FOREIGN POLICY OF UZBEKISTAN." Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities Research Fundamentals 4, no. 1 (2024): 21–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.55640/jsshrf-04-01-05.
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This article examines the significance of Afghanistan in shaping the foreign policy of Uzbekistan. The geopolitical proximity of Uzbekistan to Afghanistan has had a profound impact on its foreign policy decisions, particularly in the realms of security, trade, and regional cooperation. Since the emergence of an independent Uzbekistan in 1991, the country has recognized the strategic importance of fostering stable and cooperative relations with its southern neighbor, Afghanistan. This article delves into the historical context of Uzbekistan-Afghanistan relations and analyzes the evolving dynamics in the wake of changing geopolitical landscapes, such as the withdrawal of international forces from Afghanistan and the subsequent power shift in Kabul. Furthermore, it explores the implications of Afghanistan's internal developments on Uzbekistan's security concerns, economic interests, and regional integration efforts. The study also sheds light on Uzbekistan's role in facilitating peace and stability in Afghanistan, as well as its engagement in regional initiatives aimed at fostering economic connectivity and security cooperation. By analyzing the multifaceted interplay between Uzbekistan and Afghanistan, this article aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of how Afghanistan factors into the foreign policy calculus of Uzbekistan and the implications for regional dynamics in Central Asia.
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Normurodova, Aziza Bahodir qizi. "THE "SOFT POWER" FACTOR IN UZBEKISTAN'S FOREIGN POLICY: PROBLEMS AND OPPORTUNITIES." GOLDEN BRAIN 2, no. 12 (2024): 19–24. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11499583.
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<em>This article examines the role of soft power in Uzbekistan’s foreign policy, highlighting both challenges and potential benefits. Soft power, defined as the ability to shape preferences through appeal and attraction rather than coercion, is increasingly significant in the global diplomatic landscape. For Uzbekistan, a nation strategically located in Central Asia, leveraging cultural diplomacy, educational exchanges, and media influence can enhance its international standing and foster stronger bilateral relations. Key opportunities for Uzbekistan include promoting its rich cultural heritage, increasing its presence in international educational institutions, and harnessing the potential of its youth in technology and innovation. These efforts can improve its image and foster goodwill among other nations. However, challenges persist, such as overcoming negative perceptions rooted in past political issues, addressing internal socio-economic disparities, and ensuring consistent policy implementation. The article argues that while Uzbekistan has made strides in utilizing soft power, a coherent and strategic approach is essential to maximize its impact. This involves not only promoting positive aspects of Uzbek culture and policy but also addressing underlying domestic issues that could undermine its credibility on the global stage. By navigating these challenges effectively, Uzbekistan can strengthen its soft power and play a more influential role in regional and global affairs.</em>
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Panfilov, Oleksandr Yuriyovych, and Olga Oleksandrivna Savchenko. "US EDUCATIONAL FOREIGN POLICY AS A "SOFT POWER" FACTOR: RETROSPECTIVE ASPECT." Bulletin of Yaroslav Mudryi National Law University. Series:Philosophy, philosophies of law, political science, sociology 51, no. 4 (2021): 179–91. https://doi.org/10.21564/2663-5704.51.242016.
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The subject of the article is education as a component of US foreign policy that was used and still is as an efficient and influential factor in the development of society oriented to American values, viewpoints, and way of life. The goal of the article is to analyse the place and role of education in the US foreign policy strategy in the modern era, while the main objectives are to specify the strategic directions of using education as a “soft power” by the United States as well as identify specific mechanisms that enable achieving the most effective results in this direction. Within the study, all the above objectives are solved. In particular, the main results obtained include the following: the historical context of the US use of education as a “soft power” tool is studied, the strategic directions of using educational potential as a “soft power” are analysed, the areas where educational efforts of the United States have always been concentrated are singled out. The US experience in the sphere of educational services export can be used to specify and theoretically substantiate the capabilities of Ukraine to advance its interests in the international arena using the educational opportunities our country can suggest to the world.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Foreign power factor"
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Ducke, Isa. "Status as a factor in Japanese foreign policy making toward Korea." Thesis, SOAS, University of London, 2000. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.326232.
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Bednařík, Josef. "Návrh a realizace bezdrátového nabíjení pro vestavěné systémy." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2020. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-417755.
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This thesis deals with the design and realization of wireless power charging circuit for embedded systems. The research section focuses on the various ways and technologies used in applications of wireless power transfer. The theoretical part also briefly characterizes resonant inductive coupling and critical parameters of the transfer. This is followed by realization of various variants of transfer coils and electromagnetic oscillators. Wireless power charging prototype system is created and used for testing purposes to find optimal configuration of resonator. The hardware unit presented in the final part of the thesis exploits microcontroller and implemented software is extended by foreign object detection algorithm along with method to monitor battery charging state.
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Puzyrev, Kirill. "SPECIFIC INTERNAL FACTORS OF THE FOREIGN POLICY MAKING IN RUSSIA." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2011. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-113619.
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After the collapse of the Soviet Union and the failure of an ideology of Socialism Russia appeared on a new stage of its development. The political system, its institutions and mechanisms were changed considerably. In this new system appeared new economic, political, social and other factors, conditions and processes which contribute to the formation of the foreign policy of Russia. Thus the research is dealing with such an important component of the foreign policy formation as specific factors and processes occurring within the state. The aim of the paper is to determine the most significant of those factors, find out the reason of their influence and to reveal their weak and strong positions.
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Clement, Dominique Thomas. "The royal commission on espionage 1946-1948: a case study in the mobilization of the Canadian Civil Liberties Movement." Thesis, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/10389.
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There exists, at this time, surprisingly little historiography on how civil liberties were shaped
and developed in practice throughout Canadian history. An examination of the 1946 Royal
Commission on Espionage offers several insights into the nature of the immediate post-World War
Two civil liberties movement.
The commission was formed in response to the defection of a Russian cipher clerk, Igor
Gouzenko, in late 1945. The commission investigated the existence of a Russian-led spy ring that
had recruited several Canadian civil servants into disclosing secret information. The commission
is unique in Canadian history; dominantly due to the fact that it was empowered under the War
Measures Act which granted it enormous powers. Everything from a citizen's right to counsel,
habeas corpus, protection from state coercion and the right to a fair trial were circumvented.
This work attempts to offer a few answers to some important questions about Canadian civil
liberties. What were to consequences of the commission's actions? Does Canadian society accept
the need to allow a government to violate individual liberties to protect the integrity of the state?
Furthermore, the following article will examine the nature of the civil liberties movement following
WWII, including the role of the media and civil liberties' organizations in increasing awareness of
the vulnerability of individual rights from state abuse. The purpose of this work is to demonstrate
the enormous potential in which Parliament could act independently in re-defining Canadians' civil
liberties while at the same time demonstrating the central role the Royal Commission on Espionage
played in stimulating the post-WWII civil liberties movement. The Royal Commission on Espionage
is only one black spot in the history of Canadian civil liberties but there remain many questions to
be asked about Canadians' willingness to trust and accept that dictates of the state.
Books on the topic "Foreign power factor"
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Wiel, Jérôme aan De. The Irish factor, 1899-1919: Ireland's strategic and diplomatic importance for foreign powers. Irish Academic Press, 2008.
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Baybakova, Larisa. In search of a modern concept of US foreign policy of the late XIX-early XX century. INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1071748.
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The monograph of the Russian American historian is devoted to a number of conceptual problems of US foreign policy in the period of early globalization (late XIX-early XX century). The significance of the socio-economic factor is reinterpreted from the standpoint of modern theory and methodology; the role of the ideology used by the political elite to justify American expansion is traced. New interpretations of the causes and consequences of the Spanish-American war of 1898 are given: for the first time, the place of the "yellow" press in inciting anti-Spanish sentiment among ordinary Americans is shown in detail as one of the first manifestations of successful manipulation of public opinion; the level of combat capability of the American army, which achieved victory over a weaker enemy, but was unprepared to conduct an armed struggle for achieving geopolitical interests with leading European powers, is critically assessed. The archival material, first introduced into scientific circulation, traces the mediation activities of President Roosevelt As the first successful experience in the peaceful settlement of regional conflicts, and also shows the search by top officials for a new world order under the auspices of the United States, with an emphasis on the use of the principles of international arbitration. It is addressed to researchers, teachers, and students interested in the history of the United States.
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United States. President (1993-2001 : Clinton). Blocking government of Haiti property and prohibiting transactions with Haiti: Message from the President of the United States transmitting a copy of an executive order taking additional steps with respect to the actions and policies of the de facto regime in Haiti and the national emergency described and declared in executive order no. 12775, pursuant to 50 U.S.C. 1701 et seq., and 1601 et seq., and 22 U.S.C. 287c. U.S. G.P.O., 1993.
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1946-, Clinton Bill, and United States. Congress. House. Committee on Foreign Affairs., eds. Blocking government of Haiti property and prohibiting transactions with Haiti: Message from the President of the United States transmitting a copy of an executive order taking additional steps with respect to the actions and policies of the de facto regime in Haiti and the national emergency described and declared in executive order no. 12775, pursuant to 50 U.S.C. 1701 et seq., and 1601 et seq., and 22 U.S.C. 287c. U.S. G.P.O., 1993.
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United States. President (1993-2001 : Clinton). Blocking government of Haiti property and prohibiting transactions with Haiti: Message from the President of the United States transmitting a copy of an executive order taking additional steps with respect to the actions and policies of the de facto regime in Haiti and the national emergency described and declared in executive order no. 12775, pursuant to 50 U.S.C. 1701 et seq., and 1601 et seq., and 22 U.S.C. 287c. U.S. G.P.O., 1993.
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Ovsyannikova, Ol'ga. The transformation of the modern world order in the context of the Ukrainian crisis. INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/2076752.
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The monograph examines the main directions of transformation of the modern world order. The main factors determining the development of these processes, problems and prospects of the formation of a new world order at the beginning of the third decade of the XXI century are determined. Based on the analysis of various modern global political processes, the transformation of the role of the world's leading actors is justified, taking into account the emergence and establishment of new centers of power. A special place is occupied by the analysis of foreign policy concepts and strategic planning documents of the world's leading actors, which determine their interests, goals, as well as the expected nature of activities in the process of transformation of the modern world order.
 The essential features of the Ukrainian crisis are determined as part of global transformational processes aimed at realizing the interests of the United States and its allies, as well as the specifics of modern processes in Ukraine as part of the global conflict of the Western community against Russia in order to inflict maximum damage on it in all spheres of life.
 The author's conclusions and suggestions can be used in the process of developing the implementation of a balanced and verified policy in order to ensure the national security and interests of the Russian Federation in the context of the transformation of the modern world order, in the preparation of textbooks for higher education institutions, for professional training and retraining in the specialties "Political Science", "Conflictology", "International Relations".
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Sang-in, Chŏn, ред. Hanʼguk hyŏndaesa: Chinsil kwa haesŏk. Nanam Chʻulpʻan, 2005.
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Grare, Frédéric. The Evolution of the China Factor in India’s Foreign Policy. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190859336.003.0002.
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Ongoing bilateral disputes and mistrust between Beijing and New Delhi, coupled with China’s growing economic, political and military role, have been important motivators behind India’s engagement with Asia. The relationship between the two countries involves territorial disputes, elements of rivalry for political dominance in Asia but also strong incentives for cooperation. Therefore, the Look East policy has been conceived as an attempt to not only balance and deter but also engage China. India seeks to create a virtuous circle by which engagement with India China will mitigate the consequences of the capacity gap between India and China and will provide India with the economic, military and political resources necessary to alter the Asian power structure in its favour.
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Chaudhuri, Pramit Pal. The China Factor in Indian Ocean Policy of the Modi and Singh Governments. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199479337.003.0004.
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This chapter explores the evolution of top Indian foreign policy-makers towards China’s role in the Indian Ocean. Chaudhuri gives a New Delhi insider’s view on the efforts by Indian leaders to engage with China on these issues under the previous Congress government. He argues that by the end of the Singh administration, Indian policy makers had concluded that China was an ‘autistic power’ and that their approach of engagement had failed. Chaudhuri tracks the further changes in India’s approach under Narendra Modi, including India’s decision to align with the United States and Japan. He argues that Modi’s major challenge in the Indian Ocean is now primarily one of implementation of India’s announced policies.
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Hoare, J. E., ed. Culture Power & Politics in Treaty Port Japan 1854-1899 Key Papers Press and Contemporary Writings. Amsterdam University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/9781898823629.
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This two-volume collection, supported by an in-depth introduction that addresses origins, actuality, endgame and afterlife, brings together for the first time contemporary documentation and more recent scholarship to give a broad picture of Japan’s Treaty Ports and their inhabitants at work and play in the second half of the nineteenth century. The material selected, shows how the ports’ existence and the Japanese struggle to end their special status, impacted on many aspects of modern Japan beyond their primary role as trading stations. Compared with their counterparts in China, the Japanese treaty ports cast a small shadow. They were far fewer - only four really mattered - and lasted for just under fifty years, while the Chinese ports made their centenary. Yet the Japanese ports were important. The thriving modern cities of Yokohama and Kobe had their origins as treaty ports. Nagasaki, a major centre of foreign trade since at least the sixteenth century, may not have owed so much to its treaty-port status, but it was a factor in its modern development.
Book chapters on the topic "Foreign power factor"
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Haynes, Jeffrey. "Religious Soft Power and the Foreign Policy of Donald Trump." In Rethinking the Religious Factor in Foreign Policy. Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-33776-6_2.
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Nie, Liming, Sa Liu, Xiukun Wu, and Zhe Li. "Analysis of Nuclear Power Economy and Its Influencing Factors." In Springer Proceedings in Physics. Springer Nature Singapore, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-1023-6_12.
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AbstractThe improvement of nuclear power economy is indispensable to the safe and efficient development of nuclear power. This paper explores the scope of economic evaluation of nuclear power based on literature and actual project operation. The evaluation scope includes power plant level, grid level and external level and this paper proposes a corresponding evaluation indicators based on the above analysis. This paper qualitatively analyzes the characteristics and influencing factors of nuclear power economy based on the current situation of nuclear power economy in China. Considering the difference between economic evaluation standard and actual operation, the typical influencing factors of economic evaluation indicators of power plant level are quantitatively evaluated. The economy of grid level and external level is analyzed by referring to foreign literature. Finally, suggestions on improving the economic efficiency of nuclear power are put forward from the aspects of economic evaluation standards and policies.
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Zhang, Chenyang. "Case Filing and Determination of the Adjudicatory Personnel." In Win in Chinese Courts. Springer Nature Singapore, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-3342-6_3.
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AbstractAfter determining the competent court, the plaintiff can bring the lawsuit by submitting the statement of claim, necessary evidence, and other formality documents to the court. However, it is noteworthy that foreign parties, especially foreign companies and other institutions, need to prepare a series of formality documents as required by the Chinese court to participate in litigation, which can sometimes be somewhat cumbersome. Therefore, it is necessary to spare sufficient time to get ready. Upon receipt of the plaintiff’s materials, the Chinese court shall examine them to limited extent, and file the case upon satisfaction of certain statutory conditions. To facilitate foreign parties to submit filing materials online, the SPC establishes an Internet platform for foreign parties and streamlines the case-filing procedures from several aspects. Due to some concerns, however, we would advise that foreign organizations prepare paper materials in the traditional way, and seek help from Chinese lawyers for case filing. After the case filing, Chinese courts generally determine the judge(s) for a case through the computer-based random allocation, but under special circumstances, Chinese courts will directly appoint the judge(s) for a case. There is no jury system in China, and the facts and legal issues involved in the case should be decided by the collegial panel or the sole judge. Nevertheless, Chinese citizens can participate in the trial by joining the collegial panel as people’s assessors. The power of people’s assessors is generally the same as that of judges, but in some cases, they only have the right to vote on the finding of facts.
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Wivel, Anders. "Foreign Policy Analysis and Realism." In The Oxford Handbook of Foreign Policy Analysis. Oxford University Press, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198843061.013.6.
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Abstract Realists emphasize the importance of structural and systemic factors for foreign policy but differ in their views on the density of the international system, the typical foreign policy behaviour of states, the impact of domestic politics and individuals on foreign policy, and the relative weight of and interplay between material and ideational factors. They unpack the foreign policy challenges and opportunities following from the anarchic structure of the international system, explain how relative power matters for what states can and cannot do, and explore the mechanisms by which structural incentives are translated into foreign policy through decision-makers and domestic politics and discourses. The chapter provides a critical overview of realist approaches to foreign policy analysis (FPA) and discusses how one of these approaches, neoclassical realism, may be reconceptualized as a template for multi-factor and multi-level analysis benefitting from recent advances in FPA.
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Zervoudi, Evanthia K. "Evaluating the Role of Three Basic Factors of Prospect Theory in Decision Making." In Foreign Direct Investments. IGI Global, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-2448-0.ch025.
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The main aim of this paper is to empirically evaluate the role of three significant factors of the Prospect Theory: the S-shaped value function, the loss aversion, and the distortion of probability, in decision making. In order to do this, a general behavioral reward-risk model is firstly setup and an empirical evaluation about the role of each of these factor, separately and in interaction, on the optimal solutions of the problem follows. For the analysis, well known US equity portfolios consisting by stocks listed in NYSE, AMEX, and NASDAQ formed on investment style are employed. The findings indicate that agents differentiate their behavior according to their type of preferences and their loss aversion level but they seem to always prefer high positively skewed assets such as small and value stocks. The attractiveness of positively skewed assets is re-enforced when probability distortion is introduced in the model. The introduction of probability distortion also affects the optimal perspective values of the problem increasing significantly their magnitude. After that, results show that as loss aversion increases agents tend to follow more conservative strategies, with and without probability distortion, while the value functional form has also its role in the model; bounded value functions as the negative exponential function drives agents to more conservative behaviors while unbounded value functions as the piecewise power function give the incentive to agents to undertake great risks and follow more aggressive strategies. The examination of the interaction of these factors indicate that the combination of an unbounded value functional form with a large loss aversion index may reduce agents' aggressiveness and limit (but not alter) the value functional form effect on optimal solutions.
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Dueck, Jennifer M. "The Axis Factor: Fascist Overtures." In The Claims of Culture at Empire's End. British Academy, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.5871/bacad/9780197264478.003.0007.
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This chapter focuses on the Italian and German presence in the Levant in the pre-war period. It examines how German and Italian cultural activities became a forum in which links were forged and fashioned between French, foreign, and local cultural players. After providing an overview of German and Italian interests in the Middle East, the Italian and German networks are dealt with individually. Although Italy and Germany shared the desire to diminish Franco–British influence in the Middle East, they both faced obstacles to implementing a programme of active penetration. As political or military avenues of agitation were not feasible, cultural projects took on greater significance than would otherwise have been the case. Both nations wanted to encourage anti-French agitation without provoking direct international confrontation or appearing politically power-hungry in the eyes of the local population.
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Rashed, Ahmed, Yong Chen Chen, and Siew-Voon Soon. "FDI and the Gap of Clean Power Finance." In Handbook of Research on Energy and Environmental Finance 4.0. IGI Global, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-8210-7.ch009.
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Twin deficits in energy and financing are extensively detrimental in Africa which in turn entails foreign direct investment (FDI) to be effectively promoted. This study intends to examine the determinants of FDI in the clean power industry in Africa over the period 2003-2019. By using a robust model of FDI panel gravity fixed effects Poisson pseudo-maximum likelihood, a range of encouraging and reassuring results are found. Importantly, enhancing the awareness of the importance of renewable energy robustly attracts FDI in Africa. Moreover, as anticipated, geographical distance is not the main factor in influencing the decision made by foreign investors. Moving forward, improving renewable energy education with the timely availability of data promotes awareness in society and thus may facilitate the development of the clean power industry in Africa in the near future.
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"Introduction." In Russian Foreign Policy Towards the Middle East, edited by Nikolay Kozhanov. Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197656556.003.0001.
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Abstract This volume offers a comprehensive view of the drivers of Russian diplomacy and how their interplay shapes Russia's approaches to the Middle East. These studies demonstrate that, while it plays an important role in shaping Moscow's approaches to the region, Russia's confrontation with the West should not be considered the only factor determining the Kremlin's policy in the Gulf. This volume demonstrates that Russia's domestic situation and the heritage of past experiences dealing with the region are no less important. Many underestimate the influence of the struggle for political power within Russia, and ignore the role of the Cold War experience, in determining Moscow's behavior in the Middle East. Many also simplify the role of Russian energy corporations as creating sources for conflict and cooperation between Moscow and Middle Eastern powers. While some authors present Russian oil and gas resources as just another lever through which Moscow exercises its influence in the region, this volume demonstrates that the Russian economy's heavy dependence on the export of hydrocarbons also shapes its policy.
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Kargados, Panagiotis, and Elina moustaira. "Greece." In Declining Jurisdiction In Private International Law. Oxford University PressOxford, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198259596.003.0011.
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Abstract As it is an old, well known, and well respected principle of international law that every State has the power autonomously to determine its own international jurisdiction, Greece was early on confronted with the problem of whether and on what conditions Greek courts should have the power to decide international, i.e. Graeco-foreign private law disputes. However, it was some time (1835-1968) before Greek citizenship ceased to be the determinative factor of our international jurisdiction. First in 1940, and then more clearly in 1968, Greek citizenship gave way, as such a factor, to the principle of overlapping international and territorial jurisdiction. According to Article 3 of the Code of Civil Procedure of 1968, Greek courts have international jurisdiction when they have territorial jurisdiction.
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Kurlantzick, Joshua. "Opportunities." In Beijing's Global Media Offensive. Oxford University PressNew York, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197515761.003.0005.
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Abstract Some of the motivations for China’s expanded soft and sharp power campaigns today were the limits of its earlier charm offensive, the seismic changes in Chinese domestic politics during the era of Xi Jinping, the growing appeal of China’s developmental model amidst democracies’ domestic problems, and the simple fact that China is becoming a major global power—economically, strategically, and diplomatically. As a more dominant power, Beijing needs a bigger set of tools to protect and expand its strategic and economic reach, across a far broader array of regions, and to mitigate the growing anger in some countries over China’s more assertive diplomacy and foreign policy choices. But a major factor behind this expanded campaign as well was opportunity—particularly, the opportunity to wield sharp power. Many democracies seemed quite vulnerable to sharp power. And by the 2010s, China had greater resources to deploy on sharp power tactics that already had begun to show promise, and was learning from Russia’s sharp power examples that showed weaknesses in other countries to sharp power. Australia and New Zealand were some of the first to face serious Chinese influence in their political systems and media.
Conference papers on the topic "Foreign power factor"
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Ahmed, Shakeel, Bahram Bahram, Sameer Razzaq, Dilan Dost, and Mehtab Ali. "Developing a PLS-SEM Model to Identify Risk Management Strategies in Construction Contracts: A Case Study in Public Sector Construction of Pakistan." In 14th International Civil Engineering Conference. Trans Tech Publications Ltd, 2025. https://doi.org/10.4028/p-mcn3wd.
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Political unpredictability, environmental hazards, technological constraints, economic volatility, and regulatory barriers are a few difficulties facing Pakistan's public sector construction industry. These elements, together with inadequate infrastructure, have made it extremely difficult to guarantee the success of projects. The complex nature of hazards in this industry is frequently overlooked by existing models and tactics, despite the crucial role that efficient risk management plays in reducing these difficulties. Traditional methods do not capture The complexity involved well, increasing the likelihood of project failure. A structural equation modelling technique that enables the estimate of intricate cause-and-effect linkages in route models with latent variables is partial least squares path modelling, also known as partial least squares structural equation modelling (PLS-PM, PLS-SEM). Data from an 82-person questionnaire survey with G Power taking effect size (0.3), alpha error (0.05), and beta error (0.88) were analyzed using PLS-SEM. The participants included customers, contractors, and consultants involved in public sector building projects in Pakistan. The findings indicated that the model's goodness of fit index is 0.405. Since the coefficient of determination test (R2) of the produced model yielded an analysis result of 0.713, indicating a considerable explanation of the link between the causes of risks and their impacts on project success, the developed model was considered to fit. Project management, feasibility study design, and resource material availability are the internal risk categories most affected. Security, economic, and political factors are the primary components of foreign risk. Based on expert and statistical validation testing, the developed risk factor model successfully explained how risk variables affect construction project success.
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Fernandez, Joseph, and Alberto Sagüés. "Assessing Feasibility of Cathodic Protection for Nuclear Containment Steel Liner." In CORROSION 2014. NACE International, 2014. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2014-3984.
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Abstract Localized macrocell-aggravated corrosion of the nuclear reactor containment steel liners has taken place due to embedded foreign material in the concrete shell. Cathodic protection (CP) with externally placed anodes has been considered as a remedial measure but it is not known to what extent the presence of other embedded reinforcement may electrochemically shield the liner surface and lower the achievable protection. Finite element numerical modeling of the system was conducted to assess the feasibility of effective CP under those conditions. The model calculated, as a function of system parameters, the potential and oxygen concentration distributions in a region of the containment system affected by the macrocell conditions. The calculations were then extended by incorporating an external anode that delivered protective current as in a typical impressed current CP system. The model results, in the form of the corrosion rate before and after protection, was computed for a range of likely concrete parameters that included oxygen diffusivity and resistitivity, amount of reinforcement, as well as for a range of steel and anode polarization variables and of applied protective current density. The results indicated that under selected plausible circumstances, CP may be a viable method of controlling liner corrosion. The relative improvements where the corrosion rate at the affected zone was lowered by a factor of about 100 were achieved in an envelope of conditions that included concrete oxygen diffusivity about 1.0E-08 m2/sec, resistivity ~ 100 Ohm-m, and a steel placement density ~ 1 m2 of steel per m3 of concrete. Oxygen depletion was determined to be a key factor in the effectiveness of the cathodic protection. Impact of the findings could be significant. Determining the issues that need to be dealt with for cathodic protection could allow design changes to current and new nuclear power plants to help implement CP.
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Nikhamkin, Mickhail S., Leonid V. Voronov, and Irina V. Semenova. "Foreign Object Damage and Fatigue Strength Loss in Compressor Blades." In ASME Turbo Expo 2008: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2008-51493.
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Foreign object damage (FOD) is always an all-important problem of gas turbine engines safety, reliability and operating costs. This paper describes experimental and numerical prediction investigations of FOD to compressor blades of gas turbine engine. Experimental modeling of FOD processes was done using a special plant on the base of a pneumatic gun. Real steel blades of a high-pressure compressor were impacted with spherical steel projectiles at the velocity about 200 m/s. Typical in-service damages as well as round dents, tears and bends were reproduced in the experiment. Numerical prediction analyses of the damage process were fulfilled by finite element method (FEM). Material behavior is described with elastic-plastic strain rate dependent model. We find the form and sizes of the calculated damages to be in good agreement with the experimental findings. Furthermore, the experimental and computational procedure for estimation of fatigue strength loss of damaged blades is proposed. It is based on study of stress concentration in damages. Stress concentration factor for different concentrator shapes was calculated using 3-D finite element analyses and refined via a stress concentration sensitivity factor. Stress concentration sensitivity factor was experimentally defined through fatigue tests of real blades with V-shape notches at leading edge. This technique supposes minimum laborious fatigue tests. Experimentally confirmed numerical methodology and model may be used for prediction study of FOD and fatigue strength loss of gas turbine engine blades.
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Ayorinde, Emmanuel, Jeffrey Mahachi, Clinton Aigbavboa, and Ntebo Ncogbo. "Financing Power Infrastructure in a Developing Economy: An Exploratory Factor Analysis Approach." In 14th International Conference on Applied Human Factors and Ergonomics (AHFE 2023). AHFE International, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.54941/ahfe1003685.
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Power infrastructure development plays a fundamental role in nations building and economic growth, and it influences both developed and developing countries. This study assesses the mode of financing power infrastructure in a developing economy. Adopting a quantitative approach, data was retrieved through the use of questionnaire. The target population of the study were professionals saddled in the affairs of implementing policies on power infrastructure. Mean Item Score and Factor analysis served as the methods of data analysis. The study revealed that the most effective ways of financing power infrastructure are public-private partnership; also revealed from the factor analysis is three major constructs that serves as the major ways of financing power projects which are development mechanisms, public-private sources, and foreign financing mechanisms. Conclusively, the study outlined that the weight and strength required to develop power infrastructure effectively is enormous in nature, it is therefore imperative that government institutions find a lasting and effective solution to the problem of power infrastructure financing. Ultimately this will help improve economic profile and social development of a developing economy. This study contributes to the power infrastructure and social development of developing economies. This will help improve electricity security in developing economy since financing power infrastructure effectively is one of the major problem facing development in Africa.
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Nikhamkin, Mickhail S., Leonid V. Voronov, and Irina V. Semenova. "Effect of Blade Geometry and Foreign Object Kinetic Energy on Blades Damage." In ASME Turbo Expo 2010: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2010-22425.
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One of the main reasons of engine failure is foreign object damage (FOD) of compressor blades. Engine manufactures are constantly searching for blade endurance increasing methods. The problem solution requires investigation in the field of the structural factor effects on the blade damageability. The paper describes numerical analysis method of the damage process. Based on “the typical damage case” concept, this method can simulate typical blade damages: dents, tears, notches. The numerical analysis is performed by the finite element method (FEM). Material behavior is described with an elastic-plastic strain rate dependent model. Blade damage numerical model is thoroughly verified by the results of special experiments. To implement the experimental modeling, actual blades were damaged, a special experimental setup based on a pneumatic gun being used. The foreign object kinematic parameters before and after the impact, a blade leading edge displacements and residual deformation fields registered in the experiment are used as verification criteria for the numerical model. The blade leading edge thickness and a foreign object energy effect on the blade damageability is investigated. The research showed there are some foreign object kinetic energy critical values at which the damage mechanism and type are changed.
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CHICU, Silvia. "The role of the external factor in gaining and preserving political power in the Romanian Middle Ages (case study: Alexandru Lapusneanu)." In Ştiință și educație: noi abordări și perspective. "Ion Creanga" State Pedagogical University, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.46727/c.v3.24-25-03-2023.p131-135.
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The purpose of this study is to analyze the role of external factors in gaining political power by pretenders to the throne in medieval society. The evolution of society was influenced by political power, by those who were in power. Our investigation is focused on the personality and reign of Alexandru Lapusneanu. The historical sources have registered the deterioration of the political situation in the Principality of Moldova in the middle of the 16th century. The Principality was in full process of changing the political and legal status when it comes to external politics. The context was even more complicated due to the discreditation of the Rares family by converting to Islam the Lord of Moldova - Ilie Rares. In this complicated political context, the boyar groups of various political orientation that did not have sufficient human and military potential turned to foreign aid in order to gain power. Alexandru Lapusneanu and his supporters were not an exception. Historical sources have recorded his special ability to balance between different external political options in order to preserve his Reign and not allow Moldova to be turned into a pasalac (Turkish administrative territorial unit). By offering support to obtain the throne, neighboring powers aimed to maintain the East-Carpathian space in the sphere of their influence. A careful analysis of the sources proves that the neighboring powers used the pretenders to the throne of Moldova. Granting political asylum was used as means of coercing the Lord on the throne, thus forcing him to act in accordance with their interests.
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Jarvis, Julie M., Allen T. Vieiria, Paul J. Babel, and Paul J. Kochis. "Eliminating Steam Blow Piping Overcleaning During Power Plant Startup." In ASME 2008 Power Conference. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/power2008-60129.
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This paper investigates and justifies the use of a minimum necessary cleaning force ratio or cleaning factor for steam blows. Steam line blowing is an operational cleaning method used to clean steam piping and reheaters prior to turbine powering for steam power plants. The steam blows remove weld bead deposits, slag, debris, surface scale, and other foreign materials which could be carried into the steam turbines and damage the turbine blades during normal plant operation. Piping is blown, bypassing the turbine, with sufficient boiler pressure to ensure the dynamic pressure throughout the piping is greater than would be experienced during all plant operating conditions. By providing flow rates corresponding to the maximum service condition for any given section of piping, there will be sufficient kinetic energy to ensure complete removal of any impurities from the pipe. Historically, the required steam blow pressures are calculated to achieve a cleaning force ratio of 1.2. Cleaning Force Ratio (CFR) or Cleaning Factor (CF) is an industry-accepted factor that quantifies the ratio of required dynamic pressure for cleaning to maximum dynamic pressure experienced during system operation. For CFRs, the turbine vendors tend to have guidelines or ranges rather than definitive acceptance criteria. It is usually left up to the commissioning engineer, the Project Startup Manager and Owner to determine what is necessary for final acceptance. It is desirable to reduce the required minimum blowout pressure and flow rate to facilitate plant startup. By reducing the required minimum blowout pressure and flow rate, permanent plant equipment and temporary steam blow piping wear can be reduced and over cleaning avoided. Further, time between steam blows can be reduced. This paper examines the CFR guidelines for various turbine vendors and justifies reducing the CFR from 1.2 to 1.0. Advantages of the use of a minimum necessary CFR include reduced required steam blow pressures which result in safer steam blows, and less expensive temporary steam blow piping. Use of a minimum necessary CFR will still maintain the effectiveness of the steam blow.
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Azgün, Sabri, Ziya Çağlar Yurttançıkmaz, Mine Gerni, and Selahattin Sarı. "Determination of the Level of Intra Industry Trade and Sectoral Competition Power between Turkey and Central Asian Turkic Countries." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c07.01521.
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In terms of Intra-industry trade, international investments, technology transfer and capital movements, has increased the interdependence of countries and increasingly have similar economic structures of countries. Intra-industry trade, is of goods and services with the same or similar factor intensity in production or, two-way trade of goods and services that are close substitutes for each other as the demand side. Intra-industry trade, is extremely important in terms of the determination of competitive aspects and of foreign exchange earnings of the country and industry. The aim of this study is to determine the level of intra-industry trade between Turkey and The Turkic Central Asian countries and productive product and sectors to be advantageous in Turkey's intra-industry trade. In this study, Using The Balassa and Grubel-Lloyd index of Intra-ındustry trade measurement methods will be analyzed the development of intra-industry trade between Turkey and The Turkic Central Asian countries for the period 1995-2013 and highly competitive industry and products will be determined on the basis of foreign trade data in STIC 9 digit.
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Smetana, Vladimir Vasilievich. "DIGITAL IMMORTALITY AND THE METAMORPHOSIS OF POWER: A PHILOSOPHICAL ANALYSIS OF ACCESS, CONTROL AND DYNAMICS." In Themed collection of papers from Foreign International Scientific Conference «Modern research on the way to a new scientific revolution». by HNRI «National development» in cooperation with AFP (Puerto Cabezas, Nicaragua). November 2024. – Havana (Cuba). Crossref, 2025. https://doi.org/10.37539/241128.2024.50.44.003.
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This article is devoted to a philosophical study of the transformation of power in the context of digital immortality - a hypothetical possibility of transferring human consciousness into a digital environment and achieving potentially infinite existence. Digital immortality is considered as a factor capable of radically changing the balance of power in society and giving rise to new forms of power, control and social interaction. The article examines the factors limiting access to digital immortality technology, such as high cost, technological complexity and ethical considerations. The social and political consequences of unequal access are analyzed, including the increase in social inequality and the emergence of a “digital divide” - a gap in access to immortality itself. The role of data in ensuring digital immortality and the problem of ownership and control over the personal data of “immortal” individuals are considered. Particular attention is paid to the risks of data abuse, manipulation of consciousness and violation of privacy. The changes in the balance of power between the “immortals” and “mortals” are analyzed, as well as the emergence of new forms of social hierarchy and discrimination. The potential for conflict and social instability associated with inequality and the struggle for resources is explored. The article uses an interdisciplinary approach that combines methods from the philosophy of technology, social philosophy, political philosophy and ethics. The analysis is based on a critical understanding of classical and contemporary philosophical theories, as well as on the study of modern trends in the development of technologies and their potential impact on society.
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Lang, Fred D. "Monitoring and Improving Coal-Fired Power Plants Using the Input/Loss Method: Part IV." In ASME 2004 Power Conference. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/power2004-52026.
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The Input/Loss Method is a unique process which allows for complete thermal understanding of a power plant through explicit determinations of fuel chemistry including fuel water and mineral matter, fuel heating (calorific) value, As-Fired fuel flow, effluent flow, boiler efficiency and system heat rate. Input consists of routine plant data and any parameter which effects system stoichiometrics, including: Stack CO2, Boiler or Stack O2, and, generally, Stack H2O. It is intended for on-line monitoring of coal-fired systems; effluent flow is not measured, plant indicated fuel flow is typically used only for comparison to the computed. The base technology of the Input/Loss Method was documented in companion ASME papers: Parts I, II and III (IJPGC 1998-Pwr-33, IJPGC 1999-Pwr-34 and IJPGC 2000-15079/CD). The Input/Loss Method is protected by US and foreign patents (1994–2004). This Part IV presents details of the Method’s ability to correct any data which effects system stoichiometrics, data obtained either by direct measurements or by assumptions, using multi-dimensional minimization techniques. This is termed the Error Analysis feature of the Input/Loss Method. Addressing errors in combustion effluent measurements is of critical importance for any practical on-line monitoring of a coal-fired unit in which fuel chemistry is being computed. It is based, in part, on an “L Factor” which has been proven to be remarkably constant for a given source of coal; and, indeed, even constant for entire Ranks. The Error Analysis feature assures that every computed fuel chemistry is the most applicable for a given set of system stoichiometrics and effluents. In addition, this paper presents comparisons of computed heating values to grab samples obtained from train deliveries. Such comparisons would not be possible without the Error Analysis.
Reports on the topic "Foreign power factor"
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Tello, Mario D., Daniel Sebastian Tello-Trillo, and Pablo Enrique Rojas Lara. Productivity and Market Power: The Case of Manufacturing Firms of Peru 2002-2019. Inter-American Development Bank, 2025. https://doi.org/10.18235/0013470.
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This paper uses seven standard market power indicators (price-cost margin, and six drawn upon the production approach) to estimate the effect market power on the rate of change of total factor productivity for a sample of formal manufacturing firms of Peru for the period 2002-2019. After applying exogeneity tests and implementing panel data with fixed effects instrumental variable method, the results are not clear about the causal relationship between market power and firms' TFP. However, when the Double-Debiased machine learning (DML) causal method is applied for fixed effects panel data with and without instruments, firms market power robustly seems not to affect their respective total factor productivity regardless of the market power indicators and instruments used. The paper also presents four examples which are consistent with this causal result suggesting that the relationship between market power and productivity needs to be analyzed on a case-by-case basis considering the product development of sectors, the influence and activities of firms and economic groups in the domestic economy and foreign markets, and the level of development of the country's productive structure.
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Terzyan, Aram. Belarus in the Wake of a Revolution: Domestic and International Factors. Eurasia Institutes, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.47669/eea-3-2020.
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This paper explores the political landscape of Belarus in the aftermath of the 2020 presidential elections, with a focus on both domestic and international factors behind the ongoing crisis. Lukashenko’s regime has a long record of sustaining its power by preserving elite unity, controlling elections, and/or using force against opponents. Therefore, massive fraud characterizing the 2020 presidential elections and brutal suppression of peaceful protests in its aftermath came as no surprise. Against this backdrop, the anti-government protests following the presidential elections raised a series of unanswered questions regarding both their domestic and foreign policy implications. The biggest question is whether the Belarusian civil society and opposition will prove powerful enough to overcome state repression and change the status quo in Europe’s “last dictatorship”. Worries remain about the Belarusian opposition’s emphasis on foreign policy continuity, meaning that Belarus is bound to remain in the orbit of the Russian authoritarian influence. The total fiasco of post-Velvet Revolution Armenian government both in terms of domestic and foreign policies, among others, further reveals the excruciating difficulties of a democratic state-building within the Russia-led socio-political order.
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Juárez, Leticia. Buyer Market Power and Exchange Rate Pass-through. Inter-American Development Bank, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0005083.
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This paper studies the role of buyer market power in determining the response of international prices to exchange rate changes (i.e., exchange rate pass-through). Using a novel dataset of the universe of Colombian export transactions that links Colombian exporters (sellers) to their foreign importers (buyers), I document three facts: i) most Colombian exports are concentrated in a few foreign buyers in each market, ii) the same seller charges different prices to different buyers in the same product and destination, and iii) markets with a higher concentration of sales among buyers display lower exchange rate pass-through. Motivated by these stylized facts, I propose an open economy model of oligopsony, a market with large number of sellers and a few buyers, that accounts for buyer market power in international markets and its consequences for price determination in international transactions. The model shows that larger foreign buyers pay a marked-down price, i.e., a price below the marginal product value for the buyer. Most importantly, these markdowns are flexible and play a role when adjusting prices to exchange rate shocks. I derive a model-based equation relating pass-through to buyer size and estimate it on the micro transaction level data for Colombia. I find that after an exchange rate shock, sellers connected to larger buyers face more moderate changes in their prices in the seller currency (i.e., lower exchange rate pass-through) than those connected to small buyers. Pass-through ranges from 1% for firms connected with the largest buyers to 17% for firms connected with the smallest buyers. I use the estimates from the empirical analysis to calibrate the model and propose a counterfactual where buyer market power is eliminated. Under this scenario, sellers' revenues increase; however, the price in seller currency is more responsive to exchange rate shocks.
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Harangozó, Dániel. Serbia and the Russia–Ukraine War: Implications and Challenges I. Külügyi és Külgazdasági Intézet, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.47683/kkielemzesek.ke-2022.63.
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The outbreak of the Russia–Ukraine war in February 2022 has had a marked effect on the Western Balkan region. Among the countries of this region, Serbia is in a unique situation due to its military neutrality, and the fact that it follows a balancing foreign policy between the Western powers on the one hand, and Russia, Turkey, and China on the other hand, also maintaining close political and security ties with these three powers. The present paper reviews the challenges that have faced the country since the outbreak of the war in terms foreign, security, and defence policy. It answers three questions: how Serbian foreign policy has reacted to the international sanctions on Russia enacted in the wake of the invasion, what challenges Serbian military neutrality or non- alignment has faced since the outbreak of the war, and how the war and international sanctions have affected Serbian-Russian defence cooperation.
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Fernandez, Andres, Julián Caballero, and Jongho Park. On Corporate Borrowing, Credit Spreads and Economic Activity in Emerging Economies: An Empirical Investigation. Inter-American Development Bank, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0011756.
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This paper studies the influence of external financial factors on economic activity in emerging economies (EMEs) motivated by a considerable increase in foreign financing by the corporate sector in EMEs since the early 2000s, mainly in the form of bond issuance. A quarterly external financial indicator for several EMEs is built using bond-level data on spreads of corporate bonds issued in foreign capital markets, and its relationship with economic activity is examined. Results show that the indicator has considerable predictive power on future economic activity. Furthermore, an identified adverse shock to the financial indicator generates a large and protracted fall in real output growth, and about a third of its forecast error variance is associated with this shock. These findings are robust to controlling for possible spillovers from sovereign to corporate risk, among other considerations.
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Ayele, Seife, and Wei Shen. Renewable Energy Procurement by Private Suppliers in Ethiopia. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/ids.2022.008.
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Auction-based renewable electricity procurement has the potential to attract private investment and lower prices, but its design and implementation can be challenging. Since 2018, Ethiopia has organised auctions to procure new capacity from independent power producers (IPPs). Based on an in-depth study of the political economy, this policy briefing explores factors impeding the design and implementation of IPPs’ projects, including the shortage of foreign currency and convertibility of the Ethiopian birr to repatriate profits. It proposes measures to overcome these obstacles and mitigate risks, to put Ethiopia on course to achieve universal access to electricity by 2030.
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Vuksanović, Vuk. Between Emotions and Realism: Two Faces of Turkish Foreign Policy in the Balkans. Belgrade Centre for Security Policy, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.55042/wzvw6831.
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Turkey’s more assertive posture towards the Balkans is neglected compared to the commentariat that deals with Russia and China. To fill this policy gap, the research team of the Belgrade Centre for Security Policy (BCSP) has conducted research based on the analysis of secondary source material and, even more importantly, on fieldwork interviews that involved 16 sources, academics and think tank researchers based in Istanbul and Ankara. Although the consulted sources have different backgrounds and political sympathies, the research established a presence of common themes. Namely, Turkish foreign policy in the Balkans has two aspects. The first is based on emotions, where Turkish foreign policy towards the region is framed by Turkey’s special ties with the region based on shared history, social connections, identity factors and the legacy of the Ottoman Empire. The Balkan country that is most frequently mentioned in the context of special ties with Turkey is Bosnia and Herzegovina, in light of socio-cultural ties and the fact that it is a country in which the Ottoman legacy is felt most strongly. The second approach is rooted in traditional foreign policy realism derived from an objective and calculated assessment of the regional balance of power and one’s own interests. Within this approach, Turkey is trying, for security and strategic reasons, to act pragmatically and be effective in the Balkans without entangling itself in crises that could impede its regional influence. This approach leads Turkey towards engaging Serbia, the region’s strategically consequential country, because Ankara is deeply convinced that if it wishes to be effective in the Balkans, it needs to have a partnership with Belgrade. In doing so, it must strike a balance between emotions and realism. It needs to walk the fine line between nurturing ties with communities with which it has cultural and religious ties, like Bosniaks and Albanians, while avoiding alienating countries whose partnership Ankara needs to be able to succeed in the Balkans, such as Serbia.
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Ayele, Seife, Wei Shen, Tadesse Kuma Worako, Lucy H. Baker, and Samson Hadush. Renewable Energy Procurement in Ethiopia: Overcoming Obstacles in Procurement from Independent Power Producers. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/ids.2021.064.
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Developing countries are increasingly using auctions for the procurement of utility-scale renewable electricity, due to the potential for attracting private investment. However, auction design and implementation can face serious obstacles due to complex context-specific factors. In 2017, Ethiopia launched its Public–Private Partnership (PPP) policy and procurement framework to promote infrastructure development, including electricity generation. Since 2018, it has organised renewable energy auctions to procure new capacity from independent power producers (IPPs). However, the new framework faces numerous challenges. Using a literature review and primary data from more than 70 interviews and from stakeholder consultations, this study explores the political economy challenges and opportunities facing IPP project preparation, decision-making, coordination and implementation, and risks to investors. To date, Ethiopia has held two rounds of tenders to procure 1,000 megawatts (MW) of electricity from eight projects; the first tender for two solar photovoltaic (PV) projects led to the signing of Power Purchase Agreements (PPAs) and was hailed as one of the cheapest tariff rates in sub-Saharan Africa, at US$2.526 cents/kilowatt hour (kWh) over 25 years. However, none of the projects have yet become operational. This study also finds fault lines impeding the implementation of IPP projects, including the risk of foreign currency availability and convertibility of Ethiopian birr to expatriate profits. It proposes measures to overcome these obstacles and mitigate risks, to put Ethiopia on course to achieve universal access to electricity by 2030.
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Harangozó, Dániel. Serbia and the Russia–Ukraine War: Implications and Challenges II. Külügyi és Külgazdasági Intézet, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.47683/kkielemzesek.ke-2022.65.
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The outbreak of the Russia-Ukraine war in February 2022 has had a marked effect on the Western Balkan region. Among the countries of this region, Serbia is in a unique situation due to its military neutrality, and the fact that it follows a balancing foreign policy between the Western powers on the one hand, and Russia, Turkey, and China on the other hand, also maintaining close political, economic, and security ties with the latter two powers. The second part of the paper continues to review the consequences and challenges of the war on Serbia by examining the energy domain. Russian exposure in Serbia’s energy sector, apart from the near-total reliance on Moscow for gas imports, is compounded by the fact that the most important oil company of the country, Naftna Industrija Srbije (NIS) is majority-owned by Gazprom Group. As with other countries in the Central and Eastern European region as well as wider Europe, the diversification of sources and decreasing the reliance on Russian energy will take considerable time for Serbia. Cooperation both with Serbia’s neighbours and the countries of the region (e.g. Bulgaria and Greece) will play a significant role in the diversification of both sources and supply routes.
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Yatsymirska, Mariya. KEY IMPRESSIONS OF 2020 IN JOURNALISTIC TEXTS. Ivan Franko National University of Lviv, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.30970/vjo.2021.50.11107.
Full textAbstract:
The article explores the key vocabulary of 2020 in the network space of Ukraine. Texts of journalistic, official-business style, analytical publications of well-known journalists on current topics are analyzed. Extralinguistic factors of new word formation, their adaptation to the sphere of special and socio-political vocabulary of the Ukrainian language are determined. Examples show modern impressions in the media, their stylistic use and impact on public opinion in a pandemic. New meanings of foreign expressions, media terminology, peculiarities of translation of neologisms from English into Ukrainian have been clarified. According to the materials of the online media, a «dictionary of the coronavirus era» is provided. The journalistic text functions in the media on the basis of logical judgments, credible arguments, impressive language. Its purpose is to show the socio-political problem, to sharpen its significance for society and to propose solutions through convincing considerations. Most researchers emphasize the influential role of journalistic style, which through the media shapes public opinion on issues of politics, economics, education, health care, war, the future of the country. To cover such a wide range of topics, socio-political vocabulary is used first of all – neutral and emotionally-evaluative, rhetorical questions and imperatives, special terminology, foreign words. There is an ongoing discussion in online publications about the use of the new foreign token «lockdown» instead of the word «quarantine», which has long been learned in the Ukrainian language. Research on this topic has shown that at the initial stage of the pandemic, the word «lockdown» prevailed in the colloquial language of politicians, media personalities and part of society did not quite understand its meaning. Lockdown, in its current interpretation, is a restrictive measure to protect people from a dangerous virus that has spread to many countries; isolation of the population («stay in place») in case of risk of spreading Covid-19. In English, US citizens are told what a lockdown is: «A lockdown is a restriction policy for people or communities to stay where they are, usually due to specific risks to themselves or to others if they can move and interact freely. The term «stay-at-home» or «shelter-in-place» is often used for lockdowns that affect an area, rather than specific locations». Content analysis of online texts leads to the conclusion that in 2020 a special vocabulary was actively functioning, with the appropriate definitions, which the media described as a «dictionary of coronavirus vocabulary». Media broadcasting is the deepest and pulsating source of creative texts with new meanings, phrases, expressiveness. The influential power of the word finds its unconditional embodiment in the media. Journalists, bloggers, experts, politicians, analyzing current events, produce concepts of a new reality. The world is changing and the language of the media is responding to these changes. It manifests itself most vividly and emotionally in the network sphere, in various genres and styles.