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Journal articles on the topic 'Foreign relations, 1927'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 29 July 2024

Last updated: 31 July 2025

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1

Küçükyalçın, Erdal. "Ōtani Kōzui’s Leadership in the Establishment of Turkish-Japanese Economic Relations during the Early Years of the Republic." GLOBAL PERSPECTIVES ON JAPAN, no. 7 (March 31, 2024): 119–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.62231/gp7.160001a05.

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Ōtani Kōzui (1876-1948) was the first Japanese, or perhaps the first foreigner to point towards Turkey (Feb. 1924) as soon as the Republic was declared (Oct. 1923); the first to bring foreign direct investment to the Turkish Republic through his collaboration with the founding father of the Republic of Türkiye, Mustafa Kemal Atatürk at the Ankara Gazi Farm (Feb. 1927); the first to make a foreign industrial investment with his collaboration with Memduh Gökçen in Bursa (Apr. 1929). Ōtani was also one of the co-founders of the Japanese-Turkish Trade Association in Osaka (Nov. 1925), the Japanese

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Yang, Li. "The KMT’s Shifting Approach to the Outside World during the 1920s: A Reinvention of Chinese Confucianism." Open Journal for Studies in Philosophy 8, no. 1 (2024): 13–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.32591/coas.ojsp.0801.02013l.

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Through a Confucian lens, this research explores the transformation of the Kuomintang’s (國民黨; KMT) foreign policy during the 1920s. It examines the shift in the KMT's foreign policy from Sun Yat-Sen’s 孫逸仙 (1866-1925) “Allying with Soviet Russia” (lian’e 聯俄) stance to Chiang Kai-shek’s 蔣介石 (1887-1975) prioritization of Western relations around 1927. The study highlights the reintroduction of Confucianism in the KMT's foreign policy during this period, considering the conventional Confucian education of KMT leaders. Unlike previous studies analyzing this shift from political or historical perspe

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Hudson, Hugh D. "The 1927 Soviet War Scare: The Foreign Affairs-Domestic Policy Nexus Revisited." Soviet and Post-Soviet Review 39, no. 2 (2012): 145–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18763324-03902002.

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The Soviet War Scare of 1927 is usually treated solely within the bounds of Soviet political machinations. This study explores the connection between Bolshevik domestic and foreign policy in the War Scare of 1927 with a focus on the peasants. The peasants in the early years of the NEP were seeking a compromise with the regime, seeing the relations of power following the war, the civil war, and horrendous famine of 1921-1922, not in their favor. The War Scare of 1927 altered how both the peasants and the regime saw one another and the possibility of compromise. The rumors of war were soon coupl

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Karnups, Viesturs Pauls. "Latvian-Estonian Economic Relations 1918–1940." Humanities and Social Sciences Latvia 30, no. 1, 2 (2022): 25–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.22364/hssl.30.02.

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This paper provides an overview of Latvian-Estonian economic relations in the interwar period. In the interwar period, economic relations between Latvia and Estonia were mainly confined to foreign trade, although there were some investments in Latvia from Estonia, as well as tourism. Latvia’s foreign trade in relation to Estonia was regulated by a number of trade treaties and agreements entered into in 1923, 1927, 1928, 1931, 1932, 1935, and 1937. Latvia’s main imports from Estonia in the interwar period were horses, cement, petroleum products from oil shale (including bitumen, crude oil, etc.

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Verchenko, А.L. "All-Union Society for Cultural Relations with Foreign Countries and the Beginning of the Soviet-Chinese Cultural Relations in the 1920s." East Asia: Facts and Analytics, no. 1 (April 3, 2023): 6–17. https://doi.org/10.24412/2686-7702-2023-1-6-17.

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The work in the area of public diplomacy in the Chinese direction began in the USSR immediately after the formation of the All-Union Society for Cultural Relations with Foreign Countries (transliteration – Vsesoyuznoe Obshchestvo Kul'turnoy Svyazi s Zagranicey, VOKS) in 1925. That year was a relatively favorable time for the start of cultural and scientific contacts in terms of interstate relations and the internal political situation in China. Through the Soviet diplomatic missions VOKS started a distribution of its bulletins, photographic materials for organizing exhibitions, artic

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Bukelevičiūtė, Dalia. "The Question of Diplomatic Mission of Czechoslovakia in Lithuania in 1921-1939." Lietuvos istorijos studijos 13 (June 28, 2004): 43–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/lis.2004.37156.

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The problem of diplomatic relations between Lithuania and Czechoslovakia is that Lithuanian historiography has not been investigated yet. There are very important L Švec works from the Czech historians. The base of this article is material from Lithuania and Czech Republic archives. Recognition of de jure question and the entering into diplomatic relations with Lithuania and Czechoslovakia were discussed together. At the Paris Peace Conference, Czechoslovakia considered Lithuania as a part of the Russian question. Only in 1921 autumn Lithuania and Czechoslovakia exchanged non-official represen

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Sokolov, Alexander. "Anglo-Soviet Trade Relations on the Eve of the Severance of Diplomatic Relations in 1927." ISTORIYA 13, no. 7 (117) (2022): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.18254/s207987840022008-7.

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During the 1920s, the USSR tried to establish both trade and diplomatic relations with England. In the conditions of the growing economic crisis of 1925, representatives of British business circles were interested in creating favorable conditions for the development of mutually beneficial trade and economic ties with Soviet Russia. The foreign trade turnover between the two countries was actively developing. At the same time, the trade balance was in favor of the UK. Meanwhile, the Conservative cabinet was clearly moving towards a break with the USSR. Soviet financial assistance to striking mi

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Sergeev, Evgeny Yu. "“WORLD REVOLUTION” ON THE ОUTSKIRTS OF THE BRITISH EMPIRE IN THE SECOND HALF OF THE 1920’S. MYTH OR REALITY?" RSUH/RGGU Bulletin. Series Political Sciences. History. International Relations, № 4 (2022): 10–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.28995/2073-6339-2022-4-10-32.

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Based upon the wide range of sources, including Russian and British archival documents, published diplomatic correspondence, diaries penned by some eye-witnesses and newspaper commentaries, the article dwells upon the attempts by the Comintern to bring to life the ideas of “world revolution” in the Middle East states – such as Persia and Afghanistan, as well as in the Chinese possessions – Sinkiang and Tibet, which in the period under review – the second half of the 1920s, gained a quasi-independent status. The author meticulously examines various forms and methods of exporting revolutionary p

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Chernoperov, V. L., and E. A. Reshetov. "FROM THE HISTORY OF SOVIET-SWEDISH MILITARY RELATIONS IN THE 1920S - 1930S." Vestnik Bryanskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta 08, no. 03 (2024): 110–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.22281/2413-9912-2024-08-03-110-124.

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The article is devoted to Soviet-Swedish military relations in the 1920s - 1930s. It is based on sources from the Russian State Archive of Economics and the Archive of Foreign Policy. Most of them are being introduced into scientific circulation for the first time. The relevance of the article is due to its low level of study. As a result of the study, it was found that Soviet-Swedish military ties included transactions for the purchase of weapons, engines for warships, uniforms for military personnel and other goods for the Red Army. Especially impressive was the interaction with the Bofors c

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McKercher, B. J. C. "From Enmity to Cooperation: The Second Baldwin Government and the Improvement of Anglo-American Relations, November 1928–June 1929." Albion 24, no. 1 (1992): 65–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4051243.

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One of the pervading interpretations of Anglo-American relations in the interwar period is that the advent of James Ramsay MacDonald's Labour government in June 1929 set in train the series of events that ended bitter relations between Britain and the United States, bitterness which had been caused by the naval question. There are several strands to this: first, that the American policy pursued by the Conservative second Baldwin government from November 1924 to June 1929, and especially after the failure of the Coolidge naval conference in the summer of 1927, was bankrupt; second, that MacDona

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NARMAMATOVA, Topçugül. "REFLECTION OF TURKEY AND CENTRAL ASIAN TURKISH STATES IN THE KYRGYZ PRESS OF THE SOVIET ERA (ERKIN TOO NEWSPAPER 1924-1927 YEARS)." ZEITSCHRIFT FÜR DIE WELT DER TÜRKEN / JOURNAL OF WORLD OF TURKS / TÜRKLERİN DÜNYASI DERGİSİ 15, no. 3 (2023): 291–310. http://dx.doi.org/10.46291/zfwt/150319.

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Social structure consists of social relations, social system and social partnerships. The main driving force in maintaining social relations is definitely information and communication tools. While mass media plays an important role in the formation and development of society, it also contributes to the writing, transmission and survival of social information. All mass media, especially the print media, record historical information and lay the groundwork for social memory. By looking at the news and information archived by recording, it is possible to reach a lot of information from the past

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Panova, Olga Yu, and Victoria Yu Popova. "Theodore Dreiser in Leningrad. New Materials." Literature of the Americas, no. 15 (2023): 16–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.22455/2541-7894-2023-15-16-41.

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Theodorе Dreiser was invited to the USSR to take part in the celebration of the tenth anniversary of the October Revolution. His visit to the Soviet Union that lasted over two months (November 4, 1926 — January 13, 1928) has been documented and studied quite well: Dreiser's Russian diary that he kept during his travel was published almost 30 years ago, and four years ago its Russian translation appeared. Another source is Ruth Epperson Kennell’s book Theodore Dreiser and the USSR. A First- Hand Chronicle (1969). A number of studies and scholarly publications are devoted to Dreiser’s trip; howe

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Ryskulov, Timur A. "Permanent Mission of Kyrgyzstan to the Presidium of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee in 1924–1927." Vestnik Tomskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta, no. 498 (2024): 106–19. https://doi.org/10.17223/15617793/498/12.

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The aim of the study is to consider the history of the establishment and activities of the Permanent Mission of Kyrgyzstan in Moscow under the Presidium of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee in the period of 1924 to 1927. The study is based on archival materials identified in the Central State Archive of the Kyrgyz Republic. In particular, I studied the affairs of the 1246 fund, dedicated to the representation of Kyrgyzstan at the Presidium of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee in the period of 1924 to 1930. The documents represent a working correspondence between the Permane

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Zhukovskaya, Natalia. "Canada's 1927 Election to the Council of the League of Nations: Imperial Unity and National Interests." Russia and America in the 21st Century, S2 (2023): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.18254/s207054760027904-1.

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The activities of universal international organizations (the League of Nations and the UN) have always influenced the dynamics of world processes. In the article, the author examines the election of Canada to the Council of the League of Nations in 1927. This event influenced the principle of the formation of the system of electoral groups, reflected on the transformation of relations between the Empire and the Dominions, determined the vector of development of Canadian foreign policy in the framework of the concept of &quot;middle power&quot;.

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Sergeev, Evgeny. "The ARCOS Case and “War Scare” of 1927 in Soviet-British Relations." ISTORIYA 15, no. 7 (141) (2024): 0. https://doi.org/10.18254/s207987840032145-8.

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The author examines the Soviet-British conflict, which was caused by the raid of the London police on the office of ARCOS and the USSR trade mission in mid-May 1927. The article covers the background, process and consequences of the search carried out by the Metropolitan police, focusing on the severance of diplomatic connections and the situation of “war scare” caused by the incident that led to the most serious crisis in bilateral relations during the twentieth century. Basing on declassified materials of British counterintelligence, as well as on the recently available documents from Soviet

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Krēsliņš, Uldis. "Regional Factor in Transnational Relations: the Experience of Latvia and Lithuania in the 1920s." Acta humanitarica academiae Saulensis 26 (December 1, 2019): 25–40. https://doi.org/10.15388/ahas.2019.2.

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By the end of Latvia’s struggle for freedom, the Republic of Latvia, proclaimed in 1918, acquired land border with four countries: and if in separate stages Estonia or Poland became Latvia’s closest ally, then in the long term Latvia’s closest relation formed with its southern neighbour Lithuania. This article does not claim to be the comprehensive study of Latvian-Lithuanian relations in the 1920s; it focuses on certain important aspects and some less known details of these relations, which reflect their universality, versatility and some inconsistency. The main obstacle in relations between

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Cao, Yixuan. "Research on the impact of Sino-US trade war on China's high-tech industry." BCP Business & Management 25 (August 30, 2022): 872–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.54691/bcpbm.v25i.1927.

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In today's economic globalization, with the continuous improvement of China's national status and economic strength, the conflict of national interests with the United States is also increasing, which leads to the tense trade relations between the two countries. At the same time, with the increasing trade surplus between China and the United States, the Trump administration launched a "301 Investigation" against China on the grounds of the huge trade gap between China and the United States, and launched the Sino-US trade war. The United States intends to sanction and restrict the development o

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Bakanov, D. K. "Советско-литовские отношения в рамках подготовки к заключению договора о ненападении с Литвой". Вестник гуманитарного образования, № 2(34) (22 серпня 2024): 62–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.25730/vsu.2070.24.024.

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This article is devoted to the development of Soviet-Lithuanian relations in 1923–1926, which led to the signing of the non-aggression treaty between the USSR and the Republic of Lithuania on September 28, 1926. The importance of the Lithuanian direction of foreign policy of the People's Commissariat for Foreign Affairs of the USSR was due to attempts by France and Great Britain to create an anti-Soviet bloc from the states that appeared on the ruins of the Russian, German and Austro-Hungarian empires-limitrophes. However, it arose after the "Zheligovsky Riot" of 1920. The Vilna issue became t

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Demianovskyi, V. V. "GENESIS OF CRIMINAL RESPONSIBILITY FOR APPROPRIATION, POSSESSION OF MILITARY PROPERTY USING OFFICIAL RANK COMMITTED BY A MILITARY OFFICER." Actual problems of native jurisprudence 5, no. 5 (2021): 76–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/392202.

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The article provides a comprehensive study of the emergence and development of criminal liability for dishonest appropriation, military property acquiring through abuse of official rank committed by a military official. The research of normative-legal acts of different periods of origin of the Ukrainian statehood is carried out, in particular disclosing the essence of responsibility for dishonest appropriation, military property obtained through abuse, misuse of official rank performed by a military officer. Such normative legal acts are Russkaya Pravda, Sudebniki of 1468, 1550, Statutes of 15

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Young, Julia G. "The Calles Government and Catholic Dissidents: Mexico's Transnational Projects of Repression, 1926-1929." Americas 70, no. 01 (2013): 63–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003161500002881.

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During the late 1920s, the Mexican government under President Plutarco Elías Calles (1924-1928) confronted multiple challenges to state consolidation. These included plots by political rivals, foreign relations crises, and several popular revolts. The longest-lasting and most destabilizing of these was the Cristero War, which persisted from 1926 until 1929, with sporadic uprisings into the early 1930s. Despite these challenges, Calles and his handpicked successors not only remained in power at the beginning of the 1930s, but also launched the single-party political system that would endure in

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Young, Julia G. "The Calles Government and Catholic Dissidents: Mexico's Transnational Projects of Repression, 1926-1929." Americas 70, no. 1 (2013): 63–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/tam.2013.0058.

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During the late 1920s, the Mexican government under President Plutarco Elías Calles (1924-1928) confronted multiple challenges to state consolidation. These included plots by political rivals, foreign relations crises, and several popular revolts. The longest-lasting and most destabilizing of these was the Cristero War, which persisted from 1926 until 1929, with sporadic uprisings into the early 1930s. Despite these challenges, Calles and his handpicked successors not only remained in power at the beginning of the 1930s, but also launched the single-party political system that would endure in

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Osipov, Evgeny. "On the Question of the Debts of Czarist Russia. The Soviet-French conference of 1926–1927." Novaia i noveishaia istoriia, no. 5 (2022): 131. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s013038640019513-2.

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In this article based on materials from the French Ministry of Foreign Affairs archive, most of which have not yet been introduced into the academic circuit, the author examines the preparation, progress, and results of the Soviet-French conference in 1926–1927, where the question of repayment of debts of the Russian Empire, as well as the possibility of France&apos;s loans to the USSR were discussed. French documents show that the Soviet side from the very beginning indicated that the issue of paying off royal debts for it, due to the economic situation in the country, was inextricably li

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Möller, Kay. "Germany and China: A Continental Temptation." China Quarterly 147 (September 1996): 706–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305741000051766.

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The fact that Reichswehr officers served as advisors to Chiang Kai-shek between 1927 and 1936 and that Hitler, before concluding his anti- Comintern pact with Japan, may have toyed with a Chinese alternative, can only partly be explained by Germany's great power aspirations at the time. Bom powers had been latecomers to global interaction and were rather traditional continental players when compared with Britain or the United States. Both derived their foreign policy claims from a pre-modern and sometimes mythological status.

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Guseva, Yulia N., and Vasilii S. Khristoforov. "“THE PEOPLE’S COMMISSARIAT FOR FOREIGN AFFAIRS PUTS THE STRUGGLE FOR REVOLUTION ABOVE THE RESEARCH INTERESTS OF CURRENT AND FUTURE ARCHIVAL SPECIALISTS...” (PEOPLE’S COMMISSAR OF THE PEOPLE’S COMMISSARIAT FOR FOREIGN AFFAIRS G.V. CHICHERIN AND SOVIET ARCHIVES)." History and Archives 6, no. 2 (2024): 32–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.28995/2658-6541-2024-6-2-32-44.

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The article carries out research on the individual stories reflecting the interdepartmental contradictions between the NKID (represented by its head G.V. Chicherin) and the Central Archives (headed by M.N. Pokrovsky) on the issue of using the archival documents of the imperial diplomatic institutions. Based on the previously unpublished Central Archives materials of the years 1926–1927 stored in the special depository of the Russian Civil Aviation, Chicherin’s general position on the use of the documentary heritage of the Imperial Foreign Ministry is revealed; the paper also describes the esse

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Zametica, Jovan. "Sir Austen Chamberlain and the Italo-Yugoslav crisis over Albania February - May 1927." Balcanica, no. 36 (2005): 203–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/balc0536203z.

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In the Spring of 1927 a major European crisis was developing in the Balkans It concerned the rivalry between Mussolini?s Italy and the Kingdom of the Serbs, Croats and Slovenes over Albania in which, though a small and backward country, both Rome and Belgrade claimed to have legitimate political and security interests. At the time, the Italo-Yugoslav crisis was seen by many observers as containing the potential of turning into a war the Italian government in particular insisting that Belgrade was engaged in military preparations in order to launch an invasion of Albania. An important factor th

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Erpul, Onur, and Kemal Kirişci. "Where is the Anchor? Explaining the Endurance of the American-Turkish Partnership, 1927-2024." All Azimuth: A Journal of Foreign Policy and Peace 14, no. 1 (2025): 121–47. https://doi.org/10.20991/allazimuth.1621469.

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Once considered a model partnership, the American-Turkish relationship now elicits ambivalence among scholars and policymakers, calling into question the fundamental interests and assumptions that once undergirded the relationship. Critics attribute the negative trends in the relationship to geostrategic and value-based incompatibilities, but relatively few have examined both factors longitudinally across the entire relationship. This paper does not aim to provide a grand theory of American-Turkish relations. Instead, its goal is to develop a framework illustrating the vital role that strategi

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Saidov, Shavkat J. "SCIENTIFIC, THEORETICAL AND METHODOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF THE RESEARCH OF KHOREZM-RUSSIAN RELATIONS IN THE SOVIET ERA (XIX CENTURY AND THE FIRST HALF OF THE XX CENTURY)." American Journal of Social Science and Education Innovations 6, no. 4 (2024): 38–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.37547/tajssei/volume06issue04-06.

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This article is dedicated to studying the scientific-theoretical and methodological aspects of bilateral relations during the historical period from the early 19th century to the first quarter of the 20th century between the Khiva Khanate and the Russian Empire (1806-1917), the Provisional Government (March-October 1917), the Soviet state (1917-1920), and the Khorezm People's Soviet Republic (KPSR) with the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (RSFSR) and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) (1920-1924) in the historiography of the Soviet period. The author attempts to illumi

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Grasso, Mirko. "Salvemini, militant historian, and his publications on Fascism." Modern Italy 28, no. 4 (2023): 312–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/mit.2023.44.

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AbstractThis essay analyses Salvemini's major works on Fascism, namely The Fascist Dictatorship in Italy (1927), Mussolini Diplomate (1932) and Under the Axe of Fascism (1936). The focus of this analysis is twofold: to explore both Salvemini's methodology and the events leading to the publication of these works. In The Fascist Dictatorship in Italy, Salvemini examines the origins and the rise of Mussolini's movement, highlighting the complicity of the monarchy, the army, and industrial magnates. In Mussolini Diplomate, he analyses Fascist foreign policy from 1922 to 1932, in which Salvemini is

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Šipelytė, Monika. "Juozas Gabrys and Lithuania at the League of Nations: Press, Business, Politics." Lietuvos istorijos studijos 48 (December 27, 2021): 33–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/lis.2021.48.2.

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The activity of Juozas Gabrys and his colleagues at the League of Nations in Geneva from 1927 until 1939 is the main subject of this article. The questions about this group of people are analyzed through several perspectives, such as journalism, business, and politics. The territorial and ethnical problems which were addressed by Lithuania at the League of Nations and the decisions of Lithuanian diplomats and politicians were overviewed in the press publications of Gabrys in various Lithuanian newspapers. In these texts he mostly focuses on two main topics in international interwar Lithuanian

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Bakic, Dragan. "Nikola Pasic and the foreign policy of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, 1919-1926." Balcanica, no. 47 (2016): 285–316. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/balc1647285b.

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This paper looks at Nikola Pasic?s views of and contribution to the foreign policy of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (SCS/Yugoslavia after1929) during the latest phase of his political career, a subject that has been neglected by historians. His activities in this field are divided into two periods - during the Paris Peace Conference where he was the head of the SCS Kingdom?s delegation and after 1921 when he became Prime Minister, who also served as his own Foreign Minister. During the peace conference, Pasic held strong views on all the major problems that faced his delegation, pa

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YEŞILBURSA BEHÇET, KEMAL. "FROM FRIENDSHIP TO ENMITY SOVIET-IRANIAN RELATIONS (1945-1965)." History and Modern Perspectives 2, no. 1 (2020): 92–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.33693/2658-4654-2020-2-1-92-105.

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On 26 February 1921, the Soviet Union signed a «Treaty of Friendship» with Iran which was to pave the way for future relations between the two states. Although the Russians renounced various commercial and territorial concessions which the Tsarist government had exacted from Iran, they secured the insertion of two articles which prohibited the formation or residence in either country of individuals, groups, military forces which were hostile to the other party, and gave the Soviet Union the right to send forces into Iran in the event that a third party should attempt to carry out a policy of u

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Magadeev, Iskander E. "The Role of Czechoslovakia in the Development of the Soviet-French Relations During the Non-Recognition Period of the USSR: View from Paris (1920–1924)." Slavianovedenie, no. 1 (February 15, 2024): 39–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s0869544x24010036.

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The article aims to discern the contents and specifics of the French estimates in regard of the Czechoslovakian role in the interactions between the Third Republic and the Soviet Russia/USSR in 1920–1924. Chiefly, the author analyses the French answers on the question about the significance and potential function of Czechoslovakia in the interstate triangle. Rather recently published French diplomatic documents are used as sources, as well as the evidence taken from the Diplomatic archives of the French Ministry of Europe and foreign affairs, and the from funds of the Historical services of th

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Kennedy, Michael. "Chicanery and candour: the Irish Free State and the Geneva Protocol, 1924–5." Irish Historical Studies 29, no. 115 (1995): 371–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021121400011883.

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The foreign policy of the Irish Free State under the Cumann na nGaedheal administrations of 1922–32 was a far more complex issue than has generally been realised. Policy had a greater scope than simply Anglo-Irish relations. It had two basic foundations. Through the 1921 treaty, the state reluctantly joined the British Commonwealth. Then, with great deliberation, the Free State joined the League of Nations, being admitted on 10 September 1923. By developing an active multidimensional foreign policy using these structures, the new state sought to show its ‘international’ and European credential

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Litten, Frederick S. "The Noulens Affair." China Quarterly 138 (June 1994): 492–512. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305741000035852.

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The arrest in Shanghai of Hilaire Noulens and his “wife” (their real names were Yakov Rudnik and Tatyana Moiseenko, see below), members of the Communist International's (Comintern) apparat in East Asia, the seizure of a cache of documents concerning the Far Eastern Bureau (FEB) of the Comintern and the Chinese Communist Party (CCP), the subsequent trial of the Noulens by the Chinese authorities, and the interest taken in the case by numerous Communist-led organizations and fellow-travelling intellectuals was a cause célèbre in the early 1930s, in the foreign community in China as well as in Eu

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SOLIAR, Ihor. "DMYTRO LEVYTSKYI IN THE UKRAINIANS' LIBERATION STRUGGLE IN 1914–1923." Ukraine: Cultural Heritage, National Identity, Statehood 31 (2018): 170–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.33402/ukr.2018-31-170-180.

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The article provides an analysis of the socio-political and diplomatic activities of Dmytro Levytskyi in 1914–1923, such as participation in revolutionary events in the Dnieper region in 1917–1918; directions of his diplomatic activity in Denmark in 1919–1920; priorities of emigration community work in Vienna in 1921–1922. It was noted that during the national liberation struggle, he, along with other leading figures of the Ukrainian People's Republic (UNR), did his best to establish the statehood and unification of Ukrainian lands. However, numerous miscalculations of leaders of the young sta

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Солоницын, П. С. "PRINCIPLES OF SOVIET PENAL LAW (1920-S)." Vestnik Samarskogo iuridicheskogo instituta, no. 1(57) (April 12, 2024): 69–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.37523/sui.2024.57.1.011.

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В статье рассматриваются особенности правового регулирования исправительно-трудовых (пенитенциарных) отношений в Советском государстве в 1920-е гг. В первую очередь обращается внимание на принципы советского пенитенциарного права указанного периода. Отмечается, что принципы пенитенциарной политики в Советской России и СССР в первое десятилетие советской власти (1917–1928 гг.) базировались на политических идеях, заложенных в уставных документах РКП(б), в том числе второй программе РКП(б), принятой в 1919 г. Согласно этим идеям из уголовного наказания следовало исключить его карающую составляющу

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Piskova, Mariyana. "TRACING THE ARCHIVAL SOURCES OF THE FRENCH FEATURE FILM “ANDRANIK” ABOUT THE ARMENIANS IN THE FIRST WORLD WAR(1928)." History and Archives, no. 2 (2021): 128–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.28995/2658-6541-2021-2-126-140.

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The first and still the only film about Andranik Ozanian (1865– 1927) was shot during the summer of 1928 in Bulgaria. Who financed and created the movie, why did the director Archavir Chakhatouny (1882–1957) choose Bulgaria for the scenes in the open, why wasn’t the film shown in Soviet Armenia and how did it get to Yerevan – those are part of the questions the paper will try to answer. To that end the author searched for the archival documents in the archives and museums of Armenia and Bulgaria. The richest source is the personal fund of the Armenian emigrant in Paris Arshavir Shakhatuni (188

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Medvedeva, Mariya K. "The Memory of the First World War and the Key Problems of the French Foreign Policy during the Inter-war Period in the Reflection of the Journal “La Revue des Vivants”." Vestnik NSU. Series: History and Philology 20, no. 1 (2021): 36–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.25205/1818-7919-2021-20-1-36-45.

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The article analyses the French journal “La Revue des Vivants” (1927–1935) as a source of studying the history of the Inter-war period. This journal, created by the veterans of the First World War, who at the same time represented the French intellectual elites, presents a unique combination of their war experience and current political agenda. The author examines three main subjects that characterized the political and social orientation of this journal. Firstly, its publishers and authors were deeply influenced by the First World War and its consequences. Its experience forced them to seek a

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Solodkovska, Iryna. "Ukrainian-Polish relations in the period of the Ukrainian national revolution of 1919-1920 in the vision of Andrii Livytskyi." Scientific Papers of the Kamianets-Podilskyi National Ivan Ohiienko University. History 43 (April 12, 2024): 112–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.32626/2309-2254.2024-43.112-134.

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The purpose of the research is to shed light on the Ukrainian-Polish relations during the Ukrainian National Revolution of 1919-1920 in the vision of Andrii Livytskyi. The research methodology is based on general scientific methods of analysis, synthesis, and systematicity, which, when applying a concrete-historical approach, allows to significantly deepen the knowledge about the foreign policy and diplomacy of the Ukrainian People’s Republic, in particular, regarding the regulation of relations with the restored Polish state. The scientific novelty lies in the fact that, based on the work of

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Ilham, Samira. "Azerbaijan – Georgian Relations in the Early 20th Century." International Journal of Social Sciences 4, no. 1 (2024): 101–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.55367/ldes3649.

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This article examines the relations between Georgia and Azerbaijan in the early 20th century. The article utilizes secondary research methods and applies historical and comparative analysis techniques to investigate the relations between the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic and the Democratic Republic of Georgia and Azerbaijan-Georgia relations after the occupation of Soviet Russia. It is well known that relationships with neighboring states play a significant role in shaping a country’s foreign policy. In this context, it has been revealed that several factors influenced the ADR-GDR relations a

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Humennyi, Serhii. "HUKIV CUSTOMS: FIGHT AGAINST SMUGGLING ACTIVITIES ON THE POLISH-SOVIET BORDER IN 1923–1924." Bulletin of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv. History, no. 158 (2024): 27–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/1728-2640.2024.158.4.

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Background. The article, based on archival sources, analyses the anti-smuggling activities of a small customs body in a fairly limited period of time – Hukiv Customs in 1923–1924. The relevance of the proposed microhistorical research is added to the insufficient scientific development of the activities of Hukiv Customs on the Polish-Soviet border, which was caused by the short functioning of this customs body (which, during the research period, existed in various forms from 1918 to 1925) and the need to study methods of combating smuggling by Soviet customs bodies. Methods. The research is ba

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Vodomerov, Nikolay. "Assessment of Russian economic growth potential in 2024-2030." JOURNAL OF REGIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL COMPETITIVENESS 5, no. 3 (2024): 38–52. https://doi.org/10.52957/2782-1927-2024-5-3-38-52.

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The Russian economy faced serious problems: a shortage of labour; economic sanctions, and high depreciation of fixed capital. The economic policy of the Russian authorities is inconsistent. It includes the desire to increase investments in fixed capital is accompanied by their artificial restraint through monetary and financial policies. Indeed, the scientific literature makes various proposals for economic policy changes. However, we believe the insufficient attention is paid to the objective possibilities of accelerating the renewal of fixed capital. The purpose of the study is to determine

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Vasilieva, O. Yu. "Metropolitan Sergius (Stragorodsky): Ministry and Destiny." Orthodoxia, no. 2 (May 14, 2024): 10–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.53822/2712-9276-2024-2-10-45.

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The article delves into the biography of the future Patriarch Sergius (Stragorodsky) and the circumstances of his life that shaped the personality of the primate, making him one of the most prominent church figures of the twentieth century. The article examines the principal milestones of his pastoral ministry, theological contributions, missionary efforts, and administrative endeavors undertaken for the benefit of the Church. The article also outlines the circumstances surrounding Metropolitan Sergius’ dramatic involvement in the Renovationist schism and his eventual departure from it through

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Хоменко, Віталій. "ДИРЕКТОРІЯ УКРАЇНСЬКОЇ НАРОДНОЇ РЕСПУБЛІКИ ТА ЗАКОРДОННА ДЕЛЕГАЦІЯ УКРАЇНСЬКОЇ ПАРТІЇ СОЦІАЛІСТІВ-РЕВОЛЮЦІОНЕРІВ: ВІД СПІВПРАЦІ ДО КОНФРОНТАЦІЇ". Ucraina Magna VI (1 грудня 2024): 239–66. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14254260.

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This article explores the relationship between the Directorate of the Ukrainian National Republic and the Foreign Delegation of the Ukrainian Socialist-Revolutionary Party (UPSR) in 1919–1920. Despite extensive research on the Ukrainian Revolution of 1917–1923, there have been no separate studies on this topic. It should be emphasized that Mykhailo Hrushevsky played a significant role in these relations, having a tremendous influence on the Socialist-Revolutionary Party, starting from his chairmanship of the Ukrainian Central Rada. The article aims to identify the main aspects of c

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Ivanenko, Valentyn, and Vladyslav Hovorukha. "American Relief Administration (ARA) in Katerinoslav Region in 1922–1923: The Problem of Relations with the Government and the Population." Universum Historiae et Archeologiae 4, no. 2 (2022): 59. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/26210420.

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The aim of the article is an analytical reconstruction of the specific and contradictory dynamics of the ARA’s relations with local authorities and the population of Yekaterinoslav during the famine of 1921–1923. Research methods: dialectical, analytical, historical-systemic, comparative. Main results. It is established that during the years of independence domestic historiography has made a real breakthrough in the study of previously taboo topics of the so-called “naked nerves” of our Soviet history, in particular, the famine of 1921–1923 in the Southern Ukraine and the unique phenomenon of

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Yakub, A. V. "International relations, the state and public organizations in the field of philately in the USSR in the first half of the 1920s." Herald of Omsk University. Series: Historical studies 9, no. 2 (34) (2022): 179–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.24147/2312-1300.2022.9(2).179-185.

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The end of the Civil War in Russia and the subsequent severe socio-economic crisis of 1921-1922, aggravated by mass famine in a number of regions of Soviet Russia, turned philately into a very serious help in overcoming it. This was due to the fact that due to the prevailing market conditions in the foreign market of philatelic products, favorable opportunities opened up for replenishing food stocks in Soviet Russia due to the intensification of foreign trade in philatelic materials. As a result, philately in the first half of the 1920s. it turned out to be a kind of testing ground, where vari

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Kupchyk, O. "ITALY IN THE FOREIGN TRADE OF SOVIET UKRAINE, 1921-1923." Bulletin of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv. History, no. 141 (2019): 14–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/1728-2640.2019.141.3.

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The circumstances under which the Soviet Ukraine established trade relations with the Kingdom of Italy in the early 1920s are revealed. The contractual basis, organizational forms of trade activity of Soviet Ukraine in Italy have been clarified. Persons of sales representatives were established (V. Vorovskyi, A. Feinstein). The role of the Ukrainian SSR Trade Representation in Rome in the foreign trade activities of Soviet Ukraine is revealed. The place of the Italian market in export and import operations of Soviet Ukraine has been determined. After studying national historiography, it was fo

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A.V., Goncharenko. "THE PROBLEM OF NAVAL WEAPONS’ LIMITATION IN FOREIGN POLICY OF THE USA IN THE EARLY 20-IES OF XX CENTURY." Sums'ka Starovyna (Ancient Sumy Land), no. 54 (2019): 64–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.21272/starovyna.2019.54.6.

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The article researches the position of the United States on the issue of naval arms restriction in the early 20-ies of the XX century. There are outlined causes, the course and the consequences of the intensification of Washington’s naval activity during the investigated period. It is explored the process of formation and implementation of the US initiatives to limit naval weapons before and during the Washington Peace Conference of 1921–1922. The role of the USA in the settlement of foreign policy contradictions between the leading countries of the world in the early 20-ies of the XX century

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Vourkoutiotis, Vasilis. "Foreign Contacts of the Red Navy, 1920–1923." Journal of Slavic Military Studies 19, no. 1 (2006): 83–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13518040500544741.

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Shemetova, Tamara A. "Trade, Economic and Political Relations between Soviet Russia and the Chinese Province of Xinjiang in 1921-1922." RUDN Journal of Russian History 22, no. 1 (2023): 85–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2312-8674-2023-22-1-85-96.

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The author analyzes the features and results of trade, economic and political relations of the Chinese province of Xinjiang with Soviet Russia and the USSR in 1921-1922. The main sources for the preparation of the article were historical and archival materials on the trade and economic relations of Xinjiang with Russia and the Soviet Union (1896-1949) in Chinese, as well as documents from a number of Moscow archives (the Russian State Archive of Economics, the Russian State Military Archive, the Archive of Foreign Policy of the Russian Federation). The analysis showed that during the period un

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