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Ekron, Anna Cecilia. "Vocabulary : it's all about words working together : an interactive multimedia program to improve senior phase English first additional language learners’ functional vocabulary through an increased understanding of everyday authentic texts and classical and contemporary poetry." Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/1829.
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Thesis (MPhil (Modern Foreign Languages))--University of Stellenbosch, 2008.The continuing decline in Matriculation pass rates is a matter of concern for government, educators, parents and students in South African schools. According to official statistics, only 8% of South Africans are mother-tongue English speakers, yet English is the chief language of learning and teaching in South African schools. Researchers relate the poor pass rate to inadequate proficiency in English of both English First Additional Language learners and some of their teachers. Research has further revealed a significant positive correlation between reading comprehension and academic achievement. Consensus exists among researchers about the necessity of a basic vocabulary (variously estimated at 2000 to 3000 words and more) for developing the necessary reading comprehension. Theories and approaches regarding the development of vocabulary, however, are sometimes diametrically opposed to one another. Among the most conflicting theories are those which advocate the acquisition of vocabulary by guessing the meanings of words from the context as opposed to those favouring conscious and deliberate vocabulary teaching, which may include lists of words. The current study briefly investigates underlying problems, theories, methods and approaches to enhancing learners’ vocabularies. Conclusions are applied to the development of an interactive, multimedia program for improving learners’ functional vocabularies. The content of the program is based on authentic texts and simulations of situations which call for language interaction. This is supplemented with extracts from classical literary works and poetry and entertaining verses which present possibilities for use in vocabulary building.
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Donzelli, Giovanna. "Young learners and foreign language learning : the words they hear and the words they learn." Thesis, Swansea University, 2009. https://cronfa.swan.ac.uk/Record/cronfa42634.
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This dissertation describes and analyzes the learning environment of the low-level EFL classroom, in the Italian primary sector, mainly focusing on the lexical exposure available to learners from course books and teacher speech, as well as on the relationship between what children hear in class and what they actually learn. It is axiomatic that language learners will rely on language input in order to provide the material for learning but a recurrent methodological weakness of previous studies of classrooms as lexical environments is the polarized types of investigations they have produced - they have either taken into account the spoken input produced by the teacher, in class, or they have focused on the vocabulary available to learners from course books. In truth we have rather more information about the vocabulary of textbooks and very little knowledge about the language of the teacher and what this brings to the learning process. The data reported in this thesis allow for a comprehensive picture of the total vocabulary exposure, of the low-level class, to be drawn. This dissertation offers an insight into the interaction between written and spoken input. It suggests that teaching materials seem to comprise less than 50% of the total lexical exposure available to learners in the low-level class. On the other hand, they also seem to work as important guidelines for teacher speech - which appears to strictly meet the requirements of the primary syllabus. The data seem to suggest that the words that are more salient in the thematic contents of course books are likely to be better acquired by learners of different proficiency levels. Similarly, young learners seem to favour the acquisition of more imageable words to lexical items which do not allow for a mental image to be easily aroused. Variations in learning strategies, adopted by children of different proficiency levels, have been identified. Pupils with no previous exposure to the language seemed to rely more heavily on teacher speech while more advanced graders appeared to distinguish between parts of speech, with nouns being easier to learn than verbs. Finally, frequency of occurrence in the classroom micro-environment is likely to have an impact on learnability of vocabulary; nevertheless, this does not seem to apply equally to learners of all levels of proficiency. In consideration of the lexical gap that seems to exist between the input available from course books and the language produced by the teacher, in class, implications for teaching have been evaluated - with particular reference to the degree of lexical autonomy and general linguistic skills expected from teachers, in the light of the current regulations for recruitment of language teaching staff in primary education, in Italy.
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Jones, D. "Ending the debate: unconventional warfare, foreign internal defense, and why words matter /." Fort Leavenworth, KS : School of Advanced Military Studies, US Army Command and General Staff College, 2006. http://cgsc.cdmhost.com/u?/p4013coll2,554.
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Bonath, Leah M. "The Effects of Cognitive Load on the Perception of Foreign-Accented Words." Cleveland State University / OhioLINK, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=csu1461938923.
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Lin, Wing-cheong, and 連永昌. "Loan words and code-mixing in Hong Kong." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2003. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B26758994.
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Mackiewicz-Wolfe, Wojciech G. "Winning the war of words: Framing United States foreign policy (George W. Bush)." Diss., Connect to online resource, 2006. http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:3207765.
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Moeti, Kabelo Boikhutso. "Rationalization of government structures concerned with foreign direct investment policy in South Africa." Thesis, University of Pretoria, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/24485.
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This thesis sought to focus attention on the fact that currently in the Republic of South Africa (RSA) there is no specific governmental body that is charged with complete responsibility for policy-making and regulation of foreign direct investment (FDI) in general and multinational enterprise (MNE) investment in particular. This issue was identified for study as it was noted that firstly, several other countries (irrespective of their level of development) have such an organization in place. Secondly and more importantly, it was also noted that there have been several cases in which a multinational enterprise posed legal, social and political challenges for host country governments for which such governments were not empowered to resolve in either the a priori or ex-post facto sense. This inability on the part of governments to deal effectively with the challenges created by the unique characteristics and behaviors of multinational enterprises could possibly have been mitigated through the existence of a governmental unit tasked with MNE regulation. The objective of the thesis, was to study the feasibility of designing, developing, and/or proposing, for South Africa, a governmental unit for policy making, policy implementation and control of the inward foreign direct investments of multinational enterprises, where it could firstly be shown that such an administrative unit is indeed needed. The arguments made in the study were framed in the form of a null hypothesis and a single research question. The null hypothesis of the study being: Ho = there is a necessity to formalize a government administrative structure for policy setting and implementation of multinational enterprise regulations in South Africa. The hypothesis was examined in terms of being accepted or rejected based in part upon first resolving the research question of the study which is: Is there a need for foreign direct investment policies that apply exclusively to multinational enterprises? As the thesis was of a qualitative rather than quantitative nature, the methodological approach primarily examined theoretical, empirical and anecdotal evidence to ascertain whether the hypothesis should be supported or rejected. Given that the null hypothesis was not disproved and the research question was answered in the affirmative, the thesis concluded and recommended the establishment of a small specialized unit of experts to serve as part of the public service but independent of any other governmental department or unit. The proposed unit should work to provide support to other government agencies in the areas of research, advice and coordination services. As the environment within which such an organizational unit operates can be expected to be relatively stable over time, and the work of the unit highly specialized, it is envisioned that decision making in the unit will be more centralized than de-centralized. The thesis ended by exploring optional organizational designs with the aim of recommending the appropriate hierarchical arrangements to be established for the proposed organizational unit. More specific answers with respect to, for example, the number of people to be employed, their job descriptions, and the remuneration scales to be applied to their positions are recommended by the thesis for further study.Thesis (DAdmin (Public Administration))--University of Pretoria, 2006.
School of Public Management and Administration (SPMA)
unrestricted
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Chan, Ka-yin, and 陳嘉賢. "Loan Words in advertisements in Japanese women's magazines." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2003. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31953785.
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Ármannsson, Bjarki. "Grapheme-to-phoneme transcription of English words in Icelandic text." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för lingvistik och filologi, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-446924.
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Foreign words, such as names, locations or sometimes entire phrases, are a problem for any system that is meant to convert graphemes to phonemes (g2p; i.e.converting written text into phonetic transcription). In this thesis, we investigate both rule-based and neural methods of phonetically transcribing English words found in Icelandic text, taking into account the rules and constraints of how foreign phonemes can be mapped into Icelandic phonology. We implement a rule-based system by compiling grammars into finite-state transducers. In deciding on which rules to include, and evaluating their coverage, we use a list of the most frequently-found English words in a corpus of Icelandic text. The output of the rule-based system is then manually evaluated and corrected (when needed) and subsequently used as data to train a simple bidirectional LSTM g2p model. We train models both with and without length and stress labels included in the gold annotated data. Although the scores for neither model are close to the state-of-the-art for either Icelandic or English, both our rule-based system and LSTM model show promising initial results and improve on the baseline of simply using an Icelandic g2p model, rule-based or neural, on English words. We find that the greater flexibility of the LSTM model seems to give it an advantage over our rule-based system when it comes to modeling certain phenomena. Most notable is the LSTM’s ability to more accurately transcribe relations between graphemes and phonemes for English vowel sounds. Given there does not exist much previous work on g2p transcription specifically handling English words within the Icelandic phonological constraints and it remains an unsolved task, our findings present a foundation for the development of further research, and contribute to improving g2p systems for Icelandic as a whole.
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Yeung, Hong-ting, and 楊康婷. "A study of loan words in Chinese language in Hong Kong =." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2005. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B30433083.
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Fitt, S. E. "Processing unfamiliar words : a study in the perception and production of native and foreign placenames." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.650941.
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This thesis sets out to examine some of the linguistic processes which take place when speakers are faced with unfamiliar and potentially foreign place names, and the possible psycholinguistic origins of these processes. It is concluded that lexical networks are used to map from input to output, and that phonological rule-based models do not fully account for the data. Previous studies of nativisation have tended to catalogue the phonological and spelling changes which have taken place in historical examples, and explanations have generally been limited to comparison of details of the borrowed and borrowing languages, rather than being set in a solid linguistic framework describing the ways in which speakers and readers process words. There have been psycholinguistic studies of unfamiliar words, but these have generally ignored the foreign dimension, and have been limited in scope. Traditional linguistic work, meanwhile, focuses on descriptions, either abstract or more related to mental processes, of the language that we know and use every day. Studies of foreign language also have a rather different focus from the current work, as they examine what happens when we attempt, over a period of time, to acquire new sounds, vocabulary and grammar. This study takes an experimental approach to nativisation, presenting Edinburgh secondary school pupils with a series of unfamiliar spoken and written European town names, and asking them to reproduce the names either in writing or speech, along with a judgement of origin. The resulting pronunciations and spellings are examined for accuracy, errors and changes, both in perception and production. Different explanations of the output are considered, and it is concluded that models which apply a set of linguistic rules to the input in order to generate an output cannot account for the variety of data produced. Lexicon-based models, on the other hand, using activation of known words or word-sets, and analogy with word-parts, are more able to explain both the details of individual responses and the variety of responses across subjects.
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Nangambi, Noria Ntshengedzeni. "Tshenguluso ya ndeme ya nyaluwo ya luambo lwa Tshivenda yo tutuwedzwayo nga mupindulelo wa maipfi." Thesis, University of Limpopo, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10386/2378.
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Thesis (M.A.) --University of Limpopo, 2012The study dealt with enrichment of Tshivenḓa language through adoption of words from other languages such as English, Afrikaans, Sotho, Tsonga, Zulu and many more. The study discovered that no language can remain static forever and this applies to Tshivenḓa as well. Every successive generation makes its own small contribution to language change and when sufficient time has elapsed the impact of these changes becomes more obvious. It however cautions that borrowing of words should not be overdone as this may lead to the disappearance of Tshivenḓa as we know it.
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Keim, Robert. "Words That Weave a Reality Reborn: Performative Language and the Theory of Poetic Translation." Youngstown State University / OhioLINK, 2020. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ysu1607547589681778.
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Kuya, Aimi. "Diffusion of western loanwords in contemporary Japanese : a sociolinguistic approach to lexical variation." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2016. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:99db8ff0-9ba9-4859-8f4a-2890544021de.
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The present research attempts to develop a general model of the diffusion of Western loanwords in contemporary Japanese within the variationist framework. It describes and predicts, based on empirical evidence from apparent- and real-time data, the elaborate process of changes in favor of loanwords as opposed to their existing native equivalents. First, people's self-reporting shows a consistent tendency for a younger generation to show a stronger preference for loanwords than an elder one. This indicates changes in favor of loanwords are in progress in apparent time (Chapter 4). Second, the above-mentioned age gradient is attested to by corpus-based data. It also reveals that the occurrence of loanwords is accounted for multi-dimensionally by a wider range of language-external factors such as generation, education, register and style (Chapter 5). Third, an in-depth study of the individual loanword keesu (< case) reveals that not only external factors but also internal ones, e.g., usage and collocation of the word, have impacts on its occurrence (Chapter 6). Fourth, an investigation of the loanword sapooto (< support) shows that a stylistic variable comes into play in its diffusion in interaction with an educational variable. The loanword is disfavored when the speech setting shifts to formal in particular by the most educated speakers (Chapter 7). Fifth, a real-time approach to loanword adoption verified that individuals can change their language attitude or behavior throughout their lifetime. It highlights importance of longitudinal observation of the phenomenon in making a more accurate prediction of change (Chapter 8). The present research confirms that the occurrence of loan variants is bound by various social and linguistic contexts. The above empirical findings contribute to the field of variationist study by opening up the possibility of analyzing linguistic variation in Japanese at the lexical level.
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Maby, Mark. "How non-native speakers learn polysemous words : a study of the equivalence of prototypicality across languages." Thesis, McGill University, 2005. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=83122.
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This study investigated whether English second language learners learn the senses of polysemous vocabulary items in an order from a core sense to more extended senses. Polysemous words have one form but many interrelated meanings. It was hypothesised that such an order could be explained by way of the theory of prototypicality.48 ESL learners from three language groups, French, Japanese and Chinese, took part in the study. The participants translated into their first language 29 English sentences using different senses of the word over. Translations were coded for correct translations of the sense of over and for variation in the correct translations. A MANOVA analysis showed that core senses were translated significantly more correctly than extended senses. A negative correlation was shown between variation in translation and correctness of translation. Following Krzeszowski, T. (1990), the study confirms that the theory of prototypicality offers an effective way of explaining language transfer.
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Lam, Yuen-han Joyce, and 林婉嫻. "A study of single English words occurring in Hong Kong Cantonese: differentiating lexical borrowing fromcode-switching." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2005. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B45007548.
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Lau, Chaak-ming, and 劉擇明. "Loanword truncation and optimal word length: evidence from Cantonese." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2009. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B42664299.
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Chan, Oi-ki, and 陳靄棋. "Developments in the representation of English loanwords in Hong Kong written Cantonese." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2011. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B46701291.
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Assis, Ana Beatriz Gonçalves de [UNESP]. "Adaptações fonológicas na pronúncia de estrangeirismos do inglês por falantes de português brasileiro." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/93952.
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O objetivo principal desta Dissertação de Mestrado é analisar a pronúncia de anglicismos - palavras ou expressões inglesas usadas em outras línguas - por falantes de Português Brasileiro (doravante PB), com vistas à exploração da questão da adaptação destas palavras à língua de chegada, no nível fonológico, para uma posterior discussão da naturalidade de tais palavras ou expressões quando pronunciadas no contexto de PB. Como córpus, foram considerados anglicismos ainda não adaptados graficamente ao PB. A fonte é uma coletânea de textos extraídos de seções da popular revista Veja, do período de janeiro a junho de 2005. Nesse córpus, 290 diferentes termos foram encontrados, totalizando 1326 ocorrências. Pediu-se a dois falantes de PB que lessem em voz alta 50 frases selecionadas dentre os artigos considerados. Cada frase selecionada contém um dos 50 anglicismos mais recorrentes no córpus, retiradas dos artigos da revista em questão. A leitura foi gravada, e a partir das gravações foram feitas as transcrições fonética e fonologica da realização dos sujeitos para os anglicismos selecionados. A partir das transcrições realizadas, foi possível fazer análises fonológicas dos padrões fonéticos produzidos em uma perspectiva não-linear, comparando a pronúncia padrão das palavras em Inglês Americano (IA) com as pronúncias produzidas pelos dois sujeitos em PB. Após essa análise comparativa, foi feito um levantamento dos processos fonológicos utilizados pelos falantes de PB ao pronunciar tais palavras e adaptá-las ao seu sistema fonológico: inserção de vogal epentética /e/ (realizada como [i]) para desfazer onsets complexos e codas simples ou complexas não licenciadas em PB e conseqüente mudança da estrutura silábica da palavra; alteração do posicionamento do acento; vocalização de /l/ em posição de coda...
The aim of this dissertation is to analyze Brazilian Portuguese (hereafter BP) speakers pronunciation of Anglicisms, i.e. English words or expressions used in other languages, in order to study how these words are adapted to the target language at a phonological level. Such analysis will serve to discuss the nature of these words or phrases when they are pronounced in the BP context. The corpus comprises Anglicisms which have not yet been graphically adapted to BP. The source is a collection of text extracts from the popular magazine, Veja , covering the period January to June, 2005. Within this corpus, 290 terms were identified, accounting for a total of 1,326 occurrences. Two speakers of BP were requested to read aloud some 50 sentences, each of which was selected from the sample magazine texts. The samples were selected on the basis that they contained 50 of the most frequently occurring Anglicisms. The reading was recorded so that the subjects pronunciation might be transcribed, both phonetically and phonologically. Based on these same transcriptions, it was possible to analyze phonologically the phonetic patterns in a non-linear approach, comparing the standard American pronunciation of such words with the subjects BP pronunciation. Following this comparative analysis, it was possible to identify the phonological processes employed by the BP speakers when pronouncing the said words and adapting them to their phonological system. Notable elements included the following: the addition of an epenthetic vowel /e/, (pronounced [i]), in order to break down complex onsets or simple or complex codas which are non-licensed in BP and the consequent change in the syllabic structure of the word; change in the position of word stress; vocalization of /l/ in the coda of syllables; nasalization of vowels followed by nasal consonants; deletion of plosive consonants in the coda of the end of words... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
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Horikawa, Naoko. "English Loan Words in Japanese: Exploring Comprehension and Register." PDXScholar, 2013. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/913.
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English loan words (ELWs) have become a considerable part of the contemporary Japanese vocabulary. Meanwhile, it has been shown that there are individual differences in the rate of ELW comprehension. Among the factors for low comprehension is age; people over 60 years old have been shown to comprehend fewer ELWs than the overall age group. As Japan is expected to soon enter the era of an aging society, the issue of ELW comprehension is likely to present serious social and personal problems. The purpose of this study was to identify the current state of frequently used ELWs in contemporary written Japanese, with particular attention to their frequencies, linguistic features, and comprehension rates by people over 60 years old. In order to identify the mediums that are likely to be problematic, three registers were examined: government white papers, books, and internet texts. The study found that the three registers differ in their overall frequencies of ELWs and distributions of the semantic categories, while the distributions of the types of borrowing are similar. It also found that ELWs in certain semantic categories have lower comprehension rates than other categories. Registers that regularly contain low-comprehension ELWs are likely to pose problems for readers over 60 years old.
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Tifooni, Saba. "A crosslinguistic investigation into the foreign language learning of (non) equivalent emotion words : the case of Kuwaiti learners of English." Thesis, SOAS, University of London, 2017. http://eprints.soas.ac.uk/24955/.
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Heung, Lok-yi, and 香樂怡. "Loan word compression in Hong Kong." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2006. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B45007573.
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Assis, Ana Beatriz Gonçalves de. "Adaptações fonológicas na pronúncia de estrangeirismos do inglês por falantes de português brasileiro /." Araraquara : [s.n.], 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/93952.
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Orientador: Gladis Massini-CagliariBanca: Maria Helena de Moura Neves
Banca: John Robert Schmitz
Resumo: O objetivo principal desta Dissertação de Mestrado é analisar a pronúncia de anglicismos - palavras ou expressões inglesas usadas em outras línguas - por falantes de Português Brasileiro (doravante PB), com vistas à exploração da questão da adaptação destas palavras à língua de chegada, no nível fonológico, para uma posterior discussão da naturalidade de tais palavras ou expressões quando pronunciadas no contexto de PB. Como córpus, foram considerados anglicismos ainda não adaptados graficamente ao PB. A fonte é uma coletânea de textos extraídos de seções da popular revista Veja, do período de janeiro a junho de 2005. Nesse córpus, 290 diferentes termos foram encontrados, totalizando 1326 ocorrências. Pediu-se a dois falantes de PB que lessem em voz alta 50 frases selecionadas dentre os artigos considerados. Cada frase selecionada contém um dos 50 anglicismos mais recorrentes no córpus, retiradas dos artigos da revista em questão. A leitura foi gravada, e a partir das gravações foram feitas as transcrições fonética e fonologica da realização dos sujeitos para os anglicismos selecionados. A partir das transcrições realizadas, foi possível fazer análises fonológicas dos padrões fonéticos produzidos em uma perspectiva não-linear, comparando a pronúncia padrão das palavras em Inglês Americano (IA) com as pronúncias produzidas pelos dois sujeitos em PB. Após essa análise comparativa, foi feito um levantamento dos processos fonológicos utilizados pelos falantes de PB ao pronunciar tais palavras e adaptá-las ao seu sistema fonológico: inserção de vogal epentética /e/ (realizada como [i]) para desfazer onsets complexos e codas simples ou complexas não licenciadas em PB e conseqüente mudança da estrutura silábica da palavra; alteração do posicionamento do acento; vocalização de /l/ em posição de coda... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: The aim of this dissertation is to analyze Brazilian Portuguese (hereafter BP) speakers pronunciation of Anglicisms, i.e. English words or expressions used in other languages, in order to study how these words are adapted to the target language at a phonological level. Such analysis will serve to discuss the nature of these words or phrases when they are pronounced in the BP context. The corpus comprises Anglicisms which have not yet been graphically adapted to BP. The source is a collection of text extracts from the popular magazine, Veja, covering the period January to June, 2005. Within this corpus, 290 terms were identified, accounting for a total of 1,326 occurrences. Two speakers of BP were requested to read aloud some 50 sentences, each of which was selected from the sample magazine texts. The samples were selected on the basis that they contained 50 of the most frequently occurring Anglicisms. The reading was recorded so that the subjects pronunciation might be transcribed, both phonetically and phonologically. Based on these same transcriptions, it was possible to analyze phonologically the phonetic patterns in a non-linear approach, comparing the standard American pronunciation of such words with the subjects BP pronunciation. Following this comparative analysis, it was possible to identify the phonological processes employed by the BP speakers when pronouncing the said words and adapting them to their phonological system. Notable elements included the following: the addition of an epenthetic vowel /e/, (pronounced [i]), in order to break down complex onsets or simple or complex codas which are non-licensed in BP and the consequent change in the syllabic structure of the word; change in the position of word stress; vocalization of /l/ in the coda of syllables; nasalization of vowels followed by nasal consonants; deletion of plosive consonants in the coda of the end of words... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
Mestre
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Guvenc, Serpil S. "Socialist Perspectives On Foreign Policy Issues: The Case Of Tip In The 1960s." Master's thesis, METU, 2005. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12606866/index.pdf.
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ABSTRACT
SOCIALIST PERSPECTIVES ON FOREIGN POLICY ISSUES:
THE CASE OF TiP IN THE 1960s
Serpil Güvenç
M.S., Department of Public Administration and Political Sciences Supervisor: Assist. Prof. Dr. Galip Yalman December 2005, 207 pages In this study, the foreign policy perspectives of the Turkish socialist left during the 1960s are evaluated. TiP (Turkish Labour Party) is chosen as a case study and its theoretical approach and practical proposals pertinent to Turkey / USA relations, Turkey / USSR relations, Turkey / European Union relations and the Cyprus Problem are discussed by comparison to some domestic and foreign political parties and important left wing currents of the period in question.
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Bjarnadottir, Bjorg. "Phases of knowledge in lexical acquisition : a developmental study into four to twelve year olds decipherment of unfamiliar words from linguistic contexts during continuous assessment." Thesis, University of Stirling, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/1893/2608.
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Research on the deciphering of nonsense words within the context of text, a story, or tale was conducted at various schools and day-care centres in the Stirling area of Scotland in 1985-1988. Three experiments were conducted, in which large samples of primary school children aged 4-12 were tested. The experiments resembled Werner and Kaplan's (1950) "Word-Context Task, " in which isolated sentences in a series with one nonsense word in each sentence were presented to school children. The children were asked to answer questions about the meanings of these words. The results were not in line with the rapid word learning that experience suggests happens in young children, it was not until after age 9 that the children started to give approximately correct answers, and prior to age 11 the answers did not meet up with proper adult definitions. It has been pointed out, however (Donaldson, 1978), that because these sentences were not supported by any relation to immediate context and behaviour, and because the children were required to process utterances as pure isolated language - an unnatural situation for language acquisition - the "Word-Context Task" may have given an unrealistic picture of the child's ability to acquire language naturally. In the three word-leaming studies at Stirling University in 1985-1988, in order to account for a more natural presentation, the sentences with the nonsense word were embodied in the context of a story. Children were thought to fare better (than the children in the Wemer & Kaplan study) when listening to such a story, especially if the basic theme was of interest. A methodological tool, refined in the work of Dockrell (1981), in which the full meaning of a term involves having worked out the sense, reference, and denotation of the term. was applied in each of the test batteries that followed the presentation of the story. In these tests, the children were tested on both their comprehension and production of the new term in question. Drawings were used in order to try to tap the children's denotation of the new term, and to facilitate young children's approach to the demands of the study. As regards word meaning in general. Martin Joos (1972) had argued that the common blunder was that an odd word must have an odd sense--the odder, the better. He argued that one should define words in such a fashion as to make them contribute least to the total message derivable from its passage where it is housed, rather than, e. g., defining it according to some presumed etymology of semantic history. He called this concept "a tacit principle", and argued that word learners and word users would sense the intuitive familiarity of the conveyed meaning of words and text. Words are, according to this principle, "mysterious" in their environment, their meanings are not worked out deliberately, intentionally; rather, one should make the mysterious item maximally supportive and supported in its situation, in order that redundancy would result in proper connotation of the distributed meaning. Context and knowledge of contexts reveal meaning; the text is processed holistically, and so are the instantaneous meanings of the words of which it is composed. Thus, Joos maintained that in deciphering an unknown word, the wisest course is to assume the "least meaning" consistent with the context. Tasks such as Werner and Kaplan's "Word-Context Task" (1950), force subjects to infer aspects of meaning that go well beyond this "least" meaning and, as Joos pointed out, this leads notably to errors from which recovery is difficult. In the studies at Stirling University, attempts were made to determine if different types of learning would result in different types of responses. The dichotomy, intentional/incidental or analytic/holistic was worked out into experimental and control conditions, as based on Aveling's pioneering experiment (1911, 1912) into the general and particular aspects of encoded stimuli. Later, Lee Brooks (1978) worked with the dichotomies intentional/incidental in his Lepton experiments and argued that the more complex a behaviour is (speaking or writing, for example), the more likely it is to be learned implicitly. He pointed out, however, that the dichotomies explicit/implicit, analytic/non analytic, and deliberate vs. intuitive processes need to be elaborated and not taken as a strict division. In the three experiments at Stirling, children of primary school age (ages 4 to 12) were presented with a "word-context" task and their understanding of the unknown word was probed under different conditions. In the control condition a control word was probed, but in the experimental condition the child's understanding of the target word was fully tested. All the children listened to a short story displayed by a video or read from a tape in which the unknown word occurred in several different contexts, the unknown word in each story denoted an unfamiliar natural kind. During the story's display, children in the control condition were, at certain intervals, asked questions about the story's theme. Children in the experimental group were, at these same intervals, shown a sample of objects, to one of which the unknown word referred, and they were asked to hand these objects to the experimenter as she requested the objects, or they were asked direct questions about the meaning of the target word and about other words in the story. After hearing the story, all subjects were tested on their comprehension and production of the unknown word, together with other words, and a scoring procedure based on a technique developed by Dockrell (1981) was applied. This procedure necessitated the full meaning of the term covering aspects of the sense, reference., and denotation of the new term (cf. Lyons, 1977a). The results indicate that children younger than those tested in the Wemer and Kaplan's "Word-Context Task" (ages 8.6 to 13.6) could decipher the full meaning of the new term. But individual differences within age groups showed greater differences than existed between age groups. All in all, the results indicate that working out the full meaning of a new term is a lengthy process indeed (Campbell & Dockrell, 1986), even though a sense of the given semantic domain may often be established quite early in the learning process. Performance styles also differ from younger children to older ones. The results indicate that there were significant age differences between the children in the first and second experiments, but that such differences were lacking in the third experiment, and that control subjects in the three studies seldom gave poorer responses than did experimental subjects and often did better. However, the results must be interpreted in the light of learning and recovery from error occurring, within the experimental subjects in the course of deciphering. If the initial scores of the experimental subjects on the target word as obtained during encoding are compared with the first scores obtained from the control subjects after they had heard the whole story, there is a significant difference in scores between the conditions in favour of the control subjects in all age groups. This is consistent with Joos's assumption that an interference concerning the meaning of a word that occurs too early in the learning task and not enough information of contextual cues will lead the children in the experimental groups astray in their guesses when asked too early for answers on the new word's meaning. But implied in Joos's Axiom is the likelihood for recoveries from errors, and the strategies children use in order to work them out need to be explored further. Much individual variation was found among the children's responses in the age groups. These differences were indeed more significant than were the differences between age groups.
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Frischkorn, Bradford Michael. "Integration of the American English lexicon: A study of borrowing in contemporary spoken Japanese." CSUSB ScholarWorks, 1996. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd-project/1107.
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Strömberg, Anette. "Foreign Language Learning : A study among Swedish children at school on how they learn English words and which learner strategies they use." Thesis, Högskolan Dalarna, Engelska, 2004. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:du-927.
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Lee, Josephine, and 李小晶. "A study of loanwords recently re-borrowed from Japanese in Hong Kong Cantonese." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2006. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B36926954.
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Sandberg, Amanda. ""die Pracht des ganzen Ensembles" : Eine Untersuchung zur Übertragung von Stil in Bezug auf Wortwahl und Metaphern." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för språk (SPR), 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-46173.
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This essay focuses on style-related challenges that translators may face when translating from German to Swedish. The translated source text stems from the biography Kafka: The Years of Insight. Its literary style and its use of less frequent words make it particularly suitable for a study of the translation of stylistic traits. The essay raises the question whether the style of the source text can be reproduced or not. The analysis is limited to the stylistic aspects of words and includes the area of metaphors and word choice, in particular the translation of foreign words and elevated or archaic style. The study is qualitative and based on Koller's (2011) theory of connotative equivalence and the theories of linguistic and cognitive aspects of metaphors as defined by Lakoff and Johnson (1980) and Schäffner (2004). The analysis reveals that style-related translation challenges are caused by the limitations of the target language, yet, the translator is expected to reproduce the style of the source text. Thus, this essay argues that translation has more to do with recreating the style of the source text. This goes against the general view that the style of the target text is merely a reproduction of the source text.
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Rung-ruang, Apichai. "English loanwords in Thai and optimality theory." Virtual Press, 2007. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/1389690.
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This study focuses on English loanwords in Thai, particularly the treatment of consonants in different environments, namely onset/coda simplification, laryngeal features, medial consonants, and liquid alternation, within the framework of Optimality Theory (OT: Prince and Smolensky 1993/2004). The major objectives are: (1) to examine the way English loanwords are adapted to a new environment, (2) to investigate how conflict between faithfulness and markedness constraints is resolved and in what ways through OT grammars, and (3) finally to be a contribution to the literature of loan phonology in OT since there has not been much literature on English loanwords in Thai within the recent theoretical framework of Optimality TheoryThe data are drawn from an English-Thai dictionary (Sethaputa 1995), an on-line English-Thai dictionary, an English loanword dictionary (Komutthamwiboon 2003), and earlier studies of English loans in Thai by Udomwong (1981), Nacaskul (1989), Raksaphet (2000), and Kenstowicz and Atiwong (2004).The study has found that Thais replace unlicensed consonants with either auditory similar segments or shared natural class segments, as in /v/ in the English and [w] in word borrowing due to auditory similarity, /g/ in the English source replaced by [k] because of shared place of articulation. Vowel insertion is found if the English source begins with /sC/ as in /skaen/ scan -> [stkc cn]. Since Thai allows consonant clusters, a second segment of the clusters is always retained if it fits the Thai phonotactics, as in /gruup/ `group' -4 [kruip]. In coda, consonant clusters must be simplified. Consonant clusters in the English source are divided into five main subgroups. Sometimes Thais retain a segment adjacent to a vowel and delete the edge, as in /lcnzi lens -4 [len].However, a postvocalic lateral [1] followed by a segment are replaced by either a nasal [n] or a glide [w]. In terms of repair strategies, the lowest ranked faithfulness constraints indicate what motivates Thais to have consonant adaptation. MAX-I0, DEP-I0, IDENT-I0 (place) reveal that segmental deletion, insertion, and replacement on the place of articulation are employed to deal with marked structures, respectively. The two lines of approaches (Positional Faithfulness, Positional Markedness) have been examined with respect to segments bearing aspiration or voicing. The findings have shown that both approaches can be employed to achieve the same result. In medial consonants, ambisyllabic consonants in the English source undergo syllable adaptation and behave like geminates in word borrowings in Thai. Most cases show that ambisyllabic/geminate consonants in loanwords are unaspirated. A few cases are aspirated.The study has revealed that there is still more room for improvement in 0T. The standard OT allowing only a single output in the surface form is challenged. Some English loanwords have multiple outputs. For instance, /aesfoolt/ `asphalt' can be pronounced either [26tf6n] or [26tf6w]. Another example is the word /k h riim / `cream' can be pronounced as [k h riim], [khliim], and [khiim]. To account for these phenomena requires a sociolinguistic explanation.Department of English
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Sippel, Raul Robson. "Aspectos semântico-discursivos no léxico da MPB: empréstimos linguísticos no percurso de Noel a Blanc." Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, 2011. http://www.bdtd.uerj.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=3291.
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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e TecnológicoO objetivo desta dissertação é avaliar a importância dos estrangeirismos como auxiliares e contribuintes no nível léxico da Língua. Também, investigar o quadro sócio-histórico-cultural dos principais momentos em que os empréstimos linguísticos se fizeram presentes na Música Brasileira. Trata-se de um trabalho quantitativo e qualitativo, no qual se rastreou exatamente a presença desses neologismos no cancioneiro nacional, dos idos de 1930 aos dias atuais. Apontamos os momentos de sua maior incidência, aventamos e desvelamos as possíveis intenções de suas utilizações e seus significados, tácitos ou não; quer relacionados a aspectos sócio-históricos, quer relacionados aos seus vieses linguísticos propriamente ditos. Letras de músicas, fonogramas lançados em vinil, remasterizados; recursos audiovisuais foram buscados; assim como publicações específicas sobre música, biografias e literatura técnica sobre Língua Portuguesa
The aim of this paper is achieving the importance of foreign expressions and their contribution to the lexical level of the language. Also, it reports the social, historical and cultural aspects and moments that those loan words have been presented in the Brazilian songbook since 1930, through a quantitative and qualitative point of view. It points out the circumstances of their major appearance in music and reveals specific intentions of their political, social or linguistic uses. Lyrics, records, CDs, audiovisual Internet resources were searched, as though biographies and technical literature about music and Portuguese language
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Prado, Daniela de Faria. "Uma análise das inserções dos empréstimos linguísticos da área da informática no Dicionário Aurélio XXI." Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, 2006. https://repositorio.ufu.br/handle/123456789/15499.
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This work searched reflection about the insertions of Loan Words from English language of Computing area in the Aurélio XXI dictionary. The theoretical model elected for the organization and analysis of the lexical units colected for us considered Guilbert (1975), Biderman (2001), Alves (1994) and Carvalho (1984). So, with teh aim of verify neological stage the lexical units are, as well, criterias for their insertion. After collecting of new words, which appear as portuguese units and as loan words. We have noticed a lack of criterias related to the insertion of units from an specilized area in a general language dictionary, what brings us the question of lexicographic production in Brazil do not count on established criterias and neither a language politics which deserves attention from studious and authorities. In the light of lexicography and lexicology we pointed out some incoherences in the organization of macro and microstructure of the work in study.Este trabalho procurou refletir a respeito das inserções de empréstimos lingüísticos oriundos da língua inglesa da área da informática no dicionário Aurélio XXI; considerando-se a teoria lexicográfica de Guilbert (1975), Biderman (2001), Alves (1994), Carvalho (1984). Assim, verificou-se que os neologismos, inseridos no Aurélio XXI, não estão bem organizados no que concerne à delimitação de qual estágio neológico as unidades lexicais se encontram, não delimitando critérios para a inserção de vocábulos, que ora se apresentam como unidades já aportuguesadas, ora como estrangeirismos. Há uma falta de critérios relacionados à inserção de unidades pertencentes a uma língua de especialidade em um dicionário de língua geral. Isso nos remete a questão da produção lexicográfica no Brasil não contar com critérios estabelecidos como também não termos uma política do idioma que mereça atenção dos estudiosos e das autoridades. Realizamos também uma análise das fases neológicas em que encontram as unidades lexicais oriundas da língua inglesa pertencente à Informática.
Mestre em Linguística
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Buchenko, Olga. "Off-shoring’s Impact on Economic Growth of Developing Countries in Central and Eastern Europe." Thesis, KTH, Samhällsekonomi, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-77099.
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This paper investigates the impact of the increased off-shoring in business and manufacturing to Central and Eastern Europe (CEE). Since the off-shoring process is a relatively new activity, there is no precise definition of how to measure its direct impact on a country’s economy. Thus the study is dedicated to identify the main economic factors associated with off-shoring and to examine their impact on the economic growth. The study has used a dataset on economic characteristics for 9 CEE countries (Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Czech Republic, Hungary, Romania, Slovenia, Croatia) during the time period of 2000 - 2008. After applying fixed and random effects econometric model to the panel data for 9 countries, empirical results showed that FDI inflows that enter the country with offshoring processes have a positive influence on the GDP of those countries. Additionally, exports of manufactured products and ICT services are also shown to have a positive influence on GDP. At the same time, indigenous investments and private consumption do have a stronger impact on economic growth compared to foreign direct investments and exports, respectively.
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Graham, Florence. "Turkish loanwords in seventeenth- and eighteenth-century Bosnian and Bulgarian Franciscan texts." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2015. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:2e237b05-c803-4278-a93a-ccc519ea4eac.
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This dissertation analyses when, how and why Turkish loanwords became incorporated into Bosnian and Bulgarian, as seen in the writings of the seventeenth- and eighteenth-century Bosnian and Bulgarian Franciscans. I analyse Bosnian works (religious and secular) by Matija Divkovic, Ivan Bandulavic, Pavo Posilovic Mošunjanin, Mihovil Radnic, Stjepan Margitic Markovac, Lovro Braculjevic, Filip Lastric, Nikola Marcinkušic Lašvanin, Marko Dobretic, Bono Benic, and Grgo Ilijic-Varešanin. As a Bulgarian counterpart, I analyse three eighteenth-century Bulgarian Franciscan manuscripts and the works of Petar Bogdan Bakšic and Filip Stanislavov. The dissertation consists of eight chapters. The first chapter gives background information on Turkish presence in Bosnia and Bulgaria, the history of the Franciscans in Bosnia and Bulgaria, short biographies of each of the writers whose works are analysed, phonology and orthography. The second chapter focuses on the complications regarding establishing earliest attestations for turkisms in Bosnian and Bulgarian. The third chapter discusses the nominal morphology of turkisms in Bosnian and Bulgarian. This chapter analyses why turkisms developed the gender that they did when borrowed from a language that does not have gender as a category. Chapter four addresses the verbal morphology of turkisms in Bosnian and Bulgarian. Verbal prefixes are discussed in detail, as are Turkish voiced suffixes in Bulgarian. The fifth chapter analyses adjectives and adverbs, with focus on gender and number agreement. The sixth chapter addresses the use of Turkish conjunctions. The seventh chapter looks at the motivation, semantics and setting of turkisms in Bosnian and Bulgarian. The conclusion addresses how morphology, semantics, motivation and setting of turkisms relate to their chronology in Bosnian and Bulgarian and how these areas differ from language to language.
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Samperi-Mangan, Jacqueline. "Languages in contact : error analysis of Italian childrens' compositions in a multilingual context." Thesis, McGill University, 1991. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=60594.
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Children of Italian immigrants in Montreal are in contact with many languages and kinds of speech. French and English are used publicly, formal Italian is studied in heritage classes, a dialect of the family's region of origin is used at home, and a kind of koine is frequently used in interactions with other Italian immigrants. The contact of these languages produces various kinds of interferences. These lead a child to make errors when he tries to use the Standard Italian code. In this research, children's compositions are examined for errors which in turn are analysed and classified. The causes of these errors are investigated and statistics are presented to indicate the frequency of errors or the power of various causes.An effort is made to show all the different errors and interferences that occur, and to discover a pattern of their causes. The data put forth might eventually serve as a base for further studies on the pedagogical prevention or correction of errors in the teaching of Standard Italian as adapted to the specific situation in Montreal.
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Lau, Martin, and 劉文德. "Lexical borrowing in Hong Kong: a study of the Englishization of Chinese and the nativization of English." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1999. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B30269040.
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Sun, Jing. "The Teeter-Totter in Reading Chinese Coordinative Compound Words: A Multi-Stage Investigation on Word Recognition by Native Readers of Chinese and Learners of Chinese as a Second Language." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2020. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1593267157168268.
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Wallin, Gustaf, and Jonathan Jaginder. "Swedish EFL Students' Awareness of Connotations : A quantitative and qualitative study on students' awareness of connotations." Thesis, Högskolan i Halmstad, Akademin för lärande, humaniora och samhälle, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hh:diva-44817.
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This study aimed to analyse Swedish EFL students' efficiency on connotations. Connotation isa word's implied meaning which brings neutral, positive, or negative associations in aconversation. In this study, connotations were examined in terms of their appropriateness ifused in different contexts. The purpose of this research was to investigate whether Swedishstudents of an intermediate level showed sufficient skills in comprehending a word'sappropriateness when compared to a native speaker. Furthermore, this study also aimed toanalyse in what ways students engaged in English during their spare time show a correlation tohigher test scores. The results indicate that the Swedish students' combined score on theconnotation test showed less than half of the full score. The results also highlight that thestudents who are engaged in English more frequently compared to those who are not showedhigher test scores.
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Boswell, Paul Duane. "Acquisition versus long-term retention of Japanese words and syntax by children and adults: Implications for the critical period hypothesis in second language learning." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/186502.
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The critical period hypothesis for second language learning, which states that young children learn additional languages better than adults, lacks unambiguous empirical support as well as a coherent theoretical model. An experimental study was conducted which analyzed child-adult differences in difficulty of acquisition and long-term retention for rules of syntax and words in Japanese, a language unfamiliar to the subjects. The results of this study found no advantage for children over adults either in acquisition or long-term memory. However, relative to the difficulty of acquisition, the children had lower forgetting rates for words than for rules when both materials were learned completely. In the lexical study, the children's performance at retention was closer to the adults' than at acquisition, whereas in the syntax study, the opposite was the case. These results confirm the existence of developmental differences in the forgetting rates of different materials. Such results imply that, if there is an advantage for learning language at an early age, it might be localized in lexical retention.
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Dillström, Sibylle. "Motiviertheit in der Wortbildung entlehnter Einheiten : Eine deskriptive Studie von Personenbezeichnungen mit Fremdsuffixen im Deutschen vom 16. bis zum 20. Jahrhundert." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala University, Department of German, 1999. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-390.
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This thesis looks from a historical perspective at the morphological-semantic motivation of words denoting persons with foreign suffixes that have been borrowed into and also formed in German, whereby, among other things, the role of motivation in relation to the borrowing and retention of lexical items is elucidated.
In a theoretical section peculiarities and problems in the word formation of loan items are discussed, and motivation is defined as a synchronous-semantic category. In the analysis words denoting persons that have seven different foreign suffixes, deriving principally from Latin, are examined with material primarily from dictionaries.
The study shows that especially for the frequent suffixes in German there is a consistently large proportion of motivated words. It is generally the case that the words are motivated on their first appearance in the material, and changes in their motivation are on the whole infrequent. The analysis further proves that motivated formations often disappear from the material, and words are mostly retained after the loss of their motivation.
The reason that the words for the most part are motivated in German when borrowed, is that suffixed words denoting persons are generally closely related in their semantic structure to another word in the original or donor language. In German, a relatively large proportion of motivated formations for one suffix does not always correlate with high frequency or with high productivity of the suffix. Furthermore, many of the words examined do not belong to the common vocabulary, which restricts their motivation from a socio-linguistic point of view and can to some extent contribute to their disappearance.
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Abdula, Rajabo Alfredo Mugabo [UNESP]. "Marcas de influência do echúwabo no português de Moçambique: a questão dos verbos nas redes sociais." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/115688.
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Moçambique é um país multilíngue e a maioria das línguas pertence ao grupo linguístico bantu. Por causa do multilinguismo, a maioria da população fala duas ou mais línguas, o que tem favorecido à influência uma das outras. Essa influência nos dias de hoje não é apenas vista na oralidade, mas na escrita principalmente nas redes sociais como o facebook, onde muitos jovens se encontram diariamente para interagirem. Foi nesse intuito que a presente pesquisa foi feita, para analisar a influência do echúwabo – uma língua falada na província da Zambézia, para o português. Para o efeito foram traçados os seguintes objetivos: a) analisar os verbos do echúwabo que entram para o português nas conversas do facebook feitas na cidade de Quelimane; b) verificar o modo como esses verbos entram nas conversas feitas em português; e, c) identificar os fatores que favorecem esse tipo de ocorrências no facebook. Para que isso fosse concretizado foram usadas como variáveis sociolinguísticas 1) a faixa etária, 2) a ocupação, 3) o gênero e 4) o nível de escolaridade. No final constatou-se que a faixa etária do falante teve influência na produção dos dois tipos de verbos, pelo fato de ter-se verificado que os mais novos, que compreendem a idade entre os 16 e 25 anos tiveram menos casos de verbos do português que os da segunda idade – de 30 a 39 anos de idade, e os mais velhos tiveram menos casos de verbos do echúwabo; a ocupação do falante teve influência na produção dos dois tipos de verbos, pelo fato de se ter verificado que os estudantes tiveram mais casos de verbos do português que os funcionários e, para o caso dos verbos do echúwabo, os estudantes tiverem menos casos que os funcionários; o gênero do falante teve influências na produção dos dois tipos de verbos, pelo fato de ter-se verificado que os homens apresentam mais casos de verbos do português que as mulheres e, as mulheres tiveram mais casos de verbos ...
Mozambique is a multilingual country and most of the languages belong to the Bantu language group. Because of multilingualism, the majority of the population speaks two or more languages , which has favored the influence one each other. This influence these days is not only seen in orality, but written mainly on social networks like facebook, where many young people meet daily to interact. It was in this order that the present research was conducted to analyze the influence of Echúwabo - a language spoken in the province of Zambezia, for the Portuguese. For this purpose the following objectives were set: a) analyze the verbs echúwabo entering into Portuguese in facebook conversations made in the city of Quelimane, b) determine how these verbs enter the conversations made in Portuguese, and c) identify the factors that encourage this type of occurrences on facebook. For this to be achieved were used as sociolinguistic variables 1) age, 2) the occupation, 3) gender and 4) the level of education. In the end it was found that the age of the speaker influenced the production of two types of verbs, because it has been found that the newest, comprising the age between 16 and 25 had fewer cases of Portuguese verbs that the second age - 30-39 years of age and older had fewer cases of verbs Echúwabo; occupation of the speaker influenced the production of two types of verbs, because it was found that students had more cases of Portuguese verbs than employees and, in the case of verbs of Echúwabo, students have fewer cases compared to employees, the gender of the speaker had influences in the production of two types of verbs, because it has been found that men have more cases of verbs Portuguese than women, and women had more cases of verbs Echúwabo than men, the education level of the speaker influenced the production of two types of verbs , because it has been found that the people with secondary level had more cases of Portuguese verbs when ...
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Abdula, Rajabo Alfredo Mugabo. "Marcas de influência do echúwabo no português de Moçambique : a questão dos verbos nas redes sociais /." Araraquara, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/115688.
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Orientador: Cristina Martins FargettiBanca: Rosane de Andrade Berlinck
Banca: Margarida Maria Taddoni Petter
Resumo: Moçambique é um país multilíngue e a maioria das línguas pertence ao grupo linguístico bantu. Por causa do multilinguismo, a maioria da população fala duas ou mais línguas, o que tem favorecido à influência uma das outras. Essa influência nos dias de hoje não é apenas vista na oralidade, mas na escrita principalmente nas redes sociais como o facebook, onde muitos jovens se encontram diariamente para interagirem. Foi nesse intuito que a presente pesquisa foi feita, para analisar a influência do echúwabo - uma língua falada na província da Zambézia, para o português. Para o efeito foram traçados os seguintes objetivos: a) analisar os verbos do echúwabo que entram para o português nas conversas do facebook feitas na cidade de Quelimane; b) verificar o modo como esses verbos entram nas conversas feitas em português; e, c) identificar os fatores que favorecem esse tipo de ocorrências no facebook. Para que isso fosse concretizado foram usadas como variáveis sociolinguísticas 1) a faixa etária, 2) a ocupação, 3) o gênero e 4) o nível de escolaridade. No final constatou-se que a faixa etária do falante teve influência na produção dos dois tipos de verbos, pelo fato de ter-se verificado que os mais novos, que compreendem a idade entre os 16 e 25 anos tiveram menos casos de verbos do português que os da segunda idade - de 30 a 39 anos de idade, e os mais velhos tiveram menos casos de verbos do echúwabo; a ocupação do falante teve influência na produção dos dois tipos de verbos, pelo fato de se ter verificado que os estudantes tiveram mais casos de verbos do português que os funcionários e, para o caso dos verbos do echúwabo, os estudantes tiverem menos casos que os funcionários; o gênero do falante teve influências na produção dos dois tipos de verbos, pelo fato de ter-se verificado que os homens apresentam mais casos de verbos do português que as mulheres e, as mulheres tiveram mais casos de verbos ...
Abstract: Mozambique is a multilingual country and most of the languages belong to the Bantu language group. Because of multilingualism, the majority of the population speaks two or more languages , which has favored the influence one each other. This influence these days is not only seen in orality, but written mainly on social networks like facebook, where many young people meet daily to interact. It was in this order that the present research was conducted to analyze the influence of Echúwabo - a language spoken in the province of Zambezia, for the Portuguese. For this purpose the following objectives were set: a) analyze the verbs echúwabo entering into Portuguese in facebook conversations made in the city of Quelimane, b) determine how these verbs enter the conversations made in Portuguese, and c) identify the factors that encourage this type of occurrences on facebook. For this to be achieved were used as sociolinguistic variables 1) age, 2) the occupation, 3) gender and 4) the level of education. In the end it was found that the age of the speaker influenced the production of two types of verbs, because it has been found that the newest, comprising the age between 16 and 25 had fewer cases of Portuguese verbs that the second age - 30-39 years of age and older had fewer cases of verbs Echúwabo; occupation of the speaker influenced the production of two types of verbs, because it was found that students had more cases of Portuguese verbs than employees and, in the case of verbs of Echúwabo, students have fewer cases compared to employees, the gender of the speaker had influences in the production of two types of verbs, because it has been found that men have more cases of verbs Portuguese than women, and women had more cases of verbs Echúwabo than men, the education level of the speaker influenced the production of two types of verbs , because it has been found that the people with secondary level had more cases of Portuguese verbs when ...
Mestre
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Séguis, Brigita. "The Polish-Russian mixed code in the Polish community in Lithuania." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2014. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:0439ac1c-5401-448b-b747-07126274b589.
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The aim of this thesis is to investigate the patterns of language alternation in the Polish community in Lithuania, which can be described as an indigenous ethnic group that has been living on the territory of modern-day Lithuania since the fourteenth century (Potašenko 2007). Following two language ideologies, Russification during Soviet times and Lithuanisation post-independence, the Lithuanian Poles developed complex linguistic repertoires, consisting of the regional and standard variety of Polish, Russian and Lithuanian. One of the most significant consequences of the prolonged language contact has been the emergence of frequent and regular language alternation between the regional variety of Polish and Russian, which constitutes the focal point of the present study. As the existing research suggests, the linguistic phenomena arising as a result of language contact can be situated along a continuum, which starts with code-switching, then gradually moves towards code-mixing and finally evolves into a conventionalised fused lect (Auer 1999). 'Classic' code-switching is characterised by the locally meaningful juxtaposition of the two languages, code-mixing can be described as a type of interaction where the switched mode of speaking becomes the norm while a fused lect is an even further development of bilingual speech, which presupposes loss of variation and an increase of linguistic structure. The data for the present study come from a corpus of spontaneous conversations involving members of the Polish community. The recordings were collected in the city of Vilnius and feature 25 respondents in their twenties. The data analysis reveals that all three types of language alternation feature in the present corpus; however, code-mixing is clearly the preferred type. It immediately manifests itself in the frequent insertion of Russian single switches and larger constituents into the Polish base. As a result of its wide spread and frequency, language alternation has lost its immediate local meaning and the pattern of frequent Polish-Russian mixing has become the accepted mode of speaking within the Polish speech community.
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Sowers, Andrew Michael. "Loanwords in Context: Lexical Borrowing from English to Japanese and its Effects on Second-Language Vocabulary Acquisition." PDXScholar, 2017. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/3970.
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Research has shown that cognates between Japanese and English have the potential to be a valuable learning tool (Daulton, 2008). Yet little is known on how Japanese learners of English produce cognates in context. Recently, studies have argued that cognates can cause a surprisingly high number of syntactic errors in sentence writing activities with Japanese learners (Rogers, Webb, & Nakata, 2014; Masson, 2013). In the present study, I investigated how Japanese learners of English understood and used true cognates (words that have equivalent meanings in both languages) and non-true cognates (words where the Japanese meaning differs in various ways from their English source words). Via quasi-replication, I analyzed participants' sentences to determine the interaction of true and non-true cognates on semantics and syntax. In an experimental study, twenty Japanese exchange students filled out a word knowledge scale of thirty target words (half true cognates and half non-true cognates) and wrote sentences for the words they indicated they knew. These sentences were analyzed quantitatively and qualitatively for both semantic and syntactic errors. Sentences with true cognates were semantically accurate 86% of the time, while those with non-true cognates were accurate only 62.3% of the time, which was a statistically significant difference. When the sentences were analyzed for syntax, there was no statistically significant difference in the number of errors between true and non-true cognates, which contrasts with previous research. Qualitative analysis revealed that the most problematic syntactic issue across both cognate types was using collocations correctly. Among those collocational issues, there were clear differences in the types of errors between true and non-true cognates. True cognate target words were more likely to lead to problems with prepositional collocations, while non-true cognate target words were more likely to lead to problems with verb collocations. These results suggest that for intermediate Japanese learners of English, semantics of non-true cognates should be prioritized in learning, followed by syntax of true and non-true cognates, which should be taught according to the most problematic error types per cognate status.
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Wynne, Hilary Suzanne Zinsmeyer. "The phonological encoding of complex morphosyntactic structures in native and non-native English speakers." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2016. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:39fd5b76-2099-4f42-a428-e4c2df39685d.
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Theories of phonological word formation (e.g. Selkirk 1980, 1986; Nespor & Vogel 1986; Lahiri & Plank 2010) assume that prosodic units are not isomorphic with syntactic units. However, the prosodic status of compounds remain uncertain, at least in so far as language planning and phonological encoding is concerned. Theories are not transparent about the prosodic status of compounds: although a noun-noun compound in English consists of two lexical words (and therefore two prosodic words), it can also act as a single prosodic item by exhibiting main stress on the first unit and carrying inflection. Thus the question remains controversial - should these items be treated as a single prosodic unit, similar to a monomorphemic word, or as two distinct units for the purpose of post-lexical representation? Recursive word formation may suggest that compounds are a single unit. Psycholinguistic evidence measuring speech onset latency in native speakers of Dutch and Portuguese also shows compounds being treated as single prosodic units (Wheeldon & Lahiri 1997, 2002; Vigario, 2010). Although recent studies have produced evidence for the prosodification of compounds in native speakers, little is known about the process in non-native speakers. Our research questions are as follows: what is the post-lexical planning unit in English, and how do non-native fluent speakers of English plan these units for the purpose of phonological encoding? To investigate our hypotheses, we focus on the phonological encoding of compounds with and without encliticisation, for native and non-native speakers of English. In a series of delayed priming tasks, we found overwhelming evidence that reaction times reflected the total number of prosodic units in the target sentence. In online tasks, however, speech latencies only reflected the size of the first prosodic unit. Taken together,these results suggest that, despite containing two lexical and prosodic words, English compounds are planned as single prosodic units, exhibiting encliticisation and reaction times similar to those of monomorphemic words. As shown by the results in this study, this naming paradigm has proved extremely beneficial for eliciting data about the structure of prosodic units in speech production. Not only was it successful for native speakers of Dutch, European Portuguese, and English, we also found that it was easily implemented into a study of post-lexical encoding in non-native speakers of English.
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Beaumont, Jean-Charles. "Emprunt et processus de pluriel en arabe marocain : innovation lexicale et facteurs sociolinguistiques d'intégration." Thesis, McGill University, 1986. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=65482.
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Polekaitė, Erlanda. "Kitų šalių tikrinių žodžių kirčiavimas "Visuotinės lietuvių enciklopedijos" I tome." Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2008. http://vddb.library.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2008~D_20080924_174401-77134.
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Lietuvių kalboje vartojama nemaža skolinių, vadinamųjų tarptautinių žodžių. Bendrinė tarptautinė leksika – tai viena svetimos leksikos dalis. Visgi egzistuoja ir dar viena, ne mažiau svarbi ir aktuali tarptautinės leksikos dalis – kitų šalių (tarptautiniai) tikriniai žodžiai.
Šiai leksikos daliai tirti ir skirtas šis magistro darbas.
Darbo tema – kitų šalių tikrinių žodžių kirčiavimas „Visuotinės lietuvių enciklopedijos“ I tome (VLE I). Šio leksikos klodo kirčiavimo tyrimai gana skurdūs, lyginant su savos kilmės tikrinių žodžių grupėmis, todėl taisyklingam kirčiavimui būtinų žinotinų bendrųjų dėsningumų išskyrimas pravartus ir tikslingas. Apskritai ši leksikos dalis Lietuvoje nedaug tirta, taigi darbo tema šiuo atveju pasirinkta neatsitiktinai, yra gana aktuali.
Tirti „Visuotinės lietuvių enciklopedijos“ I tomo (VLE I) pavyzdžiai. Šio darbo tyrimo objektas – kitų šalių tikriniai žodžiai – tam tikri nelietuviškos kilmės asmenvardžiai ir vietovardžiai (asmenvardžių dalis gerokai – kone du kartus – didesnė). Žodžių „Kita“, į kurią įeitų kiti nelietuviški tikriniai žodžiai, atsisakyta, kadangi tokių pavadinimų dažniausiai pateikiamos tik originalo kalbos formos, o darbe, remiantis lietuvių kalbos kirčiavimo sistemos dėsningumais, nagrinėjamos tik adaptuotos formos.
Pagrindinis magistro darbo tikslas – nustatyti kirčiavimo paradigmas, ištìrti ir pateikti kitų šalių tikrinių žodžių kirčiavimo dėsningumus „Visuotinės lietuvių enciklopedijos“ I tome. Siekiama ne tik akcentuoti... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]Lithuanian language has many adopted words, they are called international words. Common international lexis – is one part of the foreign lexis. Also there is alike important part of international lexis – the proper words of foreign language. This paper of master degree is all about the proper words of foreign language. The goal of that essay is to research the proper words of foreign languages in the “Universal Lithuanian encyclopaedia” volume I (ULE I). That line of accentuation analysis is quit barren comparing to the groups of the native proper words. Therefore the exclusion of the consistency of the correct accentuation is useful and has its meaning and purpose. Mostly that part of lexis is very little researched in Lithuania. Accordingly to that fact has risen the purpose of writing the paper on such subject. Here were researched the examples of the “Universal Lithuanian encyclopaedia” volume I (ULE I). The subject of that research was the proper words of foreign language – some particular personal names and place-names (personal names were researched almost twice bigger part comparing to the place-names). Such words as „Other“, witch would include other foreign proper words were declined because the names of such words usually has the form of original language. In that work which is supported on the consistency of the accentuation in Lithuania language, was researched only adopted form of words. The main task of this paper of master degree is to set paradigms of the... [to full text]
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Rosell, Steuer Pernilla. "-ein allzu weites Feld? : zu Übersertzungstheorie und Übersetzungspraxis anhand der Kulturspezifika in fünf Übersetzungen des Romans "Ein weites Feld" von Günter Grass." Doctoral thesis, Stockholms universitet, Tyska institutionen, 2004. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-75.
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The present dissertation investigates literary translation from a cultural perspective by comparing the translation of culture-specific words and concepts in five different translations of the novel Ein weites Feld by Günter Grass. The translations were chosen to represent three ‘small’ (Swedish, Danish, Norwegian) and two ‘large’ (American English, French) languages and cultures, in order to find out whether these categories are characterized by different ‘foreignizing’ or ‘domesticating’ translation methods. The main purpose of the study is to present an empirical and descriptive analysis of the concrete difficulties and possibilities connected with the process of transferring culturespecific words and concepts taken from the geographical, historical, literary and everyday context of the original work. A further aim of the study is to undertake a comparison of theory and practice of translation with regard to culture and culturespecific words. The methodological framework is taken from the historically oriented ‘Transfer’ method of the Göttingen literary translation school, where deviations from original literary texts are not seen as ‘mistakes’ in the traditional linguistic sense but as differences caused by various historical and individual factors. Above all, this study aims to focus on the translations themselves, to investigate what different solutions to cultural translation problems can tell us about the meeting between the ‘Foreign’ and the world of the translators and their prospective readership. The study’s analyses demonstrate that culture-specific words and concepts in this material are translated in a broad variety of ways, which often differ from translation to translation and therefore cannot be classified into predictable categories of translation 'strategies’. A certain pattern could be detected as far as the translation of geographical place-names and similar concepts were concerned, where the Scandinavian translators tend to preserve the original words and concepts to a greater extent than the other translators. As a contrast, the American and French translators have preserved a large number of words connected to the ‘Third Reich’ in the original form, which raises questions about the way strategies of preserving the ‘Foreign’ in translations are connected with the picture of other cultures. However, the most conspicuous result of the investigation could be found within the category of the ‘pragmatic’ decisions (Chesterman), which differ considerably in all translations as far as explanations of culture-specific phenomena within the text itself are concerned. Thus five literary translations make five different variations of the same novel. The heterogeneous translation solutions further show that the theoretical approaches within translation theory are of only limited use for describing existing literary translations in an adequate way.
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Furtado, Suzana Ramalho. "Léxico e identidade lingüística: formação do vocabulário do português-brasileiro pelos estrangeirismos." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2008. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/14502.
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Previous issue date: 2008-04-28Secretaria da Educação do Estado de São Paulo
This Dissertation is grounded within the History and Portuguese Language Description research line, of the Post-Graduation Studies in Portuguese Language of Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo and comprehends an exploratory investigation, whose object of study is limited to the foreign words present in the Brazilian Portuguese language. The use of foreign words is seen as a phenomenon whose milestone is inserted within the history of composition of a certain language and reaches any coexistence. Grounded by the principles and presuppositions of Lexicology, and guided by a general objective to try to understand the strategies adopted by users of the Brazilian Portuguese language in the process of transference of foreign words in linguistic loans the investigative route is guided by three different focuses. One of them emphasizes the cultural and historical point of view, giving importance to different contexts of human social formations, in the flow of their constructions, in order to place in them the composition of the Brazilian Portuguese language as a product of contact between different peoples, users of different languages; another one, broader, concerns social, historical and cultural contexts that comprise human social formations supported by the development of technologies; and the last one is limited to linguistic studies that mainly focus on the lexical, aiming at determining the strategies implied in the process of nationalization of foreign words that, in the current coexistence, were or are being incorporated into the Brazilian Portuguese language vocabulary. The methodological procedure implied the selection and analysis of a corpus, in order to provide examples, comprised of words from the English language, selected from different semantic fields, in order to focus on the transference processes of foreign words in lexical loans, paying special attention to the comparison with the foundation milestone of the categories: projection, transfer and identity: those that ensure, by analogical principles, identify the non familiar by the familiar . It is important to notice that, for the analyses, the words and their respective contents were considered in their phonological, morphosyntatic and semantic dimensions. The results obtained show that the acquisition and use of new words, as well as of a foreign language, never take place in an isolated manner, but in the flow of speech and is grounded on the previous knowledge of the speaker. Therefore, the use of foreign words requires from the user who does not speak the English language a greater effort of interpretation and comprehension, even when the cultural repertoire of the English language is used in sentences structured by phrasal categories of the Portuguese language. It was also noticed that the words become Portuguese words in the phonetic point of view and, when integrated into the vocabulary system, become productive in a way that the new lexical matrix begins to support the product of new vocabulary forms; therefore, the loans are explained by the lexical productivity
Esta Dissertação situa-se na linha de pesquisa História e Descrição da Língua Portuguesa, do Programa de Estudos Pós-Graduados em Língua Portuguesa da Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo e compreende uma investigação exploratória, cujo objeto de estudo está circunscrito aos estrangeirismos presentificados no idioma português-brasileiro. Postula-se o uso de estrangeirismo como um fenômeno cujo marco se inscreve na própria história da formação de um dado idioma e se estende a qualquer contemporaneidade. Fundamentado pelos princípios e pressupostos da Lexicologia, e norteado por um objetivo geral buscar compreender as estratégias empregadas pelos usuários do idioma português-brasileiro nos processos de transmudação dos estrangeirismos em empréstimos lingüísticos o percurso investigativo está traçado por três focalizações. Uma que privilegia o ponto de vista histórico-cultural, atribuindo relevo a diferentes contextos das formações sociais humanas, no fluxo de suas construções, para neles situar a formação do idioma português-brasileiro como um produto de contato entre diferentes povos, usuários de línguas diferentes; outra mais ampla referente a contextos sócio-histórico-culturais que configuram formações sociais humanas que têm por suporte o desenvolvimento de tecnologias; e uma última circunscrita aos quadros dos estudos lingüísticos que privilegiam o léxico, com vistas a verificar quais são as estratégias implicadas no processo de nacionalização de vocábulos estrangeiros que, na atual contemporaneidade, foram ou estão sendo incorporados ao vocabulário do idioma português-brasileiro. O procedimento metodológico implicou a seleção e análise de um corpus, a título de exemplificação, composto de palavras do idioma inglês, selecionadas a partir de diferentes campos semânticos, no qual se busca focalizar os processos de transmudação de estrangeirismos em empréstimos lexicais, privilegiando a comparação com o marco fundador das categorias: projeção, transferência e identidade: aquelas que asseguram, por princípios analógicos, identificar o não familiar pelo familiar . Ressalta-se que, para as análises, as formas vocabulares e seus respectivos conteúdos foram considerados em sua dimensão fonológica, morfossintática e semântica. Os resultados obtidos indicam que a aquisição e uso de novos vocábulos, bem como de uma língua estrangeira, nunca ocorrem de forma isolada, e sim no fluxo da discursivização e têm por ancoragem os conhecimentos prévios do falante. De forma que, a utilização de palavras estrangeiras exige do usuário não falante do idioma inglês um maior esforço de interpretação e de compreensão mesmo quando o repertório cultural da língua inglesa é empregado em enunciados estruturados pelas categorias frasais da língua portuguesa. Constatou-se, ainda, que os vocábulos são aportuguesados pelo ponto de vista fonético e, quando integrados ao sistema vocabular, se tornam produtivos de forma que a nova matriz lexical passa a sustentar a produção de novas formas vocabulares; portanto os empréstimos são explicados pela produtividade lexical
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Bushong, Robert W. II. "The academic word list reorganized for Spanish-speaking English language learners." Master's thesis, University of Central Florida, 2010. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETD/id/4660.
Full textAbstract:
Published in TESOL Quarterly a decade ago, the Academic Word List (AWL) (Coxhead, 2000) has become increasingly influential in the field of TESOL. With more than 82% of the AWL comprised of words of Latin and Greek, much of this important list logically consists of English-Spanish cognates because Spanish originated from Latin. In order to serve Spanish-speaking English language learners (SSELLs) better, their teachers need to know which AWL words are cognates. Using published sources and linguistic analysis of the 570 items in the AWL, the research in this thesis has resulted in a newly reorganized AWL divided into four categories that are more useful for our Spanish-speaking English language learners as well as their instructors, curriculum designers, and materials writers: English-Spanish true cognates, partial cognates, false cognates, and non-cognates.ID: 029050607; System requirements: World Wide Web browser and PDF reader.; Mode of access: World Wide Web.; Thesis (M.A.)--University of Central Florida, 2010.; Includes bibliographical references (p. 110-116).
M.A.
Masters
Department of Modern Languages and Literatures
Arts and Humanities