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1
van Berkel, Ans. "Het Leren Van de Geschreven Vorm Van Woorden in een Vreemde Taal." Leerderskenmerken 37 (January 1, 1990): 59–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ttwia.37.07ber.
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The article centres around the questions of how the written form of words in a foreign language is normally acquired, and how the learning process of dyslexic pupils can be described. A phase model is presented of the way reading and writing are learnt in the mother tongue, incorporating several strategies: the logographemic, alphabetical, orthographic and direct strategies. The research reported on leads to the following conclusions: 1. the strategies outlined in the mother tongue model can also be recognized in the foreign language; 2. the model offers the possibility of describing the learning process in the foreign language in phases, too; 3. the errors made by weak spellers differ quantitatively, not qualitatively, from those made by normal spellers.
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Ursino, M., C. Cuppini, and E. Magosso. "A Semantic Model to Study Neural Organization of Language in Bilingualism." Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience 2010 (2010): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2010/350269.
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A neural network model of object semantic representation is used to simulate learning of new words from a foreign language. The network consists of feature areas, devoted to description of object properties, and a lexical area, devoted to words representation. Neurons in the feature areas are implemented as Wilson-Cowan oscillators, to allow segmentation of different simultaneous objects via gamma-band synchronization. Excitatory synapses among neurons in the feature and lexical areas are learned, during a training phase, via a Hebbian rule. In this work, we first assume that some words in the first language (L1) and the corresponding object representations are initially learned during a preliminary training phase. Subsequently, second-language (L2) words are learned by simultaneously presenting the new word together with the L1 one. A competitive mechanism between the two words is also implemented by the use of inhibitory interneurons. Simulations show that, after a weak training, the L2 word allows retrieval of the object properties but requires engagement of the first language. Conversely, after a prolonged training, the L2 word becomes able to retrieve object per se. In this case, a conflict between words can occur, requiring a higher-level decision mechanism.
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Bonetta, Giovanni, Marco Roberti, Rossella Cancelliere, and Patrick Gallinari. "The Rare Word Issue in Natural Language Generation: A Character-Based Solution." Informatics 8, no. 1 (March 23, 2021): 20. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/informatics8010020.
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In this paper, we analyze the problem of generating fluent English utterances from tabular data, focusing on the development of a sequence-to-sequence neural model which shows two major features: the ability to read and generate character-wise, and the ability to switch between generating and copying characters from the input: an essential feature when inputs contain rare words like proper names, telephone numbers, or foreign words. Working with characters instead of words is a challenge that can bring problems such as increasing the difficulty of the training phase and a bigger error probability during inference. Nevertheless, our work shows that these issues can be solved and efforts are repaid by the creation of a fully end-to-end system, whose inputs and outputs are not constrained to be part of a predefined vocabulary, like in word-based models. Furthermore, our copying technique is integrated with an innovative shift mechanism, which enhances the ability to produce outputs directly from inputs. We assess performance on the E2E dataset, the benchmark used for the E2E NLG challenge, and on a modified version of it, created to highlight the rare word copying capabilities of our model. The results demonstrate clear improvements over the baseline and promising performance compared to recent techniques in the literature.
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Temirgazina, Zifa K. "Outbreak, surge or wave: how and what we say about the coronavirus." Neophilology, no. 24 (2020): 645–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.20310/2587-6953-2020-6-24-645-652.
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In the news language as a special media genre, changes in the lexical and semantic system of the language are very quickly manifested, reflecting the dynamics of social, political, and economic life. The research of news texts in critical eras is very relevant in terms of identifying trends in new vocabulary functioning. The pandemic is created a “pandemic” discourse in which new words are an important part of the lexical and semantic level of discourse. The study of neologisms in the active phase, at the very peak of functioning, allows us to comprehend the linguistic mechanism of new words formation, the external generation factor of which is extralinguistic reality. We establish that new words in the pandemic discourse appear in several ways: intralingual borrowing from highly specialized terminology (herd immunity, “cytokine storm”), foreign borrowing (coronavirus), as a result of metaphorization (wave, cover, crowned) and word-formation processes (corona, coronacrisis). Coronavirus is personified, it is presented as the evil of global and planet dimension, as a threat to humanity. We also reveal that the general emotional-expressive negativization of discourse determines the choice of native speakers from potentially possible extensions of the word semantics of meanings with negative evaluative connotations (crowned, burst). Semes of suddenness and intensity dominate in synonyms describing the coro-navirus spread. The metaphor of wave contains a predictability component, which predicts the possibility of the next coronavirus wave, its timing, and the degree of danger to people. The enrichment of common words with highly specialized medical terms can be named as a specific tendency of the “pandemic” discourse.
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Carpenter, Shana K., and Jason Geller. "Is a picture really worth a thousand words? Evaluating contributions of fluency and analytic processing in metacognitive judgements for pictures in foreign language vocabulary learning." Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 73, no. 2 (October 10, 2019): 211–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1747021819879416.
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Previous research shows that participants are overconfident in their ability to learn foreign language vocabulary from pictures compared with English translations. The current study explored whether this tendency is due to processing fluency or beliefs about learning. Using self-paced study of Swahili words paired with either picture cues or English translation cues, picture cues garnered higher confidence judgements but not faster study times, and this was true whether judgements of learning were made after a delay (Experiment 1) or immediately (Experiment 2). In Experiment 3, when participants learned Swahili words with only one type of cue (pictures or English translations) and then estimated which one would be more effective for learning, the majority of participants believed pictures would be more effective regardless of whether they had experienced those cues during learning. Experiment 4 showed the same results when participants had experienced neither type of cue during a learning phase. These results suggest that metacognitive judgements in foreign language vocabulary learning are driven more by students’ beliefs about learning than by processing fluency as reflected in self-paced study times.
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Barkhodari, Parisa. "A Study of Relationship Between Depth of Vocabulary Knowledge and Semantic Set in Iranian EFL Learners’ Vocabulary Used in Writing." International Linguistics Research 1, no. 2 (December 31, 2018): p77. http://dx.doi.org/10.30560/ilr.v1n2p77.
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This study investigated the Relationship between Depth of Vocabulary Knowledge and Semantic Set in Iranian EFL Learners’ Vocabulary Used in Writing. The purpose of this study was to see the role of depth of vocabulary knowledge in making appropriate choices among words in a semantic set in EFL learners’ writing performance. 70 lower-intermediate and upper-intermediate learners of English as a foreign language (EFL) from the language learners of English institute in Bandar Abbas, Iran participated in this study. Instruments for the data collection include Word Association Test (WAT), Vocabulary Knowledge Scale (VKS), and four writing tests. In the first phase, using MANOVA statistical procedure for data analysis, the role of depth of vocabulary knowledge in writing performance and appropriate use of words in a semantic set in overall writing quality was investigated. The second part of the study attempted to explore the role of appropriate use of words in a semantic set in the participants’ overall writing performance using independent sample t-test. Finally, attempts were made to identify the role of depth of vocabulary knowledge and appropriate use of words in a semantic set in the overall use of words in the participants’ writings using a two-way ANOVA as the data analysis technique. The results of the data analysis provided empirical evidence supporting that: a) depth of vocabulary knowledge played a fundamental role in appropriate use of words in a semantic set in lower-intermediate level but not in upper-intermediate level, b) depth of vocabulary knowledge has a significant role in overall writing performance only in upper-intermediate level, c) using words appropriately in a semantic set played a significant role in writing performance of the lower-intermediate participants, while the opposite was revealed for the upper-intermediate group, d) the upper-intermediate learners could benefit from their knowledge of depth of vocabulary in using words, in general, correctly and appropriately. The findings promise some pedagogical implications for vocabulary and writing curriculum development, material development, and course designing.
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Khrin, Iryna. "Psycholinguistic peculiarities of formation of foreign language communicative competence of students of non-linguistic specialties." Psihologia. Pedagogia specială. Asistența socială = Psychology, Special Pedagogy and Social Work 61, no. 4 (2020): 83–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.46728/jpspsw.2020.v61.i4.p83-91.
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It has been found that the modern process of modernization of higher education in Ukraine and its social and economic cooperation requires attention to the foreign language training of non-philological specialists. The English language programs indicate that the main purpose of mastering a foreign language is to master the language as a means of communication - this contributes to the development of students' skills in their ability to use as a tool for communication in the dialogue of cultures. It is argued that from the point of view of psycholinguistics for intensive learning of foreign languages, the most important are: the structure and dynamics of the deployment of speech actions; the role of the speech mechanism in mastering a foreign language; conditions for the successful launch of the speech mechanism. In the communicative competence of students of non-linguistic specialties can be distinguished linguistic, psychological and social characteristics. Linguistic characteristics include speech competence, speech activity, vocabulary, language and stylistic literacy.Psychological characteristics of communicative competence combines the assessment of external mental manifestations and personality behavior in the process of communication, the motivation to develop their individual abilities, communication and the desire for self-realization. And social characteristics appear in the form of the presence of social activity, an adequate perception of the situation of communication and social adaptation. Within the framework of the personality-oriented approach, the object of learning a foreign language is language activity that is active, purposeful, mediated by the language system, and caused by the communication situation of the process of sending and receiving a message.The speech mechanism is a complex of speech skills that are formed during the life of a person, capable of interaction in the interests of education and understanding of speech messages, built according to the rules of a particular language. It is proved that the verbal process is provided by the mechanisms of programming speech utterances, the construction of the syntactic structure of sentences, the «voice acting» of words. A special kind of speech activity is internal speech. Internal speech is closely related to thinking, as it participates in the phases of planning and executing activities.
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Mathieu, Lionel. "The influence of foreign scripts on the acquisition of a second language phonological contrast." Second Language Research 32, no. 2 (September 3, 2015): 145–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0267658315601882.
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Recent studies in the acquisition of a second language (L2) phonology have revealed that orthography can influence the way in which L2 learners come to establish target-like lexical representations (Escudero et al., 2008, 2014; Escudero and Wanrooij, 2010; Showalter, 2012; Showalter and Hayes-Harb, 2013). Most of these studies, however, involve language pairs relying on Roman-based scripts. In comparison, the influence of a foreign or unfamiliar written representation on L2 phonological acquisition remains understudied. The present study therefore considers the effects of three L2 scripts on the early acquisition of an Arabic consonantal contrast word-initially (e.g. /ħal/–/χal/). Monolingual native speakers of English with no prior knowledge of Arabic participated in a word-learning experiment where they were instructed to learn six pairs of minimally contrastive words, each associated with a unique visual referent. Participants were assigned to one of four learning conditions: no orthography, Arabic script, Cyrillic script, and Roman/Cyrillic blended script. After an initial learning phase, participants were then tested on their phonological knowledge of these L2 minimal pairs. The results show that the degree of script unfamiliarity does not in itself seem to significantly affect the successful acquisition of this particular phonological contrast. However, the presence of certain foreign scripts in the course of phonological acquisition can yield significantly different learning outcomes in comparison to having no orthographic representation available. Specifically, the Arabic script exerted an inhibitory effect on L2 phonological acquisition, while the Cyrillic and Roman/Cyrillic blended scripts exercised differential inhibitory effects based on whether grapheme–phoneme correspondences activated first language (L1) phonological units. Besides revealing, for the first time, that foreign written input can significantly hinder learners’ ability to reliably encode an L2 phonological contrast, this study also provides further evidence for the irrepressible hold of native orthographic rules on L2 phonological acquisition.
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Adamiec, Dorota. "Słownictwo geograficzne." Poradnik Językowy 2020, no. 5/2020(774) (May 20, 2020): 50–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.33896/porj.2020.5.4.
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The beginnings of the Polish geographical terminology are associated with the birth of modern science. Its further development is a response to the increasing communication needs in the fi eld of geography. In the initial phase, the fundamental base of geographical vocabulary is resources of the general language. The progressing specialisation of scientifi c research requires the application of an increasing number of precise terms. Geographical terms have been coined in accordance with the general rules characteristic of special lexis. The resource includes: foreign quotations, borrowings with various degrees of assimilation, new Polish words and multi-word units coined with the use of common nomination mechanisms. Geography is a fi eld that is closely related to other sciences, and hence it is characterised by a large number of terms that are common to fi elds such as astronomy and geology.
10
Izadpana, Elham, and Narjes Ghafournia. "The Effectiveness of Strategy-based Vocabulary Instruction on Iranian EFL Learners' Recall." Theory and Practice in Language Studies 6, no. 3 (March 21, 2016): 603. http://dx.doi.org/10.17507/tpls.0603.21.
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This study investigated the preferred vocabulary strategies, used by Iranian intermediate EFL learners and also the effect of strategy-based vocabulary instruction on students’ recall once immediately after the instruction period and once after a time interval (two weeks). In order to determine the learners’ level of proficiency, NET (Nelson English Test) was administered to the intended population. Those students, whose score fell within the range of 28-33 were labeled as intermediate. To identify the learners’ preferred vocabulary learning strategies, a questionnaire known as VOLSI (Vocabulary Learning Strategies Inventory) was given to them. The results indicated that there was not any significant difference between the mean scores of the participants in the control group and the participants in the experimental group (0.46). In simple words, the two groups were homogenous in terms of lexical knowledge at the beginning of the course. With regard to the obtained results for the two post-test phases, it was found that the post-treatment means of the two groups were significantly different in terms of recalling vocabulary. Taken together, the findings of this study support the foreign language research literature on vocabulary strategy training.
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Rahman, Abd. "EMERGING FACTORS OF COMMUNICATIVE LANGUAGE TEACHING (CLT) AND ITS APPLICATION IN INDONESIAN ENGLISH AS A FOREIGN LANGUAGE (EFL) CLASSROOMS." Langkawi: Journal of The Association for Arabic and English 3, no. 2 (January 14, 2018): 169. http://dx.doi.org/10.31332/lkw.v3i2.587.
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Communicative Language Teaching (CLT) has been adopted in many countries and has influenced the foreign and second language learning and teaching. This article aims to explore the emerging factors of CLT and how CLT is practiced in Indonesian EFL classroom. This study finds that there are three main phases of the development of CLT. Started from the works of Hymes (1967, 1972), Canale and Swain (1980) and Bachman (1990). Moreover, recent theories in second language acquisition and globalization are two main factors which lead to the widespread of CLT. Finally, in the EFL context the application of CLT has faced many challenges. Socio-cultures, grammar and reading-based exam, and teachers’ low English proficiency make the application of CLT in Indonesian EFL classroom has not reached its objectives yet.
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Usenkо, Y., О. Severynovska, І. Kоfan, І. Dregval, and O. Znanetska. "Power spectrum and coherence of electroencephalograms of young people with the use of mnemotechnics." Regulatory Mechanisms in Biosystems 10, no. 3 (July 25, 2019): 280–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/021943.
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The increase of external information and the need for processing of large information arrays has been leading to the search for mechanisms of thinking in mental activity, as well as new methods of data protection and reproduction. Power spectrum and coherence of electroencephalograms (EEG) during memorizing of foreign words has been analyzed in many ways: in the usual one with the help of mnemotechnics. The research was conducted during the ovarian phase of the cycle of 11 female students aged 18–20. Registration of EEG activity was carried out according to the international system of H. Jasper,"10–20". The process of recollection of associative information led to the decrease in the power spectrum of the EEG in the alpha range in the frontal and temporal loci of the left hemisphere and the prefrontal sections of both hemispheres, in the beta range it was probable only in T6 zone of beta2 range, in the delta range it was in the prefrontal, posterior lower-frontal and posttemporal loci of both hemispheres, in the central, parietal and occipital regions of the left hemisphere, as well as in the anteriofrontal zone of the right hemisphere, in the theta-range – in the prefrontal and posterior lower-frontal regions of both hemispheres and in the posttemporal and occipital loci of the left hemisphere. Synchronization in the delta range is the reflection of the processes of figural information processing and manipulation. With the increase of attention concentration, the synchronization was observed in the theta range in the anteriofrontal and F4–P4 zones. Interhemispheric functional and symmetrical bonds in the alpha and beta ranges indicate the involvement of the corpus callosum in the process of memorizing foreign words, which facilitates their faster, more correct and easier reproduction, especially with the use of associative images. The decrease of power spectrum in the delta and theta ranges showed that less effort was required to reproduce associative information than to mention unsupported images of foreign words. The effective use of the association method is realized by reduction of the power spectrum of the waves in the alpha range in the frontal and temporal loci of the left hemisphere and the prefrontal sections of both hemispheres, which indicates the activation of mental activity in these zones in the processes of maintaining and reproducing associative information.
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Akaike, N., N. Inomata, and T. Yakushiji. "Differential effects of extra- and intracellular anions on GABA-activated currents in bullfrog sensory neurons." Journal of Neurophysiology 62, no. 6 (December 1, 1989): 1388–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1989.62.6.1388.
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1. Kinetic properties of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-gated inward and outward anion currents were investigated in the frog sensory neurons perfused internally and externally with various anions with the use of a rapid concentration-jump (termed as 'concentration-clamp') technique. 2. Extracellular Br- [( Br-]o) shifted the dose-response curves of GABA-induced inward anion currents to the left without affecting the maximum values, whereas [Cl-]o, [I-]o, [No3-]o, [HCOO-]o, and [CH3COO-]o altered the rate of desensitization differently without shifting the GABA dose-response curves, indicating that the kinetics of desensitization phase are affected differently by various extracellular anions. 3. [CH3COO-]o suppressed the maximum current of the dose-response curve of the GABA-induced inward ICl without affecting Kd. 4. Both activation and desensitization phases of GABA-induced ICl consisted of fast and slow components, respectively. [Br-]o, [I-]o, and [NO3-]o significantly prolonged the slow desensitization component, whereas both [HCOO-]o and [CH3COO-]o shortened it. The fast desensitization and the fast and slow activation components were also affected by these foreign anions. 5. GABA dose-response curves of inward currents carried by various intracellular anions (Cl-, Br-, NO3-, I-, SCN-, HCOO-, F-, CH3COO-, CH3CH2COO-, BrO3-, and ClO3-) while keeping a constant [Cl-]o had a constant Kd value but different saturating maximum currents. There were no marked differences among their current kinetics except in the case of SCN-, indicating that the current kinetics is not affected by replacing intracellular Cl- [( Cl-]i) with various foreign anions. 6. The configuration and amplitude of GABA-gated outward anion currents at a constant [Cl-]i reflected the extracellular action of individual anions on the anion-binding site of GABA receptor associated with the anion-selective channel. 7. The relative conductances of the various anions, calculated from the maximum peak currents in dose-response curves of the GABA-induced inward anion currents at a constant [Cl-]o, was in the sequence: I- greater than Br- greater than or equal to NO3- greater than ClO3- greater than SCN- greater than or equal to Cl- greater than HCOO- greater than BrO3- greater than CH3COO- greater than F- greater than CH3CH2COO-.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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Flinz, Carolina. "Tourlex: ein deutsch-italienisches Fachwörterbuch zur Tourismussprache für italienische DaF-Lerner." Lexicographica 34, no. 2018 (January 28, 2019): 9–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/lex-2018-0003.
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AbstractTourlex is a specialized bilingual online dictionary under construction hosted at the University of Mannheim with a particular focus on collocations and multi-word units. The languages included are German and Italian, but because of the need for online dictionaries of tourism language (Flinz 2015: 56) the framework is open to the inclusion of other languages. Tourlex is a corpus-based dictionary, i.e. the primary sources will be corpora, in particular a proper bilingual comparable corpus analysed with the tools Sketch Engine and Lexpan, and the freely accessible corpus DeReKo. The aim of this paper is to give an overview of the main actions (already done but also in planning), according to the phases of the lexicographical process of a dictionary under construction. The description of each phase will be enriched by examples taken from the project, showing also how the decisions taken to satisfy the needs of the user, the Italian learner of German as a foreign language, had influenced the microstructure of the entries. We conclude with a final reflection on the data, facts, and ongoing problems.
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Flinz, Carolina. "Tourlex: ein deutsch-italienisches Fachwörterbuch zur Tourismussprache für italienische DaF-Lerner." Lexicographica 34, no. 1 (December 1, 2018): 9–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/lex-2018-340103.
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AbstractTourlex is a specialized bilingual online dictionary under construction hosted at the University of Mannheim with a particular focus on collocations and multi-word units. The languages included are German and Italian, but because of the need for online dictionaries of tourism language (Flinz 2015: 56) the framework is open to the inclusion of other languages. Tourlex is a corpus-based dictionary, i.e. the primary sources will be corpora, in particular a proper bilingual comparable corpus analysed with the tools Sketch Engine and Lexpan, and the freely accessible corpus DeReKo. The aim of this paper is to give an overview of the main actions (already done but also in planning), according to the phases of the lexicographical process of a dictionary under construction. The description of each phase will be enriched by examples taken from the project, showing also how the decisions taken to satisfy the needs of the user, the Italian learner of German as a foreign language, had influenced the microstructure of the entries. We conclude with a final reflection on the data, facts, and ongoing problems.
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Tahiri, Shejla. "The Impact of Pictures on Second Language Acquisition." SEEU Review 15, no. 2 (December 1, 2020): 126–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/seeur-2020-0021.
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Abstract The need for worldwide communication has made people learn as many foreign languages as they can in order to be able to send and receive information from all over the world. Realizing this situation, researchers and linguists have carried out a large number of studies in order to find out the best ways for teaching and learning English as a second or foreign language. The terms language learning and language acquisition are not new since in many earlier researches language acquisition is compared to the process of learning the mother tongue whereas language learning is compared to the process when a child learns a second or foreign language. This paper aims to showcase that teaching/learning new vocabulary using pictures is much more effective than the other methods of vocabulary learning. The research also puts emphasis on the language level of learners. It demonstrates that the method of using pictures and illustrations works well with all levels of proficiency and as such, it has brought very useful results. It was carried out at the South East European University (SEEU) in North Macedonia and participants were thirty (30) students from all five Faculties, divided in three different groups based on their language proficiency. Each group consisted of ten (10) students, aged 18 to 22 years. They were of elementary, pre-intermediate and intermediate level of English. The research lasted for six weeks, because the students had to be introduced to six different vocabulary topics. Since the experiment was carried out in a real classroom environment, the target vocabulary topics used for this purpose were chosen from their students’ book. Data were collected in three phases. During the first phase, students were asked to complete a questionnaire, consisting of questions regarding the vocabulary learning methods, mainly vocabulary associated with pictures. In the second phase, they were engaged in real activities in a traditional classroom setting, while in the last phase, at the end of the last session, participants took a quiz that was supposed to provide evidence and additional data about participants’ achievements. It is expected that the findings from this experiment will be useful to current and prospective teachers as they show that the method of pictures and illustrations associating the target vocabulary functions well with different levels.
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Subotić, Slobodan, Živko Erceg, Vladimir Marković, and Goran Mitrović. "Innovative Approach to Measuring the Impact of FDI on Some Macroeconomic Indicators in B&H." ECONOMICS 6, no. 1 (June 1, 2018): 7–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/eoik-2018-0008.
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SUMMARY The necessity of economic life and economic development of every economy is the free movement of capital. The international movement of capital has its balance of payment when capital export represents economic surplus in relation to consumption of the national economy and the import of capital represents an increase of consumption in regard to the output of a national economy. Analysis of the influence of foreign direct investment (FDI) on economic growth of the host country, among other things, is emphasized in the function of the achieved phase of its economic development. Taking all this into consideration, the aim of this paper refers to an attempt to indicate the significance and the role of FDI as well as the importance of attracting foreign direct investment in B&H and the determination of the effects of FDI on the economy of B&H. In this regard, we will try to determine the level of FDI’s impact on some macroeconomic indicators in B&H (GDP, import, export, unemployment) by using contemporary SPSS statistical analysis program (model) and applying the methods (calculating coefficients) of correlation and regression analysis. In other words, we will determine the analytical expression used to describe a statistical relationship of these macroeconomic categories.
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Panda, Jagannath. "Xi’s Post-pandemic Outlook on Asia: Between Guanxi and Mingyun Gongtongti." China Report 57, no. 1 (February 2021): 22–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0009445520984736.
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China’s contest with the global community has entered a delicate phase post the COVID-19 period. While the COVID-19 pandemic has exposed the non-responsible act of China in tackling the virus to prevent its spread outside the country, the recent aggression of the Chinese leadership on land and maritime domains in Asia has revealed the long-term international objectives of China’s ambitious foreign policy under Xi Jinping. As China attempts to rebuild its global image and profile post the pandemic and, most importantly, to reorder its global governance approach, Beijing may like to revitalise its focus on its Guanxi (relationship or networks) and Mingyun Gongtongti or ‘the Community with a Shared Future for Humankind’ (CHSF). In other words, China’s approach to Asia may take a new turn without Beijing shying away from its original intentions of dictating the Asian order.
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Levandivsky, O. "Theoretical essence of investment and investment-one process in investing firm energy enterprises." Ekonomìka ta upravlìnnâ APK, no. 2(151) (December 16, 2019): 96–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.33245/2310-9262-2019-151-2-96-103.
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The article examines the theoretical nature of investment and the investment process in investing in agricultural enterprises. It is noted that the investment theory began to take shape simultaneously with the world market, the development of which was caused by the great geographical discovery of the XV-XVI centuries. The investment theory of the era of mercantilism is considered. It was proved that they identified the wealth of the nation with money, and money with precious metals. In the works of physiocrats, investment was considered as a process aimed at restoring and increasing capital, with the help of which not only production in agriculture is carried out, but national wealth as a whole grows. Representatives of the school of neoclassical direction, it was determined that the proposal is governed by the bank interest rate, which acts as the offer price in the capital market, and demand - the rate of return on invested capital, which gets the entrepreneur. It is proved that in the broad sense of Keynesian investment theory can be considered protectionist, since it promotes the protection of the national economy from foreign investment. Based on an analysis of investment research, leading foreign and domestic scientists have made certain conclusions in determining the nature of investments and the investment process in investing in agricultural enterprises. Considered the main factors affecting the volume of investment. Focused on an investment project. It has been proven that the development and implementation of an investment project (primarily a production focus) under market conditions consists of three phases: pre-investment (a preliminary study before the final investment decision); investment (design, contract, contract, construction) and production (phase of economic activity of the enterprise). In turn, these phases are divided into stages and stages: investment motivation, forecasting and programming of investments, rationale for investment, insurance of investments, government regulation of the investment process, investment planning, financing of the investment process, design and pricing, provision of investments with material and technical resources, development of investments, preparation for production, previous delivery and acceptance into operation, final Dacha facility. The significance of the investment component of the development and operation of an agricultural enterprise is described, the role of which is exacerbated in the context of the instability of the economic environment and the permanent lack of financial resources. Keywords:investment project, financial resources, net profit margin, lending rate, inflation.
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Kuryłowicz, Beata. "Struktura znaczeniowa słownictwa anatomicznego w Nowym dykcjonarzu M.A. Troca." Białostockie Archiwum Językowe, no. 20 (2020): 119–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.15290/baj.2020.20.10.
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This article is an attempt to perform a semantic analysis of anatomical vocabulary collected by Michał Abraham Troc in Nowy dykcjonarz, published in Lipsk in 1764. The aim of individual analyses based on the lexical field theory is to demonstrate the meaning of lexemes, to determine their place within a field, as well as to disclose semantic relationships: synonymy, polysemy and hyponymy. The semantic analysis presented in this article clearly demonstrates abundance and differentiation of 18th century anatomical vocabulary, as well as prevalence of native over borrowed words. Among 250 names, only eleven units are borrowings from foreign languages: seven Latin and four German ones. This provides evidence there is a fundamental role of native lexis, especially colloquial vocabulary, in the formation of Polish anatomical terminology, and, more extensively, also medical terminology, in the first phase of its development which continued until the end of the 18th century. Of note is also the non-uniform arrangement of lexemes in individual fields and asymmetry in their number. Selected lexical fields are characterised by non-uniform size, different level of semantic stratification and differentiated degree of generality of words they contain. On the other hand, semantic relations observed in the analysed anatomical vocabulary, especially synonymy and polysemy, confirm there is a differentiation of anatomical lexis, on the other hand, they indicate lack of precision in expressing content by the discussed lexical units.
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Johnson, J. W. "Complete Proceedings - Single PDF Download." Coastal Engineering Proceedings 1, no. 1 (May 12, 2010): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.9753/icce.v1.0.
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The Conference on Coastal Engineering at Long Beach was conceived originally as a local meeting of engineers and scientists interested in shoreline problems and was sponsored by the University of California. It early became evident that there was widespread interest in the subject and that the program should be planned on a more ambitious scale. The aim was to aid engineers by summarizing the present state of the art and science related to the design and planning of coastal works rather than to present a series of original scientific contributions. Starting from a rather comprehensive outline, invitations were issued to recognized authorities to report on specific phases of the subject, and the authors cooperated splendidly both in their treatment of the subjects assigned and in their avoidance of overlapping other subjects. Although much remains to be done in the way of developing reliable design methods, the series of papers presented at the conference and published in this volume do represent a rather thorough summary of coastal engineering as now practiced.
Engineers engaged in the design of coastal works have had available to them a large number of papers dealing with various phases of the science related to their problems, but proper dealing with design were limited in number and scope. Only a few books on coastal engineering have been published. The quality and scope of the papers and the need for a comprehensive and modern treatment of the subject convinced the sponsors of the conference that publication in a single volume was desirable rather than piecemeal in the scientific and technical journals. The newly-formed Council on Wave Research secured funds to underwrite the publication costs from its parent organization, the Engineering Foundation.
A word about the term "Coastal Engineering" is perhaps in order here. It is not a new or separate branch of engineering and there is no implication intended that a new breed of engineer, and a new society, is in the making. Coastal Engineering is primarily a branch of Civil Engineering which leans heavily on the sciences of oceanography, meteorology, fluid mechanics, electronics, structural mechanics, and others. However, it is also true that the design of coastal works does involve many criteria which are foreign to other phases of civil engineering and the novices in this field should proceed with caution. Along the coastlines of the world, numerous engineering works in various stages of disintegration testify to the futility and wastefulness of disregarding the tremendous destructive forces of the sea. Far worse than the destruction of insubstantial coastal works has been the damage to adjacent shorelines caused by structures planned in ignorance of, and occasionally in disregard of, the shoreline processes operative in the area.
The Council on Wave Research takes this opportunity to thank the authors of the papers and the many others who assisted in organization of the conference and in the preparation of this volume for publication.
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Kuzņecova, Jūlija, and Olga Lezina. "Didaktisko spēļu izmantošana latviešu valodas gramatikas mācības pirmajos posmos." Valodu apguve: problēmas un perspektīva : zinātnisko rakstu krājums = Language Acquisition: Problems and Perspective : conference proceedings, no. 16 (May 6, 2020): 208–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.37384/va.2020.16.208.
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This article underlines the importance of learning grammatical rules of the Latvian language for Latvian as a second or foreign language. In fact, grammar is one of the four components of communicative competence: linguistic, sociolinguistic, discourse, and strategic competence. Aside from rules and tables, there are more effective and engaging ways to teach and learn grammar. One of them is through educational games. When language learners can apply grammar and use it in a fun way, there is a better chance that they will retain it all. They will be able to practice and internalize grammar phenomena extensively rather than just learning a collection of rules superficially. Not all games can be considered educational. It is important to recognize the purpose of a grammar game. The authors propose to consider several principles that can foster effective learning and improve student outcomes when teaching Latvian grammar to non-native speakers (both language minorities as well as foreigners): - consider the influence of students’ mother tongue, - offer wide selection of contemporary spoken grammar and vocabulary, - teach phases instead or separate words, - consider different learning styles to aid student learning (Auditory, Visual, and Kinesthetic Learning Styles), - utilize (or adopt) speech therapy methods. The authors present educational games for teaching such Latvian grammar phenomena as noun-adjective agreement, verb conjugation, use of prepositions, forming the comparative degree of adjectives, and more. Grammar games for learning English do not only motivate, they also promote the idea of competition, thus increasing learner attention, memory, as well as speaking, listening and cooperation skills. Games are beneficial for any age groups. They can be used with young learners who study Latvian as their first language, as well as Latvian as a second or foreign language students learning Latvian in preschools, schools and other educational institutions. The process of language acquisition starts in the first year of a child’s life and, in some cases, continues through their lifetime. The first language or native language, also known as a mother tongue, is the language children learn first from their parents. In the modern world, it is common that a person’s first language differs from the official language of their homeland. Under the circumstances, children must acquire two languages in the very first years of their lives. The representatives of ethnic minorities in Latvia study Latvian as a second language. This means that Latvian is not their first language; it is the official language of the state, the compulsory language to study. Latvian as a second language is being taught in minority-language schools across Latvia. It was traditionally believed that there is a prominent difference between second language acquisition and foreign language learning process. Therefore, different teaching principles and methods are applied. But in recent years, these fields have come closer together.
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Kaya, Mehmet, and James W. Fawcett. "Identification of Extract Method Refactoring Opportunities through Analysis of Variable Declarations and Uses." International Journal of Software Engineering and Knowledge Engineering 27, no. 01 (February 2017): 49–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218194017500036.
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Software development is a continuous process that usually starts with analyzing the system requirements and proceeds with design, implementation, testing, and maintenance. Regardless of how good an initial design was achieved, quality of source code tends to decay throughout the development process as software evolves. One of the main contributing factors to this degradation of initial quality can be considered as maintenance operations, for instance to enhance performance or other attributes of the system or to fix newly discovered bugs. For such large software systems, development process also requires reusing existing components which may have been implemented by others. Hence, a comprehensible piece of source code, e.g. one that conveys its message about what it is trying to do easily with understandable and modular implementation, significantly reduces time and effort not only for the implementation phase of the development lifecycle; but also for testing and maintenance phases. In other words, while software decay is inevitable, software comprehension plays a determining role in the total cost and effectiveness of both implementation phase and maintenance phase. Therefore, developers should strive to create software components with modular structure and clearer implementation to reduce the development cost. In this paper, we are interested in finding ways to successfully decompose long methods (those with poor initial implementation and/or decayed overtime) into smaller, more comprehensible and readable ones. This decomposition process is known as extract method refactoring and helps to reduce the overall cost of development. Most of the existing refactoring tools require users to select the code fragments that need to be extracted. We introduce a novel technique for this refactoring. This technique seeks refactoring opportunities based on variable declarations and uses confining fully extractable code regions without any user intervention. We implemented this technique as an analysis and visualization tool to help a user identify candidate code fragments to be extracted as separate methods. With this automation tool, developers do not have to manually inspect a foreign code base to select code fragments for refactoring. Through the visual representations we provide, one can observe all suggested refactoring effectively on large scale software systems and decide whether a particular refactoring should be applied. To show the effectiveness of our techniques, we also provide some case studies conducted using this tool and technique both on our own project’s source code and other open-source projects.
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Kapranov, S. V. "Religious and philosophical system "Ise monogatari zui"." Ukrainian Religious Studies, no. 18 (June 12, 2001): 39–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.32420/2001.18.1144.
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Richard Browring called "Isi monogatari" one of the most important and at the same time one of the most mysterious texts of Japanese culture. Created at the beginning of the tenth century, at a turning point, at the dawn of the early and mature phases of Hayan's days, this work was one of the first written in classical Japanese, one of the first works of the genre of monogatari, the first work of the genre Uta-monogatari, and others like that. He then laid down standards for the entire development of the Japanese literary tradition. However, we are not interested in the philological aspect of the problem (well-studied by both Japanese and foreign researchers), and such an aspect that was still on the periphery of the studios "Isi monogatari", namely, the religious and philosophical interpretation of the work. A vivid example of such an interpretation is one of the most ancient commentary on this work, "Isa monogatari zuiṇo:" ("The essence of Isa monogatari"). Next, for convenience, we will call it just "Zuino"
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Milojkovic, Marija. "Bill Louw’s Contextual Prosodic Theory as the basis of (foreign language) classroom corpus stylistics research." Research in Corpus Linguistics 1 (2013): 47–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.32714/ricl.01.05.
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Corpus empiricism may alter the act of reading. This began as the reader searched a reference corpus for individual words and phrases. With the admission of lexicographers that intuition no longer suffices in providing a definition, corpus stylistics must go further by showing that a literary text can no longer be properly interpreted if not seen against the background of the wealth of recorded textual experience. This by no means suggests that a literary text may not have a satisfying impact on an individual reader; rather, corpus stylistics enhances our interpretation by means that are easily available. The core of Bill Louw’s stylistic approach is his claim that prior knowledge is no longer perceived as concepts (unsatisfyingly intuitive). Therefore, reference corpora may serve to enhance our stylistic interpretation of a literary text that was clearly written to be appreciated as a unique textual experience. Roughly, a large reference corpus will provide many parallel textual experiences, so that ‘events’ in the studied text are augmented by their counterparts in corpora. Thus, our understanding of the text will be augmented by what is absent from it, but present in the reference corpora. If, furthermore, our classroom is a foreign language one, the reference corpus will serve as missing anguage experience in the foreign language learner, even if the learner is very proficient. After giving a brief overview of Louw’s Contextual Prosodic Theory (CPT) and its implications for classroom corpus stylistics, the paper describes a study conducted with second-year students of English from the University of Belgrade. The aims of the study are to verify Louw’s principle that text reads text and to test the proposed CPT-based methodology. The study consists of a quantitative part (where the learning phase is followed by a final test) and a qualitative part (questionnaire). The proposed methodology relies on confronting the subjects with concordance lines as a means of interpreting a collocation in a given short excerpt, with an absolute minimum of theoretical background. The subjects are tested on semantic prosodies, absent collocates and auras of grammatical strings, through tasks that vary in format. The results obtained are encouraging for CPT, despite the study’s limitations, which are also discussed.
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Viada, Carmen, Aliz M. Vega, Mayte Robaina, Aliuska Frías, Mabel Álvarez, Yanela Santiesteban, Yuliannis Santiesteban, et al. "Evaluation of Nimotuzumab for the treatment of head and neck cancer: Meta-analysis of controlled trials." Bionatura 5, no. 1 (February 15, 2020): 1056–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.21931/rb/2020.05.01.8.
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Nimotuzumab, humanized monoclonal antibody, directed against the epidermal growth factor receptor: highly expressed protein in malignant tumors of epithelial origin. It has been registered for head and neck tumors since 2002. To determine the effectiveness of Nimotuzumab in head and neck cancer through the combined meta-analysis technique. A search was conducted in PubMed, in an indexed magazine with the words “Nimotuzumab”, “head and neck,” 48 articles published by Cuban and foreign authors were detected between April 1, 2005, and July 31, 2019, in which the results of clinical studies conducted with the monoclonal antibody Nimotuzumab are described. Seven clinical trials conducted in Cuba from 2005-2019 with Nimotuzumab are described; three Phase I / II (with 14, 10 and 10 patients respectively), a Phase II / III with 106 patients, a Phase II with 37 patients, two Phase IV (with 386 and 225 patients each) and a study promoted by the Researcher with 17 patients. From these studies, the three controlled trials were selected by the PRISMA flow chart. The meta-analysis consisted of the construction of the Forest Plot graph, the sensitivity analysis and the cumulative analysis. The meta-analysis shows favorable results for Nimotuzumab, without heterogeneity (I2 = 0%). The sensitivity analysis reveals that the test that differs most from the others is Phase II / III. The cumulative analysis indicates that after the second trial, there is already sufficient evidence.
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Sodikoff, Genese. "An Exceptional Strike: A Micro-history of 'People versus Park' in Madagascar." Journal of Political Ecology 14, no. 1 (December 1, 2007): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.2458/v14i1.21682.
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The article presents a microhistory of a work strike in an Integrated Conservation and Development Project (ICDP) located in a rain forest of eastern Madagascar. ICDPs in Madagascar, as in other rain forest countries, are instruments of "green" neoliberal policy, a dominant development paradigm in Africa since the late 1980s. International donors and the Malagasy state are expanding the number of protected areas in Madagascar, and foreign NGOs typically manage the start-up phase of projects aimed at lessening slash-and-burn horticulture (called tavy) in the forest and to developing ecological tourism. The article traces the roles and narratives of low-wage, locally-hired ICDP workers, who perform the menial tasks of forest conservation. Details of a work strike by lower-tier ICDP workers in 1996 reveal dynamics of environmental interventions that have been neglected in analyses and evaluations. To understand conservation’s recurrent failures, one must investigate not only the sources of tension between agrarian populations and park representatives but also those arising from conservation’s historical division of labor. Key Words: conservation, labor, capitalism, development, parks, Madagascar
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Kacovsky, Petr. "GRAMMAR SCHOOL STUDENTS’ MISCONCEPTIONS CONCERNING THERMAL PHENOMENA." Journal of Baltic Science Education 14, no. 2 (April 25, 2015): 194–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.33225/jbse/15.14.194.
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This study describes a research focused on grammar school students’ misconceptions in the context of common, everyday thermal phenomena. Almost 500 Czech grammar school students from 24 classes were asked to fill in the reduced version of the Thermal Concept Evaluation in order to measure the asset of traditional instruction in eliminating scientifically incorrect ideas; the reached normalized gain of 0.23 signalizes poor effectiveness of instruction as a whole. In some areas, Czech students’ results were quite poor (questions dealing with phase transitions), while other ones turned out to be surprisingly good in comparison with foreign studies (e.g. perception of “cold” as a scientifically disproved concept). Besides questions regarding thermal phenomena, the test included four statements designed for studying possible relationships between students’ scores and their attitudes. Those who declared “fondness for physics” showed better results both in the pre-test and the post-test; however, the normalized gain turned out to be independent of the attitudes established. Key words: heat and temperature, grammar school students, misconceptions, Thermal Concept Evaluation, thermal phenomena.
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Shcherbakov, G. A. "Influence of Cyclical Patterns on Innovation and Transformation Processes in the Economy." MIR (Modernization. Innovation. Research) 11, no. 1 (March 25, 2020): 44–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.18184/2079-4665.2020.11.1.44-58.
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Purpose: the main purpose of this article is to present and develop a cyclic approach in the theory of innovation. This section of economic theory is based on the understanding of the innovation process as a dynamic system that develops (depending on the type of innovation) within the medium or long-term cycle. The cyclic approach has an insufficiently studied subject of research. In theoretical and practical aspects, this approach is very poorly developed, despite its prospects for this method. The application of the cyclic approach in the practical sphere will increase the effectiveness of activities planning in the field of the state innovation policy, as well as increase the efficiency of the state resources using.Methods: a set of methods of theoretical research is used, including: logical, system and abstract methods, as well as specific scientific (special) research methods. Based on the study of a wide range of scientific literature, as well as statistical and factual information on innovative issues, models (modeling method) were drawn up, which were graphically fixed in the figures illustrating the main provisions of the article.Results: this article develops the cyclic approach to the innovations study, proposed in the works of foreign and domestic scientists. The article describes and presents a scientific method of innovative processes management, called "triad of innovative and transformative activity". The article also contains a brief overview of the cyclic method development in the works of domestic and foreign researchers, giving a general idea of the elaboration degree of the scientific question.Conclusions and Relevance: the analysis of the main theories and concepts in the field of innovation, gives reason to argue that scientific views on the implementation of the innovation process contain a serious omission. It consists in the fact that it does not take into account the influence of cyclical conditions of various medium-term cycle phases or long-term cycle stages. In practice, this leads to asynchronous processes that prevent the effective innovation activities.
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T.S., Andrushchenko. "System of complications in the notarial process and their influence on the contract on providing of maintenance." Scientific Herald of Sivershchyna. Series: Law 1, no. 12 (July 2, 2021): 29–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.32755/sjlaw.2021.01.029.
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The article addresses to the study of the complications peculiarities in the process of notarization of the contract on prividing of maintenance. The author pays considerable attention to the analysis of the complications causes in terms of the principles of graduate notarial process and their impact on the performance of notarial proceedings in general. By analyzing the legislation, the author focuses that complications can occur both at the preparation phase and at the phase of direct notarial act. The article states that the list of complications reasons in the process of making a notarial act, enshrined in the Law “On Notarie” is not exhaustive. The possibility of its expansion in particular is seen in the course of concretization of some of the preconditions given in the article. The article considers the peculiarities of suspension of notarial proceedings in the case if the notarial proceedings on the certificate of the maintenance providing have a foreign element. For instance, if the recipient of alimony or the payer of alimony is a foreigner, the notary needs time to find out the procedure for fulfilling alimony obligations in the state where the latter is located. The author states that such type of complications as the suspension of notarial proceedings is not defined by law, but in science it is defined as a complication in the notarial process, which consists in the suspension of the notarization contract acr in essence of the notarial action and impossibility of making proceeding in such case. Based on the analysis, the author proposes the approaches to the classification of complications in the notarial process on the example of notarial proceedings on the notarization of the contract of maintenance. Key words: notarial proceedings, contract on providing of maintenance, complications, closing of notarial proceedings, phasing of notarial procedures.
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Sysoeva, Elena V. "Tracking the origin of civil engineering as a science since ancient times." Stroitel stvo nauka i obrazovanie [Construction Science and Education], no. 1 (March 31, 2020): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.22227/2305-5502.2020.1.1.
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Introduction. The gradual progressive evolvement of civil engineering as a science was nurtured by numerous discoveries, errors and regularities contributed by philosophers, mathematicians, engineers, architects, and researchers focused on versatile areas of knowledge. The author analyzes the transformation of civil engineering as a science since ancient times, as well as its dependence on historical events, territoriality, and discoveries. The objective of the research, covered by the article, consists in the detailed analysis of the history of civil engineering and the prognostication of its future development pattern. Materials and methods. The author employed systematization, benchmarking, and theoretical generalization of the information collected from literary sources. Results. The author has analyzed a number of Russian and foreign literary sources covering the formation and evolution of the civil engineering science, beginning with the works of ancient thinkers and philosophers and ending with the works of contemporary researchers. The author breaks down the history of analysis/design of buildings/structures into four development phases that have evolved into the present-day design procedure. The author also provides detailed information on ancient scholars, starting from those who lived in the second millennium B.C., and their contribution into the theory of building design. She highlights the most important works written by ancient philosophers and mathematicians all over the world, particularly those who influenced the development of the design theory. The author provides examples and photos of still-standing unique buildings and structures that date back to each development phase. Every step of civil engineering development is illustrated by buildings and descriptions of their constructions. The author also analyzes the most prominent attainments made in the field of structural mechanics and design of buildings at each development stage. She has tracked the evolvement of civil engineering since the inception of written languagest. Conclusions. The author analyzes the prospects for the development of the civil engineering science with account for the most recent reports issued by the Russian Academy of Architecture and Construction Sciences.
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Valdés, Dennis N. "The Decline of Slavery in Mexico." Americas 44, no. 2 (October 1987): 167–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1007289.
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The history of African slave societies in the New World can be divided into three distinct phases—formation, maturity and decline. The third, the demise of the slave order, will be the focus of attention in the present discussion. There appear to be three general patterns to the decline of slave societies in the Americas. The first, exemplified by the United States and Haiti, came quickly, but at a time when the slave order was deeply entrenched, engendering profound resistance accompanied by a civil war. In the second, demonstrated by Cuba and Brazil, it occurred over the course of a few decades, involving a more varied combination of international pressure, slave resistance and a transformation of the labor regime utilizing both recently freed slaves and imported foreign workers. Of the third prototype, in which Mexico and Colombia represent cases in point, it was a seemingly undramatic, very slow process encompassing several generations, during which slavery appeared to wither away. This essay will examine the fate of slavery in Mexico, a topic which has been mentioned in various works, but has not been examined in detail. It is important not only for comparative purposes, but also for understanding the social history of late-colonial Mexico.
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Borić, Laris. "Fortificiranje grada Cresa u 16. stoljeću." Ars Adriatica, no. 1 (January 1, 2011): 133. http://dx.doi.org/10.15291/ars.433.
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The unstable political situation in which Venice found itself at the time of the League of Cambrai, but also the more frequent incursions and attacks of the Uskoks in the later sixteenth century, were responsible for the surrounding the town of Cres, its medieval nucleus and the newly formed town areas with a wider and stronger fortification system of a regular square plan, with four round towers at the angles and one rectangular tower located in the north-east area, and four town gates. The only angle tower that still survives is the north-west land tower based on which other towers can be reconstructed. Three of the four town gates have been preserved: the Harbour gate, on the ground floor of the Clock Tower, and two east gates: Porta Marcella and Porta Bragadina. All three are constructed in the mannerist style of the classical architectural language, with rusticated arches flanked by two Tuscan or Ionic half-columns articulated with stone rings. These half-columns carry an architrave with coats of arms, which terminates with a projecting cornice. Most reliable sources for the dating of the building phases of the Renaissance fortifications, and for the identification of the master-carvers who worked on them are the register of the decisions of the Town Council, and the Book of the Building of the Walls (Libro della fabbrica delle mura) which is in the State Archives at Rijeka and contains records of payments for the construction expenses for individual parts of the walls. The book covers the period between 1514 and 1610, the year when the construction expenses were concluded, although the works on the finishing of the individual parts continued until 1689, the year carved in the inscription referring to the completion of the wall. The article analyses the building phases of the individual segments, and the groups of master-carvers who worked on them. It identifies the stone-cutting family workshops Stošić, Zvonarić, Soldatić and Mladinić, but also a number of local and foreign master-carvers who appeared in the individual building phases. Among them, a special place belongs to Izidor Stošić who was mentioned between 1521 and 1559 as the Protomagister of the structure and, based on the commission of the Town Council; he is identified as the builder of the town’s Clock Tower. The mentioned town portals clearly demonstrate the way in which the local builders, gathered around the local workshops, applied the projects embodying contemporary stylistic tendencies which were doubtlessly works of the yet unidentified Venetian architects.
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Zbróg, Piotr. "Początki kształtowania się reprezentacji społecznej zapożyczeń w sferze publicznej." Język a Kultura 27 (June 13, 2019): 29–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.19195/1232-9657.27.3.
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The beginnings of the shaping of social representations of borrowings in the public sphereThe article presents an initial phase of the process of shaping of social representations of borrowings. The aim was to obtain a view of the way in which participants of the public sphere talked about these elements of language, how they perceived them as well as what common sense image was created on this basis in the communication sphere and how it was modified. The first judgements and opinions on the matter of foreign words appeared around the 16th century and evolved from that moment. The theory of social representations developed by Serge Moscovici was applied as a theoretical and methodological basis of the description. Its research tools allow us to see the way in which societies construct meanings of matters important to them. On the basis of the analysis of the material it was established that from the beginning there were rather antagonistic elements of social representations of borrowings. The functionality of borrowings was noticed. Yet it was postulated that they should be eliminated from texts on account of the necessity to develop the native language, the incomprehensibility of statements as well as the excessive trend of foreignness.
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Daxhelet, Guy, Philippe Gilot, Etienne Nyssen, and Philippe Hoet. "pGR71 plasmid promotor sequence temporally regulated in Bacillus subtilis." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 44, no. 12 (December 1, 1998): 1186–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/w98-121.
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pGR71, a composite of plasmids pUB110 and pBR322, replicates in Escherichia coli and in Bacillus subtilis. It carries the chloramphenicol resistance gene (cat) from Tn9, which is not transcribed in either host by lack of a promoter. The cat gene is preceded by a Shine-Dalgarno sequence functional in E. coli but not in B. subtilis. Deleted pGR71 plasmids were obtained in B. subtilis when cloning foreign viral DNA upstream of this cat sequence, as well as by BAL31 exonuclease deletions extending upstream from the cat into the pUB110 moiety. These mutant plasmids expressed chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT), conferring on B. subtilis resistance to high chloramphenicol concentrations. CAT expression peaked at the early postexponential phase of B. subtilis growth. The transcription initiation site of cat, determined by primer extension, was located downstream of a putative promoter sequence within the pUB110 moiety. N-terminal amino acid sequencing showed that native CAT was produced by these mutant plasmids. The cat ribosome-binding site, functional in E. coli, was repositioned within the pUB110 moiety and had consequently an extended homology with B. subtilis 16S rRNA, explaining the production of native enzyme.Key words: chloramphenicol acetyltransferase, Bacillus subtilis, postexponential gene expression, plasmid pUB110, ribosome-binding site, transcriptional promoter.
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Mogensen, Mogens. "Foreign Phases and SOFC Electrode." ECS Proceedings Volumes 2001-16, no. 1 (January 2001): 521–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/200116.0521pv.
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Ovcharov, A. O., and A. M. Terekhov. "Econometric analysis of the use of biological assets in agricultural organizations." Statistics and Economics 17, no. 1 (March 10, 2020): 79–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.21686/2500-3925-2020-1-79-87.
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The purpose of the study. The purpose is to analysis the use of biological assets through econometric models and quantifies the relationship between economic indicators of agricultural activity. The article is devoted to the possibilities of econometric analysis in the context of limited empirical data on Russia regarding the use of biological assets.Materials and methods. The article analyzed the Russian and foreign bibliography on the problems of biological assets research. In the context of the study of biological assets, the possibilities of using econometric analysis methods based on spatial, temporal or panel data are shown. A multi-regression model based on three groups of indicators (livestock and crop indicators, as well as indicators reflecting agricultural development in general) and implemented in two phases has been built. This model allowed making estimates of the impact of biological assets on the value of agricultural products in Russia. The methods of correlation analysis investigated the closeness of the relationship between the variables in the model. The initial data for this study were the annual data for the period 2000–2018. An array of more than 150 observations was used. For the purpose of comparability, this array has been converted into relative values, i.e. econometric analysis was carried out on growth rates.Results. This article highlights the main areas of research on biological assets presented in the works of Russian and foreign scientists-economists. It is concluded that there are a wide range of issues of assessment and accounting of biological assets in Russian publications and in the context of the transition to international reporting standards. These problems are not relevant for foreign researchers – in foreign publications presented mainly the search for effective mechanisms for assessing the market value of biological assets using complex econometric models. The article substantiates the importance of using econometric analysis methods in Russian conditions, highlights a number of areas of such analysis and presents a multifactorial regression model. The implementation of the model allowed quantifying the hypothesis of the strong impact of biological asset productivity on the value of agricultural organizations. Based on the construction of the trend line and the choice of the optimal value of the value of the value of the approximation, a short-term forecast of the value of agricultural products produced by livestock and crop production was made. In addition, the correlation matrix assesses the closeness of the relationship between economic indicators.Conclusion. Economic analysis of biological assets should include a variety of areas – valuation, accounting and auditing, insurance and leasing, efficient use and management. The debate between proponents and opponents of the valuation of biological assets at fair value as an alternative to historical value accounting is of particular relevance today. Many issues relating to the valuation and use of biological assets can be addressed by econometric analysis techniques. In Russian practice, this approach is not yet widespread. However, it is it that it quantifies the complex links between economic variables (including biological assets) that characterize agricultural activities.
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Nnanna, Joseph. "Is China’s investment in Africa good for the Nigerian economy?" Journal of Chinese Economic and Foreign Trade Studies 8, no. 1 (February 2, 2015): 40–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jcefts-09-2014-0020.
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Purpose – The aim of this paper is to assess the impact of China’s trade agreement and foreign direct investment (FDI) flows to Nigeria with special reference to the manufacturing sector utilizing the following key economic performance indicators: inflation, unemployment, income and gross domestic product, to name a few. Since the turn of the millennium, China has enjoyed a substantial presence in the African continent. In fact, the country has signed bilateral agreements with Angola, South Africa and Sudan to name a few. Recently, China established its West African trade hub in Lagos, the economic capital of Nigeria, to be strategically positioned. The results of the study revealed conclusively that although China’s investments over the years have benefited the Nigerian economy and its various firms in the manufacturing sector, the agreement signed by both countries ultimately needs to be reexamined to ensure equity. Design/methodology/approach – To thoroughly analyze the effects of China’s investments in Nigeria, this study was carried out in two phases. The first analysis of this study is anchored on a “before/after” framework based on descriptive statistical analysis of the selected economic performance indicators chosen from selected cross-national data. Accordingly, the time frame for this study runs from 1993-2012 which roughly corresponds to the era when China commenced significant investments in Nigeria. Second, employees, policymakers and individuals in the manufacturing/textile industries were interviewed. Furthermore, participation from federal as well as local government agency staff members was solicited using the Delphi technique. Findings – Empirically, the results conclusively reveal China’s dominance in the manufacturing and textile sectors in Nigeria. In other words, at face value, China’s investments are ultimately good for the Nigerian economy. However, at a micro-level analysis, the researcher examined the human factor, that is, the families of former and current employees, abandoned businesses/factories and a decaying textile industry that was once vibrant. Originality/value – To the knowledge of the researcher, this is the first study attempting to assess the impact of the rise of China on the Nigerian economy by combining key economic performance indicator in tandem with face-to-face interviews and the Delphi technique.
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Kuiper, F. B. J. "Foreign words in the Rigveda." Indo-Iranian Journal 38, no. 3 (1995): 261. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/000000095790084512.
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Kuiper, F. B. J. "Foreign words in the Rigveda." Indo-Iranian Journal 38, no. 3 (July 1995): 261. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00890577.
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Plotnikova, Inna N. "“Constitutionalization”: To the question of the concept." Izvestiya of Saratov University. New Series. Series Economics. Management. Law 21, no. 2 (May 25, 2021): 188–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.18500/1994-2540-2021-21-2-188-197.
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Introduction. The legal term of “constitutionalization” is relevant and in demand at the present stage of the constitutional development of the Russian state, as evidenced by the increasing frequency of its use in scientific works. The modern use of the term of “constitutionalization” has many meanings that are not always specified by the authors. In this connection, the definition of the essence and content of this concept has theoretical and practical significance. Theoretical analysis. The author made an attempt to theoretically comprehend the concept of “constitutionalization”, including the lexemes of “constitutionalization of the legal order” and “constitutionalization of the legal system”, based on the analysis of works by foreign and domestic authors, formalized some common essential and substantive attributive features of the phenomenon of “constitutionalization”. Empirical analysis. It is noted that in the Constitution of the Russian Federation, the current Russian legislation, the judicial practice of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation, the term of “constitutionalization” has not found its reflection. As for the decisions of the European Court of Human Rights, in some of its decisions this concept is mentioned in connection with the substantiation of the role of the Strasbourg and Luxembourg courts, the influence of their legal positions on the constitutionalization of the European legal order. Results. The author defines constitutionalization as a complex construct, with the acquisition of constitutional meaning by all phenomena and processes of legal reality occurring in society and the state being its attributive-relational, essential, target feature. Based on the etymological, semantic, systemic and structural analysis of this phenomenon, the author presented it as a multi-level, multi-aspect system, identified qualifying features and design features, levels, phases, stages.
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BENT, TESSA. "Children's perception of foreign-accented words." Journal of Child Language 41, no. 6 (January 15, 2014): 1334–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305000913000457.
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ABSTRACTThe acoustic-phonetic realizations of words can vary dramatically depending on a variety of within- and across-talker characteristics such as regional dialect, native language, age, and gender. Robust word learning requires that children are able to recognize words amidst this substantial variability. In the current study, perception of foreign-accented words was assessed in four- to seven-year-old children to test how one form of variability influences word recognition in children. Results demonstrated that children had less accurate word recognition than adults for both native- and foreign-accented words. Both adults and children were less accurate at identifying foreign-accented words compared to native-accented words with children and adults showing similar decrements. For children, age and lexicon size contributed to accurate word recognition.
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Thompson, Kenneth W. "Words and deeds in foreign policy." Society 24, no. 4 (May 1987): 24–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02695790.
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Kamandulytė-Merfeldien, Laura. "Foreign words in spoken Lithuanian language." Lietuvių kalba, no. 12 (December 15, 2018): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/lk.2018.22518.
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The aim of this article is to redefine the phenomenon of borrowing on the basis of the Corpus of Spoken Lithuanian: to analyse the frequency and use of foreign words, to determine the proportion of new borrowings among foreign words, and to examine whether some of the foreign words may be treated as the instances of code switching or code mixing. The article attempts to make a distinction between new borrowings and other foreign words and discusses the phenomenon of code mixing in spoken language for the first time in Lithuanian; it also explains the terms of code switching and code mixing, which have not been discussed in Lithuanian linguistics. The results of the quantitative research have revealed that foreign words comprise only 0.33% of all words in spoken language. The largest proportion of these words is English words and phrases (93%), while lexemes or phrases from Russian, Latin, or Italian comprise only 7% of the words. The research has determined that new borrowings constitute 44% of all foreign words in the conversations under the present investigation, and code mixing has been employed in 56% of all instances. The research has demonstrated that code mixing is the most typical of spoken private speech, while the use of new borrowings is more frequent in more formal registers of spoken language, i.e. academic and media language.
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Chernova, Anna V. "POLAND’S “EASTERN POLICY”: FROM “UKRAINE, LITHUANIA, BELARUS” TO THE «EASTERN PARTNERSHIP»." MGIMO Review of International Relations, no. 6(33) (December 28, 2013): 15–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.24833/2071-8160-2013-6-33-15-24.
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The article deals with the evolution of Poland’s foreign policy towards its closest eastern neighbours: independent Ukraine, Lithuania and Belarus. It’s commonly referred to in the Polish historical science as the “Eastern Policy” and the countries themselves as the “Eastern outskirts” as opposed to the classical western understanding of “the East”, for which the Latin word “Orient” is used. Throughout Poland’s history this region was of a prominent role, at times being a part of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and at other times some kind of a “no-man’s land”, while taking its current shape only after the USSR and the Eastern block collapse.Though Russia is often considered to be a part of Poland’s “Eastern Policy”, the difference is clear in the nature of relationship between Warsaw and Moscow and that of the “ULB” (Ukraine, Lithuania and Belarus). In addition, Poland’s area of responsibility as an EU member included Ukraine and Belarus rather than Russia, which predominantly remained a priority of the “old” EU member states. Therefore the Russian-Polish relations figure here as a background, while the focus is on the “ULB” states. Increasing integration of the Polish “Eastern Policy” into the EU’s framework necessitated touching upon Moldova as well as Armenia, Azerbaijan and Georgia, which were invited along with Ukraine and Belarus to participate in a major European initiative– the “Eastern Partnership”. For the same reason two phases were outlined: before and after Poland’s accession to the EU which formally took place on 1st of May, 2004.
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Ali, Hassan Elhag. "The New World Order and the Islamic World." American Journal of Islam and Society 8, no. 3 (December 1, 1991): 461–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.35632/ajis.v8i3.2606.
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During a triumphant speech before the Congress on September 11, 1990,President Bush announced that the pursuit of a “new world order” wouldbe an objective of American foreign policy. The speech’s tone and emphasismarked a new phase in international politics, for only a few months earlierthe United States and the Soviet Union, former Cold War foes, had demonstratedan unprecedented level of cooperation to eject Iraq- a former Sovietclient-from Kuwait. In that speech, Bush stated thatThe crisis in the Persian Gulf, as grave as it is, also offers a rareopportunity to move toward an historic period of cooperation. Outof these troubled times, our fifth objective - a new world ordercanemerge: a new era-freer from the threat of terror, strongerin the pursuit of justice, and more secure in the quest for peace.An era in which the nations of the world, East and West, Northand South, can prosper and live in harmony (Freedman 1991, 195).The idea of a new world order, as it appears, entails and conveys thecollapse of the old system and the emergence of another, different one. Thispaper is concerned with identifying and analyzing the premises of this newworld order. How different are they from the tenets of the “old” order? Ormore precisely, to use the Economist’s words: “What is new? Which world?And whose order?” (Economist, February 23, 1991, 25-26). What are theagendas of this order and to what extent do they reflect the interests of theThird World? How will this new order affect the Islamic world, the ThirdWorld, or ”the residents of the South?” ...
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Zorčič, Sabina. "Words of foreign origin in political discourse." Linguistica 52, no. 1 (December 31, 2012): 363–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4312/linguistica.52.1.363-380.
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The paper discusses the use of words of foreign origin in Slovenian political discourse. At the outset, this usage is broken down into four groups: the first contains specific phrases and terminology inherent to the political domain; the second contains words of foreign origin generally present in the Slovene language (because of their high frequency of nonexclusivistic use, these words are not of interest to the scope of this investigation); the third contains various words of foreign origin used as affectional packaging for messages with the aim of stimulating the desired interpretation (framing reality); the fourth group, which is the most interesting for our research, is made up of words of foreign origin which could have a marker: + marked, + not necessary, + unwanted, but only if we accept the logic of purism. All the words in this group could be replaced - without any loss of meaning - with their Slovene equivalents. The speakerʼs motivation for using the foreign word is crucial to our discussion. In the framework of Pierre Bourdieuʼs poststructural theory as well as Austinʼs and Searleʼs speech act theory, statistical data is analysed to observe how usage frequency varies in correlation with selected factors which manifest the speakerʼs habitus. We argue that words of foreign origin represent symbolic cultural capital, a kind of added value which functions as credit and as such is an important form of the accumulation of capital.
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Atagi, Eriko, and Tessa Bent. "Foreign-accent discrimination with words and sentences." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 136, no. 4 (October 2014): 2109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.4899593.
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Mohamed, Mirrah Maziyah, and Hayk Abrahamyan. "Recognition of foreign-accented words in isolation." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 140, no. 4 (October 2016): 3332. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.4970619.
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Varley, Rosemary, Sandra Whiteside, Claire Hammill, and Katherine Cooper. "Phases in speech encoding and foreign accent syndrome." Journal of Neurolinguistics 19, no. 5 (September 2006): 356–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jneuroling.2006.03.002.
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