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Relevant bibliographies by topics / Forelimbs

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Academic literature on the topic 'Forelimbs'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 16 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Forelimbs"

1

McLaughlin, R. M., J. K. Roush, and Dominique Griffon. "Vertical Ground Reaction Force Redistribution During Experimentally Induced Shoulder Lameness in Dogs." Veterinary and Comparative Orthopaedics and Traumatology 07, no. 04 (1994): 154–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1633089.

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SummaryThe redistribution of vertical ground reaction forces after surgically induced forelimb lameness was evaluated in five Greyhounds at the walk. Vertical ground reaction forces were measured by force plate analysis before, three days, and seven days after a craniolateral approach to the shoulder was performed unilaterally in each dog.At day # 3, peak vertical force was significantly decreased in the operated forelimbs and in the ipsilateral hindlimbs. Peak vertical force was significantly increased in the contralateral fore- and hindlimbs. The total peak vertical force applied to both forelimbs did not change, nor did the total force applied to both hindlimbs. At day # 7, peak vertical force in each of the four limbs had returned to preoperative levels. Results of this study document the redistribution of ground reaction forces (at the walk) between the four limbs in the dog after an acute, surgically induced forelimb lameness.The redistribution of ground reaction force was evaluated in five Greyhounds before and during forelimb lameness. Lameness was induced by a craniolateral approach to one shoulder in each dog. At day # 3 after surgery, peak vertical force was decreased in the operated forelimbs and ipsilateral hindlimbs. Peak vertical force was increased in the contralateral fore- and hindlimbs. The distribution of ground reaction force in the four limbs returned to preoperative values seven days after surgery.

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Giljov, Andrey, Karina Karenina, Margaret Hawkins, and Yegor Malashichev. "First record of limb preferences in monotremes (Zaglossus spp.)." Australian Journal of Zoology 63, no. 5 (2015): 320. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo15043.

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Lateralisation in forelimb use at the population and/or individual level has been found in a wide variety of vertebrate species. However, some large taxa have not yet been investigated and that limits a proper evolutionary interpretation of forelimb preferences. Among mammals lateralised use of the forelimbs has been shown for both placentals and marsupials, but nothing is known about behavioural lateralisation in monotremes. Here we examined lateral preferences in forelimb use in four long-beaked echidnas (male and female Zaglossus bruijni, and male and female Z. bartoni) in captivity. Three individuals showed significant forelimb preferences in unimanual behaviours associated with feeding. When stepping on an eminence with one forelimb first, the lateralisation at the individual level was found only in males of both species. During male–female interactions, the male Z. bartoni significantly preferred to put one of the forelimbs on the female’s back. In both males, the direction of preferences was consistent across different types of behaviour. Our results confirm that manual lateralisation, at least at the individual level, is widespread among mammals. Further research is needed to investigate whether the monotremes display population-level lateralisation in forelimb use.

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Meachen-Samuels, Julie A. "Morphological convergence of the prey-killing arsenal of sabertooth predators." Paleobiology 38, no. 1 (2012): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0094837300000373.

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Sabertooth members of the Felidae, Nimravidae, and Barbourofelidae are well-known for their elongated saber-shaped canines. However, within these groups, there is a wide range of independently derived tooth shapes and lengths, including dirk-tooth and scimitar-tooth morphs. In conjunction with the saberteeth, forelimbs were also used to subdue prey. Thus, there may be a functional link between canine shape and forelimb morphology. Because there are no living sabertooth forms for comparison, extant felids make a good proxy for examining the morphology of these extinct organisms. Here, I examine the forelimb morphology of different sabertooth groups from across North America; I address whether forelimb morphologies are associated with tooth morphologies, and whether these associated tooth and forelimb morphologies are convergent among different families. To answer these questions, I analyzed six functional indices of the forelimbs and two canine characters for 13 species of sabertooth predators and 15 extant felid species. Results indicate that sabertooth morphs with longer, thinner canines show more robust limb proportions. These patterns were convergent among sabertooth felids, nimravids, and barbourofelids, and indicate a positive functional relationship between saber elongation and increased forelimb robustness. This suggests that sabertooth carnivorans demonstrated niche partitioning of predation strategies according to canine shape and corresponding forelimb morphology.

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Anderson, Jonathan. "An overview of proximal suspensory ligament desmitis." UK-Vet Equine 3, no. 5 (September 2, 2019): 175–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/ukve.2019.3.5.175.

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Proximal suspensory disease is a common cause of both forelimb and hindlimb lameness and poor performance in the horse. The following article describes the common presentations, diagnostic techniques and treatment options for the condition in both the forelimbs and the hindlimbs.

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Thibaudier, Yann, and Alain Frigon. "Spatiotemporal control of interlimb coordination during transverse split-belt locomotion with 1:1 or 2:1 coupling patterns in intact adult cats." Journal of Neurophysiology 112, no. 8 (October 15, 2014): 2006–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00236.2014.

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Interlimb coordination must be flexible to adjust to an ever-changing environment. Here adjustments in interlimb coordination were quantified during tied-belt (equal speed of the fore- and hindlimbs) and transverse split-belt (unequal speed of the fore- and hindlimbs) locomotion in five intact adult cats. Cats performed tied-belt locomotion at 0.4 m/s and 0.8 m/s. For transverse split-belt locomotion, the forelimbs stepped at 0.4 m/s and 0.8 m/s while the hindlimbs stepped at 0.8 m/s (4F8H condition) and 0.4 m/s (8F4H condition), respectively. In the 8F4H condition, the forelimbs could take two steps within one hindlimb cycle, or a 2:1 forelimb-hindlimb relationship. The sequence of limbs contacting the ground and the duration of support periods were differentially modified if the forelimbs stepped faster or slower than the hindlimbs. During transverse split-belt locomotion, the hindlimbs performed longer strides when the forelimbs took shorter strides. In the 8F4H condition with a 2:1 forelimb-hindlimb relationship, phase and gap intervals for the first and second steps were found around certain values and were not randomly distributed, indicating that a new coupling pattern was established. However, temporal and spatial coordination indexes revealed that bilateral coordination between hindlimbs was less accurate and more variable with a 2:1 coupling pattern. Importantly, the animals did not stumble, indicating that spatial and temporal adjustments in interlimb coordination allowed the animals to maintain dynamic stability. The results provide a better understanding of the spatiotemporal adjustments that take place among the four limbs during locomotion when interlimb coordination is challenged.

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Reis, Ana Guiomar Matos Santiago, and Raquel Yvonne Arantes Baccarin. "The cross-sectional area of the superficial digital flexor tendon of trained and untrained Thoroughbred racehorses." Ciência Rural 40, no. 8 (August 2010): 1786–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0103-84782010000800018.

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Twenty Thoroughbred racehorses were ultrasonographically evaluated to determine the relation between normal values of the cross-sectional area (CSA) of the right and left forelimbs superficial digital flexor tendons (SDFT) in the metacarpal region for trained and untrained Thoroughbreds racehorses. Ultrasonography revealed that CSA at 26cm distal to the accessory carpal bone is larger than other proximal levels, for either left or right forelimbs. In addition, the CSA at 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12 and 14cm distal to the accessory carpal bone of the left forelimb are larger (P<0.05) for trained horses when compared with untrained horses. On the other hand, there was no significant difference (P>0.05) between left and right forelimb for CSA of the SDFT, at any level, for either trained or untrained horses, and there was no significant difference between untrained or trained horses for the CSA of right forelimb. In conclusion, the CSA of the left forelimb SDFT for horses that had been in continuous race training remains larger when they were trained anticlockwise, contrary to horses that had not been training for more than one year.

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Courtine, Grégoire, Roland R. Roy, John Hodgson, Heather McKay, Joseph Raven, Hui Zhong, Hong Yang, Mark H. Tuszynski, and V. Reggie Edgerton. "Kinematic and EMG Determinants in Quadrupedal Locomotion of a Non-Human Primate (Rhesus)." Journal of Neurophysiology 93, no. 6 (June 2005): 3127–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.01073.2004.

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We hypothesized that the activation patterns of flexor and extensor muscles and the resulting kinematics of the forelimbs and hindlimbs during locomotion in the Rhesus would have unique characteristics relative to other quadrupedal mammals. Adaptations of limb movements and in motor pool recruitment patterns in accommodating a range of treadmill speeds similar to other terrestrial animals in both the hindlimb and forelimb were observed. Flexor and extensor motor neurons from motor pools in the lumbar segments, however, were more highly coordinated than in the cervical segments. Unlike the lateral sequence characterizing subprimate quadrupedal locomotion, non-human primates use diagonal coordination between the hindlimbs and forelimbs, similar to that observed in humans between the legs and arms. Although there was a high level of coordination between hind- and forelimb locomotion kinematics, limb-specific neural control strategies were evident in the intersegmental coordination patterns and limb endpoint trajectories. Based on limb kinematics and muscle recruitment patterns, it appears that the hindlimbs, and notably the distal extremities, contribute more to body propulsion than the forelimbs. Furthermore, we found adaptive changes in the recruitment patterns of distal muscles in the hind- and forelimb with increased treadmill speed that likely correlate with the anatomical and functional evolution of hand and foot digits in monkeys. Changes in the properties of both the spinal and supraspinal circuitry related to stepping, probably account for the peculiarities in the kinematic and EMG properties during non-human primate locomotion. We suggest that such adaptive changes may have facilitated evolution toward bipedal locomotion.

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Paul, Gregory S., and Per Christiansen. "Forelimb posture in neoceratopsian dinosaurs: implications for gait and locomotion." Paleobiology 26, no. 3 (2000): 450–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1666/0094-8373(2000)026<0450:fpindi>2.0.co;2.

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Ceratopsid dinosaurs traditionally have been restored with sprawling forelimbs and were considered unable to run at high speeds. An alternative view restores the ceratopsids as rhinoceros-like with parasagittal forelimb kinematics and the ability to run faster than extant elephants. Several anatomical difficulties concerning the mounting of ceratopsid skeletons with nearly parasagittal forelimbs stem not from the forelimb itself, but from errors in rib and vertebral articulation. Matching a skeletal restoration to a probable ceratopsid trackway shows that the hands were placed directly beneath the glenoids, and that manual impressions were directed laterally, not medially as in sprawling reptiles. Pedal impressions in trackways are medial to the manual impressions, owing to the slightly averted elbow and to the asymmetrical distal femoral condyles, which directed the crus slightly medially. The limbs of ceratopsians of all sizes display substantial joint flexure, strongly indicating that the elephantine forelimb posture that has sometimes been suggested as the alternative to a sprawling posture is erroneous. The articular surfaces of uncrushed ceratopsian scapulocoracoids and forelimb joints confirm that the forelimb operated in a near-parasagittal plane with the elbows only slightly averted. The maximal running speed of even the largest ceratopsids is inferred to have significantly exceeded that of elephants and was probably broadly similar to that of rhinos.

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Dróżdż, Dawid. "Osteology of a forelimb of an aetosaurStagonolepis olenkae(Archosauria: Pseudosuchia: Aetosauria) from the Krasiejów locality in Poland and its probable adaptations for a scratch-digging behavior." PeerJ 6 (October 2, 2018): e5595. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.5595.

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Aetosaurs are armored basal archosaurs that played a significant role in land ecosystems during the Late Triassic (237–201 Ma). The polish speciesStagonolepis olenkaeSulej, 2010 described from the Krasiejów locality (southern Poland) is one of the oldest known representatives of the group. Abundant and well-preserved material, including partially articulated specimens, allows a detailed description of the forelimbs in this species. The forelimbs ofS. olenkaeare the most similar to that of large aetosaurs likeDesmatosuchus smalli,Desmatosuchus spurensis,Longosuchus meadei,Typothorax coccinarumorStagonolepis robertsoni. Several characters recognized in the forelimbs ofS. olenkaesuggest its adaptation for scratch-digging. The most salient of these features are: short forearm, carpus, and hands, with the radius shorter than the humerus, carpus and manus shorter than the radius (excluding terminal phalanges); a prominent deltopectoral crest that extends distally on the humerus and a wide prominent entepicondyle, a long olecranon process with well-marked attachment of triceps muscle; hooked, laterally compressed, claw-like terminal phalanges with ornamentation of small pits (indicative of well-developed keratin sheaths).S. olenkaemight have used its robust forelimbs to break through the compacted soil with its claws and proceed to dig in search of food in softened substrate with the shovel-like expansion at the tip of its snout. The entire forelimb ofS. olenkaeis covered by osteoderms, including the dorsal surface of the hand, which is unusual among aetosaurs and have not been noted for any species up to date.

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Melville, Jane, Sumitha Hunjan, Felicity McLean, Georgia Mantziou, Katja Boysen, and Laura J. Parry. "Expression of a hindlimb-determining factor Pitx1 in the forelimb of the lizard Pogona vitticeps during morphogenesis." Open Biology 6, no. 10 (October 2016): 160252. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsob.160252.

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With over 9000 species, squamates, which include lizards and snakes, are the largest group of reptiles and second-largest order of vertebrates, spanning a vast array of appendicular skeletal morphology. As such, they provide a promising system for examining developmental and molecular processes underlying limb morphology. Using the central bearded dragon ( Pogona vitticeps ) as the primary study model, we examined limb morphometry throughout embryonic development and characterized the expression of three known developmental genes ( GHR, Pitx1 and Shh ) from early embryonic stage through to hatchling stage via reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) and immunohistochemistry (IHC). In this study, all genes were found to be transcribed in both the forelimbs and hindlimbs of P. vitticeps. While the highest level of GHR expression occurred at the hatchling stage, Pitx1 and Shh expression was greatest earlier during embryogenesis, which coincides with the onset of the differentiation between forelimb and hindlimb length. We compared our finding of Pitx1 expression—a hindlimb-determining gene—in the forelimbs of P. vitticeps to that in a closely related Australian agamid lizard, Ctenophorus pictus , where we found Pitx1 expression to be more highly expressed in the hindlimb compared with the forelimb during early and late morphogenesis—a result consistent with that found across other tetrapods. Expression of Pitx1 in forelimbs has only rarely been documented, including via in situ hybridization in a chicken and a frog. Our findings from both RT-qPCR and IHC indicate that further research across a wider range of tetrapods is needed to more fully understand evolutionary variation in molecular processes underlying limb morphology.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Forelimbs"

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Yamamoto, Mako. "The transformation suppressor gene Reck is required for postaxial patterning in mouse forelimbs." Kyoto University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/158062.

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Andersson, Lisa. "EquumTemp : A palpation aid that document and detect temperature changes on the surface of horse’s forelimbs." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för datavetenskap och kommunikation (CSC), 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-189554.

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At the moment, in the daily health care for horses there is a lack of technical aids for private use. As a horse owner you need to physically palpate the horse’s limbs to detect signs of injury and lameness. It is difficult and the signs are usually vague and hard to distinguish. Technology and interaction design could be the solution to this problem. The related research this paper builds on are: clinical complementary diagnostic methods for lameness diagnosis, wearable health monitor systems for humans and smart textiles on horses. The question this paper tries to answer is: How to develop and design a prototype of a product that is an aid for horse owners to document and better understand changes in surface temperature of the horse’s fetlock? To answer this question a user-centered design process was used. A survey, expert domain interview, design and development of a prototype, two different user testings’ and a design workshop. The result is a prototype of a palpating aid called EquumTemp. It is used by the horse owner as a second opinion on the status of their horse fetlock temperature. EquumTemp measures, stores and documents surface temperature of the fetlock. The prototype was tested by the author for 2 weeks and by three different potential users. The knowledge gained from the project resulted in defined product requirements.
Just nu, i den dagliga vården för hästar finns det en brist på tekniska hjälpmedel för privat bruk. Som hästägare måste du fysiskt palpera hästens ben för att upptäcka tecken på skador och hälta. Det är svårt och tecknen är oftast vaga och svåra att urskilja. Teknik och interaktionsdesign kan vara lösningen på detta problem. Relaterad forskning som denna rapport bygger på är: kliniska diagnostiska metoder för att diagnostisera hälta, monitorsystem för att övervaka människors hälsa och smarta textilier på hästar. Frågan denna rapport försöker besvara är: Hur man utvecklar och designar en prototyp av en produkt som är ett hjälpmedel för hästägare att dokumentera och bättre förstå förändringar i yttemperatur av hästens kotled? För att besvara denna fråga användes en användarcentrerad designprocess. En användarundersökning, expert domän intervju, design och utveckling av en prototyp, två olika användartestningar och en designworkshop. Resultatet är en prototyp av ett palperingshjälpmedel som kallas EquumTemp. Den används av hästägaren för att mäta hästens hud temperatur runt kotan. EquumTemp mäter, lagrar och dokument yttemperaturen runt kotan. Prototypen testades av författaren i 2 veckor och av tre olika potentiella användare. Kunskapen från projektet resulterade i definierade produktkrav.

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Fain, Jordan. "Comparative Analysis of Muscle Architecture and Myosin Heavy Chain Content in the Forelimbs of Geomyid and Heteromyid Burrowing Rodents." Youngstown State University / OhioLINK, 2021. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ysu1630024719953543.

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Iwaniuk, Andrew N., and University of Lethbridge Faculty of Arts and Science. "The evolution of skilled forelimb movements in carnivorans." Thesis, Lethbridge, Alta. : University of Lethbridge, Faculty of Arts and Science, 2000, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10133/94.

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Emancipating the forelimbs from locomotion for use in other activities, such as food manipulation, is a major evolutionary milestone. A variety of selective forces and evolutionary correlates may influence the evolution of various degrees of skill with which the forelimbs are used. Using the order Carnivora as a test group, I assesed the relative influence of six factors: relative brain size, neocortical volume, manus proportions, body size, phylogenetic relatedness, type of locomotion and diet. I developed a rating system to describe the dexterity of individual species and compared the scores to the six factors using modern comparative methods. Only phylogeny and diet were significanly correlated with forelimb dexterity. More specifically, forelimb dexterity tends to be higher in caniform than in feliform carnivorans and decreases with increasing specialisation on vertebrate prey. I conclude that food handling and feeding niche breath have a significant effect upon the evolution of skilled forelimb movements.
xii, 151 leaves : ill. ; 28 cm.

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Cadinouche, Moglani Z. Alia. "The Notophthalmus viridescens radical fringe cDNA, molecular cloning and spatiotemporal expression in forelimb development and adult forelimb regeneration." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape7/PQDD_0020/NQ45804.pdf.

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Coles, Brenda Louise Kay, and University of Lethbridge Faculty of Arts and Science. "Neural changes in forelimb cortex and behavioural development." Thesis, Lethbridge, Alta. : University of Lethbridge, Faculty of Arts and Science, 1996, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/10133/85.

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Neural changes in the forelimb cortex were studied at Postnatal (P) 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, and 100 days. Six biological markers of brain development, cortical thickness, Layer III pyramidal cell morphology, glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), myelination, c-fos activity and Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) were correlated with the behavioural development of reaching, bimanual coordination, postural adjustment, and defensive feeding behaviours. The behaviours were filmed from P15 until P30 and then also in adulthood. For the behaviours there was a gradual development of the skilled patterns of paw and digit use seen in adults as well as in the patterns of movements in postural adjustment, carry behaviours and dodging and robbing type behaviours. The development of the adult patterns of movement were correlated to the morphological and biochemical changes in the cortex. The results suggest that the maturation of skilled movements depends upon anatomical and neurochemical maturation of the neocortex as well as upon learning.
x, 132 leaves : ill. ; 28 cm.

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Coles, Brenda L. K. "Neural changes in forelimb cortex and behavioural development." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp01/MQ38447.pdf.

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Iwaniuk, Andrew N. "The evolution of skilled forelimb movements in carnivorans." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape2/PQDD_0016/MQ49136.pdf.

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Watson, Johanna Clare. "Muscle function and control in the equine forelimb." Thesis, Royal Veterinary College (University of London), 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.419804.

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Swanstrom, Michael David. "Lower forelimb loading dynamics in the thoroughbred racehorse /." For electronic version search Digital dissertations database. Restricted to UC campuses. Access is free to UC campus dissertations, 2003. http://uclibs.org/PID/11984.

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Books on the topic "Forelimbs"

1

Hearon, Kevin G. Advanced principles of upper extremity adjusting. [Forks, WA?: s.n.], 1991.

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Ciochon, Russell L. Evolution of the cercopithecoid forelimb: Phylogenetic and functional implications from morphometric analyses. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1993.

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Tchaikovsky, Peter Ilich. The effect of pancreatectomy and partial pancreatectomy on forelimb regeneration in Notophthalmus viridescenes. Ottawa: National Library of Canada, 1993.

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Horbay, Gwendolyn Loris Ann. An ultrastructural study of early post-amputational events in innervated forelimbs of larval "ambystoma". 1986.

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Company, Anatomical Chart. Equine Forelimb Wall Chart. Brand: Anatomical Chart Co ,U.S., 2003.

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Lusi, Carla M., and Helen M. S. Davies. Fascial Anatomy of the Equine Forelimb. Taylor & Francis Group, 2018.

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Lusi, Carla M., and Helen M. S. Davies. Fascial Anatomy of the Equine Forelimb. Taylor & Francis Group, 2018.

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Lusi, Carla M., and Helen M. S. Davies. Fascial Anatomy of the Equine Forelimb. CRC Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781351172929.

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Cadinouche, Moglani Z. Alia. The notophthalmus viridescents radical fringe cDNA: Molecular cloning and spatiotemporal expression in forelimb development and adult forelimb regeneration. 1999.

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M, Black Michael J., and Meyer Viktor E, eds. Microsurgical procedures. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone, 1991.

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Book chapters on the topic "Forelimbs"

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Shimamura, Muneo, I. Kogure, and T. Fuwi. "Locomotion of Forelimbs in Thalamic Cats: Joint Afferents and Supraspinal Contributions." In Neurobiology of Vertebrate Locomotion, 539–42. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-09148-5_35.

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Tsilfidis, Catherine, and Richard A. Liversage. "Response of Amputated Xenopus Laevis Forelimbs to Augmentation of the Nerve Supply." In Recent Trends in Regeneration Research, 191–203. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-9057-2_21.

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Lee, Junseok, Jongheon Kim, and Hyun Myung. "Design of Forelimbs and Digging Mechanism of Biomimetic Mole Robot for Directional Drilling." In Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering, 341–51. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-8323-6_28.

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Koussoulakos, Stauros. "Survey of Research Work on the Regeneration of Triturus Alpestris Forelimbs Treated with Vitamin A Palmitate." In Recent Trends in Regeneration Research, 325–40. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-9057-2_33.

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Panyutina, Aleksandra A., Leonid P. Korzun, and Alexander N. Kuznetsov. "Forelimb Morphology of Colugos." In Flight of Mammals: From Terrestrial Limbs to Wings, 51–114. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-08756-6_2.

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Panyutina, Aleksandra A., Leonid P. Korzun, and Alexander N. Kuznetsov. "Forelimb Morphology of Bats." In Flight of Mammals: From Terrestrial Limbs to Wings, 115–203. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-08756-6_3.

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Panyutina, Aleksandra A., Leonid P. Korzun, and Alexander N. Kuznetsov. "Forelimb Morphology of Tree Shrews." In Flight of Mammals: From Terrestrial Limbs to Wings, 1–50. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-08756-6_1.

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Motta, Tatiana, and Lawrence Hill. "Forelimb, Hindlimb, and Digit Amputation." In Field Manual for Small Animal Medicine, 237–48. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119380528.ch10a.

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Diogo, Rui, Janine M. Ziermann, Julia Molnar, Natalia Siomava, and Virginia Abdala. "Forelimb Muscles of Tetrapods, Including Mammals." In Muscles of Chordates, 357–424. Boca Raton : Taylor & Francis, 2018.: CRC Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/b22498-17.

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Theiler, Karl. "Formation of Posterior Neuropore; Forelimb Bud." In The House Mouse, 53–59. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-88418-4_18.

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Conference papers on the topic "Forelimbs"

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Gad, Parag, Jonathan Woodbridge, Igor Lavrov, Yury Gerasimenko, Hui Zhong, Roland R. Roy, Majid Sarrafzadeh, and V. Reggie Edgerton. "Using Forelimb EMG to Control an Electronic Spinal Bridge to Facilitate Hindlimb Stepping After Complete Spinal Cord Lesion." In ASME 2011 6th Frontiers in Biomedical Devices Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/biomed2011-66037.

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A complete spinal cord transection results in loss of all supraspinal motor control below the level of the injury. The neural circuitry in the lumbosacral spinal cord, however, can generate locomotor patterns in the hindlimbs of rats and cats with the aid of epidural stimulation and administration of serotoninergic agonists. We hypothesized that there are patterns of EMG signals from the forelimbs during quadrupedal locomotion that uniquely represent a signal for the “intent” to step with the hindlimbs. These observations led us to determine whether “indirect” volitional control of stepping can be restored after a complete spinal cord injury. We developed an electronic bridge that can trigger specific patterns of EMG activity from the forelimbs to enable quadrupedal stepping after a complete spinal cord transection in rats. We found dominant frequencies of 180–220 Hz in the EMG of forelimb muscles during active periods, whereas the frequencies were between 0–10 Hz when the muscles were inactive. A moving window detection algorithm was implemented in a small microprocessor to detect bilateral activity in the biceps brachii that then was used to initiate and terminate epidural stimulation. This detection algorithm was successful in detecting stepping under different pharmacological conditions and at various treadmill speeds and in facilitating quadrupedal stepping after a complete mid-thoracic spinal cord transection.

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Chen, Yuelin, Xiaoying Lu, Zhigong Wang, Cenyu Huang, Suyang Wang, Yifu Wang, and Yihui Li. "The study of signal transmission in toads' forelimbs." In 2011 International Symposium on Bioelectronics and Bioinformatics (ISBB). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/isbb.2011.6107690.

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Nakatsu, Shogo, Andre Rosendo, Kenichi Narioka, and Koh Hosoda. "Stable reflex-based walking of forelimbs of a bio-inspired quadruped robot-modeled cheetah." In 2013 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Biomimetics (ROBIO). IEEE, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/robio.2013.6739731.

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Tami, A. E., G. Suresh, R. B. Patel, and M. L. Knothe Tate. "Effect of Interosseous Membrane on Load Transfer in Rat Forelimb Using Finite Element Analysis." In ASME 2004 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2004-61934.

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Due to the curvature of the ulna and the complex geometry of the ulna and radius as well and their interaction with and possible transfer of load through the interosseous membrane that joins them, an understanding of the loading situation is not trivial. The IOM might counteract the bending effect resulting from the curvature of the ulna, therefore stabilizing the lateral displacement of the ulna and decreasing the ratio between bending and compression. Thus, in order to understand the mechanisms underlying effects of the mechanical stimulation applied using the end-loading model of the ulna, it is necessary to have a fundamental understanding of the loading mechanics and strain distribution. Hence, the goals of this study were: i) to develop a three dimensional finite element mesh of a mature rat ulna, ii) to measure experimental surface strain values of rat forelimbs with intact and non-intact interosseous membranes, iii) to compare experimental and computational strain distribution data, and iv) to analyze for the first time the effect of the radius and interosseous membrane on axial load distribution through the ulna.

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Zhang, Haohan, Tatiana Luna, Lillian Yang, John Martin, and Sunil Agrawal. "RATS: A Robotic Arm Training System Designed for Rats." In ASME 2020 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2020-22548.

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Abstract This paper presents a novel robotic system to characterize and retrain reaching in rats. This robot is intended to be a research platform for rehabilitation of forelimb movements in rats. In this paper, we focus on the design of this robotic system. We present the design requirements, mathematical models, and details of the physical device. A parallel mechanism with a special alignment of the component chains is used to accommodate observed reaching motions of a rat’s forelimb. Additionally, we demonstrate the use of this robot to record forelimb trajectories. Three healthy rats were used to record repeated reaching motions while the robot applied nearly zero force. We believe that this robotic system can be used in future training studies with rats who have impaired arm motions due to a neurological insult.

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Erwin, Andrew, Chrystine Gallegos, Qilin Cao, and Marcia K. O'Malley. "A Robotic Platform for 3D Forelimb Rehabilitation with Rats." In 2019 IEEE 16th International Conference on Rehabilitation Robotics (ICORR). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icorr.2019.8779405.

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Gok, Sinan, and Mesut Sahin. "Rat forelimb movement components segregated by corticospinal tract activity." In 2017 8th International IEEE/EMBS Conference on Neural Engineering (NER). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ner.2017.8008353.

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Xu, Jian'an, Xiaobai Liu, Dinghui Chu, Lining Sun, and Mingjun Zhang. "Analysis and experiment research of the turtle forelimb's hydrofoil propulsion method." In 2009 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Biomimetics (ROBIO). IEEE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/robio.2009.5420677.

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Gok, Sinan, and Mesut Sahin. "Prediction of forelimb muscle EMGs from the corticospinal signals in rats." In 2016 38th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC). IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/embc.2016.7591307.

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Erwin, Andrew, Chrystine Gallegos, Ian Baker, Yiyan Zheng, Christopher Janssen, Qilin Cao, and Marcia K. O'Malley. "Validation of a 3DOF parallel manipulator for robotic forelimb training with rats." In 2017 International Symposium on Wearable & Rehabilitation Robotics (WeRob). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/werob.2017.8383867.

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