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Journal articles on the topic 'Forensic biology'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 25 July 2025

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1

Sunny, Antil, and Joon Vandana. "Biotechnology in Forensic Science: Advancements and Applications." Journal of Forensic Science and Research 7, no. 1 (2025): 007–14. https://doi.org/10.29328/journal.jfsr.1001073.

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Background: Biotechnology is a multidisciplinary field based on the expertise of molecular biology, chemistry, biochemistry, chemical and biological engineering, and digital computing. Biotechnology plays an important role in modern forensic science, driving advances in analytical tools and techniques. This review study provides a brief overview of applications, highlighting advances in forensic biotechnology and key technologies involved in the domains of genomics and DNA analysis, microbial forensics, forensic medicine, and forensic serology. The integration of forensic expertise with techno

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2

Rana, Ajay Kumar. "The Future of Forensic Biology." Journal of Biomedicine 3 (2018): 13–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.7150/jbm.22760.

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3

Bolster, M. A., J. Walker, A. M. Pollock, J. Street, and C. T. Doyle. "Molecular biology: The forensic applications." Irish Journal of Medical Science 163, no. 7 (1994): 322–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02943075.

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4

Yousefsaber, Fatemeh, Zeinab Naseri, and Amir Hosein Hasani. "A Short Review of Forensic Microbiology." Avicenna Journal of Clinical Microbiology and Infection 9, no. 2 (2022): 88–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.34172/ajcmi.2022.14.

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Background: Microbial forensics is a multidisciplinary area, which has been recently considered an effective tool in forensic investigations. This growing field of forensics covers a wide spectrum of different branches of science, including biology, chemistry, physics, geology, mathematics, and computer sciences, leading to a practical approach that can be applied in several areas such as bioterrorist actions, environmental issues, emerging and reemerging diseases, as well as reliable trace evidence at a crime scene. Methods: The information has been gathered via Google Scholar using several k

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5

Maiorova, E. I. "R.S. Belkin and the Establishment of Forensic Biology and Forensic Ecology." Theory and Practice of Forensic Science 12, no. 3 (2017): 49–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.30764/64/1819-2785-2017-3-49-53.

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Professor R.S. Belkin's role in the development of criminology and forensic science is widely recognized. The theory he advanced to connect criminalistics and the natural sciences was of great importance for the establishment of new forensic disciplines. During his time as head of the department of forensic science theory Professor Belkin focused on newly emerging fields of forensic research and the development of their theoretical foundations. His vision was marked by a deep understanding that ecology is a subfield of biology, but forensic ecology is not part of forensic biology. It is largel

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6

Fadilla, Merisa Kurniasari, Bambang Sugiantoro, and Yudi Prayudi. "Membangun Framework Konseptual Terintegrasi Menggunakan Metode Composite Logic untuk Cloud Forensic Readiness pada Organisasi." JURNAL MEDIA INFORMATIKA BUDIDARMA 6, no. 1 (2022): 144. http://dx.doi.org/10.30865/mib.v6i1.3427.

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In the Forensic Readiness approach, incident readiness is the goal of the company or organization in dealing with incidents that may occur. Forensic Readiness can consist of actions or steps, technical and non-technical, that supposedly maximize an organization's ability to use digital evidence. A well-built Cloud Forensic Readiness Framework can help speed up and simplify decision-making regarding an incident occurring in a cloud computing environment. This creates new opportunities for collaboration in the field of digital forensics and cloud computing or cloud computing, so that solutions c

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7

Appenzeller, Otto, Timothy G. Bromage, Rabab Khairat, Andreas G. Nerlich, and Frank Jakobus Rühli. "Bioarcheology: Medicine, Biology, and Forensic Sciences." BioMed Research International 2015 (2015): 1–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/671206.

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8

Butler, John M., and Sheila Willis. "Interpol review of forensic biology and forensic DNA typing 2016-2019." Forensic Science International: Synergy 2 (2020): 352–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fsisyn.2019.12.002.

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9

Goel, Rajeev, Deepak Kumar, and Vijay Arora. "Forens(om)ic medicine: omics in forensic medicine." International Journal of Research in Medical Sciences 10, no. 2 (2022): 557. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2320-6012.ijrms20220309.

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The branch of science informally known as ‘omics’ are various branches in biology whose names end in the suffix omics such as proteomics, metabolomics, genomics, transcriptomics. The studies regarding the role of omics in various branches of medical field have become an upcoming area and its rising trend has been observed in the last decade. Omics has very recently emerged as an uprising field in forensic medicine also which is already known for its great participation with other branches like forensic toxicology, biochemistry, psychiatry, genetics. The use of state- of-the-art omics technolog

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10

Rozumnyi, Serhii, Daria Mylostyva, Svitlana Poliakova, and Anna Babchenko. "Role of entomological evidence in criminal investigations." Theory and Practice of Forensic Science and Criminalistics 35, no. 2 (2024): 97–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.32353/khrife.2.2024.07.

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Domestic and foreign literary sources on the use of necrotic fauna in forensics are analyzed. The purpose of this article is to emphasize the importance of necrotic fauna research for practical forensics and highlight the influence of necrotic entomophiles on the time of death of a living object (depending on its species and environmental conditions) which biological and general scientific methods are applied for. A comparative analysis of the activity of necrotic fauna representatives is given. The need to use necrofauna in the systematic work of forensic biologists has been updated. The main

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11

Desroches, Allison N., Joseph L. Buckle, and Ronald M. Fourney. "Forensic Biology Evidence Screening Past and Present." Canadian Society of Forensic Science Journal 42, no. 2 (2009): 101–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00085030.2009.10757600.

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12

Leslie, Myles. "Quality Assured Science: Managerialism in Forensic Biology." Science, Technology, & Human Values 35, no. 3 (2009): 283–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0162243909340271.

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13

Zumwalt, Ross E. "Application of molecular biology to forensic pathology." Human Pathology 20, no. 4 (1989): 303–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0046-8177(89)90037-3.

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14

Quarino, Larry, Robert Wilson, Jocelyn Ferrara, Howard Baum, and Robert C. Shaler. "Quality assurance in a forensic biology laboratory." Forensic Science International 68, no. 1 (1994): 17–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0379-0738(94)90375-1.

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15

Amendt, Jens. "Essential Forensic Biology, second edition. ByAlan Gunn." Biotechnology Journal 5, no. 4 (2010): 428–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/biot.201090021.

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16

Pereira Cavalheiro, Alesson. "MOLECULAR BIOLOGY APPLIED TO THE FORENSIC AREA." Journal of Interdisciplinary Debates 5, no. 01 (2024): 30–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.51249/jid.v5i01.1892.

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The analysis of DNA samples to solve crimes is something widely oberved in films and fiction series, however, does this really happen in everyday life? The present work consists of a bibliographical review, the objective of which is to provide a historical review of the development of Molecular Biology, its use in the forensic field and the main techniques used by it. In this sense, it is noted that the development of this science, as well as the techniques and methodologies it carries out, accompany the technological development and tools available to it. The use of DNA, which once began with

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17

Abebe, Betelhem, Temesgen Mitiku, and Nega Birhane. "Advancements in Forensic DNA Analysis: Challenges and Future Directions in Molecular Biology." Biomedical Sciences 10, no. 3 (2024): 51–61. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.bs.20241003.11.

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Forensic DNA analysis has revolutionized criminal investigations by providing valuable insights into identifying perpetrators, exonerating the innocent and unravelling mysteries of the past. Various molecular biology techniques, such as Short Tandem Repeat (STR) analysis, Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) profiling, mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) sequencing, epigenetics and DNA methylation analysis, have played crucial roles in forensic investigations. While these techniques offer exceptional sensitivity and specificity, they also come with unique challenges. This review explores the current app

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18

Firdonsyah, Arizona, and Danur Wijayanto. "Analisis Forensik Rekayasa Dokumen Digital dengan Metode NIST." INFORMAL: Informatics Journal 7, no. 2 (2022): 121. http://dx.doi.org/10.19184/isj.v7i2.31198.

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Digital Forensics is one of the technological fields contained many sub-fields that can assist technically in collecting digital evidence to be presented in a trial in accordance with applicable law. The example of digital forensics sub-field is Image Forensics, which aims to digitally collect and look for evidentiary facts in determining the authenticity of an image or document that contained images. Various criminal and pornographic cases involving image files are still happening nowadays, therefore forensics on images as evidence is an important key to assist the court in making decisions.

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19

Butler, John M. "Recent advances in forensic biology and forensic DNA typing: INTERPOL review 2019–2022." Forensic Science International: Synergy 6 (2023): 100311. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fsisyn.2022.100311.

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20

Fanani, Galih, Imam Riadi, and Anton Yudhana. "Analisis Forensik Aplikasi Michat Menggunakan Metode Digital Forensics Research Workshop." JURNAL MEDIA INFORMATIKA BUDIDARMA 6, no. 2 (2022): 1263. http://dx.doi.org/10.30865/mib.v6i2.3946.

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The development of information technology has had various positive and negative effects. The positive impact that information technology can have is to make it easier for people to communicate with others in the world, and the negative impact is that society is out of control when using its applications. It is an attitude that causes various crimes in the world caused by cyberspace (cybercrime) One of the most widely used instant messaging applications is Michat. The MiChat app causes cybercrime, pornography, online gambling, fraud, cyberbullying and drug trafficking. Evidence research is cond

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21

Scieuzo, Carmen, Roberta Rinaldi, Federica De Stefano, Aldo Di Fazio, and Patrizia Falabella. "The Contribution of Molecular Biology to Forensic Entomology." Insects 16, no. 7 (2025): 694. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects16070694.

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This review presents an in-depth analysis of the synergistic role of molecular biology in advancing forensic entomology. The study discusses how insects associated with decomposing bodies provide critical data for estimating the post-mortem interval (PMI), and how molecular techniques improve species identification and trace analysis. The manuscript examines DNA-based methods such as RAPD, RFLP, and mitochondrial sequencing, along with innovative applications like gene expression profiling and entomotoxicology analysis. Additionally, it presents real case studies illustrating how molecular dat

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22

Goşa, Dumitru. "Some Aspects Of Technical And Criminalistic Assistance In Murder Criminal Case By Shooting." International conference KNOWLEDGE-BASED ORGANIZATION 21, no. 2 (2015): 430–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/kbo-2015-0073.

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Abstract The role and importance in solving the crime scene investigation of offences against life resulting from forensic science that puts the reach of judicial bodies and the technical-scientific methods necessary for discovering, fixation, lifting, turning and examining traces of homicide, author and victim identification. Forensic and technical assistance for the offence of murder committed by shooting, assumes that the technical, legal ballistic investigation is carried out on the basis of principles aimed at forensic identification, and using methods and procedures in other sciences rel

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23

Roux, Claude, Benjamin Talbot-Wright, James Robertson, Frank Crispino, and Olivier Ribaux. "The end of the (forensic science) world as we know it? The example of trace evidence." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 370, no. 1674 (2015): 20140260. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2014.0260.

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The dominant conception of forensic science as a patchwork of disciplines primarily assisting the criminal justice system (i.e. forensics) is in crisis or at least shows a series of anomalies and serious limitations. In recent years, symptoms of the crisis have been discussed in a number of reports by various commentators, without a doubt epitomized by the 2009 report by the US National Academies of Sciences (NAS 2009 Strengthening forensic science in the United States: a path forward). Although needed, but viewed as the solution to these drawbacks, the almost generalized adoption of stricter

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24

Salem K. Alketbi. "A journey into the innovations and expertise of Dubai police and the general department of forensic science and criminology." World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews 22, no. 2 (2024): 1391–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/wjarr.2024.22.2.1558.

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This manuscript offers an in-depth exploration of the Dubai Police and its General Department of Forensic Science and Criminology, emphasizing their critical role in law enforcement through advanced forensic science and innovative practices. Beginning with a historical overview, it traces the evolution of forensic disciplines from Edmond Locard's foundational principles to Sir Alec Jeffreys' groundbreaking DNA profiling techniques. The manuscript details the structure and functions of specialized sections within the department, including Biology and DNA, Forensic Chemistry, Forensic Toxicology

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Salem, K. Alketbi. "A journey into the innovations and expertise of Dubai police and the general department of forensic science and criminology." World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews 22, no. 2 (2024): 1391–99. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14696132.

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This manuscript offers an in-depth exploration of the Dubai Police and its General Department of Forensic Science and Criminology, emphasizing their critical role in law enforcement through advanced forensic science and innovative practices. Beginning with a historical overview, it traces the evolution of forensic disciplines from Edmond Locard's foundational principles to Sir Alec Jeffreys' groundbreaking DNA profiling techniques. The manuscript details the structure and functions of specialized sections within the department, including Biology and DNA, Forensic Chemistry, Forensic Toxicology

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26

Miller, Jon S., and Virginia L. Naples. "Forensic Entomology for the Laboratory-Based Biology Classroom." American Biology Teacher 64, no. 2 (2002): 136–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4451257.

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27

Taylor, Duncan, Damien Abarno, Tacha Hicks, and Christophe Champod. "Evaluating forensic biology results given source level propositions." Forensic Science International: Genetics 21 (March 2016): 54–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fsigen.2015.11.009.

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28

Earnshaw, William C. "Deducing Protein Function by Forensic Integrative Cell Biology." PLoS Biology 11, no. 12 (2013): e1001742. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.1001742.

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29

Berriel, Yngrid Garay, Adriane Yumi Babá, Gabrielle Ossucci, and Dulcinéia Ester Pagani Gianotto. "MINI-CURSO “BIOLOGIA FORENSE: A CIÊNCIA DESVENDANDO O CRIME” - DISCUTINDO TECNOLOGIA E CIÊNCIA EM SALA DE AULA." Colloquium Humanarum 08, no. 1 (2011): 53–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.5747/ch.2011.v08.n1.h0101.

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Forensic Biology is applied to criminal investigations every day. Because of its appeal to human curiosity, it has been largely explored by TV series. Aiming to supply the students with an up-to-date subject, uncommonly discussed in Biology classes, an opportunity has emerged of presenting a short course on Forensic Biology to 2ndand 3rdgrade students of a High School in Maringá, Brazil. In order to get the students to understand the importance of training experts in this area of knowledge and how the latter behave on a crime scene, various didactics activities have been performed including pr

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30

Ogden, Rob. "Forensic science, genetics and wildlife biology: getting the right mix for a wildlife DNA forensics lab." Forensic Science, Medicine, and Pathology 6, no. 3 (2010): 172–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12024-010-9178-5.

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31

Souza, Eduardo Rodrigues de, José Albertino Rafael, Francisco Felipe Xavier Filho, Juliana Oliveira Da-Silva-Freitas, Janyra Oliveira-Costa, and Alexandre Ururahy-Rodrigues. "First Medicolegal Forensic Entomology Case of Central Amazon: A Suicide by Hanging with Incomplete Suspension." EntomoBrasilis 7, no. 1 (2014): 12–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.12741/ebrasilis.v7i1.375.

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This report describes the first medicolegal forensic entomology case of Central Amazon. A suicide by hanging took place in a “terra firme” primary forest on an upland plateau. The postmortem interval estimation was calculated on the basis of the biology of the blow fly Hemilucilia segmentaria (Fabricius) and also on the ecological succession pattern of the silphid beetle Oxelytrum cayennense (Sturm). This is the first case where the ecological information of a beetle was used as a forensic indicator in Brazil. Preliminary studies in the urban area of the city of Manaus, state of Amazonas, and

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32

Giardina, Emiliano, and Michele Ragazzo. "Special Issue “Forensic Genetics and Genomics”." Genes 12, no. 2 (2021): 158. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes12020158.

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33

Sessa, Francesco, and Monica Salerno. "Special Issue “Molecular Biology in Forensic Science: Past, Present and Future”." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 25, no. 5 (2024): 2883. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms25052883.

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34

Yatsenko, I. V. "Subject of forensic veterinary examination and its significance in the theory and practice of forensic examination." Uzhhorod National University Herald. Series: Law 2, no. 73 (2022): 154–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.24144/2307-3322.2022.73.55.

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The article covers the issue of the forensic veterinary examination subject and reveals its significance in the theory and practice of forensic examination. It has been established that the subject of forensic veterinary examination is a set of factual data and circumstances of the case (proceedings) related to the harm caused to the health and life of the animal, in particular, the nature, mechanism, order, sequence, severity, lifetime or postmortem and the longevity of the formation of bodily injuries, the occurrence and spread of animal diseases, the occurrence of their injury or the cause

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35

Trail, Pepper W. "Morphological analysis: A powerful tool in wildlife forensic biology." Forensic Science International: Animals and Environments 1 (November 2021): 100025. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fsiae.2021.100025.

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36

Chatfield, L. "Forensic DNA Typing: Biology and Technology behind STR Markers." Heredity 89, no. 4 (2002): 327. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.hdy.6800124.

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37

Sensabaugh, George F. "Forensic Biology—Is Recombinant DNA Technology in its Future?" Journal of Forensic Sciences 31, no. 2 (1986): 12267J. http://dx.doi.org/10.1520/jfs12267j.

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38

Rivers, David B. "Engaging Undergraduate Students in Insect Biology Through Forensic Entomology." American Entomologist 62, no. 2 (2016): 119–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ae/tmw029.

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39

Baechtel, F. Samuel, and Catherine T. Comey. "Applications of Molecular Biology to Analyses of Forensic Evidence." Biologicals 24, no. 3 (1996): 201–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/biol.1996.0027.

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40

Malik, Rohit, Deepankar Misra, PC Srivastava, and Akansha Misra. "Application of Genetics and Molecular Biology In Forensic Odontology." Journal of Indian Academy of Forensic Medicine 34, no. 1 (2012): 55–57. https://doi.org/10.1177/0971097320120117.

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41

Nitisara, Antonia Anindyanari Paramartastri, and Laurentia Henrieta Permita Sari Purba. "A Mini Review of Short Tandem Repeat (STR) as DNA Profiling Markers in Forensic Biology." Sainmatika: Jurnal Ilmiah Matematika dan Ilmu Pengetahuan Alam 22, no. 1 (2025): 51–63. https://doi.org/10.31851/sainmatika.v22i1.17388.

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The use of forensic biology methods plays an important role in handling criminal cases such as sexual violence, murder, and assault to enhance the quality of criminal investigation. These methods use polymorphic genetic markers such as short tandem repeat (STR) or microsatellites to identify individuals based on the DNA profile of the cell nucleus left on the evidence. STR markers are considered suitable for forensic analysis due to their ability to work with degraded DNA and the high heterozygosity, providing strong discrimination capabilities. The DNA profiling process involves collecting ev

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42

Singla, Prasansha, and Sanya Sharma. "Forensic Wildlife: A Review." Journal of Forensic Chemistry and Toxicology 8, no. 2 (2022): 89–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.21088/jfct.2454.9363.8222.9.

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Wildlife crime, defined as the illegal capture, disturbance, ownership, exchange, or movement of animals and/or their derivatives, is a rising international problem that poses a threat to many species' survival. The ‘crime scene' in such investigations can range from an animal carcass to terrain with topography as diverse as woodland or desert, as well as a variety of natural and man-made structures. The location of a wildlife crime scene is frequently remote, with insufficient facilities for thorough investigation and evidence collecting. These characteristics may pose particular issues in po

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43

Mashael, Kh ALAtawi, AlAsmari Asma A, AlAliany Abeer Dh, Almajed Maryim M, and Sakran Mohamed Ibrahim. "Silver nanoparticles forensic uses and toxicity on vital organs and different body systems." Advances in Toxicology and Toxic Effects 8, no. 1 (2024): 015–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.17352/atte.000018.

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This study aimed to investigate the forensic uses and potential toxicity of silver nanoparticles on vital organs and different body systems. A systematic review methodology was used to identify and critically evaluate the literature on the forensic uses of silver nanoparticles in different fields and to assess their potential toxicity on various vital organs and body systems. The study found that silver nanoparticles have potential forensic uses, particularly in forensic biology and forensic toxicology, but there are concerns about their potential toxicity. The study recommends further researc

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Barratt, Natalie M. "The Case for Forensic Botany." American Biology Teacher 73, no. 7 (2011): 414–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/abt.2011.73.7.8.

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Would you rather solve a forensics puzzle or take a lab practical? An alternative to the traditional lab practical can be used to assess students' skills and knowledge in plant cell biology and anatomy. This forensics project challenges students to analyze evidence from crime scenarios. The instructor supplies the scenarios, evidence collected at the crime scene, and type specimens. The students prepare the evidence and type specimens for analysis by light and polarized light microscopy and then document and report their findings. Students enjoy this project and are able to demonstrate their s

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45

Jäger, Richard. "New Perspectives for Whole Genome Amplification in Forensic STR Analysis." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 13 (2022): 7090. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms23137090.

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Modern PCR-based analytical techniques have reached sensitivity levels that allow for obtaining complete forensic DNA profiles from even tiny traces containing genomic DNA amounts as small as 125 pg. Yet these techniques have reached their limits when it comes to the analysis of traces such as fingerprints or single cells. One suggestion to overcome these limits has been the usage of whole genome amplification (WGA) methods. These methods aim at increasing the copy number of genomic DNA and by this means generate more template DNA for subsequent analyses. Their application in forensic contexts

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46

Dinis-Oliveira, Ricardo Jorge, Áurea Madureira-Carvalho, Luís Fernandes, Inês Morais Caldas, and Rui M. S. Azevedo. "The Portuguese Association of Forensic Sciences Model for Forensic Expert Certification: An Urgent Need and Regulation Proposal." Forensic Sciences 2, no. 2 (2022): 417–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/forensicsci2020031.

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A certification for Forensic Specialists is urgently needed. Indeed, with the “CSI Effect”, assorted education in this field flourished in many countries, resulting in discrepancies in experts’ skills and quality that may compromise judicial decisions. Our technical proposal aims to pragmatically establish a Regulation of the Professional Practice of Forensic Specialists (RPPFS) by defining the general requirements for its recognition, which must include appropriate experience/training/pedagogical processes for each of the five certification levels. This regulation has been approved by the Por

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47

Meesamran, Nontawat, and Titiworada Polyiem. "The development of critical thinking in grade 11 biology students through problem-based learning with forensic science issues." Journal of Green Learning 4, no. 2 (2024): 68–81. https://doi.org/10.53889/jgl.v4i2.415.

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Critical thinking is crucial for biology education and requires an instructional method that allow learners to acquire the skill through hand-on experiences with content related to learners’ lives. This action research aimed to enhance the critical thinking skills of Grade 11 students using problem-based learning (PBL) integrated with forensic science issues in a biology course on the circulatory system. The study was developed in an action research design. The study involved 12 students from a public school in the Thai educational context. The research instruments included a PBL learning mana

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48

Budowle, Bruce, and Angela van Daal. "Extracting evidence from forensic DNA analyses: future molecular biology directions." BioTechniques 46, no. 5 (2009): 339–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.2144/000113136.

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49

Taylor, Duncan, Damien Abarno, Emily Rowe, and Lauren Rask-Nielsen. "Observations of DNA transfer within an operational Forensic Biology Laboratory." Forensic Science International: Genetics 23 (July 2016): 33–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fsigen.2016.02.011.

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50

Elkins, Kelly M. "Curriculum and course materials for a forensic DNA biology course." Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Education 42, no. 1 (2014): 15–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bmb.20749.

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