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Journal articles on the topic 'Forensic genetic'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 21 February 2023

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1

Smith, Lindsay A., and Vivette García-Deister. "Genetic syncretism: Latin American forensics and global indigenous organizing." BioSocieties 16, no. 4 (2021): 447–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/s41292-021-00263-3.

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AbstractIn the 1970s, Latin America became a global laboratory for military interventions, the cultivation of terror, and ideological and economic transformation. In response, family groups and young scientists forged a new activist forensics focused on human rights, victim-centered justice, and state accountability, inaugurating new forms of forensic practice. We examine how this new form of forensic practice centered in forensic genetics has led to a critical engagement with Indigeneity both within and outside the lab. Drawing on ethnographic fieldwork with human rights activists and forensi

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Bartram, Isabelle, Tino Plümecke, and Susanne Schultz. "Genetic Racial Profiling." Science & Technology Studies 35, no. 3 (2022): 44–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.23987/sts.101384.

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Over the last two decades, the analysis of DNA traces found at a crime scene have expanded the already established forensic DNA analysis for identification to include new techniques intended to predict a criminal suspect’s externally visible characteristics, such as eye, hair and skin colour (‘forensic DNA phenotyping’), or his or her ethnic, continental or regional origin (‘biogeographical ancestry’). In this paper, we conduct a dispositive analysis to investigate how extended DNA analysis in forensics catalyses inherent processes of racialization at three different levels: 1) in the categori

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Vitoševic, Katarina, Danijela Todorovic, Zivana Slovic, Radica Zivkovic-Zaric, and Milos Todorovic. "Forensic Genetics and Genotyping." Serbian Journal of Experimental and Clinical Research 20, no. 2 (2019): 75–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/sjecr-2016-0074.

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Abstract Forensic genetics represents a combination of molecular and population genetics. Personal identification and kinship analysis (e.g. paternity testing) are the two main subjects of forensic DNA analysis. Biological specimens from which DNA is isolated are blood, semen, saliva, tissues, bones, teeth, hairs. Genotyping has become a basis in the characterization of forensic biological evidence. It is performed using a variety of genetic markers, which are divided into two large groups: bi-allelic (single-nucleotide polymorphisms, SNP) and multi-allelic polymorphisms (variable number of ta

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GÜVEN, A. Taner, Ertuğrul GÜVEN, Ş. Şebnem ÖZKAL, Gavril PETRİDİS, and Ersi ABACI KALFOĞLU. "Genetic Testing; Discrimination and Concent: Review." Turkiye Klinikleri Journal of Forensic Medicine 12, no. 1 (2015): 15–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.5336/forensic.2015-46187.

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Crysup, Benjamin, August E. Woerner, Jonathan L. King, and Bruce Budowle. "Graph Algorithms for Mixture Interpretation." Genes 12, no. 2 (2021): 185. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes12020185.

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The scale of genetic methods are presently being expanded: forensic genetic assays previously were limited to tens of loci, but now technologies allow for a transition to forensic genomic approaches that assess thousands to millions of loci. However, there are subtle distinctions between genetic assays and their genomic counterparts (especially in the context of forensics). For instance, forensic genetic approaches tend to describe a locus as a haplotype, be it a microhaplotype or a short tandem repeat with its accompanying flanking information. In contrast, genomic assays tend to provide not

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6

Ram, Natalie, Erin E. Murphy, and Sonia M. Suter. "Regulating forensic genetic genealogy." Science 373, no. 6562 (2021): 1444–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.abj5724.

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7

Kowalczyk, Marek, Ewelina Zawadzka, Dariusz Szewczuk, Magdalena Gryzińska, and Andrzej Jakubczak. "Molecular markers used in forensic genetics." Medicine, Science and the Law 58, no. 4 (2018): 201–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0025802418803852.

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Forensic genetics is a field that has become subject to increasing interest in recent years. Both the technology and the markers used for forensic purposes have changed since the 1980s. The minisatellite sequences used in the famous Pitchfork case introduced genetics to the forensic sciences. Minisatellite sequences have now been replaced by more sensitive microsatellite markers, which have become the basis for the creation of genetic profile databases. Modern molecular methods also exploit single nucleotide polymorphisms, which are often the only way to identify degraded DNA samples. The same

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Schwartz-Marín, Ernesto, Peter Wade, Arely Cruz-Santiago, and Roosbelinda Cárdenas. "Colombian forensic genetics as a form of public science: The role of race, nation and common sense in the stabilization of DNA populations." Social Studies of Science 45, no. 6 (2015): 862–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0306312715574158.

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This article examines the role that vernacular notions of racialized-regional difference play in the constitution and stabilization of DNA populations in Colombian forensic science, in what we frame as a process of public science. In public science, the imaginations of the scientific world and common-sense public knowledge are integral to the production and circulation of science itself. We explore the origins and circulation of a scientific object – ‘La Tabla’, published in Paredes et al. and used in genetic forensic identification procedures – among genetic research institutes, forensic gene

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Glynn, Claire L. "Bridging Disciplines to Form a New One: The Emergence of Forensic Genetic Genealogy." Genes 13, no. 8 (2022): 1381. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes13081381.

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Forensic Genetic Genealogy (FGG) has fast become a popular tool in criminal investigations since it first emerged in 2018. FGG is a novel investigatory tool that has been applied to hundreds of unresolved cold cases in the United States to generate investigative leads and identify unknown individuals. Consumer DNA testing and the public’s increased curiosity about their own DNA and genetic ancestry, have greatly contributed to the availability of human genetic data. Genetic genealogy has been a field of study/interest for many years as both amateur and professional genetic genealogists use con

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10

Devlin, B. "Forensic inference from genetic markers." Statistical Methods in Medical Research 2, no. 3 (1993): 241–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/096228029300200304.

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11

Goldman, David. "Genetic studies in forensic psychiatry." Nordic Journal of Psychiatry 51, sup39 (1998): 39–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08039488.1998.11884439.

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12

Morton, N. E. "Genetic structure of forensic populations." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 89, no. 7 (1992): 2556–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.89.7.2556.

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13

Tarantino, Francesca, Luigi Buongiorno, Benedetta Pia De Luca, et al. "Identification of Skeletal Remains Using Genetic Profiling: A Case Linking Italy and Poland." Genes 14, no. 1 (2023): 134. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes14010134.

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Forensic genetics is a rapidly evolving science thanks to the growing variety of genetic markers, the establishment of faster, less error-prone sequencing technologies, and the engineering of bioinformatics models, methods, and structures. In the early 2000s, the need emerged to create an international genetic database for forensic purposes. This paper describes a judicial investigation of skeletal remains to identify the subject using various methods. The anthropological examination of the remains allowed identification of the Caucasoid (European) ethnic group, a height of 156 ± 4 cm, and an

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14

Canada, Rebekah A. "Solving a Compound Unknown Parentage Using Genetic Genealogy: A Case Study." Forensic Genomics 2, no. 1 (2022): 21–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/forensic.2022.0002.

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15

Pelotti, Susi, Stefania Ceccardi, Milena Alù, et al. "Cancerous Tissues in Forensic Genetic Analysis." Genetic Testing 11, no. 4 (2007): 397–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/gte.2007.0004.

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16

Li, Shujin, Yuxin Guo, Bofeng Zhu, Bin Cong, and Chao Liu. "New genetic sleuthing tool: Forensic genealogy." Chinese Science Bulletin 64, no. 22 (2019): 2274–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1360/n972019-00266.

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17

Pośpiech, Ewelina, Paweł Teisseyre, Jan Mielniczuk, and Wojciech Branicki. "Predicting Physical Appearance from DNA Data—Towards Genomic Solutions." Genes 13, no. 1 (2022): 121. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes13010121.

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The idea of forensic DNA intelligence is to extract from genomic data any information that can help guide the investigation. The clues to the externally visible phenotype are of particular practical importance. The high heritability of the physical phenotype suggests that genetic data can be easily predicted, but this has only become possible with less polygenic traits. The forensic community has developed DNA-based predictive tools by employing a limited number of the most important markers analysed with targeted massive parallel sequencing. The complexity of the genetics of many other appear

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18

McEwen, Jean, Natalie Pino, Alex Raphael, Kathleen Renna, Joy Boyer, and Lawrence C. Brody. "Investigative Genetic Genealogy: Ethical, Legal, and Social Issues and Directions for Future Research." Forensic Genomics 1, no. 3 (2021): 91–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/forensic.2021.0008.

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19

Shepitko, Valery Yu, Vasyl O. Olkhovsky, and Mykhaylo V. Shepitko. "THE PROCESS OF SCIENTIFIC KNOWLEDGE INTEGRATION IN CRIME PREVENTION AND TRENDS OF MEDICAL CRIMINALISTICS DEVELOPMENT IN UKRAINE IN XIX – EARLY XX CENTURY." Wiadomości Lekarskie 73, no. 1 (2020): 176–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.36740/wlek202001133.

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The aim: To carry out a historical review of the formation and development of medical forensics in the XIX – early XX century in Ukraine, as well as to identify its trends at the present stage. Materials and methods: The article is based on the study of archival and published materials, the results of integrating expert judgments, judicial practice and regulatory acts of the Ministry of Health of Ukraine, interviewing investigators and court experts. In the course of the research a system of scientific methods has been used: historical, comparative, terminological analysis, formal-logical, soc

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20

Yatsenko, I. V. "Subject of forensic veterinary examination and its significance in the theory and practice of forensic examination." Uzhhorod National University Herald. Series: Law 2, no. 73 (2022): 154–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.24144/2307-3322.2022.73.55.

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The article covers the issue of the forensic veterinary examination subject and reveals its significance in the theory and practice of forensic examination. It has been established that the subject of forensic veterinary examination is a set of factual data and circumstances of the case (proceedings) related to the harm caused to the health and life of the animal, in particular, the nature, mechanism, order, sequence, severity, lifetime or postmortem and the longevity of the formation of bodily injuries, the occurrence and spread of animal diseases, the occurrence of their injury or the cause

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21

Parson, Walther. "Age Estimation with DNA: From Forensic DNA Fingerprinting to Forensic (Epi)Genomics: A Mini-Review." Gerontology 64, no. 4 (2018): 326–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000486239.

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Forensic genetics developed from protein-based techniques a quarter of a century ago and became famous as “DNA fingerprinting,” this being based on restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) of high-molecular-weight DNA. The amplification of much smaller short tandem repeat (STR) sequences using the polymerase chain reaction soon replaced RFLP analysis and advanced to become the gold standard in genetic identification. Meanwhile, STR multiplexes have been developed and made commercially available which simultaneously amplify up to 30 STR loci from as little as 15 cells or fewer. The eno

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22

Cemper-Kiesslich, Jan, Mark R. McCoy, and Fabian Kanz. "Ancient DNA and Forensics Mutual Benefits a Practical Sampling and Laboratory Guide Through a Virtual Ancient DNA Study." Bulletin of Legal Medicine 19, no. 1 (2014): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.17986/blm.2014191809.

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Genetic information discovered, characterized for and used in forensic case-works and anthropology has shown to be also highly useful and relevant in investigating human remains from archaeological findings. By technical means, forensic and aDNA (ancient Deoxyribonucleic acid) analyses are well suited to be done using the same laboratory infrastructures and scientific expertise referring to sampling, sample protection, sample processing, contamination control as well as requiring analogous technical know how and knowledge on reading and interpreting DNA encoded information. Forensic genetics h

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23

Guo, Yuxin, Chong Chen, Tong Xie, et al. "Forensic efficiency estimate and phylogenetic analysis for Chinese Kyrgyz ethnic group revealed by a panel of 21 short tandem repeats." Royal Society Open Science 5, no. 6 (2018): 172089. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.172089.

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Short tandem repeats (STRs) with a high level of polymorphisms and convenient detection method play an indispensable role in human population and forensic genetics. Recently, we detected the 21 autosomal non-combined DNA index system (non-CODIS) STR loci in a Kyrgyz ethnic group, calculated their forensic parameters and analysed its genetic relationships with reference populations from China. In total, 168 alleles were observed at 21 non-CODIS STRs with corresponding allelic frequencies from 0.0016 to 0.4788. No significant deviations at these STRs were observed from the Hardy–Weinberg equilib

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24

Tvedebrink, Torben. "Review of the Forensic Applicability of Biostatistical Methods for Inferring Ancestry from Autosomal Genetic Markers." Genes 13, no. 1 (2022): 141. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes13010141.

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The inference of ancestry has become a part of the services many forensic genetic laboratories provide. Interest in ancestry may be to provide investigative leads or identify the region of origin in cases of unidentified missing persons. There exist many biostatistical methods developed for the study of population structure in the area of population genetics. However, the challenges and questions are slightly different in the context of forensic genetics, where the origin of a specific sample is of interest compared to the understanding of population histories and genealogies. In this paper, t

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25

Al-Snan, Noora R., Safia A. Messaoudi, Latifa A. Mansoor, and Moiz Bakhiet. "Population Genetic Analysis of 12 X-Chromosomal Short Tandem Repeats in a Bahraini Population Sample." Forensic Genomics 1, no. 1 (2021): 27–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/forensic.2020.0003.

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26

Kruger, Erin. "Image and exposure: Envisioning genetics as a forensic-surveillance matrix." Surveillance & Society 11, no. 3 (2013): 237–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.24908/ss.v11i3.4512.

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This paper takes the ‘visual’ as the primary subject to engage in a dialogue about surveillance by drawing upon the specific case of the genetic image. Specifically, the genetic image has shifted from the ‘one gene for one identification’ model used in the criminal law to, what are now, categorical, contextual and pattern-based configurations of DNA profiling that are able to compare multiple genetic samples in a singular image. The ability to profile genetics for law and security purposes is, thus, protracting well beyond the confines of the criminal legal domain (i.e. the crime scene, forens

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27

Govender, Priyanka, Stephen Gbenga Fashoto, Leah Maharaj, et al. "The application of machine learning to predict genetic relatedness using human mtDNA hypervariable region I sequences." PLOS ONE 17, no. 2 (2022): e0263790. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0263790.

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Human identification of unknown samples following disaster and mass casualty events is essential, especially to bring closure to family and friends of the deceased. Unfortunately, victim identification is often challenging for forensic investigators as analysis becomes complicated when biological samples are degraded or of poor quality as a result of exposure to harsh environmental factors. Mitochondrial DNA becomes the ideal option for analysis, particularly for determining the origin of the samples. In such events, the estimation of genetic parameters plays an important role in modelling and

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28

Shkabaro, V. M., and A. V. Bila. "Conducting forensic and genetic examination in civil judiciary as an object of constitutional protection." Uzhhorod National University Herald. Series: Law, no. 63 (August 9, 2021): 113–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.24144/2307-3322.2021.63.20.

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The article is devoted to the study of forensic genetic examination in civil proceedings as an object of constitutional protection, due to the emergence of the concept of forensic examination in general and forensic genetic examination, entities entitled to conduct forensic examinations, analyzing the legal basis of court - genetic examination in Ukraine. Characteristics of the legal basis for recognition of paternity/mother and establishing the fact of paternity/mother are presented. The admissible and appropriate evidence bases in such cases and the place of forensic genetic examination in i

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29

Campobasso, Carlo P., Jason G. Linville, Jeffrey D. Wells, and Francesco Introna. "Forensic Genetic Analysis of Insect Gut Contents." American Journal of Forensic Medicine & Pathology 26, no. 2 (2005): 161–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.paf.0000163832.05939.59.

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30

Phillips, Chris. "Forensic genetic analysis of bio-geographical ancestry." Forensic Science International: Genetics 18 (September 2015): 49–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fsigen.2015.05.012.

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31

Laverde, Lilia. "Sex determination problems in forensic genetic analysis." Forensic Science International: Genetics Supplement Series 4, no. 1 (2013): e350-e351. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fsigss.2013.10.178.

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32

Siriboonpiputtana, T., T. Rinthachai, J. Shotivaranon, V. Peonim, and B. Rerkamnuaychoke. "Forensic genetic analysis of bone remain samples." Forensic Science International 284 (March 2018): 167–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2017.12.045.

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33

Holumen, Nazli. "Usage areas of microrna (miRNA) in forensic genetics." Novel Forensic Research 1, no. 1 (2022): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.5455/nofor.2022.06.02.

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Interest in molecular based techniques increases in every field of forensic sciences. Use of microRNAs (miRNA) in forensic genetics is one of them. The aim of this article is giving a brief information about microRNAs and their use in forensic genetic applications. MicroRNAs are small noncoding RNAs and because of their important features such as tissue-specificity and high stability in specific conditions, they are used in various studies for forensic purposes. In the article, usage areas of miRNAs and promising results obtained from these studies are mentioned. Body fluid identification, org

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34

Samuel, Gabrielle, and Barbara Prainsack. "Shifting Ethical Boundaries in Forensic Use of DNA." Jahrbuch für Wissenschaft und Ethik 24, no. 1 (2019): 155–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jwiet-2019-0007.

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Abstract In this paper we explore shifts in how the law and ethics allow European law enforcement officers to use forensic genetic technologies. We do so by reviewing three technologies, ‘traditional’ (STR-based) forensic DNA profiling, forensic DNA phenotyping and the searching of genetic genealogy databases. In particular, we discuss changes in how ethical boundaries have been placed around what is seen as an appropriate use of genetic technologies in European criminal justice systems. While the ‘type’ of DNA that law enforcement officers are permitted to analyse offers a useful ethical refe

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35

Michael, Amy R., and Samantha H. Blatt. "The Triad Approach for Human Identification: The Role of Biological Anthropologists in Collaborative Forensic Genetic Genealogy Efforts." Forensic Genomics 1, no. 2 (2021): 60–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/forensic.2020.0006.

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36

ÇETİNKAYA, Kerem, Nazire Ayşenur YILMAZ, Nihan DOĞUSAN GÖKÇE, Cansu ŞEKERCİ, Şebnem UYGUN, and Emel Hülya YÜKSELOĞLU. "An Interdiciplinary Approach to Eugenism in Forensic Sciences: Legal, Genetic and Psychological Aspects of Eugenism: Traditional Review." Turkiye Klinikleri Journal of Forensic Medicine and Forensic Sciences 18, no. 2 (2021): 155–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.5336/forensic.2020-79700.

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37

Jakupciak, John P., Jeffrey M. Wells, Richard J. Karalus, David R. Pawlowski, Jeffrey S. Lin, and Andrew B. Feldman. "Population-Sequencing as a Biomarker ofBurkholderia malleiandBurkholderia pseudomalleiEvolution through Microbial Forensic Analysis." Journal of Nucleic Acids 2013 (2013): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/801505.

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Large-scale genomics projects are identifying biomarkers to detect human disease.B. pseudomalleiandB. malleiare two closely related select agents that cause melioidosis and glanders. Accurate characterization of metagenomic samples is dependent on accurate measurements of genetic variation between isolates with resolution down to strain level. Often single biomarker sensitivity is augmented by use of multiple or panels of biomarkers. In parallel with single biomarker validation, advances in DNA sequencing enable analysis of entire genomes in a single run: population-sequencing. Potentially, di

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38

Ali, Azam, Nazim Hussain, Muhammad Shahzad, I. Inamullah, and Qurban Ali. "X chromosomal analysis in population genetics and forensic science: A mini review." Genetika 53, no. 3 (2021): 1379–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/gensr2103379a.

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The human X chromosome analysis has been applied to decipher the genetic structure of populations for applications in medical genetics and for human identification, parentage analysis and kinship analysis. Although it has not been studied on vast level with regard to human populations with comparison to other of its counterparts like autosomal markers, Y chromosome and mtDNA yet it is important for great potential in studying oncology, various diseases and forensic science applications. In this mini review, a snapshot of X chromosomal properties as genetic marker has been entailed. The structu

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Turrina, Stefania, Elena Bortoletto, Giacomo Giannini, and Domenico De Leo. "Monozygotic twins: Identical or distinguishable for science and law?" Medicine, Science and the Law 61, no. 1_suppl (2021): 62–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0025802420922335.

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Monozygotic twins, also known as monovular twins, share an identical genetic heritage because they are two individuals who derive from the same zygote. For this reason, they have been considered indistinguishable. They represent a limit for the application of markers and analytical methods that are routinely used in forensic science because analyses of DNA fragments (short tandem repeats analysed by capillary electrophoresis) are unable to distinguish monozygotic twins. The recent introduction of ultra-deep next generation sequencing in forensic genetics, also known as massively parallel seque

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Kruger, Erin Alaine. "Covert Positivism in Forensic Domains." International Journal for Crime, Justice and Social Democracy 9, no. 2 (2020): 119–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.5204/ijcjsd.v9i2.1120.

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Variable conceptions of positivism exist, although at the heart of the notion is the assumption of the scientific ideal of ‘objectivity’ as it pertains to the individual and society. Despite much debate and criticism of positivism in criminology, contemporary modes of positivism continue to inform criminological research. However, this more recent positivism is not necessarily the crude, overt positivism associated with the eighteenth- and nineteenth-century modes, but a more sophisticated and insidious brand - ‘covert positivism’. Most recently, in the domains of forensic genetics, objective

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Starovoitova, R., and T. Lichman. "EXPERT POSSIBILITIES OF FORENSIC CYTOLOGY INVESTIGATION IN FORENSIC EXAMINATION OF MATERIAL EVIDENCE." Criminalistics and Forensics, no. 65 (May 18, 2020): 738–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.33994/kndise.2020.65.73.

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The article presents the history of the development and implementation of forensic cytological research methods in the practice of conducting forensic examinations of material evidence in the forensic examination bureau of Ukraine. The modern possibilities of forensic cytology methods for solving investigative issues in solving crimes against human life and health are shown in the article. Due to the fact, that the object of study of expert cytologists and expert geneticists is the same substance, namely, nuclear cells of different tissues and organs, blood leukocytes, epithelial cells of sali

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42

Dowdeswell, Tracey Leigh. "Forensic genetic genealogy: A profile of cases solved." Forensic Science International: Genetics 58 (May 2022): 102679. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fsigen.2022.102679.

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Silva, Nuno M., Luísa Pereira, Estella S. Poloni, and Mathias Currat. "Human Neutral Genetic Variation and Forensic STR Data." PLoS ONE 7, no. 11 (2012): e49666. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0049666.

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44

Varghese, George K., Babu J. Alappat, and Muhammed Siddik Abdul Samad. "MT3DMS and Genetic Algorithm in Environmental Forensic Investigations." Procedia Environmental Sciences 30 (2015): 85–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.proenv.2015.10.015.

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45

Stevens, Jamie, and Richard Wall. "Genetic relationships between blowflies (Calliphoridae) of forensic importance." Forensic Science International 120, no. 1-2 (2001): 116–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0379-0738(01)00417-0.

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46

Budowle, B., and R. Chakraborty. "Genetic considerations for interpreting molecular microbial forensic evidence." International Congress Series 1261 (April 2004): 56–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0531-5131(03)01833-8.

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47

Martinsohn, Jann Th, and Rob Ogden. "A forensic genetic approach to European fisheries enforcement." Forensic Science International: Genetics Supplement Series 1, no. 1 (2008): 610–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fsigss.2007.10.031.

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48

Tvedebrink, Torben, Mikkel Andersen, and James Curran. "DNAtools: Tools for Analysing Forensic Genetic DNA Data." Journal of Open Source Software 5, no. 45 (2020): 1981. http://dx.doi.org/10.21105/joss.01981.

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49

Imad, Hadi Hameed, Abdullah Jebor Mohammed, Jaber Ommer Aamera, et al. "Genetic variation and DNA markers in forensic analysis." African Journal of Biotechnology 13, no. 31 (2014): 3122–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.5897/ajb2013.13160.

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Scudder, Nathan, Runa Daniel, Jennifer Raymond, and Alison Sears. "Operationalising forensic genetic genealogy in an Australian context." Forensic Science International 316 (November 2020): 110543. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2020.110543.

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