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Maclennan, Maria. "Forensic jewellery : a design-led approach to exploring jewellery in forensic human identification." Thesis, University of Dundee, 2018. https://discovery.dundee.ac.uk/en/studentTheses/58ace496-6d42-4ea1-966e-a89080e69d6f.
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Jewellery as a tool in the identification of the deceased is increasingly referenced within the scientific process of Forensic Human Identification (FHI). Jewellery’s prevalence in society, connection to both place and geographic region, potential to corroborate primary methods of identification (such as DNA, fingerprinting, or odontology), and robust physical form, means it progressively contributes to practices surrounding identification in a number of forensic fields. Physical marks or characteristics such as hallmarks or serial numbers, personal inscriptions or engravings, representational symbols (such as medals, badges of office, religious iconography or military insignia), and genealogical or gemmological markings, may also prove useful in informing investigators much about a piece - and potentially - the individual to whom it may have belonged. Despite this, jewellery is an approach to establishing human identity that has yet to be explicitly investigated from the perspective of either forensic science or jewellery design. The aim of this research has been to explore the potential of jewellery and highlight its significance within this context, through employing the processes and approaches of design. Informed by my own background in both jewellery and service design; I sought to co-design the interdisciplinary proposition of Forensic Jewellery as an extension of my own personal design practice, in addition to a broader hybrid methodology through which the dualistic perspective(s) of both forensic science and jewellery design may come to be mutually explored. By centring my methodology upon my practice, the research serves to document and reflect upon my auto-ethnographic experiences in inadvertently ‘prototyping’ my emergent new role as a Forensic Jeweller – a jewellery designer engaged within, or whose work pertains to, the field of forensic science. Through a range of forensic-based fieldwork, I sought to immerse myself within various communities of forensic practice by way of considering how a design practitioner may come to add value to this otherwise polarised field - a highly subjective and interpretive framework that has remained wholly unconsidered within forensic science. In simultaneously considering the impact of the perspective of forensics upon the broader field of jewellery design, I came to capture some of the otherwise restricted narratives of Forensic Jewellery emerging from the developing research context through a series of theoretically-informed design ‘reconstructions’: objects, concepts, and scenarios (representational, propositional, and metaphorical); educational material, and series of public engagement activities. The research thus culminates in a unique portfolio of practice – written, conceptual, and visual – with relevance to both forensic science and jewellery design history, theory, and practice. Original contributions to knowledge are demonstrated through the direct study of jewellery within real-world forensic settings through combined theory and practice, while the theoretical and conceptual debates surrounding identity, death, and the human body present within the field of jewellery design are simultaneously extended through the inclusion of forensics as a perspective. The research additionally demonstrates how the visual and tangible sensibilities of design can help to attend to otherwise challenging, emotional, or difficult subjects, capture and communicate tacit knowledge or anecdotal evidence, and ultimately contribute to the development of new and emergent research contexts.
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Omanovic, Maja. "Matching of Dental X-rays for Human Forensic Identification." Thesis, University of Waterloo, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10012/2939.
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Dental records have been widely used as tools in forensic identification. With the vast volume of cases that need to be investigated by forensic odontologists, a move towards a computer-aided dental identification system is necessary. We propose a computer-aided framework for efficient matching of dental x-rays for human identification purposes. Given a dental x-ray with a marked region of interest (ROI), we search the database of x-rays (presumed to be taken from known individuals) to retrieve a closest match. In this work we use a slightly extended Weighted Sum of Squared Differences (SSD) cost function to express the degree of similarity/overlap between two dental radiographs. Unlike other iterative Least Squares methods that use local information for gradient-based optimization, our method finds the globally optimal translation. In 90% of the identification trials, our method ranked the correct match in the top 10% using a database of 571 images. Experiments indicate that matching dental records using the extended SSD cost function is a viable method for human dental identification.
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Stratton, Harriet. "Dorsal hand feature analysis : an aid to forensic human identification." Thesis, University of Dundee, 2015. https://discovery.dundee.ac.uk/en/studentTheses/c18e3e47-630c-438e-a3b8-4c9c010fc3f9.
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The analysis of anatomical features on the dorsum of the hand has been utilised in forensic investigations for ascertaining anatomical similarities and differences between suspect and offender images, since 2007. This approach was introduced and developed by the team at CAHId, and has primarily been used in cases of child sexual abuse, where an image is discovered depicting the offence, and the perpetrator’s hand visible in the image. This form of evidence has been admitted as evidence on the premise of its strong anatomical underpinning. However, forensic techniques (both emerging and established) are increasingly being scrutinised for their reliability and validity with regards to legal admissibility. In response to this, the purpose of this research was to introduce a methodology to quantify the anatomical features most often used in the cases described, with the overriding aim of strengthening anatomical feature analysis as a reputable form of forensic evidence. This thesis presents the results pertaining to establishing the reliability of data extraction from digital images, in terms of method repeatability. The variation of the veins and surface features was explored, with regard to influences from biological characteristics, and the investigation of whether images of poor quality (representing a forensic case image) lead to a loss of data, compared to the suspect image (usually of higher quality than the offender image). The anatomical features (superficial vein patterns and surface features) were assessed both independently and in conjunction to establish whether more than one feature could be more discriminatory, than one. The results of these analyses indicate that the method proposed in this study is reliable, when applied by one observer and by several. An overview of the vein pattern and surface feature variation is presented to give an indication of feature distribution across a sample population. Importantly, it was found that a significant level of anatomical information is lost when comparing images in standardised conditions with images in non-standardised conditions, representing forensic case images. All results are extensively discussed in relation to relevant literatures and the applicability for use as a viable forensic technique with regards to current admissibility standards.
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Beaini, Thiago Leite. "Padronização das tomadas radiográficas periapicais e panorâmicas com finalidade forense." Universidade de São Paulo, 2010. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/23/23148/tde-18082010-144745/.
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Existem dificuldades envolvendo as radiografias para as técnicas comparativas de identificação humana. A falta de tecidos moles, o posicionamento do crânio e dos filmes representa obstáculos freqüentes durante as perícias antropológicas. Com objetivo de padronizar e obter imagens de qualidade e reduzir adaptações, testamos exposições, barreiras e outros aspectos radiográficos para a confecção de um protocolo envolvendo radiografias periapicais e panorâmica em crânios esqueletizados. Com a utilização de um dispositivo acrílico desenvolvido para posicionar o crânio, radiografias panorâmicas em diferentes configurações de potência do aparelho foram tomadas. Posteriormente, quatro objetos foram testados para compensar a falta de tecidos moles: uma bolsa térmica, um bloco de cera sete, uma placa de aço zincado e um filme, exposto à luz e processado, que foi mantido entre a película e a tela intensificadora. Para as radiografias periapicais, filmes do tipo E speed Kodak foram expostos por tempos variando entre 0,06 a 0,8 seg nas regiões de molares e incisivos em ambos os arcos. Os filmes foram fixados por posicionadores clínicos estabilizados por um suporte confeccionado com fios metálicos. O tempo de processamento foi de 45 seg de revelação e 10 min. de fixação. As radiografias foram apresentadas a quinze profissionais, de diferentes especialidades, que escolheram os melhores resultados, concluindo que as radiografias panorâmicas com a combinação de 63 Kv e 06 mA e com dois filmes presentes no chassi apresentou melhor qualidade e praticidade. Para as periapicais as exposições de 0,64 seg. no arco superior e 0,8 seg. no arco inferior obtiveram melhor aceitação. Com os resultados obtidos somados aos dados obtidos na literatura, um protocolo foi confeccionado e anexado a essa dissertação.There are plenty of difficulties surrounding the radiographs for the comparative techniques on human identification. The lack of soft tissue, the skulls and films positioning are a few of the obstacles faced in anthropological studies. With the objectives to standardize, producing high quality images and reducing adaptations, different exposure times, barriers and other aspects involving radiographs were tested in order to establish a protocol involving periapical and panoramic radiographs of dry skulls. With the help of an acrylic stand, specially designed to position the cranium, panoramic radiographs were primarily taken using different preset configurations, then four materials were tested to compensate for lack of soft tissue: a ice pack, a block of dental wax, a metal plate and finally a film exposed to light and processed that was left between the blank film and the intensifying screen. For the periapical radiographs, Kodak E-speed films were exposed to times from 0.06 to 0.8 second at the upper and lower molars and anterior regions. Clinical film holders were used and kept in position by a metal wire device. The processing times were 45 seconds of development and 10 minutes of fixation. The radiographs were presented to a group of fifteen dentists, of several specialties, who selected the best results and concluding that the panoramic radiographs were best taken with the 63 Kv and 06 mA configurations and two films inside the cassette. For the periapical the exposure times of 0.64 sec for the upper arch and 0.8 sec for the lower achieved the best acceptance. The presented results, allied with the data found in the literature a protocol was also prepared and attached to this research.
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Duncan-Drake, Natasha. "Exploiting human expert techniques in automated writer identification." Thesis, University of Kent, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.365222.
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Fernandes, Carmen Lee. "The paranasal air sinuses in the human : an anatomical assessment using helical multislice computed tomography : applications to human forensic identification." Thesis, Queen Mary, University of London, 2018. http://qmro.qmul.ac.uk/xmlui/handle/123456789/31792.
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Introduction: Forensic pathologists may be asked to identify the race group or sex of a cranium of unknown origin. Race group refers to geographic ancestry and sex is biological sex. An analysis of the volumes and measurements of human paranasal sinuses, namely maxillary, ethmoid, sphenoid and frontal sinuses, in dried crania of different race and sex groups (European and Zulu male and female) was undertaken to search for a new improved approach of classifying crania according to race and sex. This anatomical assessment of the human paranasal sinuses identifies race and sex variations in the paranasal sinuses. Variations in paranasal sinus volumes and measurements may mean a variation in anatomical landmarks. The best combination of sinus measurements was selected to classify a cranium according to race group and sex making this research relevant to the field of forensic medicine. Objectives: To compare the paranasal sinus volumes and measurements of dried crania of European and Zulu descent with respect to race group and sex and to develop a method of classifying a cranium according to race group or sex by using dimensions of the paranasal sinuses. Methodology: Documented, cadaver derived, dried crania were obtained from the Raymond A. Dart Collection of Human Skeletons, housed at the School of Anatomical Sciences at the University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa. Age, race and sex were recorded for each cranium within the collection and hence within the study sample. 26 Adult European crania; 13 male, 13 female. Age range 19-75yrs (mean 49.42yrs) and 27 Adult Zulu crania: 13 male, 14 female. Age range 16-90yrs (mean 40.16yrs) was selected for this study. An additional cranium of unknown origin was also analysed in the research. European crania were from descendants of Europe living in South Africa and Zulu crania were obtained from Zulu patients who were part of the Zulu tribe of South Africa. 53 crania with intact paranasal sinuses (106 individual sinuses for each of the maxillary, ethmoid, sphenoid and frontal sinuses) were studied. In addition, 2 sinuses from the unknown cranium were analysed. The dried crania of European and Zulu origin were assessed by helical, multislice computed tomography using 1mm coronal slices. The area for each slice was obtained by tracing the outline of each slice. A volume was calculated by the CT machine that totaled the slices for each sinus. Measurements of width, length and height were also assessed, as were other craniometrical measurements. Statistical analysis was performed for all European and Zulu male and female sinuses in respect of volumes and measurements. Further statistical analysis searched for classification patterns. In addition, forty patients' scans from the European and Zulu male and female groups in Southern Africa were also assessed. CT scans of 10 adult European males, 10 adult European females, 10 adult Zulu males and 10 adult Zulu females provided 40 pairs of maxillary, ethmoid, sphenoid and frontal sinuses for analysis. Europeans were South African persons of European descent and Zulus were from the Zulu tribe of Kwa Zulu Natal in South Africa. Results: The aim of identifying race and sex differences in this anatomical region is achieved. Significant race and sex variations were found in the European and Zulu, male and female groups when analysing the volumes and measurements of the paranasal sinuses. The very best combinations of classifiable measurements were described and are being put forward as a new tool in human forensic identification studies. The significant sex classification figure of 91.8% by combining ethmoid, sphenoid and frontal paranasal sinus measurements, is a new discovery for using a combination of the sinuses. The significant race classification figure of 95.9 % is an excellent classification figure for classification according to race. This was done using the measurements of maxillary, ethmoid and total distance across the sinuses. All this was achieved by using the measurements of the paranasal sinuses in a European and Zulu, male and female population. Conclusion: Forensic race and sex identification of crania is now possible using a combination of measurements from the paranasal sinuses. A new approach to classifying a cranium into an race or sex group is revealed by way of using a new combination of paranasal sinus measurements. This discovery is of importance to forensic medicine in the realm of identification as it provides a measurable way of assigning race or sex to a cranium within a particular region. Other studies based on other race groups may add further value. What is clear is that the paranasal sinuses are now of established value when assessing race or sex group of a unknown cranium. A new tool for forensic race and sex identification is provided to the armamentarium of the forensic pathologist and associated disciplines.
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Reid, Kate Megan. "Forensic human identification: Generating Y-STR data for the South African population." Master's thesis, Faculty of Health Sciences, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/30060.
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Salt River Mortuary (SRM), Cape Town, investigates ~3500 cases of unnatural death annually, with an apparent burden of unclaimed bodies. A retrospective review was first undertaken to assess the number of these individuals who remained unidentified. Medicolegal records were examined (2010-2017), and ~9% of cases remained unidentified each year. DNA analysis was performed in 23.5% of cases. At the time of this study, unidentified bodies were in storage for up to two years, pending pauper burial. DNA profiling assists forensic human identification, and the analysis of markers on the Y-chromosome has particular importance in kinship analysis. To evaluate the statistical probability of DNA profiles matching between samples, reference data from the background population is required. Such data for the Y-chromosome is lacking for some populations groups in South Africa (SA). As such this study aimed to generate Y-chromosome data relevant to SA. Second to this, the obtainability of DNA profiles from unidentified decedents at SRM, prior to pauper burial, was investigated. Biological samples were obtained from 653 SA individuals (living: n=480; deceased: n=173) belonging to four major population groups. Following internal validation, samples were processed using the Promega PowerPlex® Y23 System. A cohort-representative subset of DNA profiles were also generated using the forensically validated Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) assay on the MiSeq FGx™ system, to assess concordance. Statistical analysis was performed using Arlequin and STATA packages. Full DNA profiles (i.e. haplotypes) were obtained from 626 samples (African: n=183; Coloured: n=170; Indian/Asian: n=111; White: n=162), with 599 haplotypes being unique to a single individual. Following optimisation, haplotypes were obtained from >99% and 85% of living and deceased individuals, respectively. Haplotypes were generated from numerous individuals stored for over one year, and DNA profile quality was not associated with time between death declaration and sample collection. NGS results confirmed the presence of one micro-variant and resolved allele-calling in five instances where the capillary electrophoresis assay was incorrect. Thus, concordance was observed in 98% of loci reviewed. Overall, haplotypes were successfully obtained for four different SA population groups, including refrigerated decedents, even 887 days after death declaration. This demonstrates that DNA profiling can be successful for decedents and efforts should be made to store DNA profiles for the possibility of familial searching and identification, even after burial. Identification of the multitude of unclaimed bodies at forensic facilities nationwide holds immense value for living family members, and provides closure for the acceptance of death and life thereafter.
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Afolabi, Olatunde Abimbola. "An evaluation of genetic markers for forensic identification of human body fluids." Thesis, University of Central Lancashire, 2017. http://clok.uclan.ac.uk/20739/.
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Body fluids are commonly recovered from crime scenes by forensic investigators and their identification are necessary part of forensic casework study. Current body fluid identification techniques rely on enzymatic tests, which have limited sensitivity and specificity, they require large amount of template, use separate assays for various body fluids, and are prone to contamination. Various genes are expressed in different body fluids that could be used as genetic markers for body fluid identification, and are used in forensic investigations. The aim of this study was to use mRNA markers to identify human body fluids, which included blood, semen, saliva, vaginal secretion and menstrual blood. Initially, ten reference genes (UCE, TEF, GAPDH, 18S rRNA, ACTB, B2M, B-Actin, OAZ1, RPS 29 and S15) were studied to establish an appropriate reference gene in body fluid identification. These are constitutive genes used for normalisation of gene expression data and control of variations in experiments. qRT-PCR efficiency, sensitivity and limit of detection (LOD) were investigated using SYBR Green and Taqman probes. The results of the SYBR Green efficiency test experiment displayed five markers, UCE, TEF, ACTB, B2M, and RPS29 with 90-110% efficiency with a slope -3.33 ± 10%. Subsequently, Taqman probes were designed for the five markers and then used for the Taqman probe experiment. Reference gene stability test was carried out on body fluid samples stored up to 6 months at room temperature using the designed Taqman probe assays. The results established ACTB and UCE as best candidate reference gene markers in this study as both were most stable in samples stored for 6 months. Furthermore, to identify each of the five body fluids, thirty-two (32) body fluid specific mRNA markers were evaluated, optimised and validated. The experiment was initially carried out with non-fluorescent makers to determine the specificity of the markers. These were analysed using agarose gel electrophoresis. Further optimization was then carried out using fluorescently labelled markers. This was done in five separate multiplexes for each body fluid; –semen-plex, saliva-plex, vaginal secretion-plex, menstrual blood-plex and blood-plex. An attempt was made to combine all the five-separate multiplex into a single multiplex. All body fluids were identified unambiguously with no cross-reactions of non-target body fluids using the combined multiplex assays. Following further evaluation and validation tests, a total of 14 markers were selected and a capillary electrophoresis (CE) based, multiplex assay was developed to identify blood, saliva, semen and vaginal secretion samples simultaneously. The markers in the developed multiplex assay included ALAS2 and PF4 (blood), STATH and HTN3 (saliva), PRM1, TGM4, MSMB, NKX3-1 (semen), ACTB and UCE (reference genes), CRYP2B7P1, SFTA2, MUC4 and L. crispatus (vaginal secretion). Extensive validation, which include sensitivity, specificity, reduced volume reactions, degradation, reproducibility, mixtures, cycle number and mastermix, was carried out in accordance with the guidelines detailed in Scientific Working Group in DNA Analysis (SWGDAM). The 14-marker CE-based assay displayed high specificity and sensitivity. Each body fluid was detected down to 1:3000 dilution of mRNA except vaginal secretion that was detected down to 1:1500 dilutions of sensitivity. Specificity experiments showed no cross reactions of the assay with non-target body fluids. Reproducibility study displayed similar results reported from an independent laboratory. All body fluids exposed to environmental insult were identified up to at least day 30 of 51, with blood being identified up to day 51. In the mixture study, all body fluids were identified unambiguously using the developed multiplex assay. In conclusion, the results of this study have led to the development of a new and novel capillary electrophoresis-based mRNA marker assay for forensic body fluid identification, demonstrating its compatibility with forensic laboratory workflows. The use of this assay to profile forensic casework samples for body fluid identification would be a future application of this work.
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Alkhayat, Abdulqader Ibrahim. "Forensic evaluation study of MVR-PCR at D18S of an Arab population using capillary electrophoresis." Thesis, University of Strathclyde, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.288740.
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Petro, Waleed. "The effective accuracy of dental records in forensic dental identification in Sudan." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/4458.
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Magister Scientiae Dentium - MSc(Dent)In Sudan there are currently no programmes targeting dentists to improve their own knowledge about how they can be part of human identification by keeping good dental records. In addition, no guidelines are stated by the health authorities about making, keeping and retention of dental records. The aim of this research was to assess the accuracy of dental records drawn up by the general dentists in Sudan with regard to forensic dental identification and compare these records to an ideal dental record. Dental records of 180 patients obtained from six sites (major dental sectors) were reviewed and compared with an ideal dental record. The data was captured in Excel and statistically analyzed. The results showed that two third of the dentists do not undertake full tooth charting prior to treatment and sometimes this is not shown in their dental records; The dentist name who examined and treated the patient was clearly mentioned in 55.6% of the dental records examined. Dentists in Sudan do not request many radiographs but they depend mainly on intra oral periapical views (PV) and Orthopantomographs (OPG) with a fair to good quality. The medical history was recorded in 44% of the total number of records examined. The quality of dental records in this study was poor in general dental practices but was fair in governmental hospitals. An integrated education programmes to increase the awareness of the dentists in Sudan about accurate record keeping is recommended. Clear guide lines from the health authorities for dental recording system should be developed.
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Holobinko, Anastasia. "STABLE ISOTOPE RATIOS AS A PROXY FOR HUMAN GEOGRAPHIC PROVENANCE: BIOGEOGRAPHICAL EVIDENCE FROM THE 2H, 18O, AND 13C SIGNATURES IN MODERN HUMAN TEETH." OpenSIUC, 2015. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/dissertations/1108.
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The positive identification of a decedent is paramount to a forensic investigation in which human remains have been recovered and must be identified. Due to increasing global mobility in the world's populations, it is not inconceivable that an individual might die far away from his or her home. Pinpointing an individual's geographic origin may contribute to definitive forensic identification of contemporary human skeletal remains in cases where dental records and other means of identification are either unavailable to law enforcement personnel or do not yield immediate results. Stable isotope analysis of biogenic tissues such as tooth enamel and bone mineral has become a well‐recognized and increasingly important method for determining the provenance of human remains, and it has been used successfully in bioarchaeological studies as well as forensic investigations. Both 18O and 2H stable isotope signatures are well established proxies as environmental indicators of climate (temperature) and source water and are therefore considered reliable indicators of geographic life trajectories of animals and humans. Similarly, 13C and 15N abundance data have distinguished dietary preferences in ancient human populations, and have been used to qualify 2H and 18O geolocational data that may be consistent with more than one location. Few if any studies have systematically investigated the multi-isotopic signatures in human tooth enamel and dentin from living individuals. Since 18O abundance values obtained from tooth enamel of late-erupting molars are a source of information on geographic origin of an individual during adolescence when crown formation takes place, it was hypothesized that: 1) the stable isotope abundance of 2H, 18O, and 13C in human tooth enamel and dentin is consistent with self-reported residential history and dietary preferences data, and 2) the isotopic variability evident between individuals with shared residential history and nutrient intake is quantifiable, and indicative of intra-individual variability. Two pilot studies were conducted to: 1) evaluate the feasibility of extracting and measuring the 2H composition of human tooth enamel and its suitability as a proxy for human geographic provenance, and 2) compare the isotopic abundance of isotopic abundance of 2H and 13C in human crown dentin collagen obtained from archaeological and modern teeth with the 18O and 13C isotopic composition of the corresponding tooth enamel carbonate. A protocol for preparing tooth enamel for 2H analysis was successfully devised and implemented; however, no correlation was observed between tooth enamel 2H abundance values as measured plotted against source water 2H abundance values. While unexpectedly low rates of hydrogen exchange within mineral hydroxyl groups were documented, and it was possible to analyze tooth enamel for its 2H isotopic composition, the seemingly fixed nature of 2H abundance in tooth enamel means that the 2H isotopic signature of tooth enamel cannot be used as an indicator of geographic provenance. Conversely, positive correlations between collagen 2H abundance values of primary dentin with 2H abundance values for source water and also with enamel 18O abundance values suggests that primary dentin collagen 2H values are linked to the isotopic composition of source water. Third molar tooth enamel was sampled from 10 living volunteers undergoing routine tooth extractions at University of Toronto affiliated dental clinics in Ontario, Canada. The mixed-sex group of patients was given questionnaires in which they provided detailed residential history and answered questions pertaining to dietary preferences (e.g., vegetarian) prior to donating all four third molars. Enamel was drilled from the crown of two third molars from each subject, chemically cleaned, and subjected to an acid digest before being analyzed for its 18O and 13C composition using Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometry. Herewith, isotope abundance values are presented using the delta notation as delta values in per mil (‰). Mean d13CVPDB values for all samples ranged from -9.47 ‰ to -11.31 ‰ (pooled mean = -10.37 ‰), which suggested a persistent C4 plant dietary influence at the time the sampled tooth enamel was forming and is consistent with the typical North American diet. While inter-subject variation contributed the largest proportion of total d13C variability, differences were not significant. The pooled mean d18OVSMOW value for enamel samples was 24.39 ‰, while individual subject mean d18OVSMOW values ranged from 23.76 ‰ to 25.18 ‰. Marked offsets (0.01 ‰ - 0.51 ‰) in mean d18OVSMOW values for each pair of third molars were observed. While subject variation was significant (p=0.0034), neither diet nor sex significantly influenced the oxygen (or carbon) isotope data. Following conversion of d18OVSMOW values to d18OPhosphate values, drinking water values were calculated using the Daux et al. (2008) equation, and compared to their corresponding regional estimated annual average d18O values in precipitation retrieved from the Online Isotopes in Precipitation Calculator (OIPC) (Bowen 2014). Despite observed correlations between the drinking water d18OWater values and d18OOIPC values of four subjects, no statistically significant correlations were evident between the two limited data sets. However, when the isotopically similar d18O values of Toronto area residents were averaged and combined with the remaining Canadian data and the 18O data from 5 enamel samples analyzed in the 2H enamel pilot study, strong positive correlations were evident between d18OPhosphate valuesand d18OOIPC values (R2 = 0.87). Moreover, an equally strong linear relationship was observed between modeled annual precipitation 18O and calculated source water 18O (R2 = 0.87). Based on the d2H, d18O, and d13C values measured in tooth enamel and dentin, it is possible to infer and confirm geographic provenance and dietary intake. However, while enamel carbonate d13C values were consistent with self-reported dietary intake information and residential history, as could be expected vegetarians could not be distinguished from those who consumed meat without determining C/N isotopic ratios in dentin collagen. Further, the presence of strong linear relationships between the 18O composition of enamel carbonate and modeled source water 18O in the merged dataset illustrates the importance of considering site-specific isotopic complexities and using multi-isotope data obtained from multiple tissues when investigating the geographic origins of humans in an archaeological or forensic context. It is not possible to quantify intra-individual isotopic variability without sampling from larger, geographically diverse populations and controlling for as many variables as possible. The construction of regional databases containing 18O and 2H isotopic data obtained from a variety of environmental and human and faunal tissue samples, and the application of such data to individual cases in which geographic origins are desired, is recommended provided the following caveats are considered: 1) whenever possible, d18OPhosphate values should be used when comparing d18O values in tooth enamel with those in precipitation in order to avoid the unmitigated error associated with the application of carbonate conversion equations to enamel phosphate d18O data, 2) the continuous consumption of food sourced elsewhere is liable to affect the overall enamel carbonate d18O values, 3) d18O values in precipitation are not inclusive of the variety of postprecipitation and hydrological processes unique to a particular location, nor are they an accurate representation of the isotopically mixed nature of tap water sourced from distant reservoirs. Hence, extrapolations should be made with caution. Enamel sequential microsampling methods may be advisable for narrowing down a geographic timeline if the overlapping of isotopic signals at various points along the tooth’s longitudinal plane can be quantified and validated. While standardization of analytical methodology is critical to appropriate interpretations of the data, stable isotope profiling is not a standalone method and should be used in conjunction with other lines of evidence in determinations of human provenance.
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Reineke, Robin Christine, and Robin Christine Reineke. "Naming the Dead: Identification and Ambiguity Along the U.S.-Mexico Border." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/622984.
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Since the beginning of the 21st century, the deaths of migrants have become a regular occurrence in southern Arizona where an average of 170 bodies are recovered from the desert each year. This dissertation examines the causes and effects of death and disappearance along the U.S.-Mexico border, seeking to address the contradiction present in the fact that thousands of people have died or disappeared in one of the world’s most heavily surveilled landscapes. It interrogates the ways in which the dead, the missing, and their families are simultaneously erased and exposed in a biopolitical process that has powerful implications beyond the space of the borderlands. The observations for this dissertation are drawn from nearly a decade of both ethnographic research and applied humanitarian assistance in the field of forensic human identification, primarily at the Pima County Office of the Medical Examiner, in Tucson, Arizona. Although the majority of migrant fatalities have been determined by the medical examiner to be accidental, resulting from exposure to the elements or unknown causes, a historical analysis reveals the violent nature of these deaths and disappearances, which are a structured result of U.S. border and immigration policies. From their homes to their destinations, migrants in the Americas face a particular kind of structural violence and social invisibility that is revealed when they disappear at the border. This disappearance is then made more thorough by the structured lack of access for families of the missing to services to assist them in their search. Practices of care, whether occurring within families of the missing and dead, during the desert crossing itself, or in the forensic work to identify the dead, powerfully contest the invisibility and erasure experienced by migrants in the Americas today.
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Zeilmann, Patrícia Pereira. "Avaliação da acuracidade da reconstrução facial 3D por meio de fotografias antemortem de indivíduos previamente identificados." Universidade de São Paulo, 2013. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/23/23153/tde-28032014-201941/.
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Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar, por meio de comparação com fotografias ante-mortem, a acuracidade da reconstrução facial forense manual e computadorizada de brasileiros adultos utilizando-se o método de Manchester. Foram reconstruídos os rostos a partir de 08 crânios, 04 femininos e 04 masculinos que foram exumados no Cemitério Municipal Necrópole do Campo Santo-Guarulhos/São Paulo. Esse estudo se justificou para possibilitar a utilização do método de Manchester considerando-se as profundidades de tecidos moles estabelecidas para brasileiros. Oito réplicas de gesso para a reconstrução manual, e oito modelos virtuais em 3D, obtidos por meio de tomografia para a computadorizada foram levados para o Centro de Anatomia e Identificação Humana da Universidade de Dundee/Escócia/Reino Unido. Utilizou-se argila para a manual e a tecnologia Sensable por meio do programa de computador FreeForm Modelling Plus, e do dispositivo tátil Phantom Haptic Desktop para a computadorizada. Avaliou-se a acuracidade das 16 reconstruções resultantes por meio de dois métodos: fotografias das reconstruções produzidas foram mostradas para 100 voluntários, que foram convidados a escolher o sujeito da fotografia em vivo quando incluído com outros cinco sujeitos aleatoriamente selecionados; e por meio de teste de semelhança, que comparou a fotografia da reconstrução com a do sujeito alvo lado a lado, o que foi feito também com dois sujeitos controle. Embora em ambos os testes os sujeitos alvo tiveram o melhor desempenho no número de acertos e no grau de semelhança, as reconstruções manuais obtiveram um melhor desempenho e o maior nível de acerto foi de 90% em um caso no teste de reconhecimento, enquanto na computadorizada foi de 81%. Este estudo demonstrou que o método de manchester em brasileiros, assim como o FreeForm Modelling Plus são ferramentas úteis e adequadas para o uso em reconstrução facial com níveis de sucesso muito significativos.The aim of this study was to evaluate, by comparison with antemortem photographs, the accuracy of manual and computerized forensic facial reconstruction of adult Brazilians using the Manchester method. The faces were reconstructed from 08 skulls, 04 female and 04 male that were exhumed at the Municipal Cemitery Necropolis of Campo Santo-Guarulhos/Sao Paulo. This study is justified to allow the use of the Manchester method considering the soft tissue depths from Brazilian people. Eight plaster replicas made for manual reconstructions and eight 3D virtual models, obtained by tomography for computerized were taken to the Centre for Anatomy and Human Identification at the University of Dundee/Scotland/UK. Clay was used for the manual and the SensAble technology through the FreeForm Modeling Plus software and the tactil device Phantom Haptic Desktop for the computerized. The accuracy of 16 reconstructions resulting was evaluated by two methods: images of the reconstructions were produced and shown to 100 volunteers who were asked to choose the subject of photography in vivo when included with other five subjects randomly selected; and by the resemblance test, comparing the photograph of the reconstruction with the subject\'s target side by side, which was also done with two control subjects. Although in both tests the 08 subjects achieved the best results in the number of correct answers and in the degree of resemblance, the manual reconstruction achieved a better performance and the higher level of accuracy in one case was 90% in recognition test, while the computerized was 81%. This study showed that the Manchester method in Brazilians, as well as the FreeForm Modeling Plus are usefull and adequate tools for use in facial reconstruction with very significant levels of success.
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Baraldi, Andréia Moribe. "Utilização da técnica de identificação genética: panorama da realidade dos serviços oficiais de identificação brasileiros e a importância da atuação do cirurgião-dentista na equipe forense." Universidade de São Paulo, 2009. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/23/23148/tde-08042009-160610/.
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A análise do DNA pode ser considerada um dos principais progressos técnicos para investigação criminal desde a descoberta das impressões digitais. Seu surgimento trouxe novos paradigmas para os critérios utilizados na formulação da culpabilidade no campo do Direito Penal, bem como no estabelecimento da certeza jurídica nas relações de filiação, campo do Direito Civil. Foi incorporada à rotina forense pelas polícias de países do primeiro mundo e começa a ser introduzida no contexto pericial em alguns Estados do Brasil. No entanto, o uso destas técnicas de identificação genética origina uma série de exigências de qualidade e excelência aos laboratórios que as realizam. Portanto, definição de normas, estabelecimento de padrões e criação de sistemas de credenciamento e certificação tornaram-se absolutamente necessários. Levando-se em consideração a crescente influência exercida pelo DNA no contexto forense, este trabalho teve como objetivo conhecer a realidade brasileira diante desta tecnologia e a importância da atuação do cirurgião-dentista na equipe forense. Para isso, tentou-se contato com o serviço oficial de identificação central da capital de cada um dos vinte e seis estados brasileiros além do Distrito Federal. Participaram da pesquisa 17 (dezessete) Estados (Minas Gerais, Goiás, Rio Grande do Sul, Pará, Pernambuco, Alagoas, Paraná, São Paulo, Paraíba, Bahia, Rio de Janeiro, Roraima, Amapá, Maranhão, Rio Grande do Norte, Ceará e Tocantins). A coleta de dados foi realizada através de um questionário. A partir deste foi possível estabelecer que a maioria dos serviços (88%) faz uso da técnica de identificação genética. Dentre estes, apenas o Rio Grande do Norte não adota protocolos de coleta e armazenamento das amostras biológicas. O sangue é a amostra biológica de eleição, porém em casos de ossadas ou quando o cadáver encontra-se carbonizado e/ou avançado estado de decomposição, os dentes são utilizados como fonte de DNA. Geralmente as amostras biológicas coletadas são provenientes de crimes sexuais. Apesar de marcas de mordida serem evidências freqüentemente encontradas em crimes desta natureza, a coleta de saliva (suabe) é realizada apenas em 43% dos Estados. Dentre as diversas categorias de profissionais que compõem a equipe de DNA forense, os farmacêuticos se destacam (43%). Possuem certificado de creditação apenas 50% dos laboratórios (São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro, Paraná, Rio Grande do Sul, Bahia, Roraima e Amapá). O presente trabalho permitiu compreender a maneira pela qual esses serviços estão se estruturando e desenvolvendo essa tecnologia. Através dos resultados obtidos neste estudo foi possível verificar a influência crescente exercida pela técnica de DNA nos processos de identificação, a importância da atuação de uma equipe multiprofissional - uma vez que a contribuição de cada área e a metodologia empregada no processo serão influenciadas pela condição do material biológico apresentado para o exame - e ressaltar a importância dos conhecimentos específicos do odontolegista, principalmente pelo fato dos elementos dentários e da saliva constituírem potenciais fontes de DNA.The analysis of DNA can be considered major technical advances for criminal investigation since the discovery of fingerprints. Its emergence has brought new paradigms for the criteria used in the formulation of culpability in the field of criminal law, as well as the establishment of legal certainty in relations of affiliation, field of civil law. It was incorporated in routine forensic police from the countries of first world and beginning to be introduced in the context expert in some Brazilian states. However, the use of these techniques of genetic identification, gives quality requirements and excellence laboratories that perform them. Therefore, setting standards, setting principle and creating systems of accreditation and certification have become absolutely necessary. Taking into account the growing influence of the DNA in the forensic context, this study aimed to know the Brazilian reality on this technology and the importance of the role of surgeon-dentist in the forensic team. For this reason, attempts were made to contact the department\'s official identification center of the capital of each of the twenty-six Brazilian states than the Federal District. Participated in the survey 17 (seventeen) States (Minas Gerais, Goiás, Rio Grande do Sul, Para, Pernambuco, Alagoas, Paraná, São Paulo, Paraíba, Bahia, Rio de Janeiro, Roraima, Amapá, Maranhão, Rio Grande do Norte, Ceara and Tocantins). Data collection was conducted through a questionnaire. From this could be established that the majority of services (88%) made use of the technique of genetic identification. Among these, only the Rio Grande do Norte do not adopt protocols for collection and storage of biological samples. The blood is the biological sample of choice, but in cases of carcass or when the corpse is carbonized and / or advanced state of decomposition, the teeth are used as a source of DNA. Usually the samples are collected from sexual crimes. Despite the bite marks are frequently found evidence in such crimes, the collection of saliva (swab) is performed only in 43% of the states. Among the various categories of professionals who make up the team of forensic DNA, pharmacists are stressed (43%). They certificate of accreditation of laboratories only 50% (São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro, Paraná, Rio Grande do Sul, Bahia, Roraima and Amapá). This work could understand the way in which these services are structuring and developing this technology. Through the results of this study was to check the growing influence exercised by the technique of DNA in cases of identification, the importance of the many occupational, since the contribution of each area and the methodology employed in the process will be influenced by the condition of biological material submitted for review and emphasize the importance of specific knowledge of forensic dentist, mainly because of dental elements, in cases of advanced decomposition and charring, and the saliva, bite marks on this, are potential sources of DNA.
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Flores, Marta Regina Pinheiro. "Proposta de metodologia de análise fotoantropométrica para identificação humana em imagens faciais em norma frontal." Universidade de São Paulo, 2014. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/58/58131/tde-25032015-092813/.
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A face é a parte do corpo que mais sintetiza o ser humano e, para que seja entendida, vem sendo alvo de estudos dos mais diversos campos da ciência, incluindo a área da Identificação Facial Forense. A ciência responsável pelo estudo da face e de suas relações, denominada Cefalometria, apesar de exaustivamente estudada para o emprego clínico e radiográfico, principalmente por profissionais da Odontologia, ainda não foi padronizada e validada para o seu emprego em análises faciais sobre imagens e/ou fotografias. Em virtude do crescimento da produção tecnológica e automatizada da era em que vivemos, onde aparelhos com câmeras fotográficas acopladas fazem parte da vida corriqueira da grande maioria da população mundial, é necessário o desenvolvimento de metodologias que confirmem a objetividade, reprodutibilidade e confiabilidade de suas análises, principalmente para as áreas que exigem precisão e rigor técnico-científico, como a perícia criminal. Neste sentido, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo propor uma metodologia de normatização na determinação de pontos cefalométricos para exames faciais exclusivamente baseados em imagens em norma frontal e definir quais são os pontos cefalométricos que apresentam maior e menor variabilidade de aferição, para possível aplicação na identificação humana. A parte experimental do estudo foi delineada em duas etapas: na primeira fase, foi utilizado o método convencional (cefalométrico clássico) para a descrição dos pontos anatômicos de referência; na segunda, o método fotoantropométrico proposto. Ambas as fases foram analisadas por cinco examinadores, os quais marcaram 16 pontos na topografia facial de 18 imagens, aleatoriamente escolhidas de um banco de imagens. Para todas as análises, foi utilizado um software desenvolvido pelo Serviço de 13 Perícias em Audiovisual e Eletrônicos do Instituto Nacional de Criminalística da Polícia Federal, denominado de SMVFace. Pode-se observar que houve uma grande redução da variabilidade dos pontos anatômicos após a adoção da descrição fotoantropométrica, principalmente para os pontos Alar, Endocanthion, Glabela, Gônio, Irídio Medial, Labial Superior e Zígio. Contrariamente, um ligeiro aumento na variabilidade dos pontos Chelion, Labial Inferior e Gnátio foi observado. Apesar do aumento na variabilidade desses pontos, a maioria das marcações foi realizada abaixo do erro aceitável preconizado por alguns estudos. Esses resultados demonstraram que, apesar de algumas limitações, a utilização da descrição fotoantropométrica proposta foi determinante para alcançar uma maior precisão das marcações dos pontos anatômicos de referência de forma geralFace is the body part that most synthesizes the human being and, to be understood, has been targeted from different branches of science, including the Forensic Facial Identification area. The Cephalometry, science responsible for facial studies and their relationships, although extensively studied for clinical and radiographic employment, especially by dental professionals, it has not been standardized and validated yet for its use in facial images and/or photo analysis. Due to the growth of technology and automated production of the era in which we live, where camera-coupled devices are part of vast majority ordinary life of world population, methodologies development is necessary to confirm the objectivity, reproducibility and reliability of their analyzes, especially for areas that require precision and technical/scientific rigor as criminal expertise. In this sense, this research aimed to propose a standardization method in determining cephalometric points exclusively based on frontal view facial images and determine which points have higher and lower variability of measurement, for possible use in human identification. The experimental part of the study was drawn in two stages. In the first phase, the conventional method (classic cephalometry) was used to describe the reference anatomical points and, in the second, the proposed photoanthropometric method was used. Both phases were analyzed by five examiners who scored 16 points in facial topography of 18 images randomly chosen from an image database. For all analyzes, a software developed by the Expertise Service in Audiovisual and Electronics of the National Institute of Criminology, Federal Police, called SMVFace, was used. It could be observed that there was a large variability reduction of anatomical points after the photoanthropometry description adoption, especially for 15 Alar, Endocanthion, Glabella, Gonion, Iridium Medial, Upper Lip and Zigion points. In contrast, a slight variability increase of Chelion, Lower Lip and Gnathion points was observed. Despite the increased variability of these points, most markings are performed below the acceptable error advocated by some studies. These results demonstrate that, although some limitations, the use of the proposed photoanthropometric description was crucial to achieve greater accuracy of anatomical landmarks determination in general
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Filho, Ismar Eduardo Martins. "Simplificação de método para identificação humana por meio da rugoscopia palatina." Universidade de São Paulo, 2006. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/25/25141/tde-24012007-163107/.
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A identificação humana é algo que vem sendo estudado desde o século XIV e a cada dia vem se aperfeiçoando mais. Desta forma este estudo tem como proposta um método de identificação auxiliar aos já existentes, obtido por meio das rugas palatinas, que são estruturas localizadas na mucosa do palato duro, envolvendo papila incisiva, rafe mediana e rugas palatinas. Este estudo objetivou criar uma metodologia mais simples no uso deste método de identificação, por meio do uso de imagens digitalizadas e programas específicos para tal fim. A amostra foi constituída por 100 modelos e os respectivos prontuários. Inicialmente foram delimitadas as rugas palatinas, a papila incisiva e a rafe mediana com lapiseira 0,1 mm de espessura e grafite tipo HB, nos modelos dos sujeitos da pesquisa. Participaram da pesquisa três avaliadores, para que o estudo fosse cego: o avaliador 1 foi responsável pela seleção dos modelos iniciais; o avaliador 2 fez as cópias em scanner (para criar banco de dados); e o avaliador 3 re-numerou os modelos para que fossem sobrepostos pelo avaliador 2 e na seqüência fosse analisada a coincidência de pontos, para a possível identificação. Os modelos foram digitalizados e analisados por meio do programa Photoshop 7.0.1. Os resultados, encontrados por meio de análise de concordância de pontos não coincidentes, permitiram um percentual de 100 % de acerto na identificação, sendo então possível a identificação de todos os indivíduos por meio da metodologia proposta. A amostra apresentou 85% de pessoas do fenótipo cor da pele branco, 10 % negro, 5 % amarelo, a faixa etária envolveu indivíduos entre 8 e 30 anos de idade. Os resultados encontrados suportam as seguintes conclusões: que é possível realizar a identificação humana por meio das rugas palatinas, desde que haja um banco de dados prévio; as imagens podem ser arquivadas em CD-ROM, portanto, diminuindo o espaço utilizado para armazenamento dos dados pessoais de cada indivíduo; é um método de identificação seguro, por permitir análise relacionando 5 critérios, o que excluiu as chances de erros, pois nenhum modelo foi coincidente em nenhum ponto com outro, que não com o próprio.The identification human being is something that comes being studied since century XIV and to each day it comes if perfecting more. In such a way this study a method of identification auxiliary to already the existing ones has as proposal, gotten by means of palatal rugae, that are structures located in the mucosa of the hard palate, involving papila incisive, rafe medium and palatal rugae. Having as objective to create a simpler methodology in the use of this method of identification, through the use of digitalized images and specific programs for such end. The sample was constituted by 100 models and respective handbooks. Initially they had been delimited palatal rugae, papila incisive and rafe medium with pencil 0.1 mm of thickness and graphite type HB, in the models of the citizens of the research. Three appraisers had participated of the research, so that the study he was blind: appraiser 1 was responsible for the election of the initial models; appraiser 2 made the copies in scanner (to reate data base); e appraiser 3 re-numbered the models so that they were overlapped by appraiser 2 and in the sequence the coincidence of points was analyzed, for the possible identification. The models had been digitalized and analyzed by means of the program Photoshop 7.0.1. The results, found by means of analysis of agreement of not coincident points, had allowed to a percentage of 100% of rightness in the identification, being possible the identification of all the individuals by means of the methodology proposal. The sample presented 85% of people of color of the white skin, 10% black, 5% yellow, the aged band involved individuals between 8 and 30 years of age. The joined results support the following conclusions: that she is possible to carry through the identification human being by means of palatal rugae, since that has a previous data base; the images can be filed in CD-ROM, therefore, decreased the space used for storage of the personal datas of each individual; it is a safe method of identification, for allowing to analysis relating 5 criteria, what it excluded the possibilities of errors, therefore no model was coincident in no point with another one, that not with the proper one.
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Silva, Rhonan Ferreira da. "Estudo comparativo entre os desempenhos de graduandos em Odontologia e pós-graduandos em Odontologia Legal utilizando fotografias de sorrisos para a identificação humana." [s.n.], 2011. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/290755.
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Orientador: Eduardo Daruge JúniorTese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Odontologia de Piracicaba
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Resumo: Objetivo: comparar o desempenho de graduandos em Odontologia e pósgraduandos em Odontologia Legal, no sentido de realizar a identificação humana por meio da análise de fotografias de sorriso. Material e Métodos: foram coletados dois tipos de fotografias (de sorriso e intrabucal) usando máquinas digitais, bem como dados sobre submissão ou não a tratamento ortodôntico e sobre a presença de tratamento odontológico nos dentes anteriores, por meio de um questionário, respondido por 101 acadêmicos de Odontologia da UNIP-GO, com o intuito de simular casos de identificação humana, comparando-se imagens produzidas em vida (fotografia de sorriso) e pós-morte (fotografia intrabucal). A amostra inicial foi dividida em dois grupos: I) estudantes submetidos a tratamento ortodôntico (testes A e B); e II) estudantes sem histórico de tratamento ortodôntico (testes C e D), tendo sido selecionados 20 pares de imagens de cada grupo. Em seguida, cada grupo foi novamente dividido em dois subgrupos, contendo 10 fotografias de sorriso e 10 fotografias intrabucais, que foram numeradas e montadas em quatro mostruários distintos. Para cada mostruário, foi sorteado um único número, sendo buscada a sua imagem correspondente, que foi inserida numa folha resposta. Assim, foram montados quatro testes (A, B, C e D), os quais foram aplicados a 12 graduandos em Odontologia e a 12 pós-graduandos em Odontologia Legal da FOP-UNICAMP, que analisaram a fotografia sorteada (de sorriso ou intrabucal) e a correlacionaram com uma das 10 imagens presentes no mostruário correspondente, apontando os critérios de inclusão que foram relevantes para se chegar à conclusão final. Resultados: todos os sujeitos da pesquisa, em ambos os grupos, acertaram o teste A (análise de uma fotografia de sorriso num grupo de 10 intrabucais). Os testes B (análise de uma fotografia intrabucal num grupo de 10 de sorriso) e D (análise de uma fotografia de sorriso num grupo de 10 intrabucais) tiveram 91,6% de acerto dentre os estudantes de pós-graduação; e o teste C (análise de uma fotografia intrabucal num grupo de 10 de sorriso) teve 83,3% de acerto entre os estudantes de graduação. Dentre os critérios de inclusão para se chegar ao resultado de identificação odontolegal pela análise de fotografias de sorriso, a morfologia das incisais dos dentes anteriores foi o critério mais citado tanto pelos estudantes de graduação (83,3%) como pelos estudantes de pós-graduação (72,9%), nos 48 testes realizados em cada grupo. O teste Exato de Fischer não mostrou haver associação estatisticamente significante entre as variáveis estudadas ou entre os testes aplicados. Conclusão: a grande maioria dos graduandos em Odontologia e dos pós-graduandos em Odontologia Legal mostrou-se apta a efetuar uma identificação humana por meio da análise de fotografias de sorriso, considerando a grande variedade de características odontológicas potencialmente evidenciáveis nos dentes anteriores
Abstract: Aim: to compare the performance of undergraduate students of Dentistry and postgraduate students of Forensic Odontology with the purpose of proceeding to human identification through the analysis of photographs of the smile. Material and Methods: using digital cameras, two types of photograph shots (one of the smile and the other of the oral cavity) were collected, as well as data about having or not undergone orthodontic treatment and about the presence of dental treatment in anterior teeth, through the application of a questionnaire answered by 101 students of Dentistry from UNIP-GO, in order to simulate human identification cases, by comparing the images produced in life (photograph of the smile) to the postmortem ones (intraoral photograph). The initial sample was divided into two groups: I) students who had undergone orthodontic treatment (tests A and B); and II) students with no history of orthodontic treatment (tests C and D), and 20 pairs of images from each group were selected. Then, each group was again divided into two subgroups, containing 10 photographs of the smile and 10 intraoral photographs which were numbered and mounted on four separate showcases. For each showcase, one single number was drawn, and the corresponding image was searched, which was inserted into an answer sheet. Thus, four tests were mounted (A, B, C and D) and they were applied to 12 undergraduate students of Dentistry and to 12 postgraduate students of Forensic Odontology from FOP-UNICAMP who analyzed the picture that was drawn (photograph of the smile or intraoral photograph) and correlated it with one of the 10 images present in the corresponding showcase, pointing out the inclusion criteria that were important for reaching a final conclusion. Results: all the subjects of the research, in both groups, correctly answered to test A (analysis of a photograph of the smile in a group of 10 intraoral photographs). The tests B (analysis of an intraoral photograph in a group of 10 photographs of the smile) and D (analysis of a photograph of the smile in a group of 10 intraoral photographs) had 91.6% success among postgraduate students; and test C (analysis of an intraoral photograph in a group of 10 photographs of the smile) had 83.3% success among undergraduate students. Among the inclusion criteria to achieve the result of Forensic Odontology identification through the analysis of photographs of the smile, the morphology of the incisor part of anterior teeth was the aspect most often quoted by undergraduate students (83.3%) and also by postgraduate students (72.9%), in the 48 tests applied to each group. The Fisher exact test did not show statistically significant association between the studied variables or between the tests applied. Conclusions: the vast majority of the undergraduate students of Dentistry and of the postgraduate students of Forensic Odontology have shown to be able to make a human identification through the analysis of photographs of the smile, considering the wide variety of dental characteristics potentially demonstrable in anterior teeth
Doutorado
Anatomia
Doutor em Biologia Buco-Dental
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Stefaniw-Alvarez, Michelle. "Physical characteristics of an individual the identification of biomarkers for biological age determination /." Orlando, Fla. : University of Central Florida, 2007. http://purl.fcla.edu/fcla/etd/CFE0001737.
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Góis, Carolina Costa. "\"Estudo de freqüências alélicas e 12 microssatélites do cromossomo Y na população brasileira de Araraquara e da região da grande São Paulo\"." Universidade de São Paulo, 2006. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/23/23148/tde-30102006-125620/.
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Este trabalho tem como objetivo a determinação da freqüência alélica de 12 microssatélites do cromossomo Y na população de Araraquara e da Grande São Paulo, tendo em vista a necessidade de ampliação dos dados referentes a estes marcadores devido a sua crescente aplicação em diferentes áreas, entre elas a forense na qual a utilização destes microssatélites torna-se muitas vezes a única ferramenta disponível para resolução de casos. Para isto foram tipados 200 indivíduos, que não apresentavam relação de parentesco, divididos em quatro grupos de acordo com autoclassificação de cor (branco, preto, pardo ou oriental). Foram coletadas destes indivíduos amostras de sangue ou saliva a partir das quais foi feita extração do DNA utilizando diferentes protocolos de acordo com o tipo de amostra, seguida da amplificação dos 12 locos do cromossomo Y através do PowerPlex® Y System (Promega) de acordo com instruções do fabricante. Os produtos da amplificação foram submetidos a eletroforese em gel de poliacrilamida desnaturante a 6%, no seqüenciador ABI377 (Applied Biosystems) para obtenção dos perfis de cada loco. Os quais foram analisados com a utilização do software GeneScan ver. 2.1 (Applied Biosystems). Foi realizado o cálculo das freqüências alélicas e diversidade gênica de cada loco, assim como da diversidade haplotípica e capacidade de discriminação para cada grupo e para a amostra total. A comparação entre os resultados obtidos demonstrou que a variação dentro de cada grupo é maior que a variação entre os grupos. Os resultados obtidos foram enviados ao banco de dados mundial do cromossomo Y (Y-STR Haplotype Reference Database).The aim of this study is to determine the allelic frequency of 12 microsatellites of the Y chromosome in Grande São Paulo and Araraquara population, in face of the amplification necessity of these markers data due to the increasing application of these markers on different fields, including the forensic on which the use of them is sometimes the only way to solve crime cases. For this purpose it was typed 200 unrelated individuals divided according to self report in four groups based on color skin (white, black, mulatto or yellow). Blood or buccal swab samples were collected and submitted to DNA extraction with different protocols according to the kind of sample. Subsequent amplification of 12 Y-STR was proceeded using the PowerPlex® Y System (Promega) following the manufactures protocol. The amplification products were submitted to electrophoresis in 6% polyacrilamid gel on ABI377 sequencer (Applied Biosystems) to obtain the profile of each locus. The results were analyzed with GeneScan ver. 2.1 software (Applied Biosystems). The allelic frequency and gene diversity of each locus as well as the haplotypic diversity and discrimination capacity was calculated for each group and for total sample. The comparison among the results showed that the variation inside the groups is higher than between groups. The haplotypes observed on this sample were sent to Y-STR Haplotype Reference Database.
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Sholl, Sarah A. "The investigation of the relationship of familial factors in ear prints and photographs for the purposes of human identification." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.272845.
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Silva, Marcos André Duarte da. "Estimativa da estatura final utilizando os cálculos matemáticos desenvolvidos por Carrea." Universidade de São Paulo, 2012. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/23/23153/tde-14012013-153149/.
Full textAbstract:
Algumas vezes o processo de identificação humana se depara com situações em que pouco restou do corpo humano para ser investigado, nestes casos todos os métodos identificatórios disponíveis devem ser empregados. Neste sentido, a presente pesquisa foi desenvolvida com o objetio de obter dados que facilitem o entendimento do estudo realizado por Carrea9 sobre estatura, assim como verificar a possibilidade de estimar a estatura final usando os cálculos matemáticos desenvolvidos por Carrea utilizando duas metodologias distintas. Foi realizada a mensuração da estatura em 46 brasileiros naturais da cidade de Curitiba - PR, com idade entre 22 e 37 anos divididos em três grupos: Grupo 1 formado por 24 indivíduos sem tratamento ortodôntico com os seis dentes anteriores da mandíbula em posição normal, Grupo 2A composto de 22 indivíduos com apinhamento dos dentes anteriores da mandíbula antes do tratamento ortodôntico e Grupo 2B constituído pelos mesmos 22 indivíduos do Grupo 2A, porém após o tratamento ortodôntico finalizado, e com os dentes anteriores inferiores em posição normal. A primeira metodologia avaliada, a qual foi denominada de índice de Carrea (1), utilizou as fórmulas matemáticas desenvolvidas por Carrea medindo as grandezas raio-corda e arco diretamente nos modelos ortodônticos digitalizados, já na segunda metodologia, índice de Carrea (2), foi medida a grandeza arco no modelo ortodôntico digitalizado, porém a grandeza raio-corda, foi obtida dividindo a grandeza arco por uma constante (1,0472), observada na tabela de proporção progressiva descrita por Carrea9. O índice de Carrea (2) foi aplicado em todos os indivíduos da amostra sem separá-los em grupos, uma vez que a medida raio-corda foi calculada a partir da medida arco, portanto, não importando mais a disposição dos dentes anteriores na arcada inferior. A análise descritiva da percentagem de indivíduos com altura real dentro do intervalo médio de estatura estimada aplicando-se o índice de Carrea (1), 7 apresentou se da seguinte forma: Grupo 1 - 41,7%, Grupo 2A - 72,3% e Grupo 2B - 54,5%. O estudo do tamanho do intervalo de estatura estimada mostrou o seguinte resultado: 18,9 cm para o Grupo 1, 30,6 cm para o Grupo 2A e 15,4 cm para o grupo 2B. Quando utilizado o índice de Carrea (2), verificou-se que 15,2% dos indivíduos da amostra apresentaram sua altura real dentro do intervalo de estatura estimado, 8 cm. Concluiu-se que o índice de Carrea (1) e o índice de Carrea (2), não tem aplicabilidade como método para estimar a estatura final. Não se constatou, pelo menos de maneira explícita, que o objetivo dos estudos realizados por Carrea 8,9 era o de estimar a estatura. Porém, observou-se que o mesmo teve a intenção de calcular a estatura proporcional à somatória das dimensões mésio-distais dos dentes incisivo central inferior, incisivo lateral inferior e canino inferior ipsilateral.Sometimes the process of human identification faces situations that little of the human body remains to be investigated, in these cases all identificatory methods available must be employed. The aim of this study was to obtain data to facilitate the understanding of the Carrea`s study 9 about stature as well as check the possibility of estimating final stature using the mathematical calculations developed by Carrea using two different methodologies. Stature measurement was perfomed in 46 Brazilian from Curitiba - PR aged between 22 and 37 years and divided into three groups: Group 1 consisted of 24 subjects without orthodontic treatment and with the six mandibular anterior teeth aligned, Group 2A consists of 22 subjects with crowding of the mandibular anterior teeth before orthodontic treatment and Group 2B comprised the same 22 subjects of the Group 2A, but after orthodontic treatment and with the mandibular anterior teeth aligned. The first methodology evaluated, which was called index of Carrea (1) used the mathematical formulas developed by this author in which the radius-chord and arch measurements were obtained directly from the digitalized orthodontic models. In the second method, index of Carrea (2), the arch was measured on the digitalized orthodontic models, but the radius-chord was obtained dividing the arch measurement by a numeric constant (1.0472) observed in the table of progressive proportion described by Carrea 9. Carrea index (2) was applied in all subjects of the sample without separating them in groups, since the radius-chord was calculated from the measured arch regardless of the disposition of the lowe anterior teeth. The descriptive analysis of the percentage of subjects with real stature within the range of statures estimated applying the index Carrea (1) performed as follows: Group 1 - 41.7%, Group 2A - 72.3% and Group 2B - 54.5%. The study of the size range of the statures estimated presented the following result: 18.9 cm for the Group 1, 30.6 cm for the Group 2A and 15.4 cm for the Group 2B. Using the index Carrea (2) it was found that 15.2% of the sample had their real 9 stature within the range of the statures estimated and the size of this range was 8 cm. It was concluded that the indexes of Carrea (1) and (2) have no applicability as a method to estimate the final stature. Its not confirmed at least explicitly in the studies of Carrea that was his aim to estimate the stature. It was observed that Carrea intended to calculate the final human stature proportional to the sum of mesio-distal dimensions of lower central incisor, lower lateral incisor and lower canine ipsilateral.
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Fernandes, Clemente Maia da Silva. "Análise das reconstruções faciais forenses digitais caracterizadas utilizando padrões de medidas lineares de tecidos moles da face de brasileiros e estrangeiros." Universidade de São Paulo, 2010. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/23/23148/tde-03072010-103917/.
Full textAbstract:
A preocupação com a identificação, que é o processo pelo qual se determina a identidade, é bastante antiga. Atualmente, as relações sociais ou exigências civis, penais, administrativas e comerciais necessitam de sua comprovação. A identificação de pessoas mortas é fundamental, não somente para aplacar as necessidades emocionais de seus amigos e familiares, como também para que providências legais relativas ao óbito possam ser tomadas. Infelizmente, amiúde ocorrem situações em que corpos chegam aos Institutos Médico-Legais em estado de putrefação ou esqueletização, e não são identificados. Em tais situações, análises antropométricas para estimar, por exemplo, idade, gênero e estatura, são de grande valia. Nestes casos, a reconstrução facial forense será muito importante, pois pode possibilitar o reconhecimento e, por conseguinte, aumentar consideravelmente as chances de identificação. A reconstrução facial forense tridimensional pode ser manual ou digital. A reconstrução facial forense digital tornou-se possível com o advento da Tecnologia da Informação, imaginologia médica e novos softwares de imagem 3D e de reconstrução. Para a realização da reconstrução facial, são necessários dados relativos à espessura dos tecidos moles da face. Não há na literatura registros de trabalhos de reconstrução facial digital realizados com dados de tecidos moles obtidos a partir de amostras constituídas por sujeitos brasileiros. Há duas tabelas de espessura de tecidos moles publicadas para a população brasileira: uma obtida a partir de medidas realizadas em cadáveres frescos (padrão cadáveres frescos), e outra a partir de medidas em exames de ressonância magnética (padrão ressonância magnética). O objetivo do presente trabalho foi realizar três diferentes reconstruções faciais forenses digitais caracterizadas (com cabelo, cílios e sobrancelha) de um sujeito brasileiro (realizadas a partir de um padrão internacional e dois padrões nacionais de espessura de tecidos moles da face), e avaliar as reconstruções faciais forenses digitais comparando-as com fotografias do próprio indivíduo e de outros nove sujeitos. Para isso, foram utilizadas imagens DICOM de uma Tomografia Computadorizada (TC) cedidas por um voluntário que, uma vez convertidas, foram utilizadas para a efetivação das reconstruções faciais digitais. Uma vez realizadas as três reconstruções, as mesmas foram comparadas com fotografias do voluntário que teve a sua face reconstruída e outros nove sujeitos. Trinta examinadores participaram desta tentativa de reconhecimento. O sujeito-alvo, que teve a sua face reconstruída, foi reconhecido por 26,67% dos examinadores na reconstrução realizada com o Padrão nacional de Ressonância Magnética, 23,33% na reconstrução realizada com o Padrão nacional de Cadáveres Frescos e 20,00% na reconstrução realizada com o Padrão Internacional, tendo sido o sujeito mais reconhecido nos dois primeiros padrões. Os reconhecimentos acertados do sujeito-alvo indicam que a reconstrução facial forense digital, realizada com parâmetros empregados neste trabalho, pode ser ferramenta útil para, havendo um ou vários sujeitos reconhecidos, chegar-se a uma identificação positiva.The concern with the identification, that is the process by which the identity is determined, is quite old. Currently, the social relations or civil, criminal, administrative and commercial requirements need its evidence. The identification of deceased persons is essential not only to assuage the emotional needs of their friends and family, but also to allow legal actions related to death. Unfortunately, situations often occur when bodies arrive at the Medico-Legal Institutes in a state of putrefaction or skeletonization, and are not identified. In such situations, anthropometric analysis to estimate, for example, age, gender and height, are of great value. In these cases, forensic facial reconstruction is very important because it may serve to recognize and therefore increase the chances of identification. The three-dimensional forensic facial reconstruction can be manual or digital. The digital forensic facial reconstruction was made possible with the advent of Information Technology, medical imaging and new 3D image and reconstruction softwares. To perform facial reconstruction, data on the thickness of the soft tissues of the face are necessary. There is no literature records of facial reconstruction works carried out with digital data of soft tissues obtained from samples of Brazilian subjects. There are two tables of thickness of soft tissue published for the Brazilian population: one obtained from measurements performed in fresh cadavers (fresh cadavers pattern), and another from measurements on magnetic resonance imaging (magnetic resonance pattern). The aim of this study was to perform three different characterized digital forensic facial reconstructions (with hair, eyelashes and eyebrows) of a Brazilian subject (based on an international pattern and two national patterns for soft facial tissue thickness), and evaluate the digital forensic facial reconstructions comparing them to photos of the individual and other nine subjects. We used DICOM images of a computed tomography (CT) donated by a volunteer that, once converted, were used for the realization of the digital facial reconstructions. Once we\'ve performed the three reconstructions, they were compared with photographs of the volunteer who had his face reconstructed and of nine other subjects. Thirty examiners participated in this recognition attempt. The target subject, who had his face reconstructed, was recognized by 26.67% of the examiners in the reconstruction performed with the national Magnetic Resonance Pattern, 23.33% in the reconstruction performed with the national Fresh Cadavers Pattern of and 20.00 % in the reconstruction performed with the International Pattern, and the target-subject was the most recognized subject in the first two patterns. The correct recognitions of the subject indicate that the digital forensic facial reconstruction, carried out with parameters used in this study, may be a useful tool, with one or more subjects recognized to achieve a positive identification.
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Souza, Andreia Cristina Breda de. "Analise histologica de dentes deciduos rosados apos a morte." [s.n.], 2002. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/290804.
Full textAbstract:
Orientador: Eduardo HeblingDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Odontologia de Piracicaba
Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-02T16:23:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Souza_AndreiaCristinaBredade_M.pdf: 2592570 bytes, checksum: 3e2aefee4ccf5baaad436d20f9d7fa81 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2002
Resumo: A pigmentação rosada é uma alteração cromática dos dentes, que pode estar relacionada a mortes súbitas e violentas, resultante do extravasamento sanguineo a partir da polpa dentária, com penetração da hemoglobina ou seus subprodutos no interior dos túbulos dentinários. Fatores como a umidade, temperatura e a posição em que são encontrados os corpos são considerados como coadjuvantes no desenvolvimento do fenômeno. Neste trabalho foram utilizadas duas amostras com o objetivo de analisar as fases de formação desta alteração cromática, sendo uma amostra constituída de dentes decíduos naturalmente rosados e a outra de dentes decíduos cuja pigmentação rosada foi reproduzida experimentalmente. Após a indução da pigmentação rosada, através da injeção sanguínea a partir do ápice radicular, quando da observação da modificação cromática os elementos dentários foram submetidos em diferentes dias a uma análise histológica e outra espectrofotométrica. Os resultados obtidos através das duas análises permitiram-nos concluir que a hemoglobina íntegra é a responsável pela alteração de cor, os seus subprodutos não têm papel fundamental no desenvolvimento do fenômeno e que a sua degradação não acontece de forma única e é mais lenta do que previamente se pensava
Abstract: Pink pigmentation is a chromatic change of teeth that may be related to sudden and violent deaths. It is caused by blood flow out trom dental pulp, with the penetration of hemoglobin and its sub products into dentinal tubules. Factors such as temperature and the position of the bodies are considered to help the development of such situation. This research used two samples to analyze the phases of that chromatic change. One of the samples was a group of naturally pink deciduous teeth. The other group was deciduous teeth that the pink pigmentation was reproduced experimentally. After reproduction of pink pigmentation, these teeth were histological and spectrophotometric analyzed in different days. Therefore it was concluded that the hemoglobin is responsible for color change and its degradation happens slower that was earlier thought
Mestrado
Mestre em Odontologia Legal e Deontologia
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Delwing, Fábio 1980. "Análise do dimorfismo sexual em adultos através de medidas cranianas." [s.n.], 2013. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/290748.
Full textAbstract:
Orientador: Eduardo Daruge JúniorDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Odontologia de Piracicaba
Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-24T06:12:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Delwing_Fabio_M.pdf: 1987964 bytes, checksum: 4ad3cc80c3766bfb9a12434aea4d168c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013
Resumo: A determinação sexual é fundamental para se estabelecer a identificação de pessoas através de restos ósseos, e juntamente com a estatura, a idade e a ancestralidade, fornecem os parâmetros do perfil biológico dos indivíduos. A pelve, o crânio, e os ossos longos são os locais em que os dimorfismos mais se fazem presentes. Desta maneira, a necessidade de métodos confiáveis para se distinguir homens e mulheres baseados nesses conjuntos de ossos torna-se evidente. Objetivo: O presente estudo propôs uma análise antropológica de crânios brasileiros, do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, através de mensurações de pontos craniométricos na busca de determinismo sexual e seu valor pericial como critério adicional na identificação humana. Metodologia: Foram analisados 216 crânios humanos (113 masculinos e 103 femininos), com idade superior a 22 anos à data da morte, íntegros, sem sinais de traumatismos ou anomalias notórias. Foram realizadas um total de onze medidas lineares em cada crânio e foram submetidas a tratamento estatístico para avaliação de dimorfismo sexual. Resultados: Com a exceção das medidas largura nasal e násio-bregma, todas as demais mostraram diferenças estatísticas significantes entre os sexos. Dentre elas, a que se apresentou mais dimórfica foi a distância bizigomática. Foram propostas quatro funções discriminantes neste trabalho, alcançando uma probabilidade de acerto quanto ao sexo de 90% quando foram utilizadas as seguintes medidas: nasio-espinha nasal anterior, bizigomática e násio-ponto E. Conclusão: Através das medidas testadas e das funções propostas foi possível determinar o sexo dos indivíduos com um alto grau de confiabilidade
Abstract: The discrimination of sex is central to the process of establishing a personal identification from human skeletal remains and in conjunction with stature, age and ancestry provides parameters of biological profile of the deceased. The pelvis, skull, and assorted long bones, generally provide the most accurate sex allocations. The need for reliable methods distinguishing males from females based upon these skeletal elements is evident. Objective: The present study was an anthropological analysis of brazilians skulls, in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, through measurements of craniometric points in search of sexual determinism and its value as an additional criterion in forensic human identification. Methodology: A total of 216 human skulls (113 male and 103 female), older than 22 years old at the time of death, undamaged and out of signs of trauma or noticeable abnormalities, were used in this study. A total of eleven linear variables were taken from the skulls and they were submitted to statistical tests to evaluate sexual dimorphism. Results: Except for the nasal width and nasion to bregma distance, all other measurements showed significant statistical differences between male and female. The best single parameter discrimination was the bizygomatic width. From these measures, were proposed four discriminant functions analysis. The best discrimination was achieved with the combination of three measurements: nasion to anterior nasal spine, bizygomatic width and nasion to point L, reaching an accuracy of 90% to determine sex of the sample. Conclusion: Using these measures and proposed functions was possible to determine sex of individuals with high degree of reliability
Mestrado
Odontologia Legal e Deontologia
Mestre em Biologia Buco-Dental
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Francisco, Raffaela Arrabaça. "Evolução dos casos de antropologia forense no Centro de Medicina Legal (CEMEL) da Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto - USP de 1999 a 2010." Universidade de São Paulo, 2011. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/17/17143/tde-06062012-134805/.
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A Antropologia Forense é uma área de conhecimento que aplica os métodos da antropologia física e da arqueologia para coleta e análise de evidências legais, buscando estabelecer a identidade de um ser humano. O Centro de Medicina Legal (CEMEL) da Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto da Universidade de São Paulo (FMRP/USP) possui um Laboratório de Antropologia Forense (LAF), criado em 2005, em um projeto de parceria com a University of Sheffield (UK) e financiado pelo British Foreign and Commonwealth Office Global Opportunities Fund. Durante esse projeto, foi elaborado um protocolo para análise de ossadas com uma estrutura científica atualizada, aplicável ao contexto social brasileiro. Durante esses doze anos ocorreu uma aparente modificação das características dos casos encaminhados ao LAF/CEMEL, o que levou à necessidade de uma análise detalhada e comparativa dos casos. A proposta deste trabalho foi de evidenciar a evolução histórica dos casos de análise antropológica forense no LAF/CEMEL. Na primeira etapa foram analisados os casos acumulados de 1999 a 2004, na segunda etapa foram analisados os casos de 2005 a 2010, totalizando doze anos; por fim, foi realizado o estudo de acordo com a causa jurídica da morte, comparando os casos encaminhados ao LAF/CEMEL com os casos totais de morte por causa externa para Ribeirão Preto e região. Com base nos relatórios de Antropologia Forense (REAFs), as características antropológicas predominantes das ossadas analisadas no LAF/CEMEL foram: indivíduos do sexo masculino, caucasianos, com uma faixa etária média de 37 anos (1999 a 2004) e 35 anos (2005 a 2010); uma média de estatura de 1,68 metros (1999 a 2004) e 1,70 metros (2005 a 2010); destreza manual não determinada (1999 a 2004) e destros (2005 a 2010); com elementos odontológicos informativos; com achados patológicos (1999 a 2004) e achados patológicos ausentes (2005 a 2010); sem roupas e/ou pertences (1999 a 2004) e com roupas e/ou pertences (2005 a 2010). Foi verificado que os parâmetros (oito) analisados para a identificação de um indivíduo através do exame antropológico aumentou de 65% (1999 a 2004) para 93% (2005 a 2010). Conclui-se que a atuação constante na análise antropológica de ossadas tem levado a uma melhor qualidade dos dados obtidos e maiores chances de identificação individual, cumprindo seu papel científico e social. Foi realizado um estudo para verificar a relação existente entre as mortes por causa externa (especificando homicídios) ocorridos nas últimas décadas em Ribeirão Preto e região e os casos de ossadas encaminhadas ao LAF/CEMEL. Os homicídios reduziram de 34 para 7 casos por 100 mil habitantes/ano. Contudo, o número médio de ossadas encaminhadas ao LAF/CEMEL se manteve em um mesmo padrão no decorrer desses doze anos, evidenciando que não há relação entre o número de homicídios ocorridos em Ribeirão Preto e região com o número de ossadas encaminhadas ao LAF/CEMEL com diagnóstico de morte por causa externa. Estima-se que os casos de ossadas encaminhadas ao LAF/CEMEL estejam ligados com maior probabilidade aos crimes de execução e ocultação de cadáver nos canaviais de Ribeirão Preto e região.Forensic Anthropology is an area of knowledge that applies the methods of physical anthropology and archeology for the collection and analysis of legal evidences, to establish the identity of a human being. The Legal Medicine Center (CEMEL), of the Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo (FMRP/USP) has a Laboratory of Forensic Anthropology (LAF), created in 2005 as a partnership project with the University of Sheffield (UK) and funded by the British Foreign and Commonwealth Office Global Opportunities Fund. During this project, a protocol for the analysis of bones with an updated scientific framework applicable to the Brazilian social context was designed. During these twelve years there was an apparent change in the characteristics of the cases referred to the LAF/CEMEL, which led to the need of a detailed analysis and comparative of the cases. The purpose of this study was to show the historical evolution of the forensic anthropological cases analysis in LAF/CEMEL. In a first step, we analyzed the cases accumulated from 1999 to 2004. In a second step, we analyzed cases from 2005 to 2010. Finally, the study was conducted in accordance to the legal cause of death comparing the cases referred to LAF/CEMEL with the total cases of death from external causes in Ribeirão Preto and surrounding region. Based on the reports of Forensic Anthropology (REAFs), the predominant characteristic of bones analyzed anthropologically in LAF/CEMEL were: males, Caucasians, with an average age of 37 years (1999-2004) and 35 years (2005 to 2010 ), an average height of 1.68 meters (1999 to 2004) and 1.70 meters (2005 to 2010), handedness is non-specific (1999-2004), right-handed (2005-2010), with elements of dental information, with pathological findings (1999-2004) and no pathological findings (2005-2010), with clothing and/or belongings (1999-2004) and clothing and/or belongings (2005-2010). It was found that the parameters (eigth) analysed to identifying an individual only through the anthropological examination increased from 65% (1999 to 2004) to 93% (2005 to 2010). We conclude that the constant action in the anthropological analysis of bones has improved the quality of data and increased the likelihood of identifying, fulfilling its scientific and social role. A study was conducted to investigate the relationship between deaths from external causes (homicides) in recent decades occurred in Ribeirão Preto and surrounding region and the bones referred to LAF/CEMEL. Homicides decreased from 34 to 7 cases per 100 000 inhabitants/year. However, the average number of skeletons sent to LAF/CEMEL remained in the same pattern during these twelve years,, showing that there is no relationship between the number of homicides occurred in Ribeirão Preto and surrounding region with the number of bones sent to LAF/CEMEL diagnosed with death from external causes. It is estimated that the cases referred to the LAF/CEMEL bones are most likely linked to the crimes of running and hiding a corpse in the sugar cane fields of Ribeirão Preto and surrounding region.
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Caraballo, Norma Iris. "Identification of Characteristic Volatile Organic Compounds Released during the Decomposition Process of Human Remains and Analogues." FIU Digital Commons, 2014. http://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/1391.
Full textAbstract:
The manner in which remains decompose has been and is currently being researched around the world, yet little is still known about the generated scent of death. In fact, it was not until the Casey Anthony trial that research on the odor released from decomposing remains, and the compounds that it is comprised of, was brought to light. The Anthony trial marked the first admission of human decomposition odor as forensic evidence into the court of law; however, it was not “ready for prime time” as the scientific research on the scent of death is still in its infancy.
This research employed the use of solid-phase microextraction (SPME) with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) to identify the volatile organic compounds (VOCs) released from decomposing remains and to assess the impact that different environmental conditions had on the scent of death. Using human cadaver analogues, it was discovered that the environment in which the remains were exposed to dramatically affected the odors released by either modifying the compounds that it was comprised of or by enhancing/hindering the amount that was liberated. In addition, the VOCs released during the different stages of the decomposition process for both human remains and analogues were evaluated. Statistical analysis showed correlations between the stage of decay and the VOCs generated, such that each phase of decomposition was distinguishable based upon the type and abundance of compounds that comprised the odor.
This study has provided new insight into the scent of death and the factors that can dramatically affect it, specifically, frozen, aquatic, and soil environments. Moreover, the results revealed that different stages of decomposition were distinguishable based upon the type and total mass of each compound present. Thus, based upon these findings, it is suggested that the training aids that are employed for human remains detection (HRD) canines should 1) be characteristic of remains that have undergone decomposition in different environmental settings, and 2) represent each stage of decay, to ensure that the HRD canines have been trained to the various odors that they are likely to encounter in an operational situation.
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Moretto, Maurício. "Comparação em estudo cego da aplicação de método antropométrico versus tabela de decisão LAF/CEMEL para estimativa de sexo em ossadas com perfil bioantropológico conhecido." Universidade de São Paulo, 2016. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/17/17143/tde-06062017-160210/.
Full textAbstract:
A Antropologia Forense atua em análises dos mais diversos aspectos do ser humano aplicadas no interesse da Justiça. Na prática, atua na análise de restos humanos totalmente ou parcialmente esqueletizados no contexto de uma investigação, visando auxiliar ou até mesmo fornecer a identificação de cadáveres desconhecidos. Um dos poucos centros da especialidade no Brasil, o CEMEL baseia suas análises num protocolo de tomada de decisões, chamado LAF/CEMEL, elaborado desde 2005, que vem dando bons resultados, com níveis de identificação de ossadas na faixa de 38%. O protocolo é baseado em método de tabelas de decisões, analisando aspectos da anatomia óssea que permitam a classificação em sexo, ancestralidade, idade, estatura, dominância (destro/sinistro). No que tange à definição de sexo, baseia-se em informações de detalhes anatômicos principalmente da pelve, crânio e mandíbula. Elaborado em conjunto com pesquisadores da University of Sheffield (UK), no início se baseou em comparações com populações definidas, não miscigenadas: caucasiana, africana ou indígena/oriental. Porém, devido à miscigenação intensa da população brasileira, o protocolo LAF/CEMEL teve que ser adaptado, visando a melhora dos resultados. Da mesma forma, o que se tem atualmente em questão de análises antropométricas são dados da literatura mundial, na maioria das vezes estabelecidos para populações homogêneas com ancestralidade definida. Também nesse caso, há que se levar em conta a miscigenação, e até que ponto o método é eficaz ou, em associação com o protocolo atual, poderia torná-lo mais eficaz. Neste estudo foi proposta a avaliação de eficiência e eficácia do método antropométrico do triângulo do processo mastoide (porion, asterion e mastoidale) para estimativa de sexo, como descrito nos trabalhos de Kemkes e Göbel (2006) e Paiva e Segre (2003. Foram selecionados 74 crânios de ossadas sob a guarda do CEMEL/FMRP-USP. Destes, 28 foram excluídos por impossibilidade de execução do método antropométrico. Os 46 crânios restantes foram analisados, na forma de estudo cego, por três vezes pela antropometria e os resultados comparados entre si, assim como ao método do Protocolo LAF/CEMEL baseado em tomada de decisão. Os resultados demonstraram que, além do alto número de exclusões por impossibilidade de execução e da necessidade de refinamento técnico para evitar erros intraobservador, com imprecisão de até 16,9% e inexatidão de 67,4%, as somatórias das áreas obtidas contrastaram com os valores encontrados por Paiva e Segre (2003) em 60,9% dos casos. Conclui-se que, com o passar do tempo e refinamento técnico, o método antropométrico torna-se mais eficiente no que diz respeito à diminuição de erros do observador. Por outro lado, mostra-se ineficaz em estimar o sexo dos crânios analisados em amostra heterogênea (de população miscigenada), indicando o método de tomada de decisão como mais adequado.Forensic Anthropology deals with the analysis of various aspects of the human being applied to the interests of justice. In practice, it works with skeletonized or partially skeletonized human remains in the context of an investigation, aiming to help or even provide the identification of unknown corpses. One of the few centers of expertise in Brazil, CEMEL bases its analysis on a decision-making protocol, named LAF/CEMEL, developed since 2005, which has given good results, reaching identification levels in the 38% range. The protocol is based on method of decision tables, analyzing aspects of bone anatomy to allow classification of sex, ancestry, age, height, dominance (right-handed/sinister). Regarding the estimation of sex, it is based on anatomical information especially of the pelvis, skull and jaw. Prepared in cooperation with researchers from the University of Sheffield (UK), it was based on comparisons with defined populations: Caucasian, African or Indigenous/Eastern. However, due to the intense miscegenation of the Brazilian population, the LAF/CEMEL protocol had to be adapted, aiming at the improvement of the results. However, the questions are if anthropometric analysis as presented in the literature, originated from and applied for homogeneous populations of defined ancestry could be used for Brazilian cases, considering its admixed ancestry and to what extent the method is effective or, in association with the current protocol, could make it more effective. This study was proposed to evaluate the efficiency and effectiveness of an anthropometric method of sex estimation from the mastoid process triangle (porion, asterion and mastoidale), as described by Kemkes and Göbel (2006) and Paiva and Segre (2003). Of 74 skulls selected from the CEMEL/FMRP-USP collection, 28 were excluded due to the impossibility of execution of the method. The remaining 46 skulls were measured three times and the results compared with each other, as well as with the assignments based on the classifications used in the LAF/CEMEL protocol. In addition to the number of exclusions due to impossibility of execution of the method and the need for technical refinements to avoid intra-observer errors, the imprecision reached until 16,9% and inaccuracy 67,4%. The obtained results disagreed with those obtained by Paiva and Segre (2003) in 60.9% of cases. Reduction of observer errors over time and with technical refinement led to the anthropometric method increasing in efficiency. It was not as effective in estimating the sex of the skulls in the heterogeneous admixed sample compared to the anthroposcopic methods of LAF/CEMEL, indicating that these are more useful on samples of this kind.
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Vanezis, Maria. "Forensic facial reconstruction using 3-D computer graphics : evaluation and improvement of its reliability in identification." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2008. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/375/.
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This thesis is concerned with computerised forensic 3-D facial reconstruction as a means of identification and involves the restoration of the face on the skull in an attempt to achieve a close likeness of the individual when alive. The reconstruction process begins with the biological identification of the skeletal remains, (age, sex, ancestry and build). Facial reconstruction is then carried out and essentially works by building the “face” up from the skull using soft tissue thicknesses at specific locations from existing data. However, it is used as a last resort on skeletonised, badly decomposed or mutilated corpses, when no other information is available; even then it is only accepted as corroborative evidence in court. It is performed in the hope that it may stimulate recognition, and consequently narrow the field of identification, allowing other tests to be carried out, such as radiographic and/or dental comparisons, DNA analysis or other means, to establish positive identification. The advantages of the computerised method over the manual clay reconstruction are speed, rapid editing capability, production of images that can be stored and reconstructions repeated at any time if required. Furthermore, in many cases, the original skull instead of a cast or model may be used for reconstruction because the 3-D computerised procedure is rapid and non invasive. However, the most significant advantage of this technique with regard to the aims and objectives of the thesis is that a number of alternative reconstructions may be produced sequentially for the same skull by using different facial templates from the database that meet the anthropological/biological criteria of the skull. The issues addressed by the study and therefore its main aims are: a) evaluation and b) improvement of the reliability of facial reconstruction using 3-D computer graphics. The methodology involved initially digitizing a skull using a low-power laser scanner and a video camera interfaced to a computer. From a database of previously scanned faces, ten facial templates were selected that matched the anthropological criteria of each of the skulls, i.e. age, sex, ancestry and build. Landmarks with their corresponding soft tissue thicknesses were then located and placed on the skull and the equivalent ones on the face. The 3-D computer graphics then reconstructed the face by morphing (warping) the facial template over the skull by matching the corresponding landmarks on the skull and face with the appropriate soft tissue thicknesses at those landmark locations. The soft tissue thicknesses used at their specific landmark locations also matched the anthropological criteria of the skulls, since soft tissue depths are dependent on age, sex, ancestry and build. One of the major problems with any reconstruction which affect its reliability for identification is the uncertainty of the shape of some of the individual characteristics of soft tissue structures such as shape of lips, ears and nose/nasal tip since there is not direct information on the skull regarding the shape of some of these features. In addition, with the laser scanning system, the faces within the database all have closed eyes, because of the potential laser hazard to the eyes. Thus it is necessary to add “opened” eyes, head and facial hair (where appropriate) to give a realistic appearance to the face. The software provides the facility to export a 2-D view in a TIFF or JPEG format from the 3-D reconstructed image. The file can then be imported into a police identi-kit system such as E-FIT™, which allows the addition of features. In this study five skulls of known individuals were used for reconstruction in the manner explained. Ten facial templates which fulfilled the anthropological criteria (age, sex, ancestry and build) for each skull were used for the rebuilding process, thus totalling fifty reconstructions. The study employed a psychological resemblance test (experiment 1) where 20 different assessors, were asked to select in each case study, the best three matches of the ten reconstructions with the ante-mortem photograph of the individual during life. The results from these tests were correlated with a mathematical shape analysis assessment using Procrustes Analysis in which, the skull was compared in turn with each of the ten facial templates of each case study (experiment 2).The ranking of the assessors’ reconstruction choice was correlated with the ranking of the Procrustes Analysis by using Spearman’s Rank Order Correlation. The results indicate that although not statistically significant, it would seem however, that in some of the case studies, the mathematical approach using Procrustes Analysis does seems to capture some perceptual similarity in human observers. Experiment 3, similar to experiment 1, was a further psychological resemblance test, which involved implementing E-Fit features on four of the ten reconstructed images per case study. Assessors were asked to select the closest E-Fit image match with the ante-mortem photograph. Again, results indicated that, although not statistically significant, adding E-Fit feature to the images appears to improve perceptual similarity in human observers, provided, the limitations of adding these characteristics are addressed. Furthermore, there also appears to be good agreement in most of the case studies between the two psychological resemblance tests using the two different sets of assessors in experiment 1 and 3 (reconstruction choice and E-Fit choice, respectively). Further work involving anthropometric comparisons and using two methods of assessment (landmark line matching between images and proportion indices) was also carried out (experiment 4). It was found that matching landmark lines between images appeared to be only of limited value due to the images not being aligned at exactly the same viewpoint and magnification. It should be appreciated that because the thesis was based on recognition and was not an anthropometric study, precise alignment of viewpoints was not a requirement. Hence using the same data from the study, although images were in the frontal view, they were not aligned to the accuracy acceptable for an anthropometric study as there was no requirement to so. It would appear that, although there was some correspondence between the discrepant distances and the first and second ranked reconstructions, no firm conclusions could be drawn from this technique and therefore does not assist in understanding the way observers made their choices. Further tests would need to be carried out (beyond the scope of the thesis) to reach any firm conclusions. Undoubtedly, given the complex nature of the recognition process, it would have been desirable to use reconstructions of persons known to the assessors rather than asking them to assess unfamiliar persons, since it is well established that familiar faces are easier to recognize than those that are unfamiliar to observers. It should be appreciated however, that, although the study was designed in this way for practical and ethical reasons, it nevertheless does not truly reflect the real operational forensic scenario. Furthermore, recognition/matching is a much more complex process and even a reconstructed face which may be generally morphologically similar to the person in life may not capture perceptual similarity in human observers, especially in an unfamiliar scenario. It is not certain that identification will always occur even when the facial reconstruction bears good resemblance to the target individual.
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Paneto, Greiciane Gaburro [UNESP]. "Utlização do DNA mitocondrial no contexto forense brasileiro." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/87819.
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A identificação humana através da análise de DNA utiliza o perfil genético de um indivíduo baseado na combinação de diversos marcadores que são herdados de seus progenitores. Esses marcadores são geralmente diferenças nas seqüências de DNA nuclear entre os indivíduos (polimorfismos). Em alguns casos, entretanto, a análise do DNA nuclear não pode ser aplicada. Isso ocorre quando o DNA da amostra apresenta-se degradado ou em casos onde o material biológico não apresenta o DNA nuclear. Nestes casos, a análise do DNA mitocondrial (DNA mt) é o método de escolha. Entretanto, em um mesmo indivíduo podem existir populações de DNA mt diferentes, fenômeno denominado heteroplasmia. Este trabalho teve como objetivo o estudo da freqüência de heteroplasmia no DNA mt extraído de amostras de cabelo, quando comparado ao DNA mt contido no sangue dos mesmos indivíduos; análise da terceira região hipervariável (HV3) do DNA mt em amostras de sangue para estudo do seu poder discriminatório em nossa população; e aplicação da técnica de análise do DNA mt em vestígios biológicos. Para isso foram seqüenciadas as regiões hipervariáveis HV1 e HV2 em amostras de cabelo e sangue de 100 indivíduos, além do sequenciamento da região hipervariável HV3 em amostras de 150 indivíduos, todos residentes na Grande São Paulo. Uma freqüência de 10,5% de heteroplasmia foi encontrada em amostras de cabelo, e uma diversidade haplotípica de 0,8233 e probabilidade de semelhança de 0,1822 na região HV3 do DNA mt em amostras de sangue. Os resultados obtidos estão de acordo com os resultados relatados em outras populações e permitem sua aplicação no contexto forense brasileiro.
The human identification by DNA analysis uses the genetic profile of an individual based on the combination of diverse markers that are inherited of its ancestors. These markers are generally differences in sequences of nuclear DNA between individuals (polymorphisms). In some cases, however, the analysis of the nuclear DNA cannot be applied. It occurs when the DNA sample is degraded or in cases which the biological material does not content nuclear DNA. In these cases, the mitocondrial DNA (mtDNA) analysis is the choice method. However, inside one individual can exist different mtDNA populations, phenomenon called heteroplasmy. The objective of this work was to study the frequency of heteroplasmy in extracted mtDNA from hair, when compared with mtDNA contained in the blood of the same individuals; and to analysis the third hypervariable region (HV3) of mtDNA in blood samples to study its discriminatory power in our population. For it, hypervariable regions HV1 and HV2 in hair and blood samples from 100 individuals had been sequenced, beyond the sequencing of hypervariable region HV3 in 150 individuals samples, inhabitants of Grande São Paulo. A heteroplasmic frequency of 10.5% was found in hair samples, and a haplotype diversity of 0.8233 and a random match probability of 0.1822 were found in the HV3 region of mtDNA in blood samples. These results are in agreeing with those obtained from other populations and allow its application in the Brazilian forensic context.
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Soares, Andjara Thiane Cury. "Perfil antropológico das ossadas analisadas no Centro de Medicina Legal (CEMEL) da Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto - USP." Universidade de São Paulo, 2008. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/17/17143/tde-13012009-172238/.
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SOARES, A.T.C. Perfil antropológico das ossadas analisadas no Centro de Medicina Legal (CEMEL) da Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto USP. 2007. 169 p. Dissertação (Mestrado) Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Ribeirão Preto, 2007. A Antropologia Forense é uma área do conhecimento que aplica os métodos da antropologia física e arqueologia para coleta e análise de evidências legais, buscando estabelecer a identidade de um ser. O Centro de Medicina Legal (CEMEL) da Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto da Universidade de São Paulo (FMRP-USP) possui um Laboratório de Antropologia Forense, criado em 2005 durante o desenvolvimento de um projeto em parceria com a University of Sheffield (UK) e financiado pelo British Foreign and Commonwealth Office Global Opportunities Fund. Durante esse projeto, um protocolo para análise de ossadas foi implementado dentro de uma estrutura científica atualizada para aplicação em contextos de importância social. Após dois anos de funcionamento, constatou-se que muitas das ossadas encaminhadas ao CEMEL estavam incompletas, tornando a realização de um perfil biológico difícil e postergando a sua identificação devido à ausência de informações e literatura nacional recente sobre Antropologia Forense. Assim, 42 ossadas humanas examinadas no CEMEL desde sua inauguração em 1999 foram analisadas e revisadas. Os resultados mostraram que a maioria dos casos era de indivíduos do sexo masculino, de ancestralidade caucasiana, com idade entre 32,71 e 46,29 anos, estatura entre 1,64 e 1,73m, destros, sem achados patológicos, com elementos odontológicos informativos, mas sem roupas ou outros pertences. Observou-se que 61,90% das ossadas possuíam menos de 50% dos ossos, com média de 79,64±52,40 ossos por caso. Os ossos mais encaminhados foram occipital, parietal esquerdo, temporal esquerdo, parietal direito, temporal direito, fêmur direito e vértebras torácicas de um a 12. Os ossos menos encaminhados foram hióide, piramidal esquerdo, falange distal superior um direita, falanges distais superiores dois a cinco direitas e falanges médias superiores dois a cinco esquerdas. Os dentes mais encaminhados foram o 2º molar superior direito e o 1º molar superior direito, enquanto que os dentes menos encaminhados foram o incisivo central superior direito, os incisivos centrais inferiores direito e esquerdo. Roupas e outros pertences estavam presentes em 20 casos, totalizando 66 itens. Trinta e um casos têm potencial para identificação somente através de técnicas de Antropologia Forense. Para os demais 11 casos provavelmente será necessário utilizar DNA para identificação. Diante dos resultados observados, discute-se a necessidade de melhorias na capacitação técnica e infra-estrutura, assim como a forma de coleta e o transporte, de forma a aumentar o número de elementos ósseos coletados e, conseqüentemente, de informações úteis para identificação. Dois crânios apresentaram evidência de craniotomia realizada durante necropsia e um apresentou resíduos de vela, o que sugere que podem ter sido retirados indevidamente do local de sepultamento, ou até mesmo vendidos, além da sua utilização em rituais religiosos. Conclui-se que campanhas de conscientização e melhorias na fiscalização dos cemitérios podem reduzir os casos de roubos e comércio de elementos ósseos.SOARES, A.T.C. Anthropological profile of the skeletons analyzed at the Medico Legal Centre (CEMEL) of the Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto USP. 2007. 169 p. Dissertation (Masters Degree) Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, Ribeirão Preto, 2007. Forensic Anthropology is an area of knowledge that applies the methods of physical anthropology and archeology to the collection and analysis of legal evidence, including the search for individual identity. The Medico Legal Centre (CEMEL) of the Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto of University of São Paulo (FMRP-USP) has a Laboratory of Forensic Anthropology, created in 2005 during a development project in partnership with the University of Sheffield (UK) and financed by the British Foreign and Commonwealth Office Global Opportunities Fund. During this project, a protocol for skeletal analysis was implemented within an upgraded scientific infrastructure for application in a socially important context. After two years of work, it was noticed that many skeletons forwarded to CEMEL were incomplete, making completion of a biological profile difficult and postponing identification due to the lack of information and recent national literature about Forensic Anthropology. Therefore, 42 human skeletons examined at CEMEL since its inauguration in 1999 were analyzed and reviewed. The results showed most cases to be of male individuals, of Caucasian ethnic origin, aged between 32.71 and 46.29 y.o., of height between 1.64 and 1.73 m, right handed, without any pathological findings, with informative odontological findings, but with no clothes or other belongings. It was observed that 61.90% of the skeletons were less than 50% complete, with a mean of 79.64±52.40 bones per case. The most frequently found bones were the occipital, left parietal, left temporal, right parietal, right temporal, right femur and one to 12 thoracic vertebrae. The least frequent bones were the hyoid, left triquetral, 1st right superior distal phalanx, two to five right superior distal phalanges and two to five left superior intermediate phalanges. The most frequently found teeth were the right superior 2nd molar and right superior 1st molar, while the least frequent teeth were the right superior central incisor, and right and left inferior central incisors. Clothes or other belongings were present in 20 cases, totaling 66 items. Thirty one cases have potential to be identified only via forensic anthropological analysis. For the remaining 11 cases it will be probably necessary to use DNA for identification. In view of these observations the necessity for improvements in technical qualifications and infrastructure are discussed, as well as recovery and transport, in order to maximize the number of skeletal elements recovered andas a consequenceof information useful in identification. Two skulls presented evidence of a craniotomy conducted during autopsy and one of candle residue, suggesting that it may have been taken improperly from the place of burial, or even sold, for its use in religious rituals. It is concluded that public awareness campaigns and better inspection of cemeteries may reduce cases of robbery and trade in skeletal remains.
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Silva, Ricarda Duarte da. "Fluorescência dental: possível aplicação forense." Universidade de São Paulo, 2012. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/23/23153/tde-14012013-154740/.
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Nos casos de identificação de ossadas, segmentos do esqueleto ou ossos isolados, buscar o diagnóstico dos dados biotipológicos, como a idade do indivíduo, proporciona a possibilidade de estabelecer uma conexão com suspeitos desaparecidos. Em dentes naturais a fluorescência ocorre em dentina e também em esmalte, embora este apresente menor índice de fluorescência. É sabido que o esmalte, a dentina e polpa sofrem mudanças notáveis durante a vida do indivíduo. O esmalte torna-se mais mineralizado, liso e fino, sofre desgaste fisiológico e patológico o que pode causar áreas de exposição da dentina que altera a expressão cromática do dente natural. A polpa diminui em volume devido à deposição de dentina secundária, assim a dentina torna-se espessa com o tempo. Sendo o esmalte e a dentina responsáveis pelo fenômeno de fluorescência dental e estes elementos dentários sofrem alteração significativa durante a vida, sugere-se avaliar tal fenômeno sob a luz da odontologia legal com vista a desenvolver um método para se estimar a idade de um indivíduo. O presente estudo tem por propósito verificar a existência de correlação entre idade e alteração da fluorescência em dentes in vivo. A amostra foi constituída por 66 brasileiros, de ambos os gêneros, selecionados aleatoriamente. Os sujeitos de pesquisa se encontravam com idades entre 07 e 63 anos e foram divididos em 6 grupos: Grupo 1 07 a 12 anos; Grupo 2 - 13 a 20 anos; Grupo 3 21 a 30 anos; Grupo 4 31 a 40 anos; Grupo 5 41 a 50 anos e Grupo 6 51 a 63 anos. Foram incluídos na amostra os incisivos centrais superiores direito ou esquerdo livres de restaurações ou qualquer outro procedimento reabilitador ou estético nas regiões onde foi mensurada a fluorescência. Foi confeccionado um sistema de captura de imagem. A mensuração da fluorescência do dente foi realizada através da análise computacional das imagens digitais com o auxílio do software ScanWhite DMC / Darwin Systems - Brasil. A fluorescência dental decresce quando comparamos os grupos de faixa etária 21 a 30, 31 a 40, 41 a 50 e 51 a 63 anos, havendo diferença estatisticamente 8 significativa entre os grupos 41 a 50 anos e 21 a 30 anos (p=0,005) e também entre o grupo 51 a 63 anos e os demais grupos (p<0,05)). Pode-se concluir que a fluorescência dental está correlacionada com a idade e apresenta um comportamento semelhante e estável dos 7 aos 20 anos de idade, atinge seu valor máximo esperado na idade de 26,5 anos e a partir de então decresce. Através da análise do conjunto das variáveis estudas sugere-se tabela para auxiliar na identificação humana (Apêndice B).In cases of identification of bones, some segments of the skeleton or isolated bones fetch the diagnostic data Biotype as an estimated age of the individual providing the possibility of establishing a connection to suspects disappeared. The fluorescence in natural teeth occurs in dentin and enamel as well, although this presents a lower rate of fluorescence. It is known that the enamel, dentin and pulp undergo remarkable changes during the life of the individual. The enamel becomes more mineralized, smooth and thin, wears physiological and pathological which can cause areas of dentine exposure that alters the expression of the natural tooth color. The pulp volume decreases due to deposition of secondary dentin as the dentin becomes thicker with time. Therefore, if the enamel and dentin are responsible for the phenomenon of fluorescence dental and these dental elements suffer significant changes during life, now the phenomenon of fluorescence is investigated appropriately can provide us a method to estimate the age of an individual. The purpose of this study was to verify the correlation between age and change in dental fluorescence in vivo. The sample consists of 66 Brazilians, both gender, randomly selected. Research subjects should be aged between 13 and 63 years and will be divided into five groups: Group 1 - ages 07 - 12 years, Group 2 - ages 13-20 years, Group 3 - ages 21-30 years, Group 4 - ages 31 to 40 years and Group 5 - aged 41- 50 years and Group 6: aged 51-63 years. The upper central incisors right or left will be examined and shall be free of restorations or other rehabilitative or cosmetic procedure, which includes whitening teeth, cheeks where it will be measured fluorescence. Were included in the sample the upper central incisors right or left free of any restoration or rehabilitation or aesthetic procedure in the regions where the fluorescence was measured. A system of image capture was fabricated. The measurement of the fluorescence of the tooth was performed by computer analysis of digital images with the help of software ScanWhite DMC / Darwin Systems - Brazil. 10 The fluorescence decreases when comparing dental age groups 21-30,31-40,41-50 and 51-63 years, statistically significant difference between the groups 41-50 years and 21-30 years (p=0.005) and also between the group 51-63 years and the other groups (p<0.05). It can be concluded that the dental fluorescence correlates with the age and has a similar and stable behavior at the 7 to 20 years of age, reaches its maximum expected value of 26.5 years of age and thereafter decreases. Through the analysis of all variables studied suggest table to assist in human identification (Appendix B).
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Oliveira, Rogerio Nogueira de. "Frequencia alelica dos locus DYS390, DYS391 e DYS393 em individuos brasileiros e sua aplicação a identificação humana." [s.n.], 2001. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/289214.
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Orientador: Heloisa Amelia de Lima CastroTese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Odontologia de Piracicaba
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Resumo: A identificação humana pode ser realizada por meio dos mais variados procedimentos técnicos, principalmente pela análise comparativa dos documentos do prontuário odontológico. Atualmente, as técnicas de biologia molecular têm se apresentado como o recurso comparativo mais eficaz, contudo parcela significativa desses métodos requer, além do estabelecimento prévio de parâmetros de coleta de material biológico, a verificação da freqüência alélica da população na qual será aplicada. Assim, o presente estudo procurou evidenciar a freqüência dos alelos em 3 lócus de STR do cromossomo Y (DYS390, DYS391 e DYS393) numa população de indivíduos brasileiros leucodérmicos. Para tanto, foram padronizados protocolos de coleta e armazenamento de diferentes materiais biológicos, e estabelecidas rotinas de extração e amplificação do DNA. Os resultados apresentaram o lócus DYS390 com freqüência nos alei os 21, 22, 23, 24, 25 e 26, sendo o alelo 24 o que apresentou maior freqüência desse lócus, com 46%; o STR DYS391 com presença nos alelos 8,9, 10, 11 12 e 13, tendo o alelo 11 incidência de 37% desse STR; e o STR DYS393 nos alelos 11, 12, 13 14 e 15, tendo o alelo 13 apresentado freqüência de 45% desse lócus. Esses dados, comparados àqueles de outras populações, demonstraram haver individualidade no perfil alélico da população estudada, comprovando que, mais do que aplicar as metodologias disponíveis, é prudente que se verifiquem os padrões dos alelos na população alvo, pois a utilização de padrões alélicos de populações diversas da nossa pode levar a imprecisões nos diagnósticos de identificação humana
Abstract: Human identification can be accomplished by several technical procedures, especially by the comparative analysis of dental documents. Nowadays, molecular biology introduced more effective resources for the human identification. However, these methods demand the previous definition of parameters to the collection of biological material, and the verification of the allele frequency of the population in which they will be applied. Aiming to subsidize these methods, we observed the frequency of the alleles in three loci of STRs of the Y chromosome (DYS390, DYS391 and DYS393) in a group of Brazilian white subjects. We also standardized protocols for the collection and storage of different biological materiais, besides defining routines for the extraction and amplification of the DNA. Results presented alleles 21, 22, 23, 24, 25 and 26 in the locus DYS390, being the allele 24 the most frequent with 46%. STR DYS391 presented alleles 8, 9, 10, 11 12 and 13, and the allele 11, with 37%, was the most frequent. STR DYS393 presented alleles 11, 12, 1314 and 15, and the allele 13, with 45%, was the mostfrequent. The comparative analysis of these data, with information related to other populations, stresses the singularity of the allele profile of the studied population. Therefore, prior to the introduction of recent methods of molecular biology to the human identification, we should carefully verify allele patterns of the population, because the use of allele standards of other populations could produce imprecision in human identification processes
Doutorado
Doutor em Odontologia Legal e Deontologia
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Saraiva, Sara Andreia Estima. "Identificação humana através da resistência dentária e materiais restauradores." Master's thesis, [s.n.], 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10284/4585.
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Projeto de Pós-Graduação/Dissertação apresentado à Universidade Fernando Pessoa como parte dos requisitos para obtenção do grau de Mestre em Medicina DentáriaA Medicina Dentária Forense é uma das áreas que mais tem contribuído para a identificação humana seja em que situação for, devido ao fato das peças dentárias resistirem a grandes intemperes permanecendo quase intactas. Foi objetivo deste trabalho avaliar as estruturas dentárias e observar as várias alterações quando sujeitas a diferentes temperaturas e ácidos. Foi realizado uma pesquisa bibliográfica preliminar com o objetivo de identificar o panorama geral sobre o tema de pesquisa. Para esse efeito, foram referenciados diversas fontes tais como artigos e livros. Com a realização desta dissertação conclui-se que o conhecimento das alterações das peças dentárias e dos materiais restauradores quando submetidos a diferentes factores por parte de um especialista, é de extrema importância para a identificação humana. Forensic dentistry is one of the areas which has contributed the most for human identification because teeth can resist to various adversities, remaining almost intact. The goal of this project was to evaluate dental structures and observe any alterations they may suffer when subjected to different temperatures and acids are applied to them. A preliminar bibliographic research was conducted so that identification of the general panorama on the subject could be done. To this end, various sources like books and articles have been referenced. With this study, is concluded that the knowledge about the changes of the teeth and restorative materials when subjected to different factors have a extremely importance to identify a person.
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Remualdo, Vanessa Rosalia. ""Avaliação de três métodos de extração de DNA de dentes humanos submetidos ao calor"." Universidade de São Paulo, 2004. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/23/23142/tde-21062005-073816/.
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Nos casos de carbonização humana usualmente há uma limitação do emprego dos remanescentes biológicos para estudo. Nestes casos, têm-se usado por eleição dentes para análises forenses, já que sua constituição anatômica proporciona proteção ao material genético. No presente estudo avaliou-se a amplificação por PCR do DNA obtido de dentes submetidos ao calor (200°C, 400°C, 500°C e 600°C) durante 60 minutos testando-se três métodos de extração (orgânico, acetato de amônia/isopropanol e sílica). Foram utilizados 8 pares de dentes de indivíduos diferentes, sendo que um foi mantido in natura (gold standart) e o outro submetido à queima. Para amplificação do DNA empregaram-se iniciadores de DNA genômico (STR-F13A01) e DNA mitocondrial (MPSs). Para o DNA genômico, a análise em gel de poliacrilamida permitiu verificar que com o método orgânico 50% das amostras foram amplificadas, 38% com o acetato de amônia/isopropanol, e 0% com a sílica. Para os MPSs, o seqüenciamento das amostras mostrou que o método orgânico confirmou 100% dos resultados em 200ºC, 50% em 400ºC e 0% em 500ºC e 600ºC. Para o método acetato de amônia/isopropanol em 100% das temperaturas foi possível a análise do mtDNA. Para o método da sílica, obtivemos resultados de 50% em 400°C e 500°C, e 0% em 200°C e 600°C. Nossos resultados permitem concluir que o método acetato de 8 amônia/isopropanol é o mais indicado para obtenção de DNA amplificável por PCR de amostras carbonizadas nas temperaturas utilizadas neste trabalho.Biological remains of carbonized human bodies are usually not possible to use in forensic analysis. In these cases, teeth are usually selected since enamel, dentin and cement provides protection to the genetic material. The present study evaluates DNA extracted using three methods (organic, isopropilic alcohol and silica) of teeth submitted to different temperatures (200°C, 400°C, 500°C and 600°C). The method of evaluation was amplification by PCR. Two third molars of eight different individuals were used; one was kept in natura (gold standart) and the other submitted to burning. For amplification primers for genomic (STR-F13A01) and mitochondrial (MPSs) DNA were used. For genomic DNA, polyacrylamide gel analysis showed that 50% of the samples extracted with organic method were amplified, 38% with isopropilic alcohol, and 0% with the silica method. For mitochondrial DNA, amplicons sequencing showed that 100% of the samples extracted with isopropilic alcohol method were confirmed in all temperatures; 100% with the organic method in 200°C, 50% in 400°C, and 0% in 500°C and 600°C. For silica method, 50% in 400°C and 500°C and 0% in 200°C and 600°C. Our results show that the isopropilic alcohol method is the best method to extract DNA from burned teeth of all used temperatures.
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Marques, Jeidson Antonio Morais. ""Metodologias de identificação de marcas de mordidas"." Universidade de São Paulo, 2004. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/23/23142/tde-30082004-141220/.
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RESUMO As marcas de mordidas têm sido relatadas na literatura como elementos periciais fundamentais para a identificação de agressores, vítimas e criminosos. Assim, o papel da Odontologia Legal é cada vez mais importante. O objetivo do presente estudo foi comparar quatro metodologias de levantamento e identificação de marcas de mordidas, além do aprimoramento e aperfeiçoamento das técnicas existentes, analisando as vantagens e desvantagens de cada metodologia aplicada e adequando-as ao tipo de suporte em que a mordida ficou impressa. A amostra foi composta por 50 (cinqüenta) modelos de gesso de alunos da Faculdade de Odontologia da Universidade de São Paulo mediante consentimento livre e esclarecido. Foram utilizadas quatro gomas de mascar, maçãs e barras de chocolate. Através de sorteio, os alimentos foram mordidos pelos participantes sem conhecimento do pesquisador. A avaliação foi feita por meio da comparação entre as metodologias para estudo de marcas de mordidas humanas. Os resultados mostraram que a técnica mais segura e indicada para esse estudo foi a Análise Métrica. De doze alimentos mordidos, foi possível identificar os autores de dez. Em dois casos não foi possível indicar os principais suspeitos, mas excluir quarenta e cinco em um dos casos, e quarenta e seis no outro. De acordo com os dados obtidos, foram elaboradas propostas de protocolos para a análise de impressões dentárias nos três tipos de suportes. Ficou comprovado que a análise de impressões dentárias em alimentos pode ser utilizada como uma prova pericial a mais, facultando a sua incorporação ao conjunto probatório da investigação criminal, com a possibilidade de conferir um grande poder incriminatório ou excludenteABSTRACT The bite marks has been described in scientific literature like a fundamentals elements of burglars and victims identification. The Forensic Odontology has shown each more contributions in this area of investigation. The aim of this study was to compare four analysis methodologies of bite marks, moreover improvement of the actual techniques, observing advantages, disadvantages and adapting to each kind of support. The sample was composed by fifty stone models of odontology students from Dental Faculty of University of São Paulo. It was used three kinds of food: four apples, chewing gums and chocolate bars. The foods were bitten for volunteers randomly choose without knows of the scientist. The valuation was made through the comparison of methodologies to collect and study of human dental impressions. The results showed that the more secure and indicated technique for these foods was Metric Analysis. From twelve foodstuffs, it was possible to identify ten of then. Two cases it wasnt possible indicate the main suspects, but exclude fourty-five in one of the cases and fourty-six in the other. Based on the results, it was proposed a protocol to bite marks analysis for the three foodstuffs. It was proved that the study of bite marks in foods can be used like more one investigation proof, faculting your incorporation in the probatory amount of a criminal investigation, with the possibility of confer a significant incriminatory or excludent power.
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Silva, Ricardo Henrique Alves da. "Estudo de freqüência alélica de cinco loci STR do cromossomo X na população do Estado de São Paulo e sua contribuição na identificação humana." Universidade de São Paulo, 2007. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/23/23148/tde-13082007-153044/.
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A identificação forense através da análise de ácidos nucléicos é realizada, freqüentemente, pelo estudo de regiões polimórficas do DNA, tais como os STRs, regiões que apresentam repetições consecutivas curtas. Para a utilização destes marcadores na identificação humana é necessário conhecer a distribuição de seus alelos na população a qual o indivíduo pertence, visto que essa varia entre diferentes populações. Desta forma, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo determinar a freqüência alélica de cinco STRs do cromossomo X (DXS6854, DXS7424, DXS101, DXS6808 e DXS7132), a fim de avaliar a contribuição destes marcadores, através de cálculos estatísticos, na prática forense e em testes de paternidade. Foram coletadas amostras de esfregaço bucal, através de swab bucal, sendo depositado em cartão de coleta, e/ou sangue, através de punção digital depositada em cartão de coleta, em 243 sujeitos da pesquisa, sendo estes indivíduos não aparentados, residentes no Estado de São Paulo. A extração do DNA foi realizada a partir do Kit DNA IQ® (Promega), de acordo com as normas do fabricante e, na reação de PCR, utilizou-se um multiplex desenvolvido pela empresa BIOCOD (Belo Horizonte, MG), sendo a tipagem dos loci obtida através de corrida eletroforética, em gel de poliacrilamida desnaturante, no seqüenciador automático AlfExpress® (Amersham Biosciences). Os resultados foram analisados através dos programas PowerStats ver. 12 (Promega®) e Arlequin ver. 3.1. Como resultados principais foram observados: a grande variabilidade de alelos presentes na população estudada para os STRs selecionados; que o Poder de Discriminação em mulheres variou de 0,658 (DXS6808) a 0,975 (DXS101), assim como em homens entre 0,451 (DXS6808) e 0,881 (DXS101); as chances de exclusão foram calculadas em duas situações, par pai/filha (MECD) e trio pai/mãe/filha (MECT), sendo os melhores resultados apresentados pelo DXS101; além de verificar que a diversidade haplotípica (nas amostras masculinas) foi de 0,9993, indicando uma Probabilidade de Coincidência menor que 0,0007. Sendo assim, é possível concluir que, com exceção do DXS6808, os demais loci STR permitem uma boa aplicação na prática forense, permitindo sua utilização para cálculo estatístico em análises de identificação humana e testes de parentesco.The forensic identification through DNA analysis is, frequently, done by the study of DNA?s polymorphic regions, such as STR, short tandem repeats. In order to use these markers in human identification, it?s necessary to know the allelic distribution in the population in wich the person belongs. This research aimed to settle the allelic frequencies of five X-chromosome?s STR (DXS6854, DXS7424, DXS101, DXS6808 e DXS7132) and analysis the contribution of these markers, through statistical parameters, in forensic activities and paternity tests. For this, samples of oral rub were collected by oral swab, being deposited on collect card, and/or blood by digital punction, deposited on collect card, with 243 research subject, being not related, living at Sao Paulo State, Brazil. The DNA extraction was performed using Kit DNA IQ® (Promega), according to manufacturer rules and, at PCR, was used a multiplex developed by BIOCOD (Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais State), being the loci typifying obtained by eletrophoretical procedure, on polyacrilamid gel, using AlfExpress® (Amersham Biosciences). The results were statistically analyzed by PowerStats ver. 12 (Promega®) and Arlequin ver. 3.1 programs. The principal results showed: the great allele variability in this population sample to the selected STRs; that Power of Discrimination in women varied from 0.658 (DXS6808) to 0.975 (DXS101), as well as in men between 0.451 (DXS6808) and 0.881 (DXS101); the mean exclusion chance were calculated at two conditions, pair father/daughter (MECD) and trios involving daughters (MECT), being the best results performed by DXS101; and verify that haplotipical diversity (in men samples) was 0.9993, showing a Chance of Coincidence under 0.0007. In this way, it?s possible to conclude that, with exception of DXS6808, the other STRs loci studied can be used at forensic practice, using for statistical math in human identification and kinship testing.
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Miranda, Geraldo Elias. "Avaliação da acurácia e da semelhança da reconstrução facial forense computadorizada tridimensional e variação facial fotoantropométrica intraindivíduo." Universidade de São Paulo, 2018. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/23/23153/tde-05112018-125105/.
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Esta tese é composta por três capítulos. O primeiro teve o objetivo de avaliar a acurácia e a semelhança da reconstrução facial forense computadorizada (RFFC) tridimensional realizada com softwares livres. As RFFC foram realizadas no programa Blender® a partir de tomografias do crânio, utilizando templates do MakeHuman®. A avaliação da acurácia foi feita no CloudCompare® que comparou a RFFC com a pele na tomografia, enquanto a avaliação da semelhança foi realizada no Picasa® utilizando fotografias dos participantes. Os resultados mostraram que do total de pontos que formam cada reconstrução, 63.20% a 73.67% apresentaram uma distância de -2,5 <= x <= 2,5mm entre a RFFC e a superfície da pele, enquanto a distância média variou entre -1,66 a 0,33mm. Duas das quatro reconstruções foram reconhecidas objetivamente pelo Picasa®. As RFFC realizadas utilizando esses softwares apresentam plausíveis níveis de acurácia e semelhança, portanto indicam valor para uso no campo forense. Os outros dois capítulos tiveram como objetivo avaliar a estabilidade métrica facial do mesmo indivíduo por meio da análise de fotografias tomadas em um intervalo de tempo de cinco anos. Trata-se de um estudo longitudinal realizado com fotografias frontais padronizadas de 666 indivíduos adultos divididos por faixa etária e sexo. Com o programa SAFF 2D foram marcados 32 pontos, cujas coordenadas foram utilizadas para calcular 40 medidas, sendo 20 horizontais e 20 verticais. Cada uma dessas medidas foi dividida pelo diâmetro da íris e assim foram obtidas razões iridianas. Os resultados mostraram que a maioria das razões não sofreu variação estatisticamente significante. As razões que tiveram maior variação foram aquelas da região do nariz e da boca. Quando se compara as faixas etárias entre si observa-se que a grande maioria das razões é diferente, mostrando a influência da idade nas dimensões faciais. Quando se compara a estabilidade dentro mesmo sexo observa-se que houve razões que diminuíram e outras aumentaram tanto no sexo feminino quanto no sexo masculino, enquanto outras variaram apenas em um dos sexos. Quando se compara a variação entre os sexos observa-se que a maioria das razões é diferente, mostrando o dimorfismo sexual das medidas faciais. A face passa por alterações métricas ao longo da vida em todas as faixas etárias, principalmente na região do nariz e boca, com maiores diferenças após os 60 anos. Além disso, algumas medidas faciais são mais influenciadas pelo sexo do que outras. Entretanto, a maioria das medidas levantadas se mantem relativamente estáveis dentro de um período de 5 anos tanto em relação ao sexo quanto a idade.This thesis contains three chapters. The aim of the first chapter was to evaluate the accuracy and recognition level of three-dimensional (3D) computerized forensic craniofacial reconstruction (CCFR) performed in a blind test on open-source software using computed tomography data from live subjects. The CCFRs were completed using Blender® with 3D models obtained from the computed tomography data and templates from the MakeHuman® program. The evaluation of accuracy was carried out in CloudCompare®, by geometric comparison of the CCFR to the subject 3D face model (obtained from the CT data). A recognition level was performed using the Picasa® with a frontal standardized photography. The results were presented from all the points that form the CCFR model, with an average for each comparison between 63.20% and 73.67% with a distance -2.5 <= x <= 2.5 mm from the skin surface and the average distances were 1.66 to 0.33 mm. Two of the four CCFRs were correctly matched by the Picasa® tool. Free software programs are capable of producing 3D CCFRs with plausible levels of accuracy and recognition and therefore indicate their value for use in forensic applications. The other two chapters study the facial comparison and aimed to evaluate the facial metrical stability of an individual through photographs taken in a time interval of five years. It is a longitudinal study composed of standard frontal photographs of 666 adults divided by sex and age groups. By using the SAFF 2D® software, 32 landmarks were positioned, whose coordinates were used to calculate 40 measurements, 20 horizontal and 20 vertical. Each of these measurements was divided by iris diameter and thus iridian ratios were obtained. The results showed that most of the ratios did not suffer statistically significant variations. The ratios that had the greatest variation in the different age groups were those of the nose and mouth regions. When comparing the age groups with each other it is observed that the great majority of the reasons are different, showing the influence of age on the facial dimensions. When comparing stability with respect to sex, it was observed that there were ratios that decreased and others that increased in both sexes, while other ratios varied only in females or in males. When the sexes were compared, it was observed that the majority of the ratios were different, showing sexual dimorphism of the facial measures. The face undergoes metrical alterations throughout the life, mainly in the region of the nose and mouth, with the greatest differences seen in those who are aged 60 years and older. In addition, some facial measures are more influenced by sex than others. However, most of the measures raised have remained relatively stable within a period of five years in both sex and age groups.
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Silva, Joana Trigo da Silva de Oliveira e. "Antropologia forense e identificação humana." Master's thesis, [s.n.], 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10284/5237.
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Projeto de Pós-Graduação/Dissertação apresentado à Universidade Fernando Pessoa como parte dos requisitos para obtenção do grau de Mestre em Medicina DentáriaA identificação de vítimas mortais é uma necessidade das sociedades, por razões jurídicas, sociais e humanitárias. A Antropologia Forense é uma das subdisciplinas da Antropologia Física que se dedica à identificação humana, nomeadamente em investigações arqueológicas, criminais e de desastres de massa. A Antropologia Forense é particularmente útil na investigação da identidade humana a partir do exame de cadáveres ou de restos mortais carbonizados, despedaçados, em adiantado estado de decomposição, ou esqueletizados. A realização das peritagens necessárias à identificação destes restos mortais terá que ser efetuada por um conjunto de profissionais, dos quais se destacam os antropólogos forenses. Para esse efeito, estes executam a diagnose da espécie, da afinidade populacional, do género, da idade no momento do falecimento e da estatura, através da aplicação de diversas metodologias, que têm por base dados morfológicos e morfométricos do esqueleto e dos dentes. Tendo em conta que os dentes e as arcadas dentárias são elementos do corpo humano que proporcionam diversas características individualizantes, surge a Medicina Dentária Forense como uma área privilegiada para a identificação humana, cabendo ao médico dentista essa nova responsabilidade.
The identification of victims is a necessity, for legal reasons, humanitarian and social. Forensic Anthropology is one of the subdisciplines of Physical Anthropology and is dedicated to the human identification, particularly in archaeological investigations, criminal and mass disaster. Forensic Anthropology is particularly useful in the investigation of human identity from the examination of dead bodies or remains charred, broken in advance state of decomposition, or in the form of skeletons. The expertise necessary for the identification of these remains will have to be carried out by a group of professionals, including forensic anthropologists. To this end, these perform the diagnosis of species, population affinity, gender, age at time of death and the stature, by applying various methodologies, based on morphological and morphometric data of the skeleton and teeth. Taking into account that the teeth and dental arches are elements of the human body that provide various distinctive characteristics, arises Forensic Dentistry as a prime area for human identification, fitting to the dentist this new responsibility.
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Servello, John A. "Thermal Identification of Clandestine Burials: A Signature Analysis and Image Classification Approach." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2010. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc33201/.
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Clandestine burials, the interred human remains of forensic interest, are generally small features located in isolated environments. Typical ground searches can be both time-consuming and dangerous. Thermal remote sensing has been recognized for some time as a possible search strategy for such burials that are in relatively open areas; however, there is a paucity of published research with respect to this application. This project involved image manipulation, the analyses of signatures for "graves" of various depths when compared to an undisturbed background, and the use of image classification techniques to tease out these features. This research demonstrates a relationship between the depth of burial disturbance and the resultant signature. Further, image classification techniques, especially object-oriented algorithms, can be successfully applied to single band thermal imagery. These findings may ultimately decrease burial search times for law enforcement and increase the likelihood of locating clandestine graves.
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Paneto, Greiciane Gaburro. "Utlização do DNA mitocondrial no contexto forense brasileiro /." Araraquara : [s.n.], 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/87819.
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Orientador: Regina Maria Barretto CicarelliBanca: Rogério Nogueira de Oliveira
Banca: Raquel Mantuaneli Scarel Caminaga
Resumo: A identificação humana através da análise de DNA utiliza o perfil genético de um indivíduo baseado na combinação de diversos marcadores que são herdados de seus progenitores. Esses marcadores são geralmente diferenças nas seqüências de DNA nuclear entre os indivíduos (polimorfismos). Em alguns casos, entretanto, a análise do DNA nuclear não pode ser aplicada. Isso ocorre quando o DNA da amostra apresenta-se degradado ou em casos onde o material biológico não apresenta o DNA nuclear. Nestes casos, a análise do DNA mitocondrial (DNA mt) é o método de escolha. Entretanto, em um mesmo indivíduo podem existir populações de DNA mt diferentes, fenômeno denominado heteroplasmia. Este trabalho teve como objetivo o estudo da freqüência de heteroplasmia no DNA mt extraído de amostras de cabelo, quando comparado ao DNA mt contido no sangue dos mesmos indivíduos; análise da terceira região hipervariável (HV3) do DNA mt em amostras de sangue para estudo do seu poder discriminatório em nossa população; e aplicação da técnica de análise do DNA mt em vestígios biológicos. Para isso foram seqüenciadas as regiões hipervariáveis HV1 e HV2 em amostras de cabelo e sangue de 100 indivíduos, além do sequenciamento da região hipervariável HV3 em amostras de 150 indivíduos, todos residentes na Grande São Paulo. Uma freqüência de 10,5% de heteroplasmia foi encontrada em amostras de cabelo, e uma diversidade haplotípica de 0,8233 e probabilidade de semelhança de 0,1822 na região HV3 do DNA mt em amostras de sangue. Os resultados obtidos estão de acordo com os resultados relatados em outras populações e permitem sua aplicação no contexto forense brasileiro.
Abstract: The human identification by DNA analysis uses the genetic profile of an individual based on the combination of diverse markers that are inherited of its ancestors. These markers are generally differences in sequences of nuclear DNA between individuals (polymorphisms). In some cases, however, the analysis of the nuclear DNA cannot be applied. It occurs when the DNA sample is degraded or in cases which the biological material does not content nuclear DNA. In these cases, the mitocondrial DNA (mtDNA) analysis is the choice method. However, inside one individual can exist different mtDNA populations, phenomenon called heteroplasmy. The objective of this work was to study the frequency of heteroplasmy in extracted mtDNA from hair, when compared with mtDNA contained in the blood of the same individuals; and to analysis the third hypervariable region (HV3) of mtDNA in blood samples to study its discriminatory power in our population. For it, hypervariable regions HV1 and HV2 in hair and blood samples from 100 individuals had been sequenced, beyond the sequencing of hypervariable region HV3 in 150 individuals samples, inhabitants of Grande São Paulo. A heteroplasmic frequency of 10.5% was found in hair samples, and a haplotype diversity of 0.8233 and a random match probability of 0.1822 were found in the HV3 region of mtDNA in blood samples. These results are in agreeing with those obtained from other populations and allow its application in the Brazilian forensic context.
Mestre
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Carvalho, Suzana Papile Maciel. "Avaliação da qualidade do DNA obtido de saliva humana armazenada e sua aplicabilidade na identificação forense em odontologia legal." Universidade de São Paulo, 2009. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/25/25141/tde-02062009-105931/.
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A saliva pode ser utilizada como fonte eficiente de DNA para tecnicas de identificacao humana, as quais sao aceitas como prova legal, sendo o parecer do profissional superlativo para a formulacao da sentenca. Esse material pode ser coletado de maneira indolor e nao-invasiva e utilizado mesmo quando armazenado em diferentes condicoes. Este trabalho objetiva avaliar a qualidade do DNA obtido de saliva humana armazenada e sua aplicabilidade da identificacao de pessoas. Foram analisadas amostras salivares de n=100 sujeitos da pesquisa, coletadas nas formas de saliva in natura e saliva coletada de swab. A saliva foi armazenada a -20ºC. Apos 7 dias, realizou-se a primeira etapa, quando o DNA foi extraido das 200 amostras de saliva utilizando-se a resina InstaGene (Bio-Rad Laboratories, Inc., Hercules, CA, USA) e, posteriormente, submetido a PCR e a eletroforese. Apos 180 dias de armazenamento da saliva, repetiu-se a mesma tecnica da primeira fase, porem em apenas 20 amostras, selecionadas aleatoriamente do total de 100 amostras de saliva coletadas por swab bucal. Os resultados da primeira etapa indicaram que o DNA foi extraido com sucesso em 96% das reacoes realizadas para as 200 amostras de saliva, fato observado tambem quando se analisou as amostras em separado, de saliva in natura (94%) e saliva advinda do swab (98%). Alem disso, nao houve diferencas estatisticamente significantes na extracao do DNA entre as duas formas de coleta de saliva utilizadas. Na segunda fase, foi possivel a deteccao do gene alvo nas 20 amostras analisadas (100%). Posteriormente, objetivando-se aprofundar a analise do DNA salivar de maneira mais proxima ao padrao exigido em um processo de identificacao, o gene SIX3-2 foi testado nas amostras e tambem foi feita a digestao do produto da PCR com a enzima de restricao MbO1 para avaliar polimorfismo do gene ADRA-2. Os resultados mostraram que a quantidade e a qualidade do DNA advindo de saliva do swab bucal, bem como as tecnicas empregadas estao adequadas a analise forense do DNA. Portanto, a saliva humana e bastante util como fonte de DNA e pode ser armazenada, em temperatura e condicoes ideais, para analise posterior.The saliva can be used as efficient DNA source for human identification techniques in which they are accepted as forensic proof, being the superlative professionals opinion for the sentence formulation. This material can be collected in a painless and noninvasive way and it is used even when stored in different conditions. This paper aims at evaluating DNA quality obtained from stored human saliva and its applicability in people identification. Saliva samples from n=100 research subjects were analyzed. They were collected in two ways: in natura and swab. The saliva was stored at the temperature of -20°C. After 7 days, the first phase was performed, when the DNA was extracted from the 200 saliva samples using the InstaGene resin (Bio-Rad Laboratories, Inc., Hercules, CA, USA) and, subsequently, submitted to PCR and electrophoresis. After 180 days of the saliva storage, the same technique used in the first phase was repeated; however, in only 20 samples, selected at random from the total of 100 ones collected from mouth swab. The results of the first phase indicated that the DNA was successfully extracted in 96% of the reactions performed for the 200 saliva samples. This fact was also observed when the separate saliva samples in natura (94%) and swab (98%) were analyzed. In addition, there were no statistically significant differences in the extraction of the DNA between the two ways used for collecting saliva. In the second phase, the target gene detection was possible in the 20 samples analyzed (100%). Subsequently, the SIX3-2 gene was tested in the samples with the objective of deepening the salivary DNA analysis as close as the standard required in an identification process. Also, the digestion of the PCR product with the enzyme of MbO1 restriction was performed to evaluate the polymorphism of the ADRA- 2 gene. The results showed that the DNA quantity and quality from the mouth swab saliva, as well as the techniques applied are suitable for the forensic analysis of DNA. Therefore, the human saliva is very useful as DNA source and can be stored in ideal temperature and conditions for further analysis.
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Matsuzaki, Roberto. "\"Desenvolvimento de um sistema computadorizado de identificação odonto-legal\"." Universidade de São Paulo, 2006. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/23/23148/tde-10042007-154933/.
Full textAbstract:
A participação da odontologia legal está cada vez mais presente nos processos de identificação humana, seja nos casos de desastres em massa ou quando o único material disponível para análise são os dentes ou fragmentos de ossos da mandíbula ou da maxila. Após análise e pesquisa da literatura dos programas destinados à área de odontologia legal, foi confeccionada cinco tipos de fichas para a coleta de dados e desenvolvido um programa de computador nacional específico para a área de odontologia legal com o nome de sistema computadorizado de identificação odonto-legal (SOL). Inicialmente o programa pode ser utilizado na área criminal para os casos de: identificação humana em desastre de massa, identificação de pessoa desaparecida e análise das marcas de mordida. Para o projeto e desenvolvimento desse programa utilizou-se os programas Windows XP, Access 2003 e Visual Basic 6 da Microsoft. A plataforma apresenta-se de forma simples e não necessita de programas auxiliares de edição de texto ou imagens, nem a necessidade de conhecimentos avançados em informática do usuário. A partir da ocorrência e do cadastro dos registros, o programa realiza automaticamente uma filtragem dos dados e exibe uma lista com prováveis vítimas, de acordo com os dados coincidentes, para que o perito possa realizar o processo de identificação. Estão disponíveis para auxiliar o trabalho do perito, alguns recursos de edição e manipulação de imagem. Em que é possível alterar a angulação, o contraste, a Roberto Matsuzaki 8 escala, a transparência e negativo. O recurso de transparência possibilita a sobreposição de imagens para análise de marcas de mordidas e de estruturas anatômicas, e o recurso negativo auxilia na análise das radiografias. Para os testes e correções do programa foi realizada a simulação de um acidente com 25 vítimas hipotéticas com todos os dados dentários ante-mortem e 25 indivíduos post-mortem com algum desses eventos hipotéticos. O programa permitiu a identificação de todos os indivíduos e foi possível verificar a sua eficácia e aplicabilidade nos tipos de ocorrência a que foi proposto.The participation of Forensic Dentistry is more and more present in human identification process, not only in mass disaster situation but also in cases when the only materials available for analysis are teeth or jawbones fragments. After the analysis and research of the programs literatures for forensic Dentistry area, five different forms was made for data collecting and a specific computer program was developed for Brazilian Forensic Dentistry area (computer system for identification forensic dentistry). Initially the program could be use in criminal area for case of: human identification in mass disaster, missing person identification and bites marks analysis. This program was designed and developed using Windows XP, Access 2003 and Visual Basic 6 ? Windows Software. The platform is simple and auxiliary text or image edition programs are not necessary, even advanced knowledge in computer program. From the event and the register data, the program automatically searches the data and display a list of probably victims, according to the coincident data, so the expert could perform the identification process. Some image edition and manipulation resources are available to assist the experts in their work, alteration in the angle, contrast, scale, transparence which permits superposing of images over bites marks and anatomical structures and invert that helps in radiography analysis. The program was tested and corrected through an accident simulation of 25 hypothetic victims with all ante-mortem dental data and 25 post-mortem subjects with Roberto Matsuzaki 10 some of the hypothetic events. The program allowed the identification of all of subjects and also permits to verify the program efficacy and applicability on the different events proposed.
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Barboza, Elizabeth Bonsaglia [UNESP]. "Reconhecimento semiautomático de dentes para a identificação humana forense." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/98690.
Full textAbstract:
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barboza_eb_me_sjrp.pdf: 1261122 bytes, checksum: 0b2e650e6acac4f6e02e1fdae512dccc (MD5)Na sociedade atual, a identificação exata e rápida dos indivíduos é uma necessidade. Nas aplicações forenses, a identificação por meio de características biométricas é bastante usual e muitas vezes é a única alternativa. A arcada dentária é uma das mais importantes e populares características biométricas utilizadas pela Odontologia Legal na área forense. O principal objetivo da Odontologia Legal é identificar indivíduos falecidos para os quais os outros meios de identificação biométrica (impressões digitais, faces, etc.) não são possíveis de serem aplicados. Em geral, o perito humano realiza a comparação manual entre registros dentários antemortem e postmortem anotando as diferenças encontradas em cada dente, o que demanda muito tempo e torna essa prática suscetível a erros, daí a importância do desenvolvimento de sistemas automáticos ou semiautomáticos para identificação humana forense. O objetivo dessa dissertação de mestrado é avaliar métodos baseados na Transformada Imagem Floresta para segmentação semiautomática de dentes e suas restaurações em imagens de radiografias panorâmicas de arcadas dentárias, utilizando os contornos obtidos para definir descritores biométricos para a identificação humana forense. Os descritores de formas baseados nos métodos Contexto da Forma (Shape Context) e Estatística dos Ângulos de Raios (BAS – Beam Angle Statistics) foram implementados e avaliados para o reconhecimento dos dentes. A técnica da Distância de Edição avaliou o reconhecimento das restaurações baseada nos códigos dentais gerados. Resultados experimentais obtidos sobre uma base de 40 imagens de radiografias de arcadas dentárias, contendo no total 1126 imagens de dentes, mostram que o método de segmentação baseado na Transformada Imagem Floresta Diferencial...
Nowadays, the fast and accurate individual’s identification is a great necessity. In forensic applications, identification through biometric features is often usual and in some cases is the only alternative. The dental arch is one of the most important and popular biometric characteristic used in the dental forensic field. The primary goal of forensic dentistry is to identify deceased individuals for whom other forms of biometric identification (fingerprints, faces, etc.) are not able to be applied. In general, the human expert performs the manual comparison between antemortem and postmortem dental records noting the differences found in each tooth, which requires much time and practice, but this manual practice is more susceptible to errors. Hence, the importance of the development of automatic or semiautomatic forensic human identification systems. The goal of this Master dissertation is to evaluate methods based on Image Forest Transform for semiautomatic segmentation of teeth and their restorations in panoramic radiographs images of dental arches, using the contours obtained to define biometric descriptors for forensic human identification. The shape descriptors based on the Shape Context method and Beam Angle Statistics (BAS) were implemented and evaluated for the teeth recognition. The Edition Distance technique was used to evaluate the restorations and all dental work through the generated dental codes. Experimental results obtained on a database of 40 radiographs images, containing a total of 1126 teeth images, show that the segmentation method based on Differential Image Foresting Transform presented good and promising results for the semiautomatic teeth segmentation. They also showed that the Shape Context and BAS descriptors had similar results, with a slight advantage for the... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
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Deitos, Alexandre Raphael. "O uso do terceiro molar na estimativa de idade em brasileiros." Universidade de São Paulo, 2015. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/23/23153/tde-15042015-170618/.
Full textAbstract:
A estimativa de idade em indivíduos vivos ou mortos desempenha um importante papel das ciências forenses, pois pode ser requisitada para propósitos civis ou por razões criminais: desastres em massa, adoção, asilo, direitos civis ou imputabilidade penal, dentre outros. Os dentes desempenham um protagonismo neste contexto, pois são mais resistentes que os ossos em condições ambientais extremas e seu desenvolvimento dificilmente é afetado por fatores exógenos ou endógenos. Pelo fato dos terceiros molares (3ºM) serem os únicos ainda em desenvolvimento a partir dos 14 anos de idade, tornam-se úteis para determinar se um indivíduo atingiu a maioridade legal aos 18 anos de idade. As técnicas desenvolvidas na atualidade para estimativa de idade em pessoas vivas em sua maioria dependem de imagens radiográficas dos dentes, pois é um método não-invasivo e com potencial de conseguir amostras de banco de dados de clínicas radiológicas para estudos populacionais. Este estudo almejou verificar o método de Cameriere et al. (2008c) (MC) em brasileiros, no intuito de estabelecer parâmetros para discriminar se um indivíduo é maior ou menor de 18 anos de idade a partir do índice de maturidade do 3ºM (I3m); também teve como objetivo comparar a sensibilidade (SE) e a especificidade (ES) deste método com os estágios G e H do método desenvolvido por Demirjian et al. (1973) e adaptado por Mincer et al. (1993) (MD). A análise de 444 radiografias panorâmicas de indivíduos entre as idades de 14 a 22 anos resultou em, para o valor de corte do I3m<=0,08 (MC), uma SE de 77,4%, uma ES de 86,2% e uma probabilidade estimada (PE) corretamente de 87,8%. Para o MD foram encontrados, respectivamente para os estágios G e H, SE: 80,54% / 52,94%, ES: 85,27% / 95,54% e PE: 86,8% / 94,2%. Diferenças significativas de dimorfismo sexual, com mineralização mais precoce para o sexo masculino, foram encontradas apenas paras médias de idade pertencentes às faixas de I3M>=0,08 (MC) - à exceção da faixa [0,7, 0.9) - e aos estágios E e F (MD). O método é adequado para estimar a idade adulta para propósitos forenses em brasileiros, entretanto deve ser aplicado cuidadosa e criteriosamente. Recomenda-se uma combinação de diversos métodos disponíveis para aumentar sua acurácia, bem como o estabelecimento de diferentes parâmetros de probabilidade para determinar se uma pessoa é maior ou menor de 18 anos de idade, a depender dos diferentes requisitos legais, se civil ou criminal. Para brasileiros, o método atinge sua melhor performance com I3m<=0,13 (MC) ou estágio G (MD), parâmetros recomendados para considerar a maioridade legal para fins civis, administrativos e trabalhistas. Para fins criminais, recomenda-se o I3m<=0,05 (MC) ou estágio H (MD).The age estimation of living or dead individuals is an important part of forensic sciences because it can be used in various situations, including mass disasters, or for civil or criminal reasons, such as adoption, asylum, civil rights or criminal responsibility. Teeth play a major role in this context because they are more resistant than bones in extreme environmental conditions and their development is hardly affected by exogenous or endogenous factors. Because the third molars (3rdM) are still in development from the age of 14, they are useful for determining whether an individual has reached the legal age of 18 years. The techniques developed at present to estimate the age of living people mostly rely on radiographic images of teeth, because it is a non-invasive method and has potential to get samples database of clinical radiological for population studies. This study aims to verify the method of Cameriere et al. (2008) (CM) in Brazil to discriminate whether an individual is under or over 18 years from the maturity index of the 3rdM (I3m), as well as comparing the sensitivity (SE) and the specificity (SP) of this method with the G and H stages of the Demirjian et al. (1973) method (DM) modified by Mincer et al. (1993). The analysis of 444 panoramic radiographs resulted in a SE of 78.3%, a SP of 85.1% and a correct classification (CC) of 87%, for a cutoff value of I3m <= 0.08 as in original study. Significant differences in sexual dimorphism in the early mineralization of males were found only for the average age belonging to the bands I3m >= 0.08, except for the range [0.7, 0.9). For the MD were found, respectively, for the G and H stages - SE: 80.54% / 52.94%, SP: 85.27% / 95.54% and CC: 86.8% / 94.2%. The method is suitable for estimating adulthood for forensic purposes in Brazil, although it must be applied carefully and judiciously. We recommend a combination of several methods that are available to increase accuracy as well as the establishment of different parameters that are likely to determine whether a person is more or less than 18 years of age, depending on the different legal requirements, whether civil or criminal. For Brazilians, MC an MD achieve its best performance with I3m <= 0.13 or G stage, respectively, recommended parameters to consider the legal age for civil purposes. For criminal purposes, it is recommended I3m <= 0.05 (CM) or H stage (DM).
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Musse, Jamilly de Oliveira. "Identificação humana através da análise do seio maxilar em radiografias panorâmicas." Universidade de São Paulo, 2009. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/23/23148/tde-29092009-080142/.
Full textAbstract:
Os seios maxilares podem fornecer subsídios de real valor para a identificação forense. A individualidade dos contornos dos seios permite uma análise precisa, minuciosa, diminuindo os riscos de erros durante a atuação do perito. Os objetivos deste estudo foram: avaliar a possibilidade de investigação do sexo e identificação humana individual, pelos seios maxilares e propor três métodos de identificação através das referidas estruturas. A amostra foi composta por 656 radiografias panorâmicas de 328 indivíduos, com idade superior a 20 anos, de ambos os sexos, sendo estes divididos em grupo controle e experimental, de acordo com a ausência ou presença de perda dentária. De cada indivíduo foram utilizadas duas radiografias, uma inicial e outra após dois anos de tratamento ortodôntico. Três métodos foram empregados: dois manuais e um computadorizado. Nas técnicas manuais calculouse a altura e largura dos seios maxilares, em folhas de acetato e realizou-se a análise da morfologia dessas estruturas, por quadrantes. Na computadorizada, foi calculado a área, perímetro e fator de forma dos seios, através do programa IMAGELAB 2000®. A análise das variáveis quantitativas foi realizada empregando técnicas da estatística descritiva (média e desvio padrão), o teste t-Student com variâncias iguais ou desiguais e t-Student pareado. A comparação da morfologia dos seios nas radiografias do mesmo indivíduo foi feita através da observação visual dos quadrantes. Os métodos propostos para análise dos seios maxilares mostraram que a comparação da morfologia e mensurações destas estruturas em radiografias panorâmicas pode ser utilizada para estimativa do sexo e identificação humana individual. A perda dentária no grupo experimental não interferiu na dimensão dos seios maxilares. A incorporação da análise dos seios maxilares associada a outras evidências é passível de ser empregada nos Institutos Médico-Legais, podendo contribuir de forma significativa em casos de identificação humana.The maxillaries sinus can supply real value subsidies for the forensic identification. The sinus outlines individuality allows an accuracy and meticulous analysis, reducing the mistakes risks during the expert performance. The aims of this study were: to evaluate the possibility of sex estimate and individual human identification for the maxillaries sinus and to propose three identification methods through referred structures. The sample was composed by 656 panoramic dental radiographs of 328 individuals with 20 years superior age, masculine and feminine. They were divided in controls and experimental groups, in agreement with the absence and presence of dental loss. It was used two radiographs of participants, an initial and other after two years of the orthodontic treatment. Three methods were used: two manual and one computerized. In the manual techniques it was calculated the height and width of the maxillaries sinus, in acetate and took place analysis of those structures morphology, for quadrants. In the computerized it was calculated the area, perimeter and factor in way of the sinus, through the IMAGELAB 2000® software. In the analysis of the results, the descriptive statistics were used (average and standard deviation) and the t-Student test with variances same or unequal and pared t-Student, for the quantitative variables and visual observation of the quadrants morphology of each maxillary sinus. The methods proposed for analysis of the maxillaries sinus showed that the morphology comparison and measurements of these structures in panoramic dental radiographs can be used to estimate of the sex and individual human identification. The dental loss in the experimental group didn\'t implicate in the dimension of the sinus maxillaries. The incorporation of the sinus maxillaries analysis associated to other evidences is susceptible to be used at the Forensic Institutes, could contribute in a significant way in human identification cases.
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Araujo, Laís Gomes de. "Análise física e biológica das marcas de mordida em alimentos e atos de sucção de bebidas para fins de identificação humana." Universidade de São Paulo, 2014. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/58/58131/tde-03022015-103133/.
Full textAbstract:
No estudo das marcas de mordidas, os materiais biológicos relacionados à Odontologia, como o dente e saliva, são analisados por meio de evidências físicas (análise métrica e/ou emparelhamento físico) e evidências biológicas (análise de DNA). A partir de ambos os métodos pode-se estabelecer a identidade de um indivíduo, podendo assim, nas investigações forenses, apontar, ou mesmo identificar, um suspeito em uma cena de crime. O presente trabalho aplicou quatro métodos de análise física nas marcas de mordida produzidas em queijos e chocolates, bem como obter a recuperação de DNA, extraídos da saliva destes alimentos mordidos e de garrafas de água consumidas. Para tal, 20 participantes (10 do sexo masculino e 10 do sexo feminino) morderam cinco pedaços de queijo, cinco pedaços de chocolate e beberam em cinco garrafas de água, totalizando 15 amostras para cada um. As amostras produzidas foram armazenadas e analisadas em diferentes intervalos de temperatura (ambiente e geladeira) e tempo (imediato, três dias e sete dias). Na análise física, os métodos aplicados foram: análise métrica utilizando um paquímetro digital (Digital Caliper, Cixi Xinzheng Trade Co., Ltd., Zhejiang, China); análise métrica utilizando o software ImageJ (National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland); sobreposição manual; e a sobreposição digital por meio do software Adobe Photoshop (Adobe Systems, Inc., Mountain View,California, USA). Na análise biológica foram realizadas as seguintes etapas do exame de DNA: coleta da saliva pela técnica de duplo swab, extração do DNA utilizando Kit QIAamp (Qiagen, Hilden, Germany), quantificação do DNA recuperado através do equipamento espectofotômetro Nanodrop (Thermo Scientific™, Wilmington, DE, USA), amplificação dos marcadores utilizando o Kit de identificação humana AmpFLSTR Identifiler PCR Amplification (Applied Biosystems®, Carlsbad, CA, EUA) e a eletroforese em gel de agarose. De acordo com os resultados encontrados, não houve diferença significativa entre os dois métodos de análise métrica. Na análise de emparelhamento físico, o método manual obteve o maior número de identificados, com 58% para ambos os sexos, enquanto o método Adobe Photoshop apenas 32% das amostras foram identificadas para o sexo feminino e 44% no sexo masculino. O valor do índice de concordância intraobservador foi classificado como substancial para os métodos manuais em ambos os sexos e para o método Adobe Photoshop para o sexo masculino; e como moderado para o método Adobe Photoshop para o sexo feminino. Nas evidências biológicas, as amostras de DNA coletadas a partir da saliva depositada em queijos e chocolates mordidos e garrafas de água bebidas tiveram valores de concentração variando entre 28,52 ± 14,00 a 8,99 ± 2,20 ng/μl, e estas foram suficientes para amplificação. Com isso, conclui-se que amostras de águas, queijos e chocolates nas condições estudadas, que simularam alimentos mordidos e bebidas consumidas encontrados em cenas de crime ou armazenadas em geladeiras a espera da análise pericial, podem ser utilizadas nas investigações de identificação em marcas de mordida tanto para métodos de evidências físicas quanto para métodos de evidências biológicas.In the study of bite marks, the biological materials related to dentistry, such as teeth and saliva, are analyzed by means of physical evidence (metric analysis and / or physical pairing) and biological evidence (DNA analysis). From both methods can establish the identity of an individual, thus allowing, in forensic investigations, point, or even identify a suspect in a crime scene. This study aimed to apply four methods of physical analysis in bite marks produced in cheeses and chocolates, as well as obtain recovery the DNA extracted from the saliva of bitten food and bottled water consumed. The sample was comprised of 20 volunteers, 10 males and 10 females. Each volunteer was instructed to bite five pieces of cheese, five pieces of chocolate and drink five bottles of water, producing 15 samples of each from the 20 participants. The produced samples were stored and analyzed in different temperature ranges - temperature (25°C) and refrigerator (4-8°C), and time (immediately, three days, seven days). The methods used were: metric analysis by using a digital caliper, digital metric analysis using ImageJ software (National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland); manual overlay of the plaster model of the dental arches versus plaster model of chewed food, and overlapping images using Adobe Photoshop software (Adobe Systems, Inc., Mountain View,California, USA). In biological testing, saliva collecting was done using the double swab technique, DNA extraction according to the extraction protocol of the QIAamp kit (Qiagen®, Hilden, Germany), quantification of recovered DNA using equipment Nanodrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Scientific™, Wilmington, DE, USA); amplification of the markers was performed by human identification kit Identifiler PCR Amplification AmpFLSTR (Applied Biosystems®, Carlsbad, CA, EUA) and agarose gel electrophoresis. According to the results, there was no significant difference between the two methods of metric analysis. In the physical pairing analysis, the manual method had the highest number of identified subjects with 58% for both sexes while with the Adobe Photoshop method only 32% of the samples were identified for females and 44 % males. The index value for intraobserver agreement was rated substantial for manual methods in both sexes and for Adobe Photoshop method for males; and as moderate for Adobe Photoshop method for females.In biological evidence, samples of DNA from saliva deposited in cheese and bitten chocolate, beverage and water bottles had concentration values ranging from 28,52 ± 14,00 a 8,99 ± 2,20 ng/μl, and these were sufficient for amplification. Thus, it was concluded that samples of water, cheeses and chocolates under the conditions studied, simulating bitten foods and beverages found at crime scenes or stored in refrigerators waiting for the forensic analysis can be used for investigations in identifying bite marks using both physical methods evidence as to biological method evidence.
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Barboza, Elizabeth Bonsaglia. "Reconhecimento semiautomático de dentes para a identificação humana forense /." São José do Rio Preto : [s.n.], 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/98690.
Full textAbstract:
Orientador: Aparecido Nilceu MaranaBanca: Evandro Luís Linhari Rodrigues
Banca: Izabel Regina F. R. de Bullen
Resumo: Na sociedade atual, a identificação exata e rápida dos indivíduos é uma necessidade. Nas aplicações forenses, a identificação por meio de características biométricas é bastante usual e muitas vezes é a única alternativa. A arcada dentária é uma das mais importantes e populares características biométricas utilizadas pela Odontologia Legal na área forense. O principal objetivo da Odontologia Legal é identificar indivíduos falecidos para os quais os outros meios de identificação biométrica (impressões digitais, faces, etc.) não são possíveis de serem aplicados. Em geral, o perito humano realiza a comparação manual entre registros dentários antemortem e postmortem anotando as diferenças encontradas em cada dente, o que demanda muito tempo e torna essa prática suscetível a erros, daí a importância do desenvolvimento de sistemas automáticos ou semiautomáticos para identificação humana forense. O objetivo dessa dissertação de mestrado é avaliar métodos baseados na Transformada Imagem Floresta para segmentação semiautomática de dentes e suas restaurações em imagens de radiografias panorâmicas de arcadas dentárias, utilizando os contornos obtidos para definir descritores biométricos para a identificação humana forense. Os descritores de formas baseados nos métodos Contexto da Forma (Shape Context) e Estatística dos Ângulos de Raios (BAS - Beam Angle Statistics) foram implementados e avaliados para o reconhecimento dos dentes. A técnica da Distância de Edição avaliou o reconhecimento das restaurações baseada nos códigos dentais gerados. Resultados experimentais obtidos sobre uma base de 40 imagens de radiografias de arcadas dentárias, contendo no total 1126 imagens de dentes, mostram que o método de segmentação baseado na Transformada Imagem Floresta Diferencial... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: Nowadays, the fast and accurate individual's identification is a great necessity. In forensic applications, identification through biometric features is often usual and in some cases is the only alternative. The dental arch is one of the most important and popular biometric characteristic used in the dental forensic field. The primary goal of forensic dentistry is to identify deceased individuals for whom other forms of biometric identification (fingerprints, faces, etc.) are not able to be applied. In general, the human expert performs the manual comparison between antemortem and postmortem dental records noting the differences found in each tooth, which requires much time and practice, but this manual practice is more susceptible to errors. Hence, the importance of the development of automatic or semiautomatic forensic human identification systems. The goal of this Master dissertation is to evaluate methods based on Image Forest Transform for semiautomatic segmentation of teeth and their restorations in panoramic radiographs images of dental arches, using the contours obtained to define biometric descriptors for forensic human identification. The shape descriptors based on the Shape Context method and Beam Angle Statistics (BAS) were implemented and evaluated for the teeth recognition. The Edition Distance technique was used to evaluate the restorations and all dental work through the generated dental codes. Experimental results obtained on a database of 40 radiographs images, containing a total of 1126 teeth images, show that the segmentation method based on Differential Image Foresting Transform presented good and promising results for the semiautomatic teeth segmentation. They also showed that the Shape Context and BAS descriptors had similar results, with a slight advantage for the... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
Mestre
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Terada, Andrea Sayuri Silveira Dias. "Utilização do produto Allprotect Tissue Reagent® na estabilização do DNA extraído de tecidos dentais humanos em diferentes condições de armazenamento." Universidade de São Paulo, 2013. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/58/58137/tde-17052013-110504/.
Full textAbstract:
A metodologia genético-molecular destaca-se como uma técnica apurada para os processos de identificação humana e, dentre as fontes de evidência biológica, o uso de elementos dentais é de grande interesse. A manutenção da integridade do material enviado ao laboratório é imprescindível para o sucesso dos resultados obtidos e uma das principais dificuldades encontradas é com relação ao armazenamento da amostra, que geralmente é realizado em baixas temperaturas. O presente trabalho avaliou a eficácia do produto Allprotect Tissue Reagent® (Qiagen, Hilden, Germany) na estabilização do DNA extraído de tecidos dentais humanos armazenados em diferentes condições. Para tal, foram utilizados 165 elementos dentais, os quais foram distribuídos em dois grupos distintos: dente íntegro e tecido pulpar dental isolado. As amostras foram armazenadas com ou sem a utilização do referido produto, variando o período de tempo (1, 7, 30 e 180 dias) e temperatura (ambiente e refrigeração). Além desses grupos, foi formado um grupo controle positivo composto por cinco elementos dentais armazenados a -20ºC durante 180 dias. Após o armazenamento foi realizada extração do DNA, eletroforese em gel de agarose, quantificação do DNA genômico por PCR Tempo Real e análise de fragmentos de 37 amostras. Os fragmentos de 32 amostras que representavam cada condição possível e as cinco amostras do grupo controle positivo foram analisados, a fim de verificar quatro marcadores pré-selecionados. O gel de agarose mostrou evidências da presença de DNA genômico. Os valores da quantificação foram analisados estatisticamente pelos testes Kruscal-Wallis e Mann-Whitney. Os resultados mostraram valores que variaram de 0,01 a 10246,88ng/L de DNA. Houve diminuição da concentração de DNA nas amostras de dente armazenadas em temperatura ambiente por 30 e 180 dias em relação às que ficaram armazenadas por 1 e 7 dias. Além do fator tempo, a temperatura também influenciou na concentração de DNA, sendo maior nos dentes que ficaram por 30 dias e na polpa dental mantida por 180 dias, quando refrigerados. Em relação à utilização do produto Allprotect Tissue Reagent® (Qiagen, Hilden, Germany), o mesmo mostrou diferença significativa na estabilização dos dentes que foram armazenados em temperatura ambiente durante 30 e 180 dias. A análise de fragmentos foi possível nas 37 amostras selecionadas, independente da quantidade de DNA, confirmando a importância das reações de amplificação e da análise de STR utilizando método automático. Conclui-se que a utilização do produto Allprotect Tissue Reagent® (Qiagen, Hilden, Germany) mostrou diferença significativa na estabilização do DNA das amostras de dentes íntegros armazenadas em temperatura ambiente durante 30 e 180 dias, enquanto que nas demais condições testadas, os resultados não evidenciaram justificativas para o uso do produto.The genetic-molecular methodology stands out as an accurate technique for human identification process and among the sources of biological evidence, the use of teeth is of great interest in Forensic Dentistry. Maintaining integrity of the material sent to laboratory is essential for success of the analysis, and one of the main difficulties is related to sample storage, which is usually carried out at low temperatures. This study evaluated the effectiveness of the Allprotect Tissue Reagent® (Qiagen, Hilden, Germany) in stabilizing DNA extracted from human dental tissues stored under different conditions. In this study were used 165 teeth, distributed in two groups: intact teeth and isolated pulp tissue. The samples were stored with or without the product and varying the storage time (1, 7, 30 and 180 days) and temperature (room temperature and under refrigeration). In addition to these groups, was formed a positive control group, composed by five teeth, which was stored at -20ºC for 180 days. After storage, DNA extraction, electrophoresis on agarose gel and genomic DNA quantification by Real-Time PCR and fragments of 37 samples were performed. The fragments of 32 samples representing every possible condition and five positive control group samples were analyzed to verify four pre-selected markers. The agarose gel showed evidences of genomic DNA presence. Quantification results were statistically analyzed with the tests Kruscal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney. Quantification results showed values ranging from 0.01 to 10,246.88 ng/L of DNA. There was a decrease in DNA concentration in stored tooth samples at room temperature for 30 and 180 days compared to those stored for 1 and 7 days. Besides the time factor, temperature also influenced the DNA concentration, being higher in teeth that remained for 30 days and in tooth pulp maintained for 180 days, under refrigeration. Regarding the use of Allprotect Tissue Reagent® (Qiagen, Hilden, Germany) it showed a significant difference in stabilization of stored teeth at room temperature for 30 and 180 days. The analysis of fragments was possible in 37 selected samples, regardless of the DNA quantity variation, confirming that amplification reactions and STR analysis using automated methods provides good results. It was concluded that the use of Allprotect Tissue Reagent® (Qiagen, Hilden, Germany) showed a significant difference in stabilizing DNA samples of intact human teeth stored at room temperature for 30 and 180 days, while in the other test conditions the results showed no justification for using this product.
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Costa, Mariana José Silva. "Estudo dos padrões das rugas palatinas e a sua importância na identificação humana." Master's thesis, [s.n.], 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10284/5056.
Full textAbstract:
Projeto de Pós-Graduação/Dissertação apresentado à Universidade Fernando Pessoa como parte dos requisitos para obtenção do grau de Mestre em Medicina DentáriaDesde a antiguidade que o ser humano é confrontado com a determinação da identidade do indivíduo e como tal tem procurado técnicas para o ajudar nesta matéria, tão desafiadora e aliciante, não só por razões legais mas também por razões familiares e sociais. A Medicina Dentária tem sido uma dessas técnicas e cada vez mais nos apercebemos da sua importância tanto para a identificação de vítimas, nas mais diversas e trágicas situações como para a recognição/identificação de agressores nos mais distintos eventos criminais. Entre os mais variados procedimentos, são as condições que encontramos que ditam a escolha do método mais adequado para a realização da identificação. Por vezes, existem situações que nos levam a optar pelo estudo dos tecidos moles, tais como a rugoscopia palatina. Neste caso são estudadas as rugas palatinas pois possuem certas características que permitem que sejam utilizadas na identificação médico-legal, tais como a imutabilidade, perenidade, inalterabilidade e variabilidade. Com este trabalho, pretendeu-se descrever as rugas palatinas de uma determinada amostra de indivíduos, através da forma, comprimento, unificação e direção destas, usando o método de classificação de Thomas e Kotze, tendo como intuito demonstrar o quão útil esta técnica se pode tornar, quando corretamente aplicada, e também mostrar o papel importante que o Médico Dentista adquire ao auxiliar na identificação humana. Contudo ainda existe um longo caminho a percorrer e cuidados a ter na obtenção dos registos ante-mortem pois estes influenciarão os resultados que se podem adquirir através da comparação destes registos com os dados post-mortem, o que leva à necessidade de o Médico Dentista ser mais preciso na recolha e redação dos dados ante-mortem e suas alterações conforme o tratamento dentário que pretende realizar. Since antiquity that Human Being is faced with the determination of the individual's identity and so he has searched for techniques that helps him in this matter so challenging and exciting, not only for legal reasons, but also for family and social reasons. The Dental Medicine has been one of those techniques and even more we realize its importance, as for the victim's identification in the most diverse and tragic situations, as for the recognition/identification of perpetrators in the most distinguished criminal events. Among the multiples procedures, are the conditions we found that dictate the choice of the most appropriate method for the identification achievement. Sometimes there are situations that lead us to opt for the study of soft tissues, such as rugoscopy. In this case, we study the palatal rugae because they have certain characteristics, that allow them to be used in forensic identification, such as immutability, continuity, inalterability and variability. With this work we intend to describe the palatal rugae of a given sample of individuals, through the form, length, unification and direction of these using the Thomas and Kotze's classification, with the intention to demonstrate how useful this technique became, when correctly aplicated, and shows the important role the Dentist Doctor gets when he assist in human's identification. However, there a long way to go and cautions to have, in getting the ante-mortem records as these will influence the results that we can acquired by comparing these results with post-mortem records, which lead us to the Dentist necessity in being more precise in collecting and writing of the ante-mortem results and their changes according to the dental treatments he wants to realize.
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Verna, Emeline. "Les variations osseuses asymptomatiques du squelette postcranien : leur contribution à l'identification en anthropologie médico-légale." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014AIXM5061.
Full textAbstract:
En anthropologie médico-légale la détermination du sexe, l'estimation de l'âge au décès et l'estimation de la stature sont des paramètres essentiels à la constitution du profil biologique d'un individu à partir de restes osseux. Toutefois uniquement à partir de ces trois paramètres les interprétations sont limitées, plusieurs individus peuvent partager un même profil. L'introduction et l'observation d'autres paramètres, comme les variations anatomiques, peuvent être un atout dans l'établissement du profil biologique le plus singulier et complet possible afin de ne correspondre qu'à un nombre très restreint d'individus voire à un seul individu. En plus des variations anatomiques, l'observation des marqueurs de posture et des anomalies congénitales asymptomatiques peut aussi se révéler être pertinente. Ils ont été regroupés sous le terme de Variations Osseuses Asymptomatiques (VOA). Cent-neuf VOA ont été recensées sur le squelette postcrânien et 82 ont été étudiées à partir de 1300 individus provenant de trois populations différentes : une population contemporaine (imagerie médicale), une population ostéologique de référence et une population ostéoarchéologique. Pour chacune des VOA, la fréquence a été obtenue à partir des trois échantillons puis une fréquence en fonction du sexe, de l'âge et de la latéralité a été calculée. Une iconographie claire de chaque VOA a été obtenue. L'intérêt final est de ne sélectionner que les VOA ayant une fréquence inférieure à 10 % et facilement observables afin d'aider à l'identification en complétant le profil biologique, et ceci à partir d'une méthode basée sur la comparaison de données ante et post-mortemIn forensic anthropology, determination of sex, estimation of age at death and estimation of stature are essential parameters for constituting the biological profile of an individual from bone remains. However, using only three parameters limits interpretation, several individuals could share the same profile. The introduction and observation of others parameters, particularly anatomical variations, could help establish a more complete and specific biological profile to correspond to a restricted number of individuals or to a unique individual. In addition to anatomical variations, postural markers and congenital anomalies can be useful for identification purposes. These 3 elements are regrouped under the term Asymptomatic Osseous Variation (AOV). 109 AOVs were found on the postcranial skeleton and 82 were studied on 1300 individuals from three different populations: a contemporary population (medical imaging), an osteological collection of reference and an osteoarcheological population. Frequencies were obtained from the three samples for each AOV, and frequencies according to sex, age and laterality were calculated. A clear iconography of each AOV was obtained. This data enabled the classification of the AOVs according to 5groups of frequencies, ranging from very rare to very frequent. The AOVs were also classified according to their liaison with sex, age and laterality. The final goal is to select only AOVs with a frequency inferior to 10% (qualified as rare), that are easily observable, to be useful for establishing the biological profile and help identify the individual, using a method based on ante and post-mortem data comparison