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Journal articles on the topic 'Forensic human identification'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 4 February 2022

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1

Amorim, António, Teresa Fernandes, and Nuno Taveira. "Mitochondrial DNA in human identification: a review." PeerJ 7 (August 13, 2019): e7314. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.7314.

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Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) presents several characteristics useful for forensic studies, especially related to the lack of recombination, to a high copy number, and to matrilineal inheritance. mtDNA typing based on sequences of the control region or full genomic sequences analysis is used to analyze a variety of forensic samples such as old bones, teeth and hair, as well as other biological samples where the DNA content is low. Evaluation and reporting of the results requires careful consideration of biological issues as well as other issues such as nomenclature and reference population databases. In this work we review mitochondrial DNA profiling methods used for human identification and present their use in the main cases of humanidentification focusing on the most relevant issues for forensics.

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Lynnerup, Niels. "Forensic anthropology and human identification." Scandinavian Journal of Forensic Science 19, no. 1 (May 1, 2013): 16–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/sjfs-2013-0005.

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3

Kahana, T., and J. Hiss. "Identification of human remains: forensic radiology." Journal of Clinical Forensic Medicine 4, no. 1 (March 1997): 7–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1353-1131(97)90002-x.

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4

Mulhern, Dawn M. "Review of:Advances in Forensic Human Identification." Journal of Forensic Sciences 60, no. 5 (August 10, 2015): 1389–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1556-4029.12877.

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Kerniakevych-Tanasiichuk, Yuliia V., Viktor S. Sezonov, Iryna M. Nychytailo, Maryna A. Savchuk, and Iryna V. Tsareva. "Problems of forensic identification of handwriting in forensic examination." Journal of the National Academy of Legal Sciences of Ukraine 28, no. 1 (March 24, 2021): 195–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.37635/jnalsu.28(1).2021.195-204.

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The handwritten signature as a characteristic of authentication has been legally and publicly recognised for centuries and has been used in the forensic field for many decades to identify an author. Approaches to biometric user authentication developed in recent years are also based in part on handwriting characteristics, such as automatic signature verification. This article systematically identifies handwriting features published in forensics and analyses which of these properties can be adapted as biometrics to verify the user. A user verification procedure based on a set of 14 forensic characteristics is presented, which is integrated into the biometric verification procedure. The results of the verification of these forensic features are compared in detailed tests with the features of non-forensic data, and it is shown that significant improvements in false detection rates can be achieved by including forensics. For hundreds of years, handwritten signatures have been legally and socially recognised as authentication. The reason for this is the uniqueness of human handwriting. Although a forger with some practice may visually imitate another person’s text or signature, the typical traces resulting from the (studied) behaviour of a victim of forgery are difficult to copy. To check the record, the pressure force of all overlay points with a pen at the beginning or inside the word, written letters on the weight are used. In addition, the way a writer unconsciously or even consciously connects words, letters, or parts of letters to each other is a specific trait for that person. In a forensic examination, experts examine these and other features to prove or disprove the authenticity of signatures or documents. In the field of forensic science, there are many procedures offered based on physical handwriting samples to determine a writer

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Smith, Lindsay A. "The missing, the martyred and the disappeared: Global networks, technical intensification and the end of human rights genetics." Social Studies of Science 47, no. 3 (December 29, 2016): 398–416. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0306312716678489.

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In 1984, a group of Argentine students, trained by US academics, formed the Argentine Forensic Anthropology Team to apply the latest scientific techniques to the excavation of mass graves and identification of the dead, and to work toward transitional justice. This inaugurated a new era in global forensic science, as groups of scientists in the Global South worked outside of and often against local governments to document war crimes in post-conflict settings. After 2001, however, with the inauguration of the war on terror following the September 11th attacks on the World Trade Center in New York, global forensic science was again remade through US and European investment to increase preparedness in the face of potential terrorist attacks. In this paper, I trace this shift from human rights to humanitarian forensics through a focus on three moments in the history of post-conflict identification science. Through a close attention to the material semiotic networks of forensic science in post-conflict settings, I examine the shifting ground between non-governmental human rights forensics and an emerging security- and disaster-focused identification grounded in global law enforcement. I argue that these transformations are aligned with a scientific shift towards mechanized, routinized, and corporate-owned DNA identification and a legal privileging of the right to truth circumscribed by narrow articulations of kinship and the body.

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Kaur, Avineet, Harnoor Singh Sandhu, Reshma Dodwad, Mehraab Kaur Dhillon, and Simmerpreet J. Mann. "Palatoscopy (Rugoscopy) assistance in forensic investigations." IP International Journal of Forensic Medicine and Toxicological Sciences 6, no. 2 (July 15, 2021): 31–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.18231/j.ijfmts.2021.008.

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Human identification is most challenging field in forensics. Scrutiny of the fingerprints ,teeth and DNA comparison are commonly used techniques, thus allowing quicker and secure fast and identification processes. Palatal rugae markings are unique to an individual and are stable throughout the life. Rugae don’t undergo any changes apart from in length throughout the life. Thuspalatoscopy or palatal rugoscopy is used as an aid in forensic investigations.

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Pretty, Iain A. "Forensic Dentistry: 1. Identification of Human Remains." Dental Update 34, no. 10 (December 2, 2007): 621–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/denu.2007.34.10.621.

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Priyadarshini, Smita R., and Pradyumna Kumar Sahoo. "Human Identification Using Forensic Odontology: A Review." Indian Journal of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology 13, no. 4 (2019): 1897. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/0973-9130.2019.00595.4.

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Ranjanie, R., and P. Krishnammal. "Forensic Dentistry In Human Identification Using Anfis." Biosciences, Biotechnology Research Asia 13, no. 1 (March 28, 2016): 583–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.13005/bbra/2073.

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11

Goel, Divayjeet. "Methods of Human Identification in Forensic Dentistry." Indian Journal of Forensic Odontology 8, no. 1-2 (2015): 15–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.21088/ijfo.0974.505x.81215.3.

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Chopra, Latika Bachani, Ravina Sorout, and Osheen Batra. "Replicas in forensic dentistry for human identification." Indian Journal of Forensic and Community Medicine 8, no. 1 (April 15, 2021): 4–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.18231/j.ijfcm.2021.002.

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13

ALMEIDA, Salen Marchesi de, Fábio DELWING, Juliana Aires Paiva de AZEVEDO, Renata Kelly Trajano NOGUEIRA, Flávio Pinheiro FALCÃO, and Suzana Papile Maciel CARVALHO. "Effectiveness of dental records in human identification." RGO - Revista Gaúcha de Odontologia 63, no. 4 (December 2015): 502–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1981-863720150003000213017.

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Forensic dentistry, a branch of the forensic sciences, plays an important role within postmortem human identification, especially in cases of corpses that are charred, skeletonized or in an advanced state of decomposition. Identification of human remains via dental knowledge is done using a comparative technique, which is simple, inexpensive and reliable, the aim of which is to compare dental records and information recorded by dentists in clinical appointments made before an individual's death, with postmortem dental records obtained via forensic examination. In this context, the present study aims to demonstrate the importance of dental records and the effectiveness of forensic dentistry in human identification, illustrated by the report of a case that was conducted at the São Luis Coroner's Office in the Brazilian state of Maranhão. It may be concluded that dental records maintained by a dentist, when complete, properly structured and correctly archived, retain important personal information and are fundamental tools in the process of human identification.

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Solla, Horacio E. "POSITIVE IDENTIFICATION OF HUMAN REMAINS BY SKULL-PHOTO COMPARISON IN URUGUAY: A REVIEW. Identificación positive de restos humanos por la comparación cráneo-foto en Uruguay: Una revisión." Revista Argentina de Anatomía Clínica 7, no. 1 (March 28, 2016): 52–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.31051/1852.8023.v7.n1.14159.

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El artículo presenta una revisión a través de un estudio cuantitativo de los casos antropológico-forenses ocurridos en Uruguay desde 1950 a 2013 inclusive. Los casos antropológico-forenses han crecido rápida-mente en Uruguay, desde un caso registrado en 1950 hasta 91 casos en 2013. Antes de 1992 cuando se realizaba un hallazgo de restos humanos eran examinados por el médico forense que no contaba con experiencia en éste tipo de casos ni en las técnicas antropológicas forenses. Por lo tanto, en la mayoría de los casos los restos humanos no eran identificados. Como necesidad para resolver ese problema en 1992 se creó el Laboratorio de Antropología Forense en la Morgue Judicial de Montevideo. El artículo estudia un total de 1391 casos antropológico-forenses analizados en la Morgue Judicial desde 1950 hasta 2013 inclusive. El estudio se divide en dos partes: la primera representa 225 casos ocurridos desde 1950 hasta 1991 y la segunda parte representa 1166 casos ocurridos desde 1992 hasta 2013. En cada caso los restos fueron analizados para determinar posible causa de la muerte, sexo, estatura y edad al momento de la muerte. También se analizaron los casos en que se llegó a obtener una identificación positiva. El propósito de este artículo es describir el rol de la antropología Forense en el sistema judicial uruguayo y cómo las técnicas de comparaciones cráneo-fotográficas han sido utilizadas con gran éxito para identificar restos humanos en Uruguay. The article presents a review by a quantitative analysis of the forensic anthropology cases that occurred in Uruguay from 1950 to 2013. Forensic anthropology cases have rapidly increased in Uruguay over the years, from only one case in 1950 to 91 cases in 2013. Before 1992, when human remains were found, they were analyzed by the local medical examiner with lacked experience in these types of cases and in anthropological techniques. Therefore, in the majority of cases, human remains were not identified. By the need to solve these cases in 1992, the Forensic Anthropology Laboratory at the Morgue Judicial of Montevideo was created. This article studied a total of 1391 forensic anthropology cases that were undertaken at the Judicial Morgue of Montevideo between 1950 and 2013. The study is divided into two parts: the first part represents 225 cases occurring from 1950 to 1991, and the second one represents 1166 cases occurring from 1992 to 2013. In each case the remains were analyzed to determine the deceased person sex, stature and age at the time of death. Whether a positive identification was made as a result of forensic anthropology investigation was also analyzed. The purpose of this paper is to describe the place of forensic anthropology in the Uruguayan medico-legal system and to show how skull-photograph comparison techniques were successfully used to identify human remains in Uruguay.

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15

Adserias-Garriga, Joe, Christian Thomas, Douglas H. Ubelaker, and Sara C. Zapico. "When forensic odontology met biochemistry: Multidisciplinary approach in forensic human identification." Archives of Oral Biology 87 (March 2018): 7–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.archoralbio.2017.12.001.

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16

Tozzo, Pamela, Gabriella D’Angiolella, Paola Brun, Ignazio Castagliuolo, Sarah Gino, and Luciana Caenazzo. "Skin Microbiome Analysis for Forensic Human Identification: What Do We Know So Far?" Microorganisms 8, no. 6 (June 9, 2020): 873. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms8060873.

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Microbiome research is a highly transdisciplinary field with a wide range of applications and methods for studying it, involving different computational approaches and models. The fact that different people host radically different microbiota highlights forensic perspectives in understanding what leads to this variation and what regulates it, in order to effectively use microbes as forensic evidence. This narrative review provides an overview of some of the main scientific works so far produced, focusing on the potentiality of using skin microbiome profiling for human identification in forensics. This review was performed following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. The examined literature clearly ascertains that skin microbial communities, although personalized, vary systematically across body sites and time, with intrapersonal differences over time smaller than interpersonal ones, showing such a high degree of spatial and temporal variability that the degree and nature of this variability can constitute in itself an important parameter useful in distinguishing individuals from one another. Even making the effort to organically synthesize all results achieved until now, it is quite evident that these results are still the pieces of a puzzle, which is not yet complete.

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Pushparaj, Vijayakumari, Ulaganathan Gurunathan, and Banumathi Arumugam. "Dental radiographs and photographs in human forensic identification." IET Biometrics 2, no. 2 (June 2013): 56–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/iet-bmt.2012.0047.

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18

Davies, C. M., L. Hackman, and S. M. Black. "The foot in forensic human identification – A review." Foot 24, no. 1 (March 2014): 31–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foot.2013.12.001.

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19

Linacre, Adrian. "Animal Forensic Genetics." Genes 12, no. 4 (April 1, 2021): 515. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes12040515.

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Animal forensic genetics, where the focus is on non-human species, is broadly divided in two: domestic species and wildlife. When traces of a domestic species are relevant to a forensic investigation the question of species identification is less important, as the material comes from either a dog or a cat for instance, but more relevant may be the identification of the actual pet. Identification of a specific animal draws on similar methods to those used in human identification by using microsatellite markers. The use of cat short tandem repeats to link a cat hair to a particular cat paved the way for similar identification of dogs. Wildlife forensic science is becoming accepted as a recognised discipline. There is growing acceptance that the illegal trade in wildlife is having devasting effects on the numbers of iconic species. Loci on the mitochondrial genome are used to identify the most likely species present. Sequencing the whole locus may not be needed if specific bases can be targeted. There can be benefits of increased sensitivity using mitochondrial loci for species testing, but occasionally there is an issue if hybrids are present. The use of massively parallel DNA sequencing has a role in the identification of the ingredients of traditional medicines where studies found protected species to be present, and a potential role in future species assignments. Non-human animal forensic testing can play a key role in investigations provided that it is performed to the same standards as all other DNA profiling processes.

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Zinin, A. M. "Expert Competence in Forensic Facial Identification: Problem Areas." Theory and Practice of Forensic Science, no. 4(44) (December 30, 2016): 31–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.30764/1819-2785-2016-4-31-34.

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The article deals with some of the systems of special knowledge that form the basis of competence of an expert performing forensic facial identification. It is observed that the existing general methodological framework, particularly in the areas of anatomy, anthropology, and modern human imaging technologies is inadequate for the analysis of human features in specific forensic contexts. The author therefore argues for the need to develop specialized education courses that could be used in the training of forensic facial identification practitioners.

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21

Simon, Botond. "Az igazságügyi fogorvosszakértés múltja, jelene és jövője." Kaleidoscope history 10, no. 21 (2020): 156–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.17107/kh.2020.21.156-164.

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Forensic dentistry dates back more than 200 years. Yet Oscar Amoedo, a Cuban-born dentist, is considered the father of forensic dentistry. He emphasized the dentists’ role in humans’ identification and laid down the general principles of dental identification in his dissertation in 1989. Dental experts must have interdisciplinary knowledge to do his or her job. From the teeth development through the type of materials of various restorations and the appearance of specific diseases, he/she has to consider the entire oral cavity. As it happens today, for the last 60-70 years too, the victim’s dentist testified the positive match by the dental identification. Nowadays, there are available plaster models, paper or digital based patient records, x-rays to support forensic dentistry. In the future, digital technology will make identification even faster and more accurate, and based on the patients’ 3D digital models, CBCT images, or palate samples, artificial intelligence (AI) guided computers will be making identifications even without any human assistance.

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22

Monteiro, Samantha Lopes, Ívna Soares de Oliveira, and Tarcísio André Amorim de Carvalho. "Análise transdisciplinar do Banco Nacional de Perfis Genéticos: técnicas moleculares e aspectos jurídicos." Revista Brasileira de Criminalística 8, no. 1 (June 28, 2019): 48–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.15260/rbc.v8i1.347.

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O uso de marcadores moleculares para a identificação humana é uma estratégia aplicada nas atividades forenses no Brasil. A criação de bancos de perfis genéticos é uma tendência mundial. É esperado que o uso de tais dados não somente facilite a investigação de casos criminais, mas também leve à redução da criminalidade. O presente artigo objetiva-se realizar uma análise transdisciplinar sobre o Banco Nacional de Perfis Genéticos (BNPG), abordando a funcionalidade dele, apresentando também as técnicas moleculares aplicadas, além de suscitar discussões jurídicas geradas com a implantação do banco de dados nacional. Trata-se de uma revisão bibliográfica exploratória que foi elaborada a partir de uma pesquisa realizada em bases de dados bibliográficos como SciELO, PubMed e JusBrasil. A conscientização da funcionalidade potencial dessa ferramenta poderá despertar o interesse de mais especialistas de ambas as áreas, biológica e jurídica, para que possam aperfeiçoá-la e, futuramente, desenvolver outras aplicações.Palavras-Chave: Identificação Humana; DNA Forense; Banco de Dados; Ciências Forenses; Lei 12.654/12. AbstractThe use of molecular markers for human identification is a strategy applied in forensic investigation in Brazil. The creation of DNA databases is a worldwide trend. It is expected that the use of such data will not only assist investigation of criminal cases, but also lead to reduced crime. The present article aims to carry out a transdisciplinary analysis about the Brazilian National Genetic Profile Database, addressing its functionality, presenting also applied molecular techniques, as well as raising legal discussions generated with the implementation of the national DNA database. It is an exploratory bibliographic review that was elaborated from a research carried out in bibliographic databases like SciELO, PubMed and JusBrasil. Awareness of the potential functionality of this tool may raise the interest of more specialists in both biological and legal areas so that they can improve it and promote it in the future.Keywords: Human Identification; Forensic DNA; Database; Forensic Science; Law 12.654/12.

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23

Michael, Amy R., and Samantha H. Blatt. "The Triad Approach for Human Identification: The Role of Biological Anthropologists in Collaborative Forensic Genetic Genealogy Efforts." Forensic Genomics 1, no. 2 (June 1, 2021): 60–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/forensic.2020.0006.

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24

Tallman, Sean. "Review of New Perspectives in Forensic Human Skeletal Identification." Forensic Anthropology 2, no. 1 (January 16, 2019): 57–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.5744/fa.2018.1033.

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25

Viorel, Panaitescu, and Roșu M. "Problems of forensic anthropological identification of carbonized human remains." Romanian Journal of Legal Medicine 15, no. 1 (2007): 39–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4323/rjlm.2007.39.

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26

Wiersema, Jason. "Book Review: New Perspectives in Forensic Human Skeletal Identification." Academic Forensic Pathology 8, no. 1 (March 2018): xii—xiii. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/192536211800800104.

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Hackman, Lucina. "Review of: New Perspectives in Forensic Human Skeletal Identification." Journal of Forensic Sciences 63, no. 5 (September 2018): 1609–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1556-4029.13872.

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Oury, Nicolas, Sébastien Jaquemet, Gwénola Simon, Laurie Casalot, Géry Vangrevelynghe, Fanch Landron, and Hélène Magalon. "Forensic genetic identification of sharks involved in human attacks." Forensic Science International: Genetics 54 (September 2021): 102558. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fsigen.2021.102558.

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NIELS, RALPH, LOUIS VUURPIJL, and LAMBERT SCHOMAKER. "AUTOMATIC ALLOGRAPH MATCHING IN FORENSIC WRITER IDENTIFICATION." International Journal of Pattern Recognition and Artificial Intelligence 21, no. 01 (February 2007): 61–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218001407005302.

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A well-established task in forensic writer identification focuses on the comparison of prototypical character shapes (allographs) present in handwriting. In order for a computer to perform this task convincingly, it should yield results that are plausible and understandable to the human expert. Trajectory matching is a well-known method to compare two allographs. This paper assesses a promising technique for so-called human-congruous trajectory matching, called Dynamic Time Warping (DTW). In the first part of the paper, an experiment is described that shows that DTW yields results that correspond to the expectations of human users. Since DTW requires the dynamics of the handwritten trace, the "online" dynamic allograph trajectories need to be extracted from the "offline" scanned documents. In the second part of the paper, an automatic procedure to perform this task is described. Images were generated from a large online dataset that provides the true trajectories. This allows for a quantitative assessment of the trajectory extraction techniques rather than a qualitative discussion of a small number of examples. Our results show that DTW can significantly improve the results from trajectory extraction when compared to traditional techniques.

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Kayser, Manfred. "Identification of human geographic origins in forensics." Forensic Science International 169 (June 2007): S22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2007.04.134.

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Journal, Baghdad Science. "Anovel Immunological Technique for Identification of Human Seminal Fluid." Baghdad Science Journal 7, no. 2 (June 6, 2010): 1023–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.21123/bsj.7.2.1023-1027.

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An immunological technique was investigated for the detection of human semen in forensic analysis.This technique included a preparation of anti-human seminal plasma antibodies, by immunizing rabbits with treated human semen. The human semen was treated with an acid to prevent cross reactivity with other human body fluids. The antibody produced was tested against different animal,s seminal fluid samples (dog, goat ,sheep, cow) and human body fluids( saliva, blood , vaginal fluid, ear wax and human semen). It was found that using this developed technique was only selectively responsed with human semen . The prepered kit was evaluated and tested in Forensic laboratory- Ministry of Health. Finally, results were obtained in a comparison with the recommended techniques.

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CORRADI, Luciene Menrique, Denise Vieira TRAVASSOS, Sylvia Cury COSTE, Rosa Núbia Vieira de MOURA, and Efigênia Ferreira e. FERREIRA. "Identifying missing people: the contribution of forensic dentistry and DNA." Revista de Odontologia da UNESP 46, no. 6 (November 13, 2017): 313–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1807-2577.02817.

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Abstract Introduction Human identification is considered one of the major steps concerning missing people. The Forensic Anthropology Sector of Legal Medical Institutes identifies corpses. Forensic dentistry and DNA tests stand out among the existing standard tests. Objective This article aimed to evaluate human identification effectiveness through forensic dental examination performed in the forensic anthropology sector in a Forensic Medical Institute, comparing them with DNA analyses. Methodology This is a cross-sectional study using secondary data available in the department´s database, from 2008 to 2014, concerning identification procedures using forensic dentistry and DNA techniques. Result The analysis of the examinations eligible to this study (241) showed that DNA analysis was the method used for identification in 79.3% of the cases and forensic dental examinations were used in 20.7% of the cases. As for the type of biological material used during these examinations, unidentified corpses corresponded to 131 cases (53.9%), skeleton structures corresponded to 109 cases (44.9%) and there were 3 cases of body segments (1.2%). When analyzing the time spent to complete the tests, dental examinations were faster than DNA tests. The time spent for forensic dental examination does not depend on the type of dental documentation evaluated. Conclusion The analysis of the results in this study showed that human identification through forensic dentistry is effective, rapid and less costly, contributing to greater agility in solving issues related to locating missing people.

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Swain, Niharika, Shilpa Patel, Jigna Pathak, Priyadarshani R. Sarkate, Nikita K. Sahu, and Rashmi M. Hosalkar. "Role of Dental Hard Tissue in Human Identification." Journal of Contemporary Dentistry 9, no. 3 (2019): 130–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.5005/jp-journals-10031-1264.

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ABSTRACT Ethnologic identification is one of the major demanding subjects to facilitate human has been encountered with. The forensic magnitude of the dental tissue has been well predictable since teeth are hardest of all human tissues and they can be conserved undamaged for an extensive episode of instance following fatality. They are constant chemically and they retain their characteristics, which becomes a consistent source for determination of human identification. The study of the dental hard and soft tissue for the rationale of establishing the individuality of a victim is called dental profiling. By using the dental profiling techniques, age, gender, and race of an individual can be determined, as well as the data about their socioeconomic status, personal habits, oral and systemic health, occupation, diet, familial relationship, and psychological characteristics. A dental profile is more detailed and reliable if more than one technique is applied. Each human being possesses a unique dental profile that helps them in identification. Education in the field of forensic odontology and techniques of dental profiling is essential since it contributes significantly to the status of the dental profession in additional associated disciplines as well as in public, and it encourages dentists to view their own achievements from a wider perspective. Through the ages, odontological examinations have been a critical determinant in the search of human identity. This piece of review writing gives an overview of the dental evidence and its use in forensic identification. How to cite this article: Sahu NK, Patel S, Pathak J, et al. Role of Dental Hard Tissue in Human Identification. J Contemp Dent 2019;9(3):130–134.

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Phillips, P. Jonathon, Amy N. Yates, Ying Hu, Carina A. Hahn, Eilidh Noyes, Kelsey Jackson, Jacqueline G. Cavazos, et al. "Face recognition accuracy of forensic examiners, superrecognizers, and face recognition algorithms." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 115, no. 24 (May 29, 2018): 6171–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1721355115.

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Achieving the upper limits of face identification accuracy in forensic applications can minimize errors that have profound social and personal consequences. Although forensic examiners identify faces in these applications, systematic tests of their accuracy are rare. How can we achieve the most accurate face identification: using people and/or machines working alone or in collaboration? In a comprehensive comparison of face identification by humans and computers, we found that forensic facial examiners, facial reviewers, and superrecognizers were more accurate than fingerprint examiners and students on a challenging face identification test. Individual performance on the test varied widely. On the same test, four deep convolutional neural networks (DCNNs), developed between 2015 and 2017, identified faces within the range of human accuracy. Accuracy of the algorithms increased steadily over time, with the most recent DCNN scoring above the median of the forensic facial examiners. Using crowd-sourcing methods, we fused the judgments of multiple forensic facial examiners by averaging their rating-based identity judgments. Accuracy was substantially better for fused judgments than for individuals working alone. Fusion also served to stabilize performance, boosting the scores of lower-performing individuals and decreasing variability. Single forensic facial examiners fused with the best algorithm were more accurate than the combination of two examiners. Therefore, collaboration among humans and between humans and machines offers tangible benefits to face identification accuracy in important applications. These results offer an evidence-based roadmap for achieving the most accurate face identification possible.

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Jiang, Yuming, Jie Sun, Xi Huang, Huixia Shi, Caiqiao Xiong, and Zongxiu Nie. "Direct identification of forensic body fluids by MALDI-MS." Analyst 144, no. 23 (2019): 7017–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9an01385g.

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Abreu, Thalita Queiroz, Ana Emília Figueiredo De Oliveira, Elza Bernardes Ferreira, Mariana Figueiredo Lopes, and Maia Denise Regina Pontes Vieira. "Radiographic analysis of forensic dentistry." Revista Odonto Ciência 31, no. 3 (December 31, 2016): 131. http://dx.doi.org/10.15448/1980-6523.2016.3.19714.

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Objective: Age estimation is an important element in the forensic investigation, being one of the data primary sources to establish the identity of living people or unknown mortal remains. The methods used for this purpose are those based on individuals’ bones and teeth development. Since dental radiographs assume major role in the forensic context, this article aims to show, by means of literature review, the importance of dental radiographs as an aid in human identification process, particularly in the age estimation.Conclusion: The forensic dental examination contributes significantly to human identification, no matter if it is a living, in advanced decay, skeletonized or charred body. Therefore, it is important to raise awareness among dental professionals about the need to properly record and archive the information and data obtained during the daily clinical routine, since the greatest support for identification in forensic dentistry, mainly the individual’s age estimation, comes from clinical documentation produced daily by clinicians, especially dental radiographs.

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Baryah, Neha, Kewal Krishan, and Tanuj Kanchan. "The development and status of forensic anthropology in India: A review of the literature and future directions." Medicine, Science and the Law 59, no. 1 (January 2019): 61–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0025802418824834.

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Forensic anthropology deals with the identification of human remains in a legal setting. The primary role of a forensic anthropologist is to evaluate human skeletal remains and ascertain the biological profile of the deceased. Forensic anthropologists thus use their expertise to assist medical examiners, as well as law enforcement agencies. Forensic anthropology was not recognised as a subject specialty of much significance in most parts of the world for a long time. However, now its status has changed, mostly in the USA and parts of Europe. The scope of the subject ranges from evaluation of human skeletal remains to the identification of the living. In the new millennium, the role of forensic anthropologists includes disaster victim identification, photographic superimposition, facial image reconstruction in CCTV footage, gait pattern analysis from video surveillance, ascertaining the age of an individual in absence of legal documents and paedo-pornographic materials. Despite its relevance in human identification, the development of forensic anthropology in India is not very encouraging. Only a few institutions in India include forensic anthropology as a part of the forensic science degree programme, and there are no certified courses in anthropology either. Likewise, there are limited employment opportunities for forensic anthropologists in medical institutes/organisations/universities. This comprehensive review focuses on the status and development of forensic anthropology in India and emphasises the need for its recognition as a specialty of significance. The article also throws light on the comparison of its status in the Indian context vis a vis developed nations.

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Nuzzolese, E., V. Marcario, and G. Di Vella. "Incorporation of Radio Frequency Identification Tag in Dentures to Facilitate Recognition and Forensic Human Identification." Open Dentistry Journal 4, no. 1 (April 29, 2010): 33–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874210601004010033.

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Forensic identification using odontology is based on the comparison of ante-mortem and post mortem dental records. The insertion of a radio frequency identification (RFId) tag into dentures could be used as an aid to identify decomposed bodies, by storing personal identification data in a small transponder that can be radio-transmitted to a reader connected to a computer. A small passive, 12 x 2,1 mm, read-only RFId-tag was incorporated into the manufacture of three trial complete upper dentures and tested for a signal. The aim of this article is to demonstrate the feasibility of manufacturing such a dental prosthesis, the technical protocols for its implantation in the denture resin and its working principles. Future research and tests are required in order to verify human compatibility of the tagged denture and also to evaluate any potential deterioration in strength when subjected to high temperatures, or for damage resulting from everyday wear and tear. It should also be able to withstand the extreme conditions resulting from major accidents or mass disasters and procedures used to perform a forensic identification.

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Shbair, Mohammed, Atif Adnan, Pang Hao, and Yi Liu. "Assessing the viability of carious lesions in human identification using STR typing." Science Progress 104, no. 2 (April 2021): 003685042110080. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00368504211008054.

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Human teeth have become a prominent source of DNA for human forensic identification as their biological structure is highly resistant to extreme conditions. Previous forensic identification was mainly dependent on the pulp and the other hard tissues of intact teeth. However, there is high likelihood that only carious teeth can be available for forensic analysis. This study aimed to validate the use of the carious part of the teeth for forensic identification and to compare two DNA extraction methods-the operative technique with the cervical cut technique for human identification using STR typing. The reliability of STR markers in carious part of the teeth was evaluated in 120 carious teeth (60 dental pulp and 60 dentinal carious tissues, respectively) with considerable coverage of gender type and age range to avoid false exclusions. The study was performed on genuine data set where samples have been extracted by proficient dentist during the treatment operation and collected for further analysis. Complete DNA was extracted and the corresponding human identification profile was obtained using the GoldenEye™DNA ID system 20A kit. The operative technique showed a conservative approach to the sampling of carious tissues and allowed safe access to collect carious tissues, whereas the cervical cut technique permitted access to the root canals and complete sampling of the pulp tissues. The findings indicated that there was no significant association between the cervical cut and operative cut techniques ( p = 0.165). In addition, there was no statistically significant association between the various teeth types and the obtained profiles observed. The operative technique, by drilling holes on the defected surface of carious human teeth and gentle hand excavation of carious tissues, was indicated to be very efficient, preserving, time-saving, and cost-effective in the recovery of human DNA from carious teeth. The result gives new insights that the carious tissues of human carious teeth might be as valid as the healthy teeth for forensic human identification.

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Yates, B. C. "Utility Of Secondary Guard Hairs In Animal Hair Identification." Microscopy and Microanalysis 5, S2 (August 1999): 1344–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927600020043.

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Variability among hairs of humans is dependent on body source and ethnicity. Variability in the hairs of non-human mammals is also dependent on somatic source, but may exhibit a wide range of characteristics among hairs from any given site. Humans do not have secondary guard hairs as defined below, but forensic scientists involved in trace analysis must recognize a different suite of variability that exists when examining animal hairs. Hairs other than primary guard hairs from the dorsum, which are often the only representative hairs illustrated in animal hair atlases, may be present as trace evidence in a forensic case in which the origin of the hair is unknown. An overview of the different grades of animal hair that could be present in a forensic case or natural history inquiry places the secondary, tertiary, etc. guard hairs in a continuum that is based on relative diameters.

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Turingan, Rosemary S., Jessi Brown, Ludmila Kaplun, Jake Smith, Jenna Watson, Derek A. Boyd, Dawnie Wolfe Steadman, and Richard F. Selden. "Identification of human remains using Rapid DNA analysis." International Journal of Legal Medicine 134, no. 3 (November 28, 2019): 863–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00414-019-02186-y.

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AbstractRapid identification of human remains following mass casualty events is essential to bring closure to family members and friends of the victims. Unfortunately, disaster victim identification, missing persons identification, and forensic casework analysis are often complicated by sample degradation due to exposure to harsh environmental conditions. Following a mass disaster, forensic laboratories may be overwhelmed by the number of dissociated portions that require identification and reassociation or compromised by the event itself. The interval between the disaster and receipt of victim samples at a laboratory is critical in that sample quality deteriorates as the postmortem interval increases. When bodies decompose due to delay in collection, transport, and sample processing, DNA becomes progressively fragmented, adversely impacting identification. We have previously developed a fully automated, field-forward Rapid DNA identification system that produces STR profiles (also referred to as DNA IDs or DNA fingerprints) from buccal and crime scene samples. The system performs all sample processing and data interpretation in less than 2 h. Here, we present results on Rapid DNA identification performed on several tissue types (including buccal, muscle, liver, brain, tooth, and bone) from exposed human bodies placed above ground or stored in a morgue/cooler, two scenarios commonly encountered following mass disasters. We demonstrate that for exposed remains, buccal swabs are the sample of choice for up to 11 days exposure and bone and tooth samples generated excellent DNA IDs for the 1-year duration of the study. For refrigerated remains, all sample types generated excellent DNA IDs for the 3-month testing period.

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Gadipally, Sreeja R., Anujit Sarkar, and Madhusudan R. Nandineni. "Selective enrichment of STRs for applications in forensic human identification." ELECTROPHORESIS 36, no. 15 (June 23, 2015): 1768–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/elps.201400490.

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Crowder, Christian. "Review of:Biological Affinity in Forensic Identification of Human Skeletal Remains." Journal of Forensic Sciences 60, no. 6 (November 2015): 1671–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1556-4029.12933.

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Solla, Horacio E., Mehmet Y. Iscan, and Barbara McCabe. "A RARE CASE OF IDENTIFICATION AND PRESERVATION OF HUMAN REMAINS. 240 Un raro caso de identificación y preservación de restos humanos." Revista Argentina de Anatomía Clínica 5, no. 3 (March 28, 2016): 240–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.31051/1852.8023.v5.n3.14082.

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Los estudios de casos son ideales para probar la validez de técnicas antropológicas y los estudios antropológico-forenses de casos suelen funcionar como campo de pruebas en varios tópicos de la Antropología Física. El creciente rol que ha jugado los antropólogos en las ciencias forenses ha ayudado a las disciplinas médico-legales en varios aspectos. Por ejemplo, la identificación restos óseos es ahora más segura que nunca. El propósito de éste artículo es mostrar un raro caso de preservación de tejidos blandos de los restos de una niña color que se han conservado transformándose en un molde compacto y describir las técnicas antropológicas usadas para identificar los restos. Los estudios antropológicos forenses indicaban que se trataba de los restos de una niña de color entre 10 y 12 años de edad al momento de la muerte y de 150 cms de estatura. Basados en esos datos preliminares y en la sospecha de que los restos podrían ser los de Jane Doe, víctima de una violación y posterior asesinato. Una superposición digital fue realizada usando una fotografía de la supuesta víctima y el cráneo desconocido. Los estu-dios indicaron que el cráneo hallado se correspondía de manera consistente con el individuo de la fotografía. Estos resultados fueron luego ratificados por un análisis de ADN. Por lo tanto, la Antropología Forense y sus técnicas pueden ser utilizadas en investigaciones médico-legales concretas de manera muy satisfactoria. Case studies are ideal to test the validity of anthropological techniques and forensic anthropology cases function as a testing ground for this aspect of physical anthropology. The increasing role that anthropologists have played in forensic sciences has aided the medico legal disciplines in a number of ways. For example, identification of skeletal remains is now more accurate than ever before. The purpose of this paper is to show a peculiar case of rare preservation of soft tissue of a black child that formed an unique soft tissue casting and to describe anthropological techniques used to identify the remains. The anthropological analysis indicated that she was black racial affinity, between 10-12-year old and was about150 cmof stature. Based on preliminary evidence that the victim might be Jane Doe, a victim of possible rape and murder, a digital superimposition was made using one victim's photograph and the unknown skull. This examination revealed that the skull corresponded consistently with the individual in the photograph. Results were supported by a DNA analysis. Therefore, forensic anthropology techniques can be successfully used in medico-legal investigations.

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Schmedes, Sarah E., Antti Sajantila, and Bruce Budowle. "Expansion of Microbial Forensics." Journal of Clinical Microbiology 54, no. 8 (February 24, 2016): 1964–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jcm.00046-16.

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Microbial forensics has been defined as the discipline of applying scientific methods to the analysis of evidence related to bioterrorism, biocrimes, hoaxes, or the accidental release of a biological agent or toxin for attribution purposes. Over the past 15 years, technology, particularly massively parallel sequencing, and bioinformatics advances now allow the characterization of microorganisms for a variety of human forensic applications, such as human identification, body fluid characterization, postmortem interval estimation, and biocrimes involving tracking of infectious agents. Thus, microbial forensics should be more broadly described as the discipline of applying scientific methods to the analysis of microbial evidence in criminal and civil cases for investigative purposes.

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Chidambaram, Ramasamy. "Forensic Odontology: A Boon to Community in Medico-legal Affairs." Journal of Nepal Medical Association 54, no. 201 (March 31, 2016): 46–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.31729/jnma.2818.

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Forensic odontology is a sub-discipline of dental science which involves the relationship between dentistry and the law. The specialty of forensic odontology is applied in radiographic investigation, human bite marks analysis, anthropologic examination and during mass disasters. Besides the fact that radiographs require pretentious laboratory, it is still claimed to be a facile, rapid, non-invasive method of age identification in the deceased. The budding DNA technology has conquered the traditional procedures and currently being contemplated as chief investigating tool in revealing the hidden mysteries of victims and suspects, especially in hopeless circumstances. Forensic odontology has played a chief role in solving cold cases and proved to be strong evidence in the court of law. Systematic collection of dental records and preservation of the same would marshal the legal officials in identification of the deceased. To serve the forensic operation and legal authorities, dental professionals need to be familiar with the basics of forensic odontology, which would create a consciousness to preserve the dental data. The aim of this paper is to emphasize the vital applications of forensic odontology in medico-legal issues. Conjointly the recent advancements applied in forensic human identification have been updated. Keywords: bite marks; dental records; forensic identification; mass disaster; medico-legal issues. | PubMed

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Barros, Franciéllen de, Clemente Maia da Silva Fernandes, Barbara Kuhnen, José Scarso Filho, Marcelo Gonçalves, and Mônica da Costa Serra. "Paranasal sinuses and human identification." Research, Society and Development 10, no. 9 (July 31, 2021): e48710918161. http://dx.doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v10i9.18161.

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The characteristics of the paranasal sinuses (maxillary, frontal, sphenoid and ethmoid sinuses) are information of great relevance to Forensic Sciences, as their images can be used for human identification purposes. Due to their particularities, the paranasal sinuses provide valuable information for human identification, reducing the risk of errors during investigation by experts. Such structures are visualized from several imaging exams. This study evaluates the possibilities of human identification through the analysis of the paranasal sinuses, as well as the effectiveness of their analysis in estimating sex, age and ancestry. A comprehensive search was performed in the PubMed, SciELO, LILACS, and Web of Science databases. As inclusion criteria, texts that addressed the subject were selected. Imaging analysis of the frontal, maxillary and sphenoid sinuses is a useful tool for human identification, as well as for estimating sex, age and ancestry; usually provides a high level of accuracy. Regarding the ethmoid sinus, research is indicated to verify its use in human identification, as no publications on this specific subject were found. Additional research must be carried out (especially three-dimensional analysis of the paranasal sinuses), to develop standardized protocols, improving the work of experts, helping justice and society.

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Chertovskikh, A. A., and E. S. Tuchik. "PARAMETERS OF THE ACROMION PROCESS FOR HUMAN SEX IDENTIFICATION." Russian Journal of Forensic Medicine 5, no. 3 (October 15, 2019): 24–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.19048/2411-8729-2019-5-3-24-27.

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The sex identification by the various parameters of the bones is one of the most important tasks of osteology and forensic science.Objectives. To develope evidence-based diagnostic criteria for determining a person’s gender in the context of forensic identification of the person using some parameters of the scapula: the length and width of the acromion process.Material and methods. The study material was 108 corpses aged 19 to 99 years old from the central region of Russia examined in 2016. The causes of death were diseases of the cardiovascular system, poisoning with ethanol and/or narcotics, complex mechanical trauma. Morphological, morphometric and osteometric methods were used as well as mathematical using statistical software.Results. New criteria were obtained for the sex identification by certain parameters of the scapula. The use of the established data will make it possible to reasonably reduce the range of osteological examinations in favor of a targeted sampling of material which will reduce the time and economic costs of the morphometric bone examinations as well as increase the evidence-based value of expert’s report in criminal procedure.

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M’charek, Amade, Victor Toom, and Lisette Jong. "The Trouble with Race in Forensic Identification." Science, Technology, & Human Values 45, no. 5 (January 21, 2020): 804–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0162243919899467.

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The capacity of contemporary forensic genetics has rendered “race” into an interesting tool to produce clues about the identity of an unknown suspect. Whereas the conventional use of DNA profiling was primarily aimed at the individual suspect, more recently a shift of interest in forensic genetics has taken place, in which the population and the family to whom an unknown suspect allegedly belongs, has moved center stage. Making inferences about the phenotype or the family relations of this unknown suspect produces suspect populations and families. We discuss the criminal investigation following the Marianne Vaatstra murder case in the Netherlands and the use of forensic (genetic) technologies therein. It is in many ways an interesting case, but in this paper, we focus on how race surfaced in science and society. We show that race materializes neither in the technologies used nor in the bodies at stake. Rather, race emerges through a material semiotic relation that surfaces in the translation that occurs as humans and things move across sites. We argue that race is enacted, firstly, in the context of legislation as biology reduced to bodily characteristics; secondly, in the forensic analyses as patterns of absent presence; and, thirdly, in society as a process of phenotypic othering.

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Neckovic, Ana, Roland A. H. van Oorschot, Bianca Szkuta, and Annalisa Durdle. "Challenges in Human Skin Microbial Profiling for Forensic Science: A Review." Genes 11, no. 9 (August 28, 2020): 1015. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes11091015.

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The human microbiome is comprised of the microbes that live on and within an individual, as well as immediately surrounding them. Microbial profiling may have forensic utility in the identification or association of individuals with criminal activities, using microbial signatures derived from a personal microbiome. This review highlights some important aspects of recent studies, many of which have revealed issues involving the effect of contamination of microbial samples from both technical and environmental sources and their impacts on microbiome research and the potential forensic applications of microbial profiling. It is imperative that these challenges be discussed and evaluated within a forensic context to better understand the future directions and potential applications of microbial profiling for human identification. It is necessary that the limitations identified be resolved prior to the adoption of microbial profiling, or, at a minimum, acknowledged by those applying this new approach.

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