Academic literature on the topic 'Forensic toxicology'
Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles
Consult the lists of relevant articles, books, theses, conference reports, and other scholarly sources on the topic 'Forensic toxicology.'
Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.
You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.
Journal articles on the topic "Forensic toxicology"
1
Davis, Gregory G. "Forensic Toxicology." American Society for Clinical Laboratory Science 25, no. 2 (April 2012): 120–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.29074/ascls.25.2.120.
Full text
2
Levine, Barry. "FORENSIC TOXICOLOGY." Analytical Chemistry 65, no. 5 (March 1993): 272A—276A. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ac00053a741.
Full text
3
Smith, Michael P., and Martin H. Bluth. "Forensic Toxicology." Clinics in Laboratory Medicine 36, no. 4 (December 2016): 753–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cll.2016.07.002.
Full text
4
Peters, Frank T., Hans H. Maurer, and Frank Musshoff. "Forensic toxicology." Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry 400, no. 1 (February 18, 2011): 7–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00216-011-4711-2.
Full text
5
Watanabe, Kazuhito, and Satoshi Chinaka. "Forensic toxicology." Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry 405, no. 12 (February 13, 2013): 3919–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00216-013-6773-9.
Full text
6
Syed Khurram Hassan and Hafiza Hadia Shehzad. "The Nanoforensic: An Advanced Perspective in Crime Investigation." International Journal for Electronic Crime Investigation 7, no. 1 (March 3, 2023): 33–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.54692/ijeci.2023.0701126.
Full textAbstract:
Nano forensics is the advanced application of nanotechnology-based techniques to resolve cases in forensic science. Forensic science offers scientific methods in a criminal investigation. Nano-forensics deals with the development of new approaches for fingerprint visualization, DNA isolation, forensic toxicology, explosive detection, identification of body fluids, gunshot residue analysis, detection of illicit drugs, etc. The nanomaterials used in forensic science are nanocrystals, nanoparticles, quantum dots, nanobelts, nanocomposites, nanoclusters, nanotubes, nanorods, etc. The scope of nanotechnology is very wide.
7
Nurul Rahma Windyani, Ersa, and Femalie A. Acbay. "The Correlation of Forensic Science Role : Forensic Photography, Forensic Toxicology and Digital Forensics Towards the Evidence in the Criminal Justice System." Journal of Law, Politic and Humanities 3, no. 3 (July 25, 2023): 360–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.38035/jlph.v3i3.236.
Full textAbstract:
The Role of Forensic Photography, Forensic Chemistry Toxicology and Digital Forensic on Pembuktian is a scientific article in the literature review within the scope of the field of Law and Criminology. The purpose of this article is to build a hypothesis of the influence between variables that will be used in further research. Research objects in online libraries, Google Scholar, Mendeley and other academic online media. The research method with the research library comes from e-books and open access e-journals. The results of this article: 1) Fotografi Forensik has an effect on Pembuktian; 2) Toksikologi Forensik has an effect on Pembuktian; and 3) Forensik Digital has an effect toward the Evidence.
8
Hidalgo Pozo, María José. "Entomotoxicología Forense En Cadáveres En Estado De Descomposición." Ecuador Journal of Medicine 1, Esp (November 1, 2021): 17–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.46721/tejom-vol1issesp-2021-17-32.
Full textAbstract:
Resumen Introducción: la entomotoxicología se enfoca en la aplicación del análisis toxicológico a los insectos que se encuentran en los cadáveres, para identificar la presencia de drogas y toxinas en los tejidos o restos cadavéricos. Objetivo: realizar una revisión sobre la utilidad de la entomotoxicología como herramienta para las Ciencias Forenses, en cadáveres que se encuentran en estado de descomposición avanzada, cuando no es factible la recolección de muestras biológicas. Materiales y métodos: se realizó una búsqueda en Pubmed, Scopus, Scielo y Google Académico con las palabras clave: Forensic entomology / entomología forense, Forensic entomotoxicology / entomotoxicología forense, Criminology / criminología, Forensic toxicology / toxicología forense, Poisoning / envenenamiento y Postmortem interval determination / determinación del intervalo postmortem. Se incluyeron publicaciones de acceso libre, en español e inglés; publicados desde 1992 hasta marzo 2021. Resultados: la búsqueda inicial arrojó 3476 referencias (Pubmed: 50; Scopus: 402; Scielo: 114; Google académico: 2910). Quinientas sesenta y seis publicaciones fueron excluidas por duplicación; 49 fueron incluidas en esta revisión. Conclusiones: los insectos permiten un análisis fiable de toxinas y drogas cuando no es posible realizarlo directamente desde los restos cadavéricos. En Ecuador, se requieren estudios que indaguen la aplicación y desarrollo de esta rama para determinar su precisión y utilidad a nivel local, provincial y regional. A nivel global, se debe expandir la investigación entomotoxicológica en escenarios acuáticos o de incendios; así como el impacto del cambio climático sobre la entomofauna y sus repercusiones en el análisis toxicológico de las distintas especies.
9
Pounder, Derrick J. "Forensic entomo-toxicology." Journal of the Forensic Science Society 31, no. 4 (July 1991): 469–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0015-7368(91)73189-7.
Full text
10
Gwaltney-Brant, S. M. "Veterinary Forensic Toxicology." Veterinary Pathology 53, no. 5 (April 18, 2016): 1067–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0300985816641994.
Full textDissertations / Theses on the topic "Forensic toxicology"
1
Brancoli, Daniel Luz 1986. "O efeito da ivermectina na duração das fases de decomposição, sobre os insetos necrófagos e interpretação termográfica da distribuição espacial da massa larval de dípteros em carcaças de cabras (Capra aegragrus hircus L.,1758)." [s.n.], 2013. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/317460.
Full textAbstract:
Orientador: Arício Xavier LinharesDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia
Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-23T07:56:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Brancoli_DanielLuz_M.pdf: 2919175 bytes, checksum: 945c65bec3a80aec88b5f6b239293fd2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013
Resumo: A estimativa do intervalo pós-morte (IPM), período entre a ocorrência da morte e o momento em que o corpo ou carcaça é encontrado, é uma das principais utilizações de insetos na área forense. A partir de informações sobre a biologia, ecologia e distribuição geográfica dos insetos, bem como do comportamento de toda fauna presente em um corpo é possível estimar o menor intervalo da ocorrência da morte. Diversos fatores tais como temperatura, umidade, presença de substâncias tóxicas nos tecidos de uma carcaça, podem interferir no ciclo de vida de um inseto, afetando diretamente a estimativa do IPM quando esta é baseada em parâmetros biológicos do inseto. Por isso, múltiplos fatores devem ser considerados para que a perícia seja mais precisa. Com o aumento no número de mortes de animais de importância econômica devido à intoxicação medicamentosa, se faz necessárias pesquisas voltadas para a entomotoxicologia, uma área que carece de estudos específicos. Assim, o presente trabalho visou identificar a entomofauna associada a carcaças de cabras (Capra aegagrus hircus L.) mortas após tratamento com ivermectina, expostas em ambiente natural, além de averiguar possíveis diferenças na atratividade, no desenvolvimento dos imaturos que utilizaram esse substrato para alimentação e se a temperatura e o padrão de colonização da massa larval divergem entre as carcaças de animais mortos por intoxicação. Esse último parâmetro foi avaliado por meio de registros termográficos realizados em intervalos de 12 horas. Além da importância de fatores abióticos como luminosidade, temperatura, umidade e pluviosidade, pôde-se observar a ação da ivermectina nas carcaças tratadas, interferindo na composição da fauna colonizadora, no tempo total e em cada estágio da decomposição, assim como no padrão físico e comportamental das massas larvais em comparação ao grupo controle. Ainda foi demonstrado que a termografia pode ser utilizada como uma nova ferramenta em estudos periciais, auxiliando de forma significativa a avaliação dos parâmetros das massas larvais
Abstract: The estimation of the postmortem interval (PMI), period between the occurrence of death and the time at which the body or casing is found, is one of the main uses of insects in the forensic field. Using information on the biology, ecology and geographical distribution of insects, as well as the behavior of the entire fauna present in a body, is possible to estimate the time of death. Several factors such as temperature, humidity, presence of toxic substances in the tissues of a carcass, may interfere with the life cycle of an insect, directly affecting the estimate of PMI when it is based on biological parameters of the insect. Therefore, multiple factors should be considered so that the forensic analysis is more accurate. With the increase in the number of animal's deaths of economic importance due to drug intoxication, becomes necessary a research on entomotoxicology, an area with lack of specific studies. Thus, the present study aimed to identify the insect fauna associated with carcasses of goats (Capra aegagrus hircus L.) killed after treatment with ivermectin and exposed in the natural environment. Still, investigate possible differences in attractiveness, the immature development that used this substrate for feeding and if the temperature and the colonization pattern of larval mass differ between carcasses of animals killed after ivermectin inoculation. This last parameter was evaluated by thermographic shots performed at intervals of 12 hours. Besides the importance of abiotic factors such as luminosity, temperature, humidity and rainfall, the action of ivermectin on carcasses couse interferense in the composition of the colonizing fauna, the total time of colonization and the time of the decomposition stages, as well as the physical patterns and behavior of larval masses compared to the control group. Although it has been shown that thermography can be used as a new tool in forensic studies, helping to evaluate the parameters of larval mass
Mestrado
Parasitologia
Mestre em Parasitologia
2
Alzeer, Samar Adnan. "Forensic toxicology of gamma hydroxybutyrate (GHB) metabolism." Thesis, University of Strathclyde, 2011. http://oleg.lib.strath.ac.uk:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=16779.
Full text
3
Lourens, Denise. "The epidemiology, pathology and toxicology of suicide." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/26780.
Full textAbstract:
Complete suicides and parasuicides are a major cause of death and disability in South Africa and the rest of the world. The epidemiology, pathology and toxicology of complete suicides were investigated in this study. All the complete suicide cases, which were presented to Salt River Medicolegal Laboratory over a period of one year (1 January 1997 - 31 December 1997), were analysed. The candidate personally conducted 148 of the alleged 180 suicide cases that presented in this time period (82%). The candidate did all the follow up investigations herself. The main findings were: 1. The male to female ratio was 5: 1. (131: 26) 2. Shooting and hanging were the most commonly used methods. 3. The racial distribution of violent deaths showed a high rate of suicides amongst the White population. 4. Suicides accounted for the Joss of young lives, the average age being 37,8 years. The mean age was 34 years. 5. Most victims committed suicide in and around their own homes. 6. The majority did not leave suicide notes. 7. Psychiatric disorders, poor health, arguments with close family members and friends, financial problems and long-standing relationship problems were the most common reasons for the suicides. 8. Suicides by prisoners accounted for 3,8% of the study (6 cases). 9. Two cases of double suicide (group suicide) were identified. 10. Five cases of homicide-suicide were identified in the study material. 11. One case of an attempted suicide by means of a high-speed motor vehicle accident, followed by the successful suicide by other means, was identified.
4
Peterson, Kristina L. "Advances in flow extraction techniques : applications in forensic toxicology /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/11552.
Full text
5
ZANCANARO, Flavio. "Mass spectrometry pneumatically assisted desorption/ionization in forensic toxicology." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Verona, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/11562/342863.
Full textAbstract:
La spettrometria di massa è una delle tecniche più rilevanti in tossicologia clinica e forense. Il suo sviluppo e il miglioramento si basano sull'invenzione e l'uso di nuove sorgenti di ioni, nuovi metodi di ionizzazione, nuovi analizzatori di massa e nuove tecniche di pre-trattamento dei campioni. Una recente innovazione è la capacità di registrare spettri di massa su campioni reali direttamente nel loro ambiente nativo, senza preparazione del campione o pre-separazione. In questo ambito è stato descritto un nuovo metodo di ionizzazione/desorbimento chiamato DESI (desorbimento Electrospray ionizzazione), in seguito è stato sviluppato un metodo chiamato Dessì (Desorbimento Sonic Spray ionizzazione), a prima vista simile a DESI, ma in fondo sostanzialmente diverso. Questa tesi consiste nello sviluppo di una nuova interfaccia di desorbimento / ionizzazione per indagare il vero meccanismo coinvolto nella formazione di ioni, perché abbiamo ritenuto questo passaggio propedeutico per garantire il successivo uso del metodo in campo tossicologico analitico. Abbiamo verificato che il contributo pneumatico è preponderante per ottenere risultati. Quindi, la nostra nuova interfaccia di desorbimento/ionizzazione utilizza solo uno spray di solvente puro, senza alcuna tensione elettrica applicata allo sprayer. Un aspetto fondamentale di questo progetto, applicato a diverse matrici complesse, è il numero di parametri di funzionamento controllabili che possono essere studiati e ottimizzati per ottenere un'efficace analisi di superficie. Le variabili più importanti prese in considerazione sono state la geometria della sorgente (l'angolo di spray e l'angolo di diffusione di ioni, come pure le varie distanze nell'allineamento dello spray, del campione e dello spettrometro di massa) e la caratteristica dello spray (il contenuto del solvente ed il gas di portata). Tutte le misurazioni sono state eseguite in condizioni di ionizzazione positiva e negativa, variando tensione del capillare, pressione del gas di nebulizzazione, il flusso di gas al capillare e la temperatura del capillare. L'acquisizione è stata prodotta in modalità multiple mass spectra (MSn). Abbiamo applicato questa nuova soluzione tecnica per l'identificazione di composti tal quali, di principi attivi in campioni di farmaci mediante analisi diretta di compresse, principi attivi contenuti in specie vegetali. Gli sviluppi futuri saranno connessi ad applicare l’analisi diretta di analiti presenti sulle superfici originali di interesse nel settore tossicologico per il campionamento in vivo su superfici di tessuti, per individuare l’esposizione a farmaci e xenobiotici, oltre alla possibilità di costruire un’immagine chimica della distribuzione spaziale di analiti sulle superfici dei campioni.Mass spectrometry is one of the most relevant techniques in clinical and forensic toxicology. Its development and improvement are based on the invention and utilization of new ion sources, new ionization methods, new mass analyzers and new sample pre-treatment techniques. A recent innovation is the ability to record mass spectra on ordinary samples in their native environment, without sample preparation or pre-separation. In this field, a new desorption ionization method called DESI (Desorption Electrospray Ionization) has been described; subsequently, method called DeSSI (Desorption Sonic Spray Ionization), at first sight similar to DESI, but in deep substantially different, has been developed. This thesis consist in developing a new desorption/ionization interface to investigate the real mechanism involved in ions formation because we considered that propaedeutic for the extensive use of the method in the toxicological analytical field. We verified that the pneumatic contribution is preponderant to the obtained results. Hence, our new desorption/ionization interface uses only a spray of pure solvent with no high voltage on needle. A key aspect of this project, applied to several complex matrix, is the number of controllable operating parameters that can be investigated and optimized to obtain an efficient surface analysis. The most important variables are taken in consideration were the source geometry (the spray angle and the ion uptake angle, as well as the various distances in aligning the spray, sample and mass spectrometer) and the characteristic of sprayer (contents of the solvent spray and gas flow rate). All measurements have been performed in positive and negative ionization conditions, varying capillary voltage, nebulizing gas pressure, drying gas flow and end plate temperature. Acquisition was in multiple mass spectrometry mode (MSn). 2 We have applied this new technical solution to compound identification, active principles and drugs identification in direct tablet analysis, active principles and drugs identification in vegetable species. Future developments will be related to apply the direct analysis of analytes present on the original surfaces of interest in the toxicological field for in vivo sampling of living tissue surfaces, to identify drug and xenobiotic exposure, besides the chemical imaging of spatial distribution of analytes onto sample surfaces.
6
Mullen, Carrie. "Quality Assurance of forensic investigations in toxicology and traffic safety." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2014. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/5465/.
Full textAbstract:
The work described in this thesis deals with three aspects of quality assurance in the field of forensic toxicology: proficiency testing schemes, validation of analytical methods for the piperazine group of abused drugs and validation of the police field impairment test, used at the roadside to test drivers for drug-induced impairment. Proficiency Testing: Long term reviews were performed for two forensic external quality assurance schemes. Rounds 30 (in 2007) to 48 (in 2012) of the UKAS-accredited commercial Quartz Forensic Blood Toxicology Proficiency Testing Scheme (PTS), and a ten year period from 1999 to 2009 of the freely-available United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) International Collaborative Exercises (ICE). Only limited ICE data could be made available as much of the original data had been stored on a database which had become obsolete, hence the data were only available as the original results forms provided to UNODC by the ICE participants. Data was entered to Microsoft Excel® spreadsheets and Microsoft Access® databases from the original forms for the years 1999, 2001 (2 rounds), 2003 (2 rounds) and 2005 (2 rounds), and summary data was extracted from the UNODC round reports for the years 2007, 2008 and 2009. Four methods of scoring quantitative performance were reviewed and the most suitable, a z-score using an assigned ‘true’ value and a percentage of the true value as acceptable deviation, was applied to reanalyse the participants’ results and assess their performance. Methods of scoring proficiency which relied upon participants’ data to determine acceptable variation were found merely to describe the data rather than challenge participants on whether or not they were performing fit-for-purpose analyses. Factors such as participation, analytes tested, participants’ methods of analysis and participants performance were summarised for each scheme before the performance of the two schemes, and that of their participants, were compared. ICE tested more analytes per annum but from a smaller test menu than Quartz. This resulted in more repetitive testing and allowed for some trend analysis and performance monitoring. It was not possible to observe performance trends with Quartz due to the wide variety of analytes tested. The smaller array of potential analytes and more repetitive nature of ICE testing also meant that performance monitoring and detection of bias were easier to perform, and ICE was shown to be more effective as external quality assurance (EQA). Quartz provided a good educational resource as it incorporated the wide range of drugs which a forensic toxicology laboratory could realistically encounter. Following the review, however, it was recommended for QUARTZ that, to provide a safeguard against bias, more repetitive testing was required and this has now been adopted. Piperazines: All piperazine analogues are now illegal in the UK, registered as Class C of the Misuse of Drugs Act (1971) and schedule 2, part III of the Misuse of Drugs Regulations (2001). Piperazines can elicit similar effects to some ATS and methods for their detection should be available in forensic toxicology laboratories. In the present study, methods were developed for the detection of a range of piperazines in blood using LC-MS/MS (p-MeOPP, p-FPP, BZP, o-MeOPP, p-MPP and TFMPP) and GC-MS (p-FPP, BZP, TFMPP, p-MPP, o-MeOPP, m-CPP, p-MeOPP and p-CPP). Quality assurance required both methods to be validated. For all piperazine analytes accuracy was within ±15% (20% at low concentrations) and precision was within 15% (20% at low concentrations). For both methods LLOD of all analytes was 5 ng/ml of blood and upper limit of quantification was 2 µg/ml of blood. For the GC-MS method lower limits of quantification (LLOQs) were in the range 20 to 30 ng/ml of blood. For LC-MS/MS, LLOQs ranged from 50 to 60 ng/ml of blood, although quantification by the LC-MS/MS method was restricted by the lack of availability of appropriate internal standards. There were no apparent significant matrix effects and recovery by both methods was >60 % and, therefore, acceptable. Short term stability of the piperazine analytes was investigated. Piperazines remain sufficiently stable when stored in the fridge for at least one week, and are stable through three freeze-thaw cycles. There was no detectable degradation when blood samples were left on the bench-top or when extracted ‘in-process’ samples were left in the autosampler for up to 72 hours. The LC-MS/MS method could provide a readily applicable screening method. A small aliquot of a basic drug extract could be screened by LC-MS/MS for the presence of piperazines, leaving the majority of the extract for other analyses, for example, piperazines confirmation or amphetamines analysis. The GC-MS method was suitably validated to provide quantification but application to casework samples remains to be evaluated. It is recommended that piperazine testing be performed for all suspected MDMA or ‘club drug’ intoxication cases. The Field Impairment Test: The detection of drugged drivers primarily depends on the current method which is the driver field impairment test (FIT). FIT comprises measurement of pupil diameter and four physical tasks (the Romberg balance test, walk and turn test, one legged stand and finger to nose test) intended to simultaneously test comprehension, short term memory, balance and motor function. Despite FIT having ISO accreditation, it has been recognised that police officers lack confidence with the protocol and do not apply the test as often as is necessary. The main difficulty arises from the requirement to make a subjective judgement of impairment and officers lack confidence in their ability to do so. FIT has never been fully validated. The present study was designed to meet the urgent requirement to develop FIT into an objective measurement, by determining what constitutes “normal” performance in FIT by unimpaired adults of different ages. FIT performance was recorded for 79 individuals, a statistically determined cohort size, confirmed by breath and oral fluid analysis not to be under the influence of impairing substances. Each error made during FIT, as defined by the FIT standard operating procedure, was recorded and collated in a Microsoft Excel® spreadsheet for analysis. It was found that the definition of ‘errors’ was too stringent as many which are required to be recorded are normal physiological or behavioural characteristics, such as body sway, and most subjects would be unable to complete the task without displaying them. A less stringent, evidence-based definition of “error” was developed which allowed statistically more significant analysis to be performed on the FIT results. A statistically significant difference (P=0.00578) was shown to exist between the FIT performance of individuals under the age of forty years and those aged forty and over. Based on the principles of a PTS, robust mean and standard deviation were used to determine what constituted acceptable performance. Those in the younger age group could be considered impaired if the police officer witnessed more than seven errors, or, in the older age group, more than fifteen errors. Using these criteria the frequency of false positives, i.e. unimpaired drivers being assessed as impaired is estimated to be (less than 3%). Also, the ranges of errors observed in both groups was large and overlapped, such that it may be possible for an impaired person to appear unimpaired. This requires further investigation.
7
Yokchue, Tanasiri. "In vitro studies of drug transformations : application to forensic toxicology." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2016. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/7490/.
Full textAbstract:
The forensic toxicologist faces challenges in the detection of drugs and poisons in biological samples due to transformations which occur both during life and after death. For example, changes can result from drug metabolism during life or from the use of formalin solution for post mortem embalming purposes. The former requires the identification of drug metabolites and the latter the identification of chemical reaction products in order to know which substances had been administered. The work described in this thesis was aimed at providing ways of tackling these challenges and was divided into two parts. Part 1 investigated the use of in vitro drug metabolism by human liver microsomes (HLM) to obtain information on drug metabolites and Part 2 investigated the chemical reactions of drugs and a carbamate pesticide with formalin solution and formalin-blood. The initial aim of part I was to develop an in vitro metabolism method using HLM, based on a literature review of previous studies of this type. MDMA was chosen as a model compound to develop the HLM method because its metabolism was known and standards of its metabolites were commercially available. In addition, a sensitive and selective method was developed for the identification and quantitation of hydrophilic phase I drug metabolites using LC/MS/MS with a conventional reverse-phase (C18) column. In order to obtain suitable retention factors for polar drug metabolites on this column, acetyl derivatives were evaluated for converting the metabolites to more lipophilic compounds and an optimal separation system was developed. Acetate derivatives were found to be stable in the HPLC mobile phase and to provide good chromatographic separation of the target analytes. In vitro metabolism of MDMA and, subsequently, of other drugs involved incubation of 4 µg drug substance in pH 7.4 buffer with an NADPH generating system (NGS) at 37oC for 90 min with addition of more NGS after 30 min. The reaction was stopped at 90 min by the addition of acetonitrile before extraction of the metabolites. Acetate derivatives of MDMA metabolites were identified by LC/MS/MS using multiple reaction monitoring (MRM). Three phase I metabolites (both major and minor metabolites) of MDMA were detected in HLM samples. 3,4-dihydroxy-methamphetamine and 4-hydroxy-3-methoxymethamphetamine were found to be major metabolites of MDMA whereas 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine was found to be a minor metabolite. Subsequently, ten MDMA positive urines were analysed to compare the metabolite patterns with those produced by HLM. An LC/MS method for MDMA and its metabolites in urine samples was developed and validated. The method demonstrated good linearity, accuracy and precision and insignificant matrix effects, with limits of quantitation of 0.025 µg/ml. Moreover, derivatives of MDMA and its metabolites were quantified in all 10 positive human urine samples. The urine metabolite pattern was found to be similar to that from HLM. The second aim of Part 1 was to use the HLM system to study the metabolism of some new psychoactive substances, whose misuse worldwide has necessitated the development of analytical methods for these drugs in biological specimens. Methylone and butylone were selected as representative cathinones and para-methoxyamphetamine (PMA) was chosen as a representative ring-substituted amphetamine, because of the involvement of these drugs in recent drug-related deaths, because of a relative lack of information on their metabolism, and because reference standards of their metabolites were not commercially available. An LC/MS/MS method for the analysis of methylone, butylone, PMA and their metabolites was developed. Three phase I metabolites of methylone and butylone were detected in HLM samples. Ketone reduction to β-OH metabolites and demethylenation to dihydroxy-metabolites were found to be major phase I metabolic pathways of butylone and methylone whereas N-demethylation to nor-methylone and nor-butylone were found to be minor pathways. Also, demethylation to para-hydroxyamphetamine was found to be a major phase I metabolic pathway of PMA whereas β-hydroxylation to β-OH-PMA was found to be a minor pathway. Formaldehyde is used for embalming, to reduce decomposition and preserve cadavers, especially in tropical countries such as Thailand. Drugs present in the body can be exposed to formaldehyde resulting in decreasing concentrations of the original compounds and production of new substances. The aim of part II of the study was to evaluate the in vitro reactions of formaldehyde with selected drug groups including amphetamines (amphetamine, methamphetamine and MDMA), benzodiazepines (alprazolam and diazepam), opiates (morphine, hydromorphone, codeine and hydrocodone) and with a carbamate insecticide (carbosulfan). The study would identify degradation products to serve as markers for the parent compounds when these were no longer detectable. Drugs standards were spiked in 10% formalin solution and 10% formalin blood. Water and whole blood without formalin were used for controls. Samples were analysed by LC/MS/MS at different times from the start, over periods of up to 30 days. Amphetamine, methamphetamine and MDMA were found to rapidly convert to methamphetamine, DMA and MDDMA respectively, in both formalin solution and formalin blood, confirming the Eschweiler-Clarke reaction between amine-containing compounds and formaldehyde. Alprazolam was found to be unstable whereas diazepam was found to be stable in both formalin solution and water. Both were found to hydrolyse in formalin solution and to give open-ring alprazolam and open-ring diazepam. Other alprazolam conversion products attached to paraformaldehyde were detected in both formalin solution and formalin blood. Morphine and codeine were found to be more stable than hydromorphone and hydrocodone in formalin solution. Conversion products of hydromorphone and hydrocodone attached to paraformaldehyde were tentatively identified in formalin solution. Moreover, hydrocodone and hydromorphone rapidly decreased within 24 h in formalin blood and could not be detected after 7 days. Carbosulfan was found to be unstable in formalin solution and was rapidly hydrolysed within 24 h, whereas in water it was stable up to 48 h. Carbofuran was the major degradation product, plus smaller amounts of other products, 3-ketocarbofuran and 3-hydrocarbofuran. By contrast, carbosulfan slowly hydrolysed in formalin-blood and was still detected after 15 days. It was concluded that HLM provide a useful tool for human drug metabolism studies when ethical considerations preclude their controlled administration to humans. The use of chemical derivatisation for hydrophilic compounds such as polar drug metabolites for analysis by LC/MS/MS with a conventional C18 column is effective and inexpensive, and suitable for routine use in the identification and quantitation of drugs and their metabolites. The detection of parent drugs and their metabolites or conversion and decomposition products is potentially very useful for the interpretation of cases in forensic toxicology, especially when the original compounds cannot be observed.
8
Tormey, William Patrick. "The provision of biochemical investigations in forensic toxicology for coroners." Thesis, Ulster University, 2012. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.646399.
Full textAbstract:
Death certification plays a central role in health service planning therefore identification of specific causes of death is critical. The requirements of biochemical toxicology as set out in the Coroners Acts in Ireland, Northern Ireland and England and Wales will be parsed to facilitate the construction of a modern best practice template for coroners' toxicology. The Royal College of Pathologists (RCPath) provides published standard guidelines for pathologists reporting to coroners. Their adequacy will be critically evaluated to facilitate reform with the intention of maximising the accuracy of death certification. The roles of psychological factors, tobacco smoking, non steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, and cannabis in cardiac death will be detailed. The potential for adverse drug reactions to prescription medication to cause death by misadventure will be explored. The role for the expert witness in the inquisitorial coroners system to improve the accuracy of the causes of death and thus the verdict will be explored. My experience has shown that misinterpretation of presence of cannabis in autopsy blood and urine samples is common and this underlines the need for true expert guidance for the coroner. The current practice in biochemical toxicology of screening blood, urine and vitreous humor will be critically evaluated and the necessity for a wide ranging screen of potential toxins as a contributor to the cause of death examined. The appropriate analytes on the screening menu will be determined by local cultural factors. Gas and liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry are the methods of choice. The interpretation of isopropanol, ethanol and ketones in post-mortem blood will be considered as will t~e role of alcohol in death. The apparent population exposure to poisons as reported by Poisons Information Services will be used to explore the dichotomy between the usually benign outcome of common poisons and the often lethal consequences of poisoning by prescription and illicit drugs. The aim of this research is to use the template of the current legal requirements and routine laboratory procedures to suggest reforms which will improve the analytical protocol and reporting of biochemical toxicology in the coronial system resulting in greater accuracy in delineating the causes of death The narrative of this thesis travels through the areas of the coroners acts especially in the Republic of Ireland and the United Kingdom where forensic biochemistry plays a role in the specification of the causes of deaths. There is a deconstruction of the place of doctors in the coronial system and in the new arrangements following the passage of the Coroners and Justice Act 2009 in England and Wales and the potential for change in the Coroners Bill in the Republic of Ireland which fell with the dissolution of the Dail in20ll. There is an examination of the autopsy guidelines issued by the RCPath and suggestions for change which have been published. There is an analysis of the place of cannabinoids in coroners ' cases and publications setting out the position are included. A series of recommendations are made regarding improvement in practice for the reporting of biochemical toxicology in the coronial system. Two cases where there appears to be potential misinterpretation of the toxicological evidence, which may result in the review of the causes of death, are detailed as relevant clinical examples. Some laboratory pitfalls in relation to alcohol analysis have been demonstrated and the consequences of a protocol free service have been detailed with a prescription for improvement and practical solutions to improve outcomes. The under-estimation of the impact of tobacco toxicity is also addressed as is the potential for error due to lack of appreciation of drug-drug interactions. The role of biochemistry in the post-mortem diagnosis of alcoholic and diabetic ketoacidosis is discussed. Multidisciplinary reviews of biochemical toxicology for the coroners' court are suggested as the best safeguard of accurate interpretation to assist coronial enquiry. Conclusions suggesting standard operating procedures for post-mortem scenarios are detailed where possible.
9
Swortwood, Madeleine Jean. "Comprehensive Forensic Toxicological Analysis of Designer Drugs." FIU Digital Commons, 2013. http://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/997.
Full textAbstract:
New designer drugs are constantly emerging onto the illicit drug market and it is often difficult to validate and maintain comprehensive analytical methods for accurate detection of these compounds. Generally, toxicology laboratories utilize a screening method, such as immunoassay, for the presumptive identification of drugs of abuse. When a positive result occurs, confirmatory methods, such as gas chromatography (GC) or liquid chromatography (LC) coupled with mass spectrometry (MS), are required for more sensitive and specific analyses. In recent years, the need to study the activities of these compounds in screening assays as well as to develop confirmatory techniques to detect them in biological specimens has been recognized. Severe intoxications and fatalities have been encountered with emerging designer drugs, presenting analytical challenges for detection and identification of such novel compounds. The first major task of this research was to evaluate the performance of commercially available immunoassays to determine if designer drugs were cross-reactive. The second major task was to develop and validate a confirmatory method, using LC-MS, to identify and quantify these designer drugs in biological specimens.
Cross-reactivity towards the cathinone derivatives was found to be minimal. Several other phenethylamines demonstrated cross-reactivity at low concentrations, but results were consistent with those published by the assay manufacturer or as reported in the literature. Current immunoassay-based screening methods may not be ideal for presumptively identifying most designer drugs, including the “bath salts.” For this reason, an LC-MS based confirmatory method was developed for 32 compounds, including eight cathinone derivatives, with limits of quantification in the range of 1-10 ng/mL. The method was fully validated for selectivity, matrix effects, stability, recovery, precision, and accuracy. In order to compare the screening and confirmatory techniques, several human specimens were analyzed to demonstrate the importance of using a specific analytical method, such as LC-MS, to detect designer drugs in serum as immunoassays lack cross-reactivity with the novel compounds. Overall, minimal cross-reactivity was observed, highlighting the conclusion that these presumptive screens cannot detect many of the designer drugs and that a confirmatory technique, such as the LC-MS, is required for the comprehensive forensic toxicological analysis of designer drugs.
10
Al-Ahmadi, Tareq Mohammed. "A comparison of derivatisation procedures for the detection of multiple analytes in systematic forensic toxicology." Connect to e-thesis, 2007. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/948/.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis (Ph.D.) - University of Glasgow, 2007.Ph.D. thesis submitted to the Department of Forensic Medicine and Science, University of Glasgow, 2007. Includes bibliographical references. Print version also available.
Books on the topic "Forensic toxicology"
1
Levine, Barry S., and SARAH KERRIGAN, eds. Principles of Forensic Toxicology. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-42917-1.
Full text
2
D, Levine Barry Ph, and American Association for Clinical Chemistry., eds. Principles of forensic toxicology. 2nd ed. Washington, DC: American Association for Clinical Chemistry, 2006.
Find full text
3
D, Levine Barry Ph, ed. Principles of forensic toxicology. 3rd ed. Washington, DC: American Association for Clinical Chemistry, 2009.
Find full text
4
Jickells, Sue. Clarke's analytical forensic toxicology. London: Pharmaceutical Press, 2008.
Find full text
5
Jickells, Sue. Clarke's analytical forensic toxicology. London: Pharmaceutical Press, 2008.
Find full text
6
Levine, Barry. Principles of forensic toxicology. Washington, DC: American Association for Clinical Chemistry, Inc., 2013.
Find full text
7
D, Levine Barry Ph, and American Association for Clinical Chemistry., eds. Principles of forensic toxicology. [Washington, D.C.]: American Association for Clinical Chemistry, 1999.
Find full text
8
American Academy of Forensic Sciences. Forensic toxicology: Proceedings 2002-2011. Colorado Springs, CO: American Academy of Forensic Sciences, 2011.
Find full text
10
Rao, Kalipatnapu N. Forensic Toxicology. CRC Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/b11541.
Full textBook chapters on the topic "Forensic toxicology"
1
Buris, László. "Toxicology." In Forensic Medicine, 313–72. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-48884-9_11.
Full text
2
Drummer, Olaf H. "Forensic toxicology." In Experientia Supplementum, 579–603. Basel: Birkhäuser Basel, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7643-8338-1_18.
Full text
3
Arnestad, Marianne, and Liliana Bachs. "Forensic Toxicology." In Forensic and Legal Medicine, 895–900. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003138754-97.
Full text
4
Dettmeyer, Reinhard B., Marcel A. Verhoff, and Harald F. Schütz. "Forensic Toxicology." In Forensic Medicine, 495–542. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-38818-7_30.
Full text
5
Smith-Blackmore, Martha. "Forensic Toxicology." In Investigating Animal Abuse Crime Scenes, 289–93. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003090762-24.
Full text
6
Nemeth, Charles P. "Forensic Toxicology." In Forensic Law Casebook, 181–228. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003267126-5.
Full text
7
Wayne, John M., Cynthia A. Schandl, and S. Erin Presnell. "Toxicology." In Forensic Pathology Review, 211–40. Boca Raton, FL : CRC Press/Taylor & Francis Group, [2018] |: CRC Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781315152936-7.
Full text
8
Elkins, Kelly M. "Toxicology." In Introduction to Forensic Chemistry, 153–65. Boca Raton, FL : CRC Press/Taylor & Francis Group, [2019]: CRC Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429454530-9.
Full text
9
Levine, Barry S. "Postmortem Forensic Toxicology." In Principles of Forensic Toxicology, 3–13. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-42917-1_1.
Full text
10
Osselton, M. David. "Analytical Forensic Toxicology." In Archives of Toxicology, 259–67. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-77260-3_34.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Forensic toxicology"
1
Cieslinski, Benjamin, Mohamed Gharib, Brady Creel, and Tala Katbeh. "A Model Science-Based Learning STEM Program." In ASME 2019 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2019-10352.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract In this paper, a model STEM program called Engineering Heroes: Qatar Special Investigators (QSI), aimed to familiarize young students with science and engineering in real life applications, is presented. The program theme is about forensic science and technology, which included science and engineering activities with hands-on projects to challenge students’ science and critical thinking skills. Throughout the program, students learned about forensic science as an application of science, engineering and technology to collect, preserve, and analyze evidence to be used in the course of a legal investigation. Participants learned the history of forensic analysis and how it evolved into today’s specialized career field. Forensic specialists include backgrounds in chemistry, physics, biology, toxicology, chemical and electrical engineering. Topics included in the program were a study of toxicology and chemical analysis, assays to determine drug contents, fingerprint development, environmental contamination, chromatography in forgery, presumptive vs. confirmatory testing, scanning electron microscopy, infrared analysis, and evidence handling techniques. The details of the program are presented, including the contents, preparation, materials used, case studies, and final crime scene investigation, which featured the learning outcomes.
2
Chervak, S., and A. Yeager. "360. Productivity and Ergonomics in a Forensic Toxicology Drug Testing Laboratory." In AIHce 2004. AIHA, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.3320/1.2758395.
Full text
3
Kostic, Emilija, and Maja Vujovic. "TOKSIKOLOŠKI IZVEŠTAJ O TROVANJU PESTICIDIMA U JUGOISTOČNOM REGIONU SRBIJE TOKOM 2020. GODINE." In XXVI savetovanje o biotehnologiji sa međunarodnim učešćem. University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Agronomy, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.46793/sbt26.313k.
Full textAbstract:
Pesticides are substances widely used in agriculture, which are the cause of acute poisoning in a significant percentage worldwide. The aim of this paper is to analyze cases of pesticide poisoning during 2020, according to the data of the Toxicology Laboratory of the Institute of Forensic Medicine in Nis. Pesticide poisoning has been proven in 18 cases (8.11% of all cases). Organophosphate pesticides were detected in nine cases, glyphosate in five, pendimethalin in two, while metolachlor and piperonyl butoxide were detected in one case each. Data on cases of poisoning indicate that education on the proper use of pesticides is necessary in order to reduce the number of acute and chronic poisonings.
4
Nowak, Karolina, Paweł Szpot, Agnieszka Chłopaś-Konowałek, Kaja Tusiewicz, Olga Wachełko, and Marcin Zawadzki. "Self-Poisonings by Use of ‘Suicide Kits’ and a ‘Home-Made’ Multi-Xenobiotics Mixes: Are They a Growing Problem in Forensic Toxicology?" In IECTO 2024. Basel Switzerland: MDPI, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2024102024.
Full text