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1
Flores, Andrés, Enrique Buendía Rodríguez, Tomás Pineda Ojeda, Eulogio Flores Ayala, and Jorge Méndez-González. "Genetic Conservation and Use of Genetic Resources of 18 Mexican Pine Species." Diversity 15, no. 6 (June 2, 2023): 735. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d15060735.
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Genetic conservation is key to maintaining forests for the future; however, these face several threats. Mexico is an example of the degradation of forest genetic resources during the past three decades due to its deforestation rates. This country is considered a center of pine diversity but its genetic conservation efforts are not enough. To define genetic conservation units (GCUs) and propose measures for the conservation and sustainable use of 18 Mexican pine species, we analyzed the distribution of the species at the national level and in germplasm transfer zones, and evaluated the species with a set of minimum requirements for conservation and indicators from the EUFORGEN program. We determined that 13 to 15 genetic zones harbored the target species, in which Pinus teocote, Pinus cembroides, Pinus devoniana, Pinus maximinoi, Pinus douglasiana, and Pinus leiophylla were the most widely distributed. We defined 173 areas for establishing GCUs for the total of the species studied; 50% of them were selected from areas with genetic information, 5% were selected from seed stands, and 45% from natural forests. We detected that most of the forest reproductive material used is collected from seed stands, and the use of seeds from breeding trials is scarce.
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Mustafa, Anis Adilah, Mohammad Rahmat Derise, Wilson Thau Lym Yong, and Kenneth Francis Rodrigues. "A Concise Review of Dendrocalamus asper and Related Bamboos: Germplasm Conservation, Propagation and Molecular Biology." Plants 10, no. 9 (September 14, 2021): 1897. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants10091897.
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Bamboos represent an emerging forest resource of economic significance and provide an avenue for sustainable development of forest resources. The development of the commercial bamboo industry is founded upon efficient molecular and technical approaches for the selection and rapid multiplication of elite germplasm for its subsequent propagation via commercial agro-forestry business enterprises. This review will delve into the micropropagation of Dendrocalamus asper, one of the most widely cultivated commercial varieties of bamboo, and will encompass the selection of germplasm, establishment of explants in vitro and micropropagation techniques. The currently available information pertaining to molecular biology, DNA barcoding and breeding, has been included, and potential areas for future research in the area of genetic engineering and gene regulation have been highlighted. This information will be of relevance to both commercial breeders and molecular biologists who have an interest in establishing bamboo as a crop of the future.
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Ye, Junwei, Yunfei Zhang, Xiaojuan Wang, Li Cai, and Jiakuan Chen. "The significance of forest resources and the conservation of germplasm resources in the Yangtze River Basin." Biodiversity Science 26, no. 4 (2018): 406–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.17520/biods.2017269.
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Laabou, Kamal, Mohammed Fekhaoui, and Laila Saafadi. "A Conceptual Framework for Conservation and Management of Moroccan Forest Genetic Resources Using Biogeography-Based Approach." South-east European forestry 13, no. 2 (December 10, 2022): 133–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.15177/seefor.22-12.
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The introduction of mal-adapted genotype is a major concern in conservation and management of forest genetic resources. This is risky because it potentially threatens the integrity of the natural genetic structure of populations. Therefore, it is necessary to provide guidance on the choice of appropriate germplasm and determine how far it can be moved from its native environment. The most basic guidelines for germplasm movement involve the use of Regions of Provenance (RoP). The RoP for a forest species or sub-species is the area or group of areas subject to sufficiently uniform ecological conditions in which stands or seed sources showing similar phenotypic or genetic characters are found, taking into account altitudinal boundaries where appropriate. However, there is little information concerning Regions of Provenance and limited knowledge about safe limits to the movement of seed, cuttings and planting stock in Morocco. This paper establishes a conceptual framework based on Regions of Provenance that is designed to better understand, protect and use forest genetic resources in Morocco, especially the species for which no specific knowledge on local adaptation or no data about population differentiation are currently available. This is the first study that represents a precise map of Regions of Provenance for Moroccan forest reproductive material and that provides detailed description on topographical, environmental and forest characteristics that characterize each Region of Provenance, by using geographical information system (GIS) techniques. A biogeography-based approach was applied and revealed that the territory was hierarchically organized into 2 Biogeographic Divisions, 9 Biogeographic Units and 19 Regions of Provenance. The RoP proposed are intended as a practical provenance decision-making tool to guide the movement of forest reproductive material in Morocco. This ensures the traceability of planting stock throughout the harvesting-seedling production-plantation process to a specified Forest Basic Material.
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Davidson, Campbell G. "Canadian wild plant germplasm of economic significance." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 75, no. 1 (January 1, 1995): 23–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps95-006.
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Canada is a large country with a great diversity of native plant material. Many of the native genera and species are related to crop plants. A review of different crop groupings revealed that over 30% of native plant material is related to crop species at the generic level. Fruit crops (111 species) and forage and turfgrass (138 species) crops had the highest number of related wild species. Nut crop species had relatively few native representatives (11 species) as did cereal, oilseed and other field crops (18 species). Special and minor acreage crops were represented by 86 species while landscape plants were represented by 137 genera. Forest trees are an important economic resource. Over 70 species of coniferous and deciduous trees are native to Canada. Many species, particularly in the fruit crop grouping, could be identified as world resources (e.g. Amelanchier) with the major part of their distribution occurring on Canadian soil. A concerted effort is needed to identify which species are endangered so that they can be preserved on a long-term basis. More research is needed to identify other long-term conservation goals coupled with crop development programs. Key words: Genetic conservation, Canada, wild plants, biodiversity
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Xu, Ling, Tong Liu, Zhifang Xue, Jihu Song, Ye Yuan, Zidong Zhang, and Yongyu Chen. "Unique Plant Resources and Distribution Patterns in the Valley Forest of the Irtysh River Basin." Plants 13, no. 14 (July 17, 2024): 1957. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants13141957.
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The river valley forests of the Irtysh River Basin are a germplasm bank of Salicaceae species and rare plant resources in China, and the distribution varies with the river and is highly distinctive. However, there is a dearth of systematic research on the characteristics of plant resources. In this study, a comprehensive investigation was conducted in the trunk stream and six tributaries with valley forest distribution in the Irtysh River Basin, and 244 quadrats were set up. The analysis focused on the composition of the flora and resource characteristics. The results reveal the following: (1) The valley forests of the Irtysh River Basin contain 256 species of plants belonging to 57 families and 178 genera, among which 19 species of trees, 23 species of shrubs, and 214 species of herbs were investigated. (2) Among the identified species, 226 (88.67%) were recognized as resource plants, with medicinal plants being the most abundant (176 species, 68.75% of the total). (3) The distribution patterns of trees, shrubs, and herbs of each resource type vary across rivers. Elevation drop, river length, and river distance all significantly affect the number of specie. This study elucidated the current status and distributional characteristics of plant resources in the valley forests of the Irtysh River Basin, which is essential for both biodiversity conservation and sustainable resource utilization.
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Marques, J. R. F., M. R. Costa, A. A. Egito, A. Mariante da S., and M. S. M. Albuquerque. "Conservation of genetic resources of the small populations of domestic animal of the Amazon Region in Brazil." Animal Genetic Resources Information 33 (April 2003): 31–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1014233900001619.
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SummaryThe Brazilian Amazon is a wide territory totalling 60 percent of the country's area. Of this area, 600 000 km2 is occupied by humans and related activities. This, among other factors, leads to the destruction of the Amazon's natural resources. The area of cut down and degraded forest may range from 5 to 12 percent of the total area. Therefore, many of the Amazon species are at risk of extinction. However, it is deemed urgent to investigate and preserve the threatened animal species.The total number of mammal species in the world is recorded at 4 629 and there is a great diversity of them in the Amazon, including animals that live on land, water or those that fly. Despite this huge biodiversity, the most relevant species for the human population, are the domestic species, brought to the continent by the first settlers: Portuguese and Spanish.The most important livestock in the Amazon region are cattle, horses, buffaloes, sheep and goats. They occupy all Amazon ecosystems and are of very important consideration for the opening of agricultural frontiers and for influencing the natural ecosystems, since the main reason for the cutting down of large forest areas has been to use them for pastures. This has resulted in an artificial ecosystem of degraded natural environment.The Animal Germplasm Bank of East Amazon (BAGAM) is the animal germplasm bank for the conservation of animal genetic resources of Embrapa East Amazon, and is part of the research project entitled “Animal Genetic Resources of East Amazon”. The project is formed by two sub-projects: “Germplasm bank of animals of interest to the East Region of the Brazilian Amazon” and “Genetic characterisation of buffaloes in the Brazilian Amazon, through the use of molecular markers”. These two sub-projects are linked to the research programme led by CENARGEN, called Conservation and Utilisation of Animal Genetic Resources.
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Nurcahaya Khairany, M. A., M. M. Farah Shahanim, and M. T. Zahirah. "In situ conservation of mangroves species in Bagan Datuk, Perak." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1053, no. 1 (June 1, 2022): 012009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1053/1/012009.
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Abstract In situ conservation is one of the methods recommended for conserving forest genetic resources. It aims to maintain and recover viable population of species in its natural habitat, to reintroduce the rare and endangered species and to recreate the habitats for plant species. Though mangrove rehabilitation programmes are widely carried out in Malaysia, the most common species planted for this purpose have always been Rhizophora apiculata (Bakau minyak) and Rhizophora mucronata (Bakau kurap). In this study, mangroves species namely Bruguiera cylindrica (Berus-berus), Ceriops tagal (Tengar), Xylocarpus granantum (Nyireh bunga), Xylocarpus moluccensis (Nyireh batu) and Sonneratia ovata (Gedabu) were planted in Bagan Datuk Mangrove Germplasm, Perak. These species were selected due to their unavailability in the study area. The main objective of this study is to rehabilitate and to introduce new species in the Bagan Datuk Mangrove Germplasm area. The initial growth and survival of saplings planted were measured and data obtained were analyzed using SPSS program. After 12 months of planting, the survival rate was 80% and Sonneratia ovata recorded the highest mean height increment.
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Vidya, P. R., and P. A. Jose. "Physiological Maturity of Tropical Forest Seeds: A Boon to Improved Harvest and Storage Practice of Recalcitrant Seeds?" International Journal of Economic Plants 10, May, 2 (May 20, 2023): 136–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.23910/2/2023.0504.
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The fruit harvest at physiological maturity of seeds is a globally accepted practice. This method has been traditionally practiced in horticultural crops where quality seeds and vigorous seedlings are ensured for cultivation of the species. The assessment of seed physiological maturity in the harvest of forest fruits and seeds are seldom practiced as seed physiological and biochemical studies in tropical seeds is little attempted. Since recalcitrant seed behavior among forest species is increasing, maintenance of seed viability and longevity ex situ becoming a challenging task in the forestry sector. Further, seed loss through fruit predation and pest infestation are other handicaps to these species. An improved technology for harvesting, storage and longevity of recalcitrant seeds will be a breakthrough for the germplasm conservation, management and utilization of forest genetic resources. Identification of biochemical factors at physiological maturity of seeds in conjunction with fruit morphological characters considered as optimum harvest practice for recalcitrant forest fruits and seeds. The practice could extend shelf life of recalcitrant seeds and bypass seed loss prior to the conventional harvest practices. This review outlines the research works carried out in seed physiological maturity of crops and its broad scope among recalcitrant forest seeds for long term germplasm storage.
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Botelho, Thomáz S. Guerreiro, Gecele Matos Paggi, and Maria Ana Farinaccio. "Genetic diversity and fragmentation of Aspidosperma quebracho-blanco (Apocynaceae) natural habitats, conservation issues in Chaco forest and savanna biomes." Darwiniana, nueva serie 9, no. 1 (2021): 115–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.14522/darwiniana.2021.91.932.
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The present study analyses the first data on genetic diversity of A. quebracho-blanco with the fragmentation of its natural habitat, supporting conservation strategies such as the definition of priority areas for conservation. DNA was extracted from 25 individuals of five populations of A. quebracho-blanco from Argentina, Paraguay, and Brazil. Six ISSR primers were used to characterize the genetic diversity and structure of this species. The genotypes were grouped according to a distance matrix, considering the genetic diversity indices of Nei (He), Shannon (H’), polymorphic information content (PIC), and heterozygosis (H). The populations showed an average genetic diversity that ranged from 0.09 to 0.15 for the Shannon index and from 0.19 to 0.31 for the Nei index; the Mantel test was not significant (r2 = 0.25, P = 0.106). The results obteined for the sampled populations reveal that conservation units are indispensable for conserving the species genetic resources. In addition, it would be essential to construct a germplasm bank for the Cordoba (Argentina) population, which is a population with high genetic diversity in a region of lower fragmentation compared to other regions evaluated, to ensure the conservation of A. quebracho-blanco.
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Li, Li, Mengyu Chen, Xiaoli Zhang, and Xiang Jia. "Spatial Distribution Pattern of Root Sprouts under the Canopy of Malus sieversii in a Typical River Valley on the Northern Slopes of the Tianshan Mountain." Forests 13, no. 12 (December 1, 2022): 2044. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f13122044.
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Malus sieversii is a precious wild fruit tree resource, and its sustainable reproduction is of great significance to the conservation of wild fruit tree germplasm resources and the stability of wild fruit forest ecosystems. In recent years, the natural population number and area of distribution of the Malus sieversii have been declining due to pests, water limitations, and human activities. Root sprouts are a primary means of rejuvenation of the Malus sieversii. A reasonable spatial distribution pattern is conducive to the growth of Malus sieversii plants and the ecological restoration of wild fruit forest populations. However, the spatial distribution pattern of root sprouts still needs to be discovered, which constrains our understanding of the mechanisms underlying the damage and management of Malus sieversii. Therefore, this paper examines the study area of the Gilgalang River Malus sieversii forest in Gongliu County, Ili Valley, Xinjiang. The topographic data and high-resolution images were first obtained using ultra-low-altitude photogrammetry and total station measurement techniques, then spatial pattern analysis and standard deviation ellipse analysis were used to investigate the spatial distribution pattern of root sprouts, and, finally, the factors affecting the spatial distribution pattern of root sprouts were investigated by principal component analysis and grey correlation analysis. The results show that: (1) Under-canopy Malus sieversii root sprouts are clustered and randomly distributed along the root system, with the degree of clustering decreasing with increasing distance; (2) Spatial orientation and distance from the maternal plant are the main factor affecting the sprouting of Malus sieversii roots, explaining 73.69% of the total variance; (3) Under sediment accumulation and water erosion, the root sprouts under the canopy are mainly distributed in the downslope direction. The shape is similar to the “clover type”. The results of this study can provide a theoretical basis for conserving Malus sieversii germplasm resources and a solid scientific basis for the ecological restoration of plants under anthropogenic disturbance.
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Shankar, Thendral Uma, Dinesh Prasad Semwal, Veena Gupta, Sunil Archak, Ramakrishnan M. Nair, and Kuldeep Tripathi. "Spatial Distribution, Diversity Mapping, and Gap Analysis of Wild Vigna Species Conserved in India’s National Genebank." Diversity 15, no. 4 (April 13, 2023): 552. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d15040552.
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The genus Vigna has several crop species that could be used to feasibly address nutritional security challenges in the subtropical and tropical regions of the world, particularly in climate-changing scenarios. Wild taxa of Vigna are a source of economically important traits and need to be studied. Out of the 34 wild Vigna species reported in India, 928 indigenous accessions belonging to 19 wild Vigna are conserved in India’s National Genebank (INGB) housed at the National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources, New Delhi. Geospatial mapping has identified diversity-rich areas and the Western Ghats region exhibits the highest Shannon diversity values (H = 1.65–3.0). Using the complementarity procedure, six diversity hotspots were identified for the 34 wild Vigna, and these require utmost priority for exploration and germplasm collection. Due to the meagre amount of information available for wild Vigna, the BioClim model was used to successfully predict the Idukki district of Kerala as a suitable site for germplasm-collecting expeditions. Coastal areas identified as rich in twelve wild taxa, V. bourneae, V. dalzelliana, V. marina, V. sublobata, V. subramaniana, V. vexillata, V. stipulacea, V. trilobata, and V. trinervia, require immediate attention to protect hotspots as well as to collect accessions from these areas for ex situ conservation. A hotspot in the protected forest of Anshi National Park and Bhagwan Mahavira Wildlife Sanctuary was identified as an ideal spot for possible in situ conservation of V. konkanensis, V silvestris, and V. sublobata. The 15 wild Vigna species do not have representation in the INGB, and 11 Vigna species have been identified as endemic species to India. Priority needs to be given to these species for focussed exploration and germplasm collection. This paper discusses the future focus on explorations to be carried out for the collection of the germplasm of wild Vigna species.
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Yao, Zhi, Zhi Feng, Chunwen Wu, Longping Tang, Xiuzhong Wu, Dahua Chen, Qiye Wang, Kaifang Fan, Yiqiang Wang, and Meng Li. "Analysis of Genetic Diversity and Construction of a Core Collection of Ginkgo biloba Germplasm Using EST-SSR Markers." Forests 14, no. 11 (October 30, 2023): 2155. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f14112155.
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Understanding genetic diversity and population structure is essential for the conservation and utilization of germplasm. Ginkgo biloba L. is a medicinal, edible and ornamental tree species. Detailed knowledge of genetic variability and diversity in different Ginkgo germplasm resources is still scarce. In this study, a total of 173,160 Expressed Sequence Tag Simple Sequences Repeat (EST-SSR) loci were derived from 43,073 Unigenes of the Ginkgo genome. A total of 43,731 pairs of specific primers were designed for the EST-SSR loci, with sequence lengths >20 bp, and 100 of the SSR primers were randomly selected. Among these, 20 EST-SSR markers were verified and used to assess the genetic diversity of 101 Ginkgo individuals collected from different regions. The average values for Shannon’s diversity index (I, 0.993), expected heterozygosity (0.566) and Nei’s genetic diversity index (H, 0.563) indicate a high level of genetic diversity of Ginkgo populations. Based on the EST-SSR markers, a core collection of Ginkgo germplasm comprising 27 genetic resources was constructed. The retention rates of the number of resources, the number of alleles, the number of effective alleles, the I index, the H index and the percentage of polymorphic loci of the constructed core collection are 26.73%, 95.29%, 103.43%, 102.25%, 102.91% and 100.00%, respectively. The molecular markers developed in this study are an effective tool for Ginkgo genetic diversity analysis and will facilitate the future breeding of this species.
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Sharry, Sandra, Marina Adema, María A. Basiglio Cordal, Blanca Villarreal, Noelia Nikoloff, Valentina Briones, and Walter Abedini. "Propagation and Conservation of Native Forest Genetic Resources of Medicinal Use by Means of In Vitro and ex vitro Techniques." Natural Product Communications 6, no. 7 (July 2011): 1934578X1100600. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1934578x1100600715.
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In Argentina, there are numerous native species which are an important source of natural products and which are traditionally used in medicinal applications. Some of these species are going through an intense extraction process in their natural habitat which may affect their genetic diversity. The aim of this study was to establish vegetative propagation systems for three native forestal species of medicinal interest. This will allow the rapid obtainment of plants to preserve the germplasm. This study included the following species which are widely used in folk medicine and its applications: Erythrina crista-galli or “seibo” (astringent, used for its cicatrizant properties and for bronchiolitic problems); Acacia caven or “espinillo” (antirheumatic, digestive, diuretic and with cicatrizant properties) and Salix humboldtiana or “sauce criollo” (antipyretic, sedative, antispasmodic, astringent). The methodology included the micropropagation of seibo, macro and micropropagation of Salix humboldtiana and the somatic embryogenesis of Acacia caven. The protocol for seibo regeneration was adjusted from nodal sections of seedlings which were obtained from seeds germinated in vitro. The macropropagation through rooted cuttings of “sauce criollo” was achieved and complete plants of this same species were obtained through both direct and indirect organogenesis using in vitro cultures. The somatic embryogenesis for Acacia caven was optimized and this led to obtain a high percentage of embryos in different stages of development. We are able to support the conservation of native forest resources of medicinal use by means of vegetative propagation techniques.
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Nuari, Pasca Zenitho. "Media Sosial sebagai Sarana Penyebaran Kearifan Lokal Adat Minangkabau dalam Pelestarian Hutan Tropis Basah Harau." Dinamika Lingkungan Indonesia 5, no. 2 (July 18, 2018): 131. http://dx.doi.org/10.31258/dli.5.2.p.131-140.
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This research was conducted in Harau District, Limahpuluh Kota Regency, West Sumatera Province which has 270,5 Ha wet tropical forest on its hill which serves as a biological source with watershed (DAS) that can be utilized by the community. Biological sources such as flowers, fern-type vegetables, medicines, and some types of freshwater fish can be consumed or economic resources for the community. The source of water is used to irrigate the fields, as a tourist attraction waterfall, and swimming pool. Wet tropical forests also serve as a home for germplasm that can be used for scientific research of herbal medicines. The threat to destruction of the wet tropical forests of Harau is primarily gambier cultivation that can cause deforestation. Further damage can be caused by the taking of ornamental plants and flowers that is biodiversity reserves. This threat to forest destruction will obviously have a negative impact because of the effects of the loss of some forest trees and the biodiversity reserves of flowers, especially in areas with large ecological and biodiversity functions. According to the authors observation of this forest damage is about 10% (approximately 27 Ha) of forest area. Based on the research results it can be seen that the Harau people still use local wisdom and petitih petitih, pantun, talibun, gurindam, and tambo. Minangkabau custom in preserving wet tropical forest. The spread of local wisdom values in the past is done through generations of bakaba (oral information), custom speech, maota in lapau (chats in the shop), and surau (mosque) tradition. Socialization of local wisdom values according to the present condition is utilizing information technology/social media. In modern society, social media has a very real role as part of everyday human life, especially the younger generation. Spreading the values of local wisdom to conservation of wet tropical forest Harau through social media is considered the best to do in addition to the existing tradition. The values of local wisdom are not obsolete values that must be turned off, but can synergize with universal values and modern values. These issues can synergize with the actualization of the local philosophy of the Minangkabau community. Therefore, the dissemination of the values of Minangkabau custom local wisdom to preservation of wet tropical forest Harau can be done through social media.
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Fajardo, Cristiane Gouvêa, Daniel Ferreira da Costa, Kyvia Pontes Teixeira das Chagas, and Fábio de Almeida Vieira. "Genetic diversity in natural populations of Hancornia speciosa Gomes: Implications for conservation of genetic resources." Ciência e Agrotecnologia 42, no. 6 (December 2018): 623–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1413-70542018426019018.
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ABSTRACT The continuing fragmentation of forests has been a threat to the maintenance of genetic resources. Genetic diversity is fundamental to the survival of species in natural environments in the long term, as well as being the basis for genetic improvement. The objective of this study was to evaluate the genetic diversity in natural populations of Hancornia speciosa and to contribute to the development of conservation strategies. We sampled 105 individuals of H. speciosa, distributed in seven populations. The ISSR (Inter-Simple Sequence Repeat) markers provided 70 loci, of which 81% were polymorphic. The mean genetic diversity of Nei (h) was 0.19, and the Shannon index (I) was 0.27. The h and I diversity indices ranged respectively from 0.16 to 0.24 in the PAD (Parque das Dunas) population and from 0.21 to 0.29 in MAC (Macaíba) population. Resulting from a Bayesian analysis, the genotypes were divided into four groups (K = 4). The allelic diversity patterns observed indicated the occurrence of the genetic bottleneck in all populations, according to the stepwise mutation model (SMM). The infinite allele model (IAM) revealed an imbalance between mutation and genetic drift only in the PAD population. Genetic conservation strategies for H. speciosa should cover each genetic group that was differentially structured. We recommend in situ conservation and the creation of germplasm banks, especially with the PAD population which demonstrated the lower genetic diversity and decreased effective population size according to the two mutational models.
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Guo, Xin, Fangyun Cheng, and Yuan Zhong. "Genetic Diversity of Paeonia rockii (Flare Tree Peony) Germplasm Accessions Revealed by Phenotypic Traits, EST-SSR Markers and Chloroplast DNA Sequences." Forests 11, no. 6 (June 12, 2020): 672. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f11060672.
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Research Highlights: This study, based on the first collection of cultivated Paeonia rockii (flare tree peony, FTP) germplasm across the main distribution area by our breeding desires, comprehensively evaluates these accessions by using phenotypic traits, expressed sequence tag (EST)-simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers and chloroplast DNA sequences (cpDNA). The results show that these accessions collected selectively by us can represent the genetic background information of FTP as a germplasm of tree crops. Background and Objectives: FTP has high cultural, ornamental and medicinal value traditionally, as well as recently presenting a significance as an emerging edible oil with high α-linolenic acid contents in the seeds. The objectives of this study are to reveal the characteristics of the genetic diversity of FTP, as well as to provide scientific suggestions for the utilization of tree peony breeding and the conservation of germplasm resource. Materials and Methods: Based on the phenotypic traits, EST-SSR markers and chloroplast DNA sequence variation, we studied the diversity of a newly established population of 282 FTP accessions that were collected and propagated by ourselves in our breeding project in recent years. Results: (1) There was an abundant variation in phenotype of the accessions, and the phenotypic variation was evenly distributed within the population, without significant hierarchical structure, (2) the EST-SSR data showed that these 282 accessions had relatively high genetic diversity, in which a total of 185 alleles were detected in 34 pairs of primers. The 282 accessions were divided into three distinct groups, and (3) the chloroplast DNA sequences (cpDNA) data indicated that these accessions had a higher genetic diversity than the population level and a lower genetic diversity than the species level of wild P. rockii, and the existing spatial genetic structure of these accessions can be divided into two branches. Conclusions: From the results of the three analyses, we found that these accessions can fully reflect the genetic background information of FTP germplasm resources, so their protection and utilization will be of great significance for genetic improvement of woody peonies.
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Guo, Qi, Xiuyu Li, Shuhong Yang, Zhiheng Yang, Yuhan Sun, Jiangtao Zhang, Sen Cao, Li Dong, Saleem Uddin, and Yun Li. "Evaluation of the Genetic Diversity and Differentiation of Black Locust (Robinia pseudoacacia L.) Based on Genomic and Expressed Sequence Tag-Simple Sequence Repeats." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 19, no. 9 (August 23, 2018): 2492. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms19092492.
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Understanding the genetic diversity and differentiation of the genetic resources of a species is important for the effective use and protection of forest tree resources. Ex situ development is a common method for the protection of genetic diversity and an essential resource for users who require ready access to a species’ germplasm. In this study, we collected seeds of black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia L.) from 19 provenances, covering most of its natural distribution; we randomly selected 367 tender leaves with well-grown and different maternal strains from this group for further analysis. Forty-eight simple sequence repeat (SSR) primers were successfully selected from 91 pairs of SSR primers using native-deformation polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. In addition, we identified identical genotypes among all individuals and evaluated the quality of the markers. From this, 35 loci were confirmed for analyses of genetic diversity and differentiation of the black locust provenances, which contained 28 expressed sequence tag-derived simple sequence repeats (EST-SSRs) and 7 genomic DNA-derived simple sequence repeats (G-SSRs). We observed high genetic diversity among the native black locust provenances, from which Wright’s fixation index and molecular variance suggested that a majority of the genetic differentiation variation could be attributed to within-provenance differences. The genetic distance and identity results indicated that geographic distance was not a dominating factor influencing the distribution of black locust. This is the first study to evaluate provenance genetic variation in native black locust samples using two types of SSR markers, which provides a comprehensive theoretical basis for ex situ conservation and utilization of genetic resources, with an emphasis on breeding applications.
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Suswadi, N. C. Irawan, R. B. Esthi, and E. N. Sari. "Formulating a revitalization strategy for a sustainable mangrove environment with natural and human resource management." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1260, no. 1 (November 1, 2023): 012038. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1260/1/012038.
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Abstract Damage to mangrove areas in Sayung District in the 1980s due to the conversion of mangrove forests into tiger shrimp ponds had a long-term impact. The problems that trigger the destruction of mangrove ecosystems are the loss of natural landscapes due to abrasion, accretion, and tidal flooding, as well as human, economic, and development activities. In recent years, the improper management of natural resources has begun to be realized, not only by local governments and stakeholders but also by the active awareness of the community. This study aims to develop a strategy for revitalizing the management and sustainability of mangrove ecosystem resources through a socio-ecological approach. The location selection method used a purposive method, while the sample selection used a simple random sampling method. Researchers using SWOT analysis will determine the formulation of the revitalization strategy. The cross-tabulation between internal and external factors results in aggressive strategic decisions and the horizontal integration of growth. The formulation of the revitalization strategy includes 1) The establishment of ecotourism and mangrove forest educational tourism; 2) the establishment of craft centers based on sustainable mangrove resources; 3) exhibition slots created by the community surrounding the mangrove ecosystem; 4) Natural product consumption in the private sector; 5) Ongoing promotion of coastal and river clean-ups in conjunction with community empowerment; 6) Seeds for pond fish, mini crabs, seaweed, and other aquatic life are available. 7) Traditional medicine based on mangrove germplasm; 8) Product marketing digitization to increase selling price and bargaining position; 9) Training in essential mangrove restoration; 10) Conservation and rehabilitation of mangrove ecosystems; 11) Tour guide training and modern education-promotion for the younger generation; 12) A labor-intensive program for the development and improvement of facilities and infrastructure; 13) Silvofishery training and implementation; 14) The establishment of a downstream business center and the incubation of the derivative service sector; 15) The formation of hygiene awareness groups and waste banks, as well as 16) Advanced training for unemployed human resources.
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Rollo, Alexandr, Maria M. Ribeiro, Rita L. Costa, Carmen Santos, Zoyla M. Clavo P., Bohumil Mandák, Marie Kalousová, et al. "Genetic Structure and Pod Morphology of Inga edulis Cultivated vs. Wild Populations from the Peruvian Amazon." Forests 11, no. 6 (June 8, 2020): 655. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f11060655.
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Research Highlights: This study assesses the genetic diversity and structure of the ice-cream-bean (Inga edulis Mart.; Fabaceae) in wild and cultivated populations from the Peruvian Amazon. This research also highlights the importance of protecting the biodiversity of the forest in the Peruvian Amazon, to preserve the genetic resources of species and allow further genetic improvement. Background and Objectives: Ice-cream-bean is one of the most commonly used species in the Amazon region for its fruits and for shading protection of other species (e.g., cocoa and coffee plantations). Comprehensive studies about the impact of domestication on this species’ genetic diversity are needed, to find the best conservation and improvement strategies. Materials and Methods: In the current study, the genetic structure and diversity were assessed by genotyping 259 trees, sampled in five wild and 22 cultivated I. edulis populations in the Peruvian Amazon, with microsatellite markers. Pod length was measured in wild and cultivated trees. Results: The average pod length in cultivated trees was significantly higher than that in wild trees. The expected genetic diversity and the average number of alleles was higher in the wild compared to the cultivated populations; thus, a loss of genetic diversity was confirmed in the cultivated populations. The cultivated trees in the Loreto region had the highest pod length and lowest allelic richness; nevertheless, the wild populations’ genetic structure was not clearly differentiated (significantly different) from that of the cultivated populations. Conclusions: A loss of genetic diversity was confirmed in the cultivated populations. The species could have been simultaneously domesticated in multiple locations, usually from local origin. The original I. edulis Amazonian germplasm should be maintained. Cultivated populations’ new germplasm influx from wild populations should be undertaken to increase genetic diversity.
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Ahmad, Anees. "Molecular Fingerprinting for Detecting Genetic Relationships among different Accessions of Pterocarpus marsupium." International Journal of Agriculture and Biology 25, no. 04 (April 1, 2021): 820–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.17957/ijab/15.1734.
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Pterocarpus marsupium Roxb. is a valuable multipurpose forest tree in India. Generally, it is valued greatly for its excellent wood qualities. Due to its significant multipurpose properties, this tree has been overexploited, which ultimately has led to its inclusion in the list of threatened species. In this regard, studying the genetic diversity in P. marsupium is not only significant for the protection of this species, but also necessary for the development and utilization of germplasm resources for its improvement. Before developing any tree improvement program, information on actual genetic diversity and the cryptic number of the differentiated genetic resource are important aids for its conservation and effective utilization. Thus, in the present study, analysis of phylogenetic relationship among P. marsupium species plays an important role in the identification and selection of elite genotype among the wildly distributed accessions. The phylogenetic relationship among 18 genotypes obtained from various forest regions of central India was studied using DNA based molecular markers. In RAPD analysis, out of 40 scorable amplified bands, 29 were polymorphic resulting in expression of polymorphism percentage (73.2%) with an average of 2.90 amplicons per primer. Based on RAPD analysis, the lowest (37%) similarities among accessions were recorded in Anuppur (MAA), Mandla (MMK) and Jabalpur (MJH) and the highest similarity (100%) were observed among Mandla (MMK), Jablapur (MJH); Jashpur (CJM), Surguja (CSA), Bilaspur (CBP) and Durg (CDB) and Raigarh (CRK) accessions. While the ISSR analysis found 66 amplified bands, 45 were polymorphous and average 68.3 percent polymorphic with an average 4.5 bands per oligo. The lowest (36%) similarity was observed among Anuppur (MAA) and Jabalpur (MJH) accessions and the highest similarity (88%) was recorded among Jashpur (CJM), Chhindwara (MCD) and Bilaspur (CBP) accessions. The combined analysis data of RAPD and ISSR showed that Chandrapur (RCC) and Anuppur's (MAA) acessions had the lowest (35%) similarity, with Jabalpur's (MJHs) and Mandla's (MMKs) accession being the highest similarities (100%) reported. As a result, the study of genetic diversity by means of RAPD and ISSR markers alone or in combination, i.e. the MAA, CKB and CRK accessions, was found to be more diverse among 18 accessions of Central India and given greater space for the collection of elite/superior trees to be used in conservation and forest development programs. © 2021 Friends Science Publishers
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Tian, Qian, Yousry A. El-Kassaby, and Wei Li. "Revealing the Genetic Structure and Differentiation in Endangered Pinus bungeana by Genome-Wide SNP Markers." Forests 13, no. 2 (February 17, 2022): 326. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f13020326.
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Understanding the genetic variation and differentiation of natural populations is essential for their protection, specifically if the species status is endangered as with Pinus bungeana. Here, we used 346,840 high density and strong specificity SNP loci to carry out genetic analyses (i.e., genetic diversity, genetic structure, phylogeny, and geographical differentiation) on 52 P. bungeana individuals from 5 populations (4 natural and one artificial) representing the main regions of the species distribution in China. Genetic diversity assessment indicated a trend of genetic diversity gradual decrease from west to east across the species distribution areas. Population genetic structure, PCA and phylogenetic analyses consistently indicated that populations in the central and eastern regions were clustered together, while those from the western regions were separated. Mantel test values indicated the presence of geographic isolation among populations, an important factor contributing to the observed genetic differentiation. The maximum likelihood tree and potential migration events inferred from TreeMix analysis indicated the presence of historical genetic exchanges between the west of Qinling Mountains and the Lvliang Mountains populations. Based on the generated genetic information, in situ and ex situ conservation strategies for P.bungeana germplasm resources are proposed, these strategies could be valuable for the conservation, protection and genetic improvement of this endangered species.
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Lebeda, Aleš, Eva Křístková, Colin K. Khoury, Daniel Carver, and Chrystian C. Sosa. "Distribution and ecology of wild lettuces Lactuca serriola L. and Lactuca virosa L. in central Chile." Hacquetia 21, no. 1 (February 12, 2022): 173–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/hacq-2021-0019.
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Abstract Wild lettuces (Lactuca L.) provide valuable genetic resources for crop breeding, but are also significant invasive weeds. We explored the distributions, habitats, and ecological characteristics of populations of wild Lactuca species in central Chile. We documented two species – Lactuca serriola L. (prickly lettuce) and Lactuca virosa L. (opium/bitter lettuce) in 204 localities. These observations indicate that: i) both allochthonous (Euroasian) Lactuca species occur and are able to regenerate in central Chile; ii) L. serriola forms dense populations in urbanized areas; iii) both species can expand along transport corridors to high elevations; iv) the spread of L. virosa and persistence of dense populations in elevations above 2,000 m a.s.l. prove the invasiveness of this species in extreme climates; v) both species may contain novel traits of interest for germplasm conservation.
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Xue, Huifen, Xiaochi Yu, Pengyue Fu, Bingyang Liu, Shen Zhang, Jie Li, Wenji Zhai, et al. "Construction of the Core Collection of Catalpa fargesii f. duclouxii (Huangxinzimu) Based on Molecular Markers and Phenotypic Traits." Forests 12, no. 11 (November 3, 2021): 1518. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f12111518.
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To promote the conservation and utilization of Catalpa fargesii f. duclouxii (Huangxinzimu) germplasm resources, a total of 252 accessions were used to construct a preliminary core collection according to phenotypic traits and single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers. In this study, 24 phenotypic traits, namely, 9 quantitative traits and 15 qualitative traits, were investigated. The core collection of C. fargesii f. duclouxii (Huangxinzimu) was constructed to remove redundant samples from the collected materials. First, the phenotypic core collection, with a sample proportion of 30, consisting of 24 clones, was constructed according to two genetic distances (Euclidean distance and Mahalanobis), four system clustering methods (the unweighted pair-group average method, Ward’s method, the complete linkage method, and the single linkage method), and three sampling methods (random sampling, deviation sampling, and preferred sampling). The best construction strategies were selected for further comparison. Three core collections (D2C3S3-30, D2C3S3-50, and D2C3S3-70) were constructed according to the optimal construction strategy at three sampling proportions. The core collection D2C3S3-30 with the best parameters was evaluated by using six parameters: the mean difference percentage (MD), variance difference percentage (VD), periodic rate of range (CR), changeable rate of the coefficient of variation (VR), minimum rate of change (CRMIN), and maximum rate of change (CRMAX). Three core collections (M-30, M-50, and M-70) were constructed by molecular markers, and the optimal core collection M-30 was selected by using five parameters, namely, Ho, He, PIC, MAF, and loci. The combination of D2C3S3-30 and M-30 was used to construct the final core collection DM-45, 45 samples representing the complete range of phenotypic and genetic variability. In this study, phenotypic traits combined with molecular markers were used to construct core collections to effectively capture the entire range of trait variation, effectively representing the original germplasm and providing a basis for the conservation and utilization of C. fargesii f. duclouxii (Huangxinzimu).
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Wang, Zhibei, Xi Wu, Xin Liu, Min Zhang, Chunping Xie, and Lin Chen. "Phylogeographic Structure and Population Dynamics of Baoxing Osmanthus (Osmanthus serrulatus), an Endemic Species from the Southwest Sichuan Basin, China." Plants 13, no. 12 (June 14, 2024): 1653. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants13121653.
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The mountainous regions of southwest China are recognized as pivotal centers for the origin and evolution of Osmanthus species. Baoxing Osmanthus (Osmanthus serrulatus Rehder), a rare and endemic species known for its spring blooms, is sparsely distributed within the high altitude evergreen broad-leaved forests surrounding the southwestern Sichuan Basin. However, persistent anthropogenic disturbances and habitat fragmentation have precipitated a significant decline in its natural population size, leading to the erosion of genetic resources. To assess the genetic status of O. serrulatus and formulate effective conservation strategies, we conducted sampling across ten wild populations, totaling 148 individuals in their natural habitats. We employed two cpDNA fragments (matK and trnS-trnG) to elucidate the phylogeographic structure and historical population dynamics. The results revealed low species-level genetic diversity, alongside pronounced regional differentiation among populations (FST = 0.812, p < 0.05) and a notable phylogeographic structure (NST = 0.698 > GST = 0.396, p < 0.05). Notably, genetic variation was predominantly observed among populations (81.23%), with no evidence of recent demographic expansion across the O. serrulatus distribution range. Furthermore, divergence dating indicated a timeline of approximately 4.85 Mya, corresponding to the late Miocene to early Pleistocene. This temporal correlation coincided with localized uplift events in the southwestern mountains and heightened Asian monsoons, suggesting pivotal roles for these factors in shaping the current phylogeographic pattern of O. serrulatus. These findings support the effective conservation of O. serrulatus germplasm and offer insights into the impact of Quaternary climate oscillations on companion species within evergreen broad-leaved forests. They also enhance our understanding of the origin and evolution of these forests in the southwestern mountains, aiding biodiversity conservation efforts in the region.
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Deng, Shiming, Zhijun Deng, Xiaofeng Wang, Hai Lu, and Hua Xue. "Effects of Temperature, Scarification, Stratification, Phytohormones, and After-Ripening on the Dormancy and Germination of Eucommia ulmoides Oliv. Seeds." Forests 12, no. 11 (November 19, 2021): 1593. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f12111593.
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Eucommia ulmoides Oliv., the only member of the family Eucommiaceae, is endemic to China and has great development and utilization prospects. The seeds of E. ulmoides show dormancy but the underlying mechanism remains unknown. The aim of this study was to determine the cause of the seed dormancy and provide fundamental knowledge for the breeding, genetic improvement, and conservation of the germplasm resources of this species. According to the seed dormancy classification system developed by Jerry M. Baskin and Carol C. Baskin, we compared the germination percentage between intact seeds and isolated embryos, constructed water absorption curves, and evaluated the germination of seeds treated with scarification, cold/warm-moist stratification, after-ripening during dry storage, and gibberellic acid (GA3). The results showed that the intact seeds germinated only at 10 °C with a low germination percentage of 13.3% whereas the isolated embryos had a high normal germination percentage among a wider range of temperatures. According to the results from the scarified seeds, half seeds, and intact seeds, the seed coat significantly restricted the embryo water absorption. The scarification, after-ripening, cold/warm-moist stratification, and GA3 treatments promoted seed germination. Among them, cold-moist stratification was the most effective method and the temperature range of seed germination increased in both directions from 10 °C with prolonged stratification. The germination percentage increased significantly at constant temperatures with the highest germination percentage of 93.7 ± 0.3% at 10 °C and a light/dark cycle after 90 days of cold-moist stratification. Therefore, the freshly harvested E. ulmoides seeds exhibited a combinational dormancy comprising physical and Type 3 non-deep physiological dormancy, causing limited embryo water absorption by the seed coat and a low embryo growth potential. Given the unique phylogenetic characteristics and utility of E. ulmoides, our findings should promote studies of seed dormancy evolution and the development and application of E. ulmoides germplasm resources.
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Gao, Xiaoge, Jiajia Li, Jie Song, and Qirong Guo. "The SSR Genetic Diversity of Wild Red Fruit Lycium (Lycium barbarum) in Northwest China." Forests 14, no. 8 (August 8, 2023): 1598. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f14081598.
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Through a comprehensive regional systematic collection, we conducted a genetic diversity analysis of wild red-fruited Lycium resources across the entire northwest region of China. This study provides a valuable genetic basis for germplasm exploration and the selection of new Lycium varieties. Utilizing fluorescence capillary electrophoresis, we carefully screened 16 pairs of SSR primers exhibiting high polymorphism. Subsequently, we inferred the genetic diversity of Lycium germplasm through structure clustering, UPGMA analysis, and molecular AMOVA. The 113 Lycium barbarum samples collected from northwest China exhibited distinct subgroups, namely the Qinghai–Gansu–Ningxia subgroup and the Xinjiang subgroup. These subgroups were clearly distinguishable based on genetic clustering. The genetic diversity within the samples was remarkably rich, as indicated by a mean I value of 1.04, He value of 0.57, and PIC value of 0.73. Notably, the majority of genetic diversity (72.99%) was found within populations, signifying substantial intrapopulation variation. Furthermore, our findings revealed significant genetic differentiation among populations, with a substantial Fst value of 0.27 and gene flow Nm estimated at 0.68. This suggests that the genetic variation levels in northwest Lycium were notably high, primarily driven by pronounced genetic differentiation among populations. Nonetheless, it is important to note that genetic diversity predominantly persists within populations. The observed subpopulation structure of Qinghai–Gansu–Ningxia and Xinjiang regions in northwest China can be primarily attributed to geographical isolation. These geographical barriers have played a pivotal role in shaping the genetic differentiation and structure of Lycium populations in the region. Consequently, our study sheds light on the complex genetic landscape of Northwest Lycium and highlights the significance of considering both within-population diversity and population differentiation in conservation and breeding programs.
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Atho, Muhammad A'tourrohman, M. Akmal Surur Akmal, Riza Eka Nabila Riza, Sinta Dewi Rahmawati Sinta, Siti Fatimah Fatim, Dian Naili Ma'rifah Dian, and Lianah Lianah. "The diversity of fern species (Pteridophyta) and their potential use studies in the Ulolanang Kecubung Nature Reserve." BIOEDUSCIENCE: Jurnal Pendidikan Biologi dan Sains 4, no. 1 (June 30, 2020): 73–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.29405/j.bes/4173-814991.
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Cagar Alam Ulolanang Kecubung as a conservation area in Batang, Central Java undoubtedly holds a rich diversity of flora and fauna. One of the flora stored in the CA is ferns. Ferns (Pteridophyta) is one of the germplasm that plays an important role in the forest ecosystem and is useful in human life. Spread of fern is very wide in the territory of Indonesia. Ferns have a variety of types and potential for extraordinary use for feed ingredients, medicine and ornamental plants. This research is to obtain data and information about the types of ferns diversity in the CA Ulolanang Potential resources, especially from the community around the area. This research was conducted in March-April 2020 using the method of literature study from books, national and international journal articles. Data obtained, there are 15 types of plants distributed namely Davalia trichomanoides Bedd., Davalia denticulata (Brumm.) Mett., Pyrrosia lingua Farw., Pyrrosia numularifolia Sw., Pyrrosia longifolia (Burm.f.) Morton, Drynaria quersifolia (L.) Smith., Drynaria sparsisora Moore. ., Drymoglossum piloselloides (L.) Presl., Stenochlaena polustris (Burm.) Bedd., Asplenium nidus Linn., Lygodium circinatum (Burm.), Pteris vittata Linn, Selligue oxyloba (Wall. ex Kunze) Fraser-Jenk., Selliguea heterocarpa (Bi.), and Selliguea laciniata (Bedd.) Hovenkamp. All these ferns are not yet widely known Its benefits by the surrounding community. Based on the results of literature studies, these ferns have many benefits such as ornamental plants, vegetables, anticancer, antiviral, antibacterial, metal waste accumulators and traditional medicines.
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Xiao, Yuguang, Xiaolong Jiang, Chengcheng Lu, Jun Liu, Shu Diao, and Jingmin Jiang. "Genetic Diversity and Population Structure Analysis in the Chinese Endemic Species Michelia crassipes Based on SSR Markers." Forests 14, no. 3 (March 4, 2023): 508. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f14030508.
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Michelia crassipes Y. W. Law (Magnoliaceae) is endemic to China and is the only species with purple flowers in the genus Michelia. It is commonly used as an important parent for flower color improvement and hybrid breeding. M. crassipes is recognized as an endangered plant. An urgent need exists to explore the genetic diversity of M. crassipes to efficiently select hybrid parents and develop efficient conservation strategies. In this study, a total of 128 samples were selected from seven natural populations of M. crassipes to explore their genetic diversity and structure. A total of 14 microsatellite (SSR) markers with high polymorphism and repeatability were developed, and 218 alleles were detected. This study mainly revealed three results: (1) The parameters of expected heterozygosity (He = 0.536) and mean Shannon’s information index (I = 1.121) revealed moderately high levels of genetic diversity for the M. crassipes natural population; (2) The genetic differentiation coefficient (Fst = 0.108) showed that there was a low level of genetic differentiation, and AMOVA indicated that genetic variation existed mainly within populations and that there was frequent gene exchange between populations; and (3) The population genetic structure analysis showed that seven natural populations originated from two ancestral groups, and the Mantel test revealed that genetic and geographical distances between populations were significantly correlated. Our study is the first to explore the genetic diversity and structure of the M. crassipes natural population, which provides an important reference for the collection, conservation and utilization of Michelia crassipes germplasm resources.
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Tang, Jianmin, Rong Zou, Taiguo Chen, Lipo Pan, Shujing Zhu, Tao Ding, Shengfeng Chai, and Xiao Wei. "Comparative Analysis of the Complete Chloroplast Genomes of Six Endangered Cycas Species: Genomic Features, Comparative Analysis, and Phylogenetic Implications." Forests 14, no. 10 (October 16, 2023): 2069. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f14102069.
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Cycas (family Cycadaceae), which spread throughout tropical and subtropical regions, is crucial in conservation biology. Due to subtle morphological variations between species, a solid species-level phylogeny for Cycas is lacking. In the present study, we assembled and analyzed the chloroplast genomes of six Cycas plants, including their genome structure, GC content, and nucleotide diversity. The Cycas chloroplast genome spans from 162,038 to 162,159 bp and contains 131 genes, including 86 protein-coding genes, 37 transfer RNA (tRNA) genes, and 8 ribosomal RNA (rRNA) genes. Through a comparative analysis, we found that the chloroplast genome of Cycas was highly conserved, as indicated by the contraction and expansion of the inverted repeat (IR) regions and sequence polymorphisms. In addition, several non-coding sites (psbK-psbI, petN-psbM, trnE-UUC-psbD, ndhC-trnM-CAU, and rpl32-trnP-GGG) showed significant variation. The utilization of phylogenetic analysis relying on protein-coding genes has substantiated the division of Cycas primarily into four groups. The application of these findings will prove valuable in evaluating genetic diversity and the phylogenetic connections among closely related species. Moreover, it will provide essential support for the advancement of wild germplasm resources.
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Zhang, Ping, Zhijun Cui, Hao Xu, Abid Ali, Xin Zhang, Xiaoxian Liu, Yuanming Zhang, Xiaobing Zhou, and Zhaozhi Lu. "Thirst or Malnutrition: The Impacts of Invasive Insect Agrilus mali on the Physiological Status of Wild Apple Trees." Forests 11, no. 4 (April 13, 2020): 440. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f11040440.
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Malus sieversii (Ledeb.) M. Roem is a tertiary relict tree species and a rare and valuable resource for germplasm conservation. Since 1995, its wild forest has been severely destroyed by a devastating wood-boring beetle Agrilus mali Matsumura (Coleoptera: Buprestidae) in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China. Where it invaded, this beetle infested more than 95% of the forests, and 80% of wild apple trees were reported dead in the hotspots. The physiological damage by A. mali infestation and their causality to tree death remain unclear. In this study, we attempted to explain the wild apple dieback from plant physiological perspectives, based on the hypothesis that the more damage M. sieversii suffered from the infestation of A. mali, the less water and fewer nutrients it could utilize. The study was conducted on trees with different extents of damage in wild apple forests over a large scale during 2016 and 2017. The stable carbon isotope ratio in leaves was analyzed to indicate tree water stress status. Total N, total P, total K, Ca2+ and Mg2+ were analyzed to reflect plant mineral nutrient status. The extent of damage was significantly associated with the leaf stable carbon isotope ratio in the drier year of 2016, but not significantly in 2017 with heavy rainfall in spring. The mineral nutrient contents of leaves were not significantly different among the four damage rankings in either year. The water stress experienced by M. sieversii was aggravated by the damage caused by A. mali, especially in a drought year, and indicates that the long-term water deficit caused by A. mali infestation may be the key factor leading to the decline of wild apple forests. The finding suggests the necessity of aerial irrigation for sustainable integrated pest management in wild apple trees.
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Lan, Qin-ying, Ke Xia, Xiao-feng Wang, Jun-wei Liu, Jin Zhao, and Yun-hong Tan. "Seed storage behaviour of 101 woody species from the tropical rainforest of southern China: a test of the seed-coat ratio–seed mass (SCR–SM) model for determination of desiccation sensitivity." Australian Journal of Botany 62, no. 4 (2014): 305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt14037.
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The Xishuangbanna tropical rainforest in Yunnan Province is the greatest biodiversity hotspot in China. However, the biodiversity of this region is under threat, making seed conservation through seed and/or germplasm banking particularly urgent and crucial. Seed desiccation sensitivity limits the possibility of seed banking of 47% of tropical rainforest species. Thus, knowing if a species has desiccation-sensitive seeds is an important first step in seed banking; however, often resources are limited, making it difficult to determine storage behaviour for all the species in a region. Prediction of seed sensitivity using the SCR–SM model based on seed-coat ratio (SCR) and seed dry mass (SM) might be an alternative for determining desiccation sensitivity of seeds of each species. Here, seed-desiccation sensitivity of 101 woody species from the Xishuangbanna tropical forest were analysed using this model, and physiological determinations were made for a total of 25 species. Seed storage behaviour for 59 species was used for model validation, and storage behaviour of 88% of these species was successfully predicted. Seed storage behaviour of 83% of the 59 species was successfully predicted using the 1000-seed weigth–moisture content (TSW–MC) criteria, which include seeds with 1000-seed weight >500 g and seed moisture content at shedding of 30 –70%. The two predictive methods were subsequently used to predict seed desiccation sensitivity for another 42 species from Xishuangbanna whose storage behaviour was uncertain. Our results indicated that ~50% of the species in Xishuangbanna are likely to have desiccation-sensitive seeds.
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Huong, Vu Dinh, E. K. Sadanandan Nambiar, Nguyen Xuan Hai, Kieu Manh Ha, and Nguyen Van Dang. "Sustainable Management of Acacia auriculiformis Plantations for Wood Production over Four Successive Rotations in South Vietnam." Forests 11, no. 5 (May 13, 2020): 550. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f11050550.
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Vietnam’s forestry sector is facing rising demands for wood to support national and rural economies, and rural livelihoods. A feasible option to meet this demand is to improve productivity in the current plantation estates, especially in those owned by thousands of small growers. Growers have invested in short-rotation acacia plantations primarily for the woodchip market, but are being urged through government policies and pressured by certification bodies and some NGOs to shift to longer rotations, preferentially, for growing saw logs. In this context, we examined the productivity of an Acacia auriculiformis plantation in South Vietnam, over four successive rotations, spanning 25 years. We show that it is possible to increase and sustain wood production in the long term, by applying simple but integrated management practices, recognizing that the conservation of site resources is critical for sustainability. Practices which depleted site organic matter and nutrients lead to a hidden, but high, cumulative loss of production. Given the site and soil damaging practices prevalent in the country, it is likely that production foregone in those sites may be equivalent to the yield from one in every four or five rotations harvested. With sound management including the conservation of site resources, planting the best germplasm, appropriate stocking and judicious use of herbicide, total wood production and the proportion of saw logs (50–70% of the commercial wood at about 7 years of age) can be increased substantially. At the same time, these practices also can promote understory development and diversity in the stand. Such holistic benefits are possible without extending the rotation length and/or thinning, which are likely to raise the levels of risks for small growers, who are not covered by any insurance. Investments and support for small growers to enable higher productivity and value per unit area in their holdings, through sustainable management, would offer practical and low-risk options for the benefits of growers, processors and ecosystems.
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Liu, Dan, Zhongling Guo, Xiaoyang Cui, and Chunnan Fan. "Estimation of the Population Dynamics of Taxus cuspidata by Using a Static Life Table for Its Conservation." Forests 14, no. 11 (November 4, 2023): 2194. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f14112194.
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Taxus cuspidata is a rare and endangered plant species with an extremely small population which is endemic to China. This study focused on the natural T. cuspidata population in Jilin Province in China. Conventional population ecology survey methods were used to describe its population structure characteristics. Then, we chose diameter structure instead of temporal structure to establish a static population life table, draw a population survival curve, and quantify the future development trend by using population dynamic analysis and time sequence prediction. The results showed that: (1) the static life table suggested that the population of T. cuspidata was stable overall. The population survival curve tended to be Deevey Ⅱ, with a high early seedling mortality, and the later population growth tended to be stable; (2) the survival curve suggested that the population initially experienced higher mortality rates in the early stage. However, as time progressed and the population aged, the mortality rates decreased, resulting in a more stable population in the middle and late stages; (3) The diameter class structure of T. cuspidata was stable overall, and the dynamic indices showed that the population was fluctuating. The population was influenced by external disturbances and showed some resistance to human disturbance; (4) time sequence prediction analysis showed that the mortality rate of young individuals was high, natural renewal could be maintained, and the population size would remain at a certain amount in the future. The result shows that the Jilin region is a highly suitable area for the growth of Taxus cuspidata’s population in Northeast China. We recommend in situ conservation of remaining wild populations, relocation of germplasm resources, and reduction of human activities; these actions will be beneficial to Taxus cuspidata’s long-term survival.
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Guo, Qi, Xian Xue, Xiaoliang Hu, Yinglong He, Shuo Wei, Shaodan Liu, Guodong Zhao, Zhanying Wang, and Xiaogai Hou. "Genetic Diversity and Population Structure Analysis of Tree Peony (Paeonia Section Moutan DC.) Germplasm Using Sixteen Functional SSR Markers." Forests 14, no. 10 (September 25, 2023): 1945. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f14101945.
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Tree peony (Paeonia section Moutan DC.) is a traditional ornamental flower of China, which has thousands of varieties with different flower colors and types after a long history of natural selection and artificial breeding. However, tree peony is a perennial woody plant with a long breeding, and there are still significant challenges to accelerate the process of genetic improvement of important ornamental traits. In this study, a total of sixteen primer pairs with high polymorphism and good universality were selected from the initial pool of 115 SSR markers. The SSR marker set was derived from published papers on the genetic linkage map and association analysis of tree peony. Furthermore, we conducted a genetic diversity and population structure analysis on 322 tree peony cultivars using molecular markers with functional. These SSRs amplified a total of 391 alleles, the average number of different alleles was 5.113 alleles across all loci. The average Shannon’s information index, gene diversity and polymorphism information content were 0.842, 0.532, and 0.503 over all loci, respectively. Population genetic diversity analysis indicated that the average expected heterozygosity of the total population was larger than the observed heterozygosity, showing the presence of a certain degree of heterozygous deletion phenomenon. The Japan varieties had the richest diversity with the highest H (0.508) and PIC (0.479) values. The Zhongyuan varieties showed the greatest variation may be related to its longstanding cultivation history. Moreover, the STRUCTURE and principal coordinate analyses indicated that 322 tree peony individuals from five populations were grouped into two clusters. An analysis of molecular variance demonstrated significant genetic diversity among different populations. This research may contribute to the sustainable management, conservation, and utilization of tree peony resources.
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Liu, Qiao, Ju Yang, Xiurong Wang, and Yang Zhao. "Studies on Pollen Morphology, Pollen Vitality and Preservation Methods of Gleditsia sinensis Lam. (Fabaceae)." Forests 14, no. 2 (January 28, 2023): 243. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f14020243.
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Gleditsia sinensis Lam. (Fabaceae) is an endemic species in China, which has a wide range of ecological functions and high economic value. G. sinensis belongs to androdioecy, and the stamens of perfect flowers are aborted, meaning that a perfect flower is a functional female flower. Understanding the dynamic process of flowering and the characteristics of pollen morphology effectively determine the viability of pollen vitality, and the suitable conditions for short-term storage of pollen can provide theoretical basis and technical reference for hybrid breeding and germplasm conservation of G. sinensis. In this study, the male plants of G. sinensis in Guiyang area were used as research materials. The flowering dynamic process of male flowers was recorded through field observation. The morphology of pollen was observed and analyzed with a scanning electron microscope (SEM). The germination characteristics of pollen were studied with an in vitro germination method, and the pollen vitality was also determined using four staining methods. The effects of different storage temperatures and water contents on pollen germination rate were discussed. The results showed that the male flowers of G. sinensis had a short, single flowering period, lasting 2–3 days from the opening to the shedding. The dynamic opening process of a single flower was artificially divided into five stages. Pollen grains of G. sinensis are oblate spheroidal, tricolporate with equatorial elongated endoapertures and the sporoderm surface is reticulate. The MTT (Thiazolyl Blue Tetrazolium Bromide) staining method could accurately and quickly determine the pollen vitality of G. sinensis. The highest pollen germination rate was 65.89% ± 3.41%, and the length of the pollen tube was 3.96 mm after cultured in 15% sucrose + 100 mg/L boric acid + 20 mg/L calcium chloride for 24 h. It was necessary to collect the pollen at the big bud stage, which was conducive to improving the efficiency of pollen collection because the pollen had been mature with high pollen vitality at this stage. When it came to pollen preservation, the pollen germination rate was significantly affected by storage time, storage temperature and pollen water content. The pollen still had high vitality after being stored at −80 °C for 30 days when the moisture content of the pollen decreased to 9%, and the pollen germination rate only decreased by 28.84% compared with that before storage. In conclusion, this study has comprehensively and systematically studied the morphology, vitality determination and preservation methods of the pollen of G. sinensis, providing a theoretical basis for the cross regional breeding and the conservation and utilization of germplasm resources.
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Wang, Yu, Zhongyi Jiao, Jiwei Zheng, Jie Zhou, Baosong Wang, Qiang Zhuge, and Xudong He. "Population Genetic Diversity and Structure of an Endangered Salicaceae Species in Northeast China: Chosenia arbutifolia (Pall.) A. Skv." Forests 12, no. 9 (September 18, 2021): 1282. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f12091282.
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Chosenia arbutifolia (Pall.) A. Skv. is a unique and endangered species belonging to the Salicaceae family. It has great potential for ornamental and industrial use. However, human interference has led to a decrease in and fragmentation of its natural populations in the past two decades. To effectively evaluate, utilize, and conserve available resources, the genetic diversity and population structure of C. arbutifolia were analyzed in this study. A total of 142 individuals from ten provenances were sampled and sequenced. Moderate diversity was detected among these, with a mean expected heterozygosity and Shannon’s Wiener index of 0.3505 and 0.5258, respectively. The inbreeding coefficient was negative, indicating a significant excess of heterozygotes. The fixation index varied from 0.0068 to 0.3063, showing a varied genetic differentiation between populations. Analysis of molecular variance demonstrated that differentiation accounted for 82.23% of the total variation among individuals, while the remaining 17.77% variation was between populations. Furthermore, the results of population structure analysis indicated that the 142 individuals originated from three primitive groups. To provide genetic information and help design conservation and management strategies, landscape genomics analysis was performed by investigating loci associated with environmental variables. Eighteen SNP markers were associated with altitude and annual average temperature, of which five were ascribed with specific functions. In conclusion, the current study furthers the understanding of C. arbutifolia genetic architecture and provides insights for germplasm protection.
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Melaku, Alebel, and Mohammed Ahmed Ebrahim. "Critical Review on Wild-Edible Fruit Species in Ethiopia." International Journal of Forestry Research 2021 (September 23, 2021): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/8538188.
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Wild edible fruit species are commonly consumed and utilized in different parts of Ethiopia for staple food, filling seasonal food shortages, emergency food during a famine, and household income generation. There is a pressing need for domestication and improvement of some wild edible fruits for increased production, diversifying income for small-scale farmers, and conservation of the diminishing wild edible fruit resources. A total of 37 widely utilized and marketed wild edible fruit species falling into 23 families were recognized as of used in different parts of the country. Of which, 26 species are identified as available in local markets in different parts of the country. Ziziphus spina-christi, Syzygium guineense, Balanites aegyptiaca, and other nine species were identified as a priority wild edible fruit species from available information based on utilization extent, preference ranking by farmers, product marketability, and conservation needs for the species. There exists a lack of scientifically planned genetic variation evaluation, superior variety selection, genetic improvement, and seedling production initiatives for indigenous wild edible fruit species in Ethiopia. All of the 37 widely utilized and marketed wild fruit species have not developed to their full potential in terms of quality, production scale, and market in the country. Identifying and selecting priority species, strengthening botanical information, germplasm collection and improvement, production and processing technologies, increasing the supply of improved planting materials, and promoting on-farm cultivation of wild edible fruit-based agroforestry systems were identified as key future strategies for domestication and wider cultivation of wild edible fruit species.
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Wang, Tianxiang, Wenting Li, Hongxia Cui, Yunrui Song, Changyong Liu, Qing Yan, Yaoxing Wu, Yihang Jia, Lizheng Fang, and Lianghua Qi. "Predicting the Potential Habitat Distribution of Relict Plant Davidia involucrata in China Based on the MaxEnt Model." Forests 15, no. 2 (January 31, 2024): 272. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f15020272.
Full textAbstract:
Davidia involucrata Baill. 1871 (D. involucrata), as a tertiary relict plant unique to China, is a national Class I protected plant with high economic value. Oil extracted from its seeds and peels can be used for both consumption and industrial purposes. It has become a popular income-earning export tree in China because of its graceful posture and beautiful white bracts. Climate change affects the distribution of the species’ potential habitat areas. Thus, studying its natural distribution pattern and future potential habitat distribution changes has great significance for the sustainable resource utilization and biodiversity conservation of D. involucrata. Here, we employed the MaxEnt model and ArcGIS software to predict the current and future (the 2050s and 2070s) potential habitats of D. involucrata via 130 species distribution records and 37 environmental variables. Meanwhile, we used the jackknife method to assess the importance of environmental factors. Our results showed the following: (1) When the RM = 4 and FC = LQHPT, the MaxEnt model exhibited the lowest complexity and overfitting degree while achieving high model prediction accuracy. The area under the curve (AUC) value of the simulated training was 0.958, indicating an excellent forecast. (2) Under the current climate scenario, D. involucrata was mainly concentrated in eastern Sichuan, western Hubei, northern Guizhou, and northwestern Hunan, with an area of 98.02 × 104 km2. (3) The precipitation in the warmest quarter (Bio18, 30%), mean temperature in the driest quarter (Bio9, 24.4%), annual mean radiation (Bio20, 14.6%), and elevation (ele, 12.7%) were the main environmental factors affecting its habitat distribution; the t contribution was 82.1%. (4) Under different future climate scenarios, the potential habitat area of D. involucrata decreased overall. Compared with the current climate scenario, the areas of potential habitats gradually decreased in both the 2050s and 2070s under the ssp126 and ssp585 climate scenarios but decreased in the 2050s and then increased in the 2070s under the ssp370 climate scenario. Therefore, it is of great significance to track and monitor the existing population or community on the basis of the possible changes in its distribution area. Moreover, the artificial breeding of its seedlings should be considered in the future to improve the quality of its germplasm resources. In summary, our findings can provide a scientific understanding of D. involucrata distribution in China and are conducive to conservation and utilization.
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Ye, Xing-zhuang, Guang-hua Zhao, Ming-zhu Zhang, Xin-yue Cui, Hui-hua Fan, and Bao Liu. "Distribution Pattern of Endangered Plant Semiliquidambar cathayensis (Hamamelidaceae) in Response to Climate Change after the Last Interglacial Period." Forests 11, no. 4 (April 10, 2020): 434. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f11040434.
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Semiliquidambar cathayensis is a special and endangered plant in China, used for traditional Chinese medicine and in landscape applications. Predicting the impact of climate change on the distribution of S. cathayensis is crucial for its protection and the sustainable use of resources. We used the maximum entropy (MaxEnt) model optimized by the ENMeval data packet to analyze the potential geographic distribution changes of S. cathayensis in 12 provinces of Southern China for the different periods since the last interglacial period (LIG, 120–140 ka). Considering the potential geographic distribution changes in the province, and based on the two climate scenarios of Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP) 2.6 and RCP 8.5, the distribution range of S. cathayensis was analyzed and we predicted the range for the 2050s (average for 2041–2060) and 2070s (average for 2061–2080). The area under AUC (Area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve) is 0.9388 under these parameters, which indicates that the model is very accurate. We speculate that the glacial period refugia were the Nanling and Wuyi Mountains for S. cathayensis, and central and Western Fujian and Taiwan are likely to be the future climate refugia. In the mid-Holocene (MH, 6 ka), the growth habitat was 32.41% larger than the modern habitat; in the 2050s and 2070s (except RCP2.6–2070s), the growth habitat will shrink to varying degrees, so efforts to support its in situ and ex situ conservation are urgently needed. The jackknife test showed that the main factors affecting the geographical distribution of S. cathayensis were annual precipitation, precipitation of the wettest month, and precipitation of the driest month. The annual precipitation may be the key factor restricting the northward distribution of S. cathayensis. In general, the centroid of the distribution of S. cathayensis will move northward. The centroid of the adaptive habitats will move northward with the highest degree of climate abnormality. We think that Hainan Island is the most likely origin of S. cathayensis. These findings provide a theoretical basis for the establishment of genetic resources protection measures, the construction of core germplasm resources, and the study of the formation and evolution of Hamamelidaceae.
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Kushnarenko, Svetlana V., Nazgul K. Rymkhanova, Moldir M. Aralbayeva, and Natalya V. Romadanova. "In Vitro Cold Acclimation is Required for Successful Cryopreservation of Juglans Regia L. Shoot Tips." Cryoletters 44, no. 4 (July 1, 2023): 240–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.54680/fr23410110612.
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BACKGROUND: Persian walnut (Juglans regia L.) is one of the most economically important nut crops. In the Western Tien Shan in Kazakhstan, walnut forests are the northernmost in the natural range of this species. Shoot tip cryopreservation is an important strategy to ensure long-term clonal conservation of plant genetic resources. OBJECTIVE: To determine the effect of cold acclimation duration (0-6 weeks) with alternating temperatures (8 h at 22°C, light intensity 10 μmol m -2 s -1 /16 h at -1°C, in the dark) and of plant vitrification solution 2 (PVS2) exposure duration (30, 50, 80 or 100 min) on shoot tip regrowth after cryopreservation by vitrification. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In vitro-grown shoots of three wild Juglans regia accessions from a native population of Sairam-Ugam National Natural Park in the south of Kazakhstan and of cultivar Milotai 10 were used as sources of plant material. Shoot tips (1.8-2.0 mm with five to six leaf primordia) were excised from in vitro- grown shoots and cryopreserved using PVS2 vitrification technique. RESULTS: Regrowth of cryopreserved shoot tips increased and was significantly higher (P < 0.05) after 4-6 weeks cold acclimation with the highest regrowth between 59.9-67.8% after 5 weeks for the four genotypes tested. The highest regrowth level was obtained after 80 min of PVS2 exposure, which was significantly better (P < 0.05) compared to 30, 50 or 100 min exposure. CONCLUSION: The PVS2 vitrification protocol established is very effective for cryopreservation of both unique wild J . regia germplasm and of walnut cultivars.
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Long, Yixin, Hasengaowa Bao, Qingyu Jin, Zhiping Wu, Minghai Han, Chi Zhang, and Jun Wang. "Development of Novel Genomewide Simple Sequence Repeat Markers for Acer truncatum Bunge and Assessment of Their Transferability to Other Closely Related Species." Forests 15, no. 4 (March 30, 2024): 635. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f15040635.
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Acer truncatum Bunge is a versatile woody tree species with high economic and medicinal value in the production of bioactive substances and unsaturated fatty acids (especially nervonic acid). However, the exploitation and evaluation of A. truncatum germplasm resources are limited owing to a lack of sound molecular marker systems. In this study, a large set of genomewide simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers of A. truncatum was developed based on its whole-genome sequences. A total of 462,331 SSR loci were identified in the genome sequences, 99.3% (459,193) of which were located on 13 chromosomes. The chromosome length was significantly positively correlated with the number of SSR loci on the chromosome (r = 0.977, p < 0.001). The (A/T)n, (AT/TA)n, and (AAT/ATT/TAA/TTA/TAT/ATA)n were the most frequent motifs for mono-, di-, and trinucleotide repeat motifs, respectively, showing A/T-base bias. After BLASTN and electronic polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analyses, 199,990 loci with specific physical positions were screened. Most of the SSR loci were located in the intergenic regions and fewest in the coding sequences (CDSs). The frequency of loci with tri- and hexanucleotide repeat motifs was the highest in the CDSs, potentially serving to maintain the stability of gene function and structure. In randomly selected 105 SSR markers, 82 (78.1%) showed allelic polymorphism, with polymorphism information content (PIC) values of 0.032–0.926 (0.481 on average). The SSRs in the noncoding regions exhibited significantly higher PIC values than those in the CDSs. The transferability of the 105 markers was 48.6%–59.0% to seven other Acer species. The large set of valid SSR markers provides a powerful tool for studies on population genetics, conservation genetics, linkage mapping, comparative genomics, and marker-assisted breeding of the genus Acer.
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Li, Xiang, Minghui Zhao, Yujin Xu, Yan Li, Mulualem Tigabu, and Xiyang Zhao. "Genetic Diversity and Population Differentiation of Pinus koraiensis in China." Horticulturae 7, no. 5 (May 9, 2021): 104. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae7050104.
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Pinus koraiensis is a well-known precious tree species in East Asia with high economic, ornamental and ecological value. More than fifty percent of the P. koraiensis forests in the world are distributed in northeast China, a region with abundant germplasm resources. However, these natural P. koraiensis sources are in danger of genetic erosion caused by continuous climate changes, natural disturbances such as wildfire and frequent human activity. Little work has been conducted on the population genetic structure and genetic differentiation of P. koraiensis in China because of the lack of genetic information. In this study, 480 P. koraiensis individuals from 16 natural populations were sampled and genotyped. Fifteen polymorphic expressed sequence tag-simple sequence repeat (EST-SSR) markers were used to evaluate genetic diversity, population structure and differentiation in P. koraiensis. Analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) of the EST-SSR marker data showed that 33% of the total genetic variation was among populations and 67% was within populations. A high level of genetic diversity was found across the P. koraiensis populations, and the highest levels of genetic diversity were found in HH, ZH, LS and TL populations. Moreover, pairwise Fst values revealed significant genetic differentiation among populations (mean Fst = 0.177). According to the results of the STRUCTURE and Neighbor-joining (NJ) tree analyses and principal component analysis (PCA), the studied geographical populations cluster into two genetic clusters: cluster 1 from Xiaoxinganling Mountains and cluster 2 from Changbaishan Mountains. These results are consistent with the geographical distributions of the populations. The results provide new genetic information for future genome-wide association studies (GWAS), marker-assisted selection (MAS) and genomic selection (GS) in natural P. koraiensis breeding programs and can aid the development of conservation and management strategies for this valuable conifer species.
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Yadav, Bishnu, Daurik Lal Pandit, Dhurba Banjade, Dipesh Kumar Mehata, Susmita Bhattarai, Sujan Bhandari, Netra Prasad Ghimire, Puja Yadav, and Prava Paudel. "Insights into the germplasm conservation and utilization: Implications for sustainable agriculture and future crop improvement." Archives of Agriculture and Environmental Science 9, no. 1 (March 25, 2024): 180–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.26832/24566632.2024.0901026.
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Plant genetic resources are critical for maintaining global biodiversity and ensuring food security. However, these resources face threats from factors such as habitat loss and climate change, with approximately 22% of plant species estimated to be at risk of extinction. To address this issue, both natural and biotechnological methods are being developed to preserve plant genetic resources, with germplasm being a key component. Germplasm contains the complete genetic information of a plant and can be stored for extended periods and replicated as required. The objective of this study is to emphasize the importance of preserving germplasm of endangered or near-extinct plant species through in situ and ex situ conservation methods. In situ conservation involves conserving species in their natural environment, while ex situ conservation includes using gene-seed banks and tissue culture to store genetic resources. These methods are crucial for maintaining genetic diversity and preventing the loss of valuable plant resources. The study highlights the various ex situ conservation methods, including cryopreservation, pollen and DNA banks, farmer's fields, botanic gardens, genetic reserves, and slow-growing cultures, which are essential for preserving germplasm. Gene banks worldwide currently hold over 7.4 million accessions of crop genetic resources, demonstrating the value of germplasm conservation efforts. Additionally, understanding the phenotypic and genetic characterization of related species is crucial for identifying endangered or vulnerable species that can diversify into new varieties or subspecies. In conclusion, prioritizing germplasm conservation efforts is crucial for meeting future demands while preserving endangered or vulnerable species. This will ensure that plant genetic resources remain available for future generations and that agricultural innovation can effectively address global food security challenges.
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Srivastava, M. K. "Germplasm Conservation as a Key for Food Security." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 9, no. VIII (August 15, 2021): 462–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2021.37396.
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Security of any country as well as the whole world can be ensure through the conservation of germplasm since they are genetic resources that can be used to prolong a population of an organism. Plant genetic resources (PGR) are the foundation of agriculture as well as food and nutritional security. The ICAR-NBPGR is key institution at national level for management of PGR in India under Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR), New Delhi. India being rich in both flora and fauna germplasm diversity also have challenge of protecting its natural heritage. At the same time, we also have mutually beneficial strategies for germplasm exchange with other countries. The National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources (NBPGR) activities include PGR exploration, collection, exchange, characteri- zation, evaluation, conservation and documentation. It also perform the responsibility to carry out quarantine of all imported PGR. NBPGR collects and acquires germplasm from various sources, conserves it in the Genebank, characterizes and evaluates it for different traits and provides ready material for breeders to develop varieties for farmers. At present, the National Genebank conserves more than 0.45 million accessions. NBPGR is responsible for identifying trait-specific pre-adapted climate resilient genotypes, promising material with disease resistance and quality traits which the breeders use for various crop improvement programmes. The prime focus area of research of NBPGR at present is is on characterization of ex situ conserved germplasm and detailed evaluation of prioritized crops for enhanced utilization. identification of novel genes and alleles for enhanced utilization of PGR; identification and deployment of germplasm/landraces.
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Campbell, K. W., and B. Fraleigh. "The Canadian Plant Germplasm System." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 75, no. 1 (January 1, 1995): 5–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps95-003.
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The present system of formal plant germplasm conservation in Canada began in 1970 with the appointment of the first Plant Gene Resources Officer. Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada (AAFC), which has the main mandate for plant germplasm conservation, operates a seed genebank in Ottawa, which stores and documents accessions of value to Canada, and a clonal genebank in Smithfield, which concentrates on the preservation of tree and small fruits. A new multi-nodal system initiated under the Green Plan has added five new centres to the plant germplasm network. Located at AAFC research centres, plant breeders are responsible for rejuvenating and documenting important germplasm. Universities, companies and nongovernmental organizations contribute to germplasm conservation by increasing the genetic diversity available in the form of cultivars and operating plant and seed repositories. Key words: Germplasm conservation, genebank
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Harvey, Bryan L., and Brad Fraleigh. "Impacts on Canadian agriculture of the Convention on Biological Diversity." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 75, no. 1 (January 1, 1995): 17–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps95-005.
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Canada was among the first nations to sign and ratify the Convention on Biological Diversity. With strong support from the federal government, the Canadian delegation played a key role in its negotiation. The Convention has three major elements: (1) the conservation of biodiversity; (2) the sustainable use of biodiversity; and (3) the equitable sharing of benefits derived from the use of biodiversity. Canada has developed a draft strategy to meet our obligations as a signatory nation. This strategy was developed with input from various levels of government and from a wide range of individuals and organizations. The benefits to agriculture are increased resources for the conservation of biodiversity, which is vital to this industry, and continued access to germplasm. The costs are the funds necessary to conserve, an obligation to share knowledge and benefits from genetic resources and greater regulation of germplasm exchange. Key words: Biodiversity, conservation, germplasm, convention, genetic resources
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Gorshkov, V. M., L. S. Samarina, R. V. Kulyan, V. I. Malyarovskaya, A. V. Ryndin, R. S. Rakhmangulov, and Y. L. Orlov. "Challenges of in vitro conservation of Сitrus germplasm resources." Vavilov Journal of Genetics and Breeding 23, no. 1 (February 26, 2019): 24–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.18699/vj19.457.
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The main problems of establishment a slow growth in vitro collection of citrus and other tree crops cultivars are high degree of fungal contamination of bud explants and low growth potential of shoots. In this regard, the aim of current research is to assess the efficiency of decontamination procedure and the possibility of tissue culture initiation and slow growth conservation of valuable lemon cultivars. The best results of surface sterilization were obtained using immersion solutions of 0.3 % Veltolen – 25 minutes or 10 % Domestos – 25–30 minutes. In these treatments, 27.7–33.0 % of aseptic explants were obtained, respectively. However, after the third subculture, the yield of aseptic viable explants decreased till 10 % as a result of secondary contamination by endophytic fungi. The addition of biocide (“Gavrish”) in a nutrient medium at a concentration of 1 ml/l helped to increase the yield of aseptic viable explants till 50 %. However, after the third subculture the photosynthetic activity and the pigments content as well as growth rate decreased. Plants dropped yellowish leaves and eventually died. Thus, 37.35 % of plantlets survived after 8 months of conservation, and only 14.6 % survived after 10 months. Even after the third month of conservation significant decrease in the viability index and the coefficient of photosynthetic activity occurred in plants. Chlorophyll a in leaves decreased from 1.59 to 1.14 mg/g during 12 months in vitro conservation. The similar tendency observed on clorophyll b and carotenoids content. The experiments were carried out for 5 years using different lemon cultivars and other citrus varieties and cultivars. Thus, micropropagation and slow growth in vitro conservation of valuable lemon cultivars are still problematic and requires new technical solutions due to the low growth potential of plantlets raised from the mature buds that is consistent with the data of other researchers.
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Matassino, D., and B. M. Moioli. "GENETIC IMPROVEMENT AND GERMPLASM CONSERVATION FOR QUALITY." Animal Genetic Resources Information 17 (April 1996): 5–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1014233900004648.
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SUMMARYBiological diversity is the main measure of genetic evolution; it links to the state of genetic polymorphism as influenced by envirornmental changes and modulates the speed of transferring genetic information. The authors concentrate in this note on the importance of the contribution of indigenous animal genetic resources when addressing the complex and economically most important problem of the intrinsic quality of products of animal origin, with special reference to regional/local specificity.
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Thomas Ledig, F. "Conservation strategies for forest gene resources." Forest Ecology and Management 14, no. 2 (March 1986): 77–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-1127(86)90093-9.
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