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Gericke, Kevin L. "Public participation and its relationship to conflict in national forest planning." Thesis, This resource online, 1990. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-03042009-040603/.
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Novie, Alexander G. "Street Level Food Networks: Understanding Ethnic Food Cart Supply Chains in Eastern Portland, OR." PDXScholar, 2014. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/2084.
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Portland, OR, is the site of a unique urban food cart phenomenon that provides opportunities for small business ownership and access points for culturally specific food for the city's foreign-born and minority populations. Known as a "foodie haven," Portland also has an active sustainable food movement with engaged citizens and support from city and regional policies aimed at significantly increasing the consumption of local food. To date, there have been no in-depth studies on the sourcing habits of Portland food cart owners and whether or not these street-level actors are involved in the area's local alternative food movements (AFNs). The current understanding of the Portland food cart phenomenon is based on studies that have focused on carts and pods located in the central business district and "inner-ring" areas of the city. Areas beyond these locations (defined as Eastern Portland) are currently home to the majority of the city's growing foreign-born and minority populations. This thesis uses a situational analysis framework to explore the food supply practices of ethnic food cart owners operating in Eastern Portland cart pods. I investigate the feasibility of purchasing locally grown ingredients for use in ethnic cuisines and the degree to which cart owners incorporate the region's prevailing locavore ethics into their everyday culinary practices. Findings from this inquiry suggest that ethnic cart owners in Eastern Portland have a range of habitus, or personal dispositions and embodied knowledge, that is reflected in how they perceive the benefits of and barriers to "buying local" and the extent (if any) that they engage with AFNs in the Portland area. I assert that ethnic food cart owners in Eastern Portland are performing multiple community roles by providing access points for culturally specific cuisines for their particular ethnic groups, while also offering exotic experiences to other residents and tourists alike. I discuss variations within the food cart phenomenon itself by highlighting the differences in design, amenities, types of access, and neighborhood customer bases of cart pods located in Eastern Portland. Finally, I discuss future research directions for understanding the dynamics of food supply chains in small-scale, direct-to-vendor relationships and the implications for local and regional food sustainability policy goals.
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Miller, Gilbert David. "Scientists, Uncertainty and Nature, An Analysis of the Development, Implementation and Unintended Consequences of the Northwest Forest Plan." Thesis, Portland State University, 2019. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=13807499.
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The conflict in the Pacific Northwest between competing visions of how federal forests should be managed resulted in a political stalemate in the early 1990s. The Northwest Forest Plan (NWFP) was initiated to resolve the demands for maintaining ecosystem processes and biological diversity with the social and economic needs for timber harvest. The foundation for the plan rested with the development of ecosystem management. The intent of this research is to explore the events which led up to the adoption of the NWFP, how it was implemented by the US Forest Service and Bureau of Land Management and the subsequent reactions to and consequences of the plan.
The primary research consisted of thirty-eight semi-structured interviews with individuals responsible for the development of the initial plan, those tasked with implementing the plan and current federal agency personnel from the land management agencies and regulatory agencies. With the use of thematic analysis, key meanings were captured as expressed by the interviewees. The data was analyzed using institutional theory, capturing the organizational relations within the organizational field of the land management agencies.
Research findings suggest that the NWFP was unsuccessful in meeting the goal of addressing the social and economic issues as well as the goals for ecosystem management. This dissertation explores the organizational practices and cultural meanings that led to the final instantiation of the plan. It seeks to shed light on the reasons why these goals were not met and how future forest plans can move beyond the current stalemate between conservation and preservation.
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Bronson, Elizabeth Anne. "Openings in the forest economy : a case study of small forest operators in the Bulkley Valley, BC, Canada." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape4/PQDD_0019/NQ48610.pdf.
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Olivotto, Giuseppe Gerrard. "Finance for silviculture in British Columbia." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/26510.
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Government funding for silviculture in British Columbia has expanded recently, but remains well short of the level recommended by many foresters. This thesis contains a proposal to replace government funding with investment from capital markets. It describes the funding mechanism, analyzes the implications to government, and introduces a method of distributing investment funds through a system of competitive bidding between forest management companies. In return for their participation, investors and forest companies would both receive equity in future timber production. The thesis concludes that at a cost of foregoing 50% of its future stumpage revenue, government might replace its current spending on intensive forest management with a funding level from capital markets of $500 million to $800 million per year.Forestry, Faculty of
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Hummel, Brittany Ann. "Seeing the Forests for the Tourists: Forest-Based Entrepreneurial Tourism Enterprises in the Northeast." Fogler Library, University of Maine, 2008. http://www.library.umaine.edu/theses/pdf/HummelBA2008.pdf.
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Steenkamp, Jacob Cornelus. "The effect of HIV and AIDS on the viability and management of forestry contracting businesses in South Africa." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/735.
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The aim of the research is to quantify the HIV prevalence in human resources of forestry contracting businesses and to develop a management framework to promote economic sustainability of forestry contractors. HIV tests were conducted in the forest industry on the employees of contracting concerns from 2002/2003 to 2004/2005 with an accompanying questionnaire to collect demographic data. The HIV test results were analyzed with the demographic data to determine relationships between HIV prevalence and demographic factors. Contractors responded to a questionnaire on the effect of HIV and AIDS prevalence on (their) contracting businesses. The questionnaire also collected information about HIV and AIDS interventions and assistance to HIV and AIDS affected employees. Key stakeholders of other forestry sub-sectors were interviewed to facilitate comparison of the different sub-sectors and to establish if there were major differences between the sub-sectors, however, the focus was on the human resources of the forestry contracting sub-sector. The research results indicated that the HIV prevalence was increasing for the research period and was, in some regions, exceeding 40 per cent. The highest prevalence was recorded in the Highveld and Zululand regions and the lowest prevalence in the North-Eastern Cape. The HIV prevalence for females was constantly higher than the incidence for males and the ratio of males to females (all regions) approximated 68 per cent to 32 per cent. The high prevalence of HIV results in major social and economic impacts. The economic impact is aggravated through regulation (due to perceived market failure) and a bid for more equal distribution of wealth in the economy. The result of the sum of the impacts alludes to a conversion from labour to capital; however, to make well-informed decisions, various scenarios should be simulated to establish the optimum labour to capital ratio. The research further established that appropriate staffing is increasingly difficult and that the development of human capital is under pressure due to the high prevalence of HIV and AIDS. HIV and AIDS mitigation programmes will make a significant contribution to the return on human capital assets, as the economic life and productivity of such assets will be enhanced by such interventions. The management framework developed was assessed to be visually acceptable and useful by domain experts; however, to realise the full potential of the framework it should be used with anticipation of the research results regarding prevalence and future estimated AIDS releases and in conjunction with industry cost simulation models.
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Hood, Paula Elizabeth. "Effects of Selective Logging and Roads on Instream Fine Sediments and Macroinvertebrate Assemblages in the Clackamas Basin, Oregon." PDXScholar, 2015. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/2407.
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Logging and associated skid trails, haul routes, and roads can have significant impacts on the magnitude and timing of sediments in streams in forested watersheds. Loss of vegetation, soil compaction, use of heavy logging equipment, and alteration of natural hydrologic patterns within the watershed can increase landslide rates, create erosion, and generate fine sediments. Selective logging, also called thinning, is a logging practice that leaves some trees within sale units unharvested. The ecological impacts of thinning on stream ecosystems are not fully understood and need further study. My hypothesis was that macroinvertebrate assemblages would be different in streams in non-reference areas that contain recent selective logging compared to streams in reference areas, and in downstream vs. upstream of selective logging units. I also hypothesized that selective logging and high road densities would be associated with increased instream fine sediments. I sampled water quality parameters and macroinvertebrates in three managed and three reference streams in the Clackamas River Basin during the field season of 2013. Turbidity, temperature, dissolved oxygen, conductivity, total dissolved solids (TDS), suspended sediment concentrations (SSC), and flow were sampled at each stream on four occasions during spring through early fall. Macroinvertebrates were sampled once in late summer or early fall. EPA rapid habitat assessments, canopy cover, pebble counts, embeddedness, and slope were also determined. Water quality parameters and macroinvertebrate indices in reference and non-reference sites were compared using t-tests, Welch's tests, or rank based equivalents. Macroinvertebrate assemblage patterns and associated environmental variables were characterized using non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) ordination plots and envfit overlays. Macroinvertebrates had higher abundance and taxa richness in non-reference streams, and indices suggested poorer water quality in non-reference streams. Non-reference streams had a lower percentage of shredders and a higher portion of gatherer-collectors. Associations between land use, fine sediments, and changes in macroinvertebrate metrics and community assemblages were apparent at the reference vs. non-reference scale. It is likely that macroinvertebrates are responding, at least in part, to past logging and high road densities in non-reference streams. Fewer indications were found that recent logging may be affecting water quality and macroinvertebrates. Pearson's correlation coefficients show that the percent of recent logging upstream of study sites was correlated with several measures of fine sediments, suggesting that recent land use may be affecting sediment levels at the subwatershed scale. Stream temperatures increased from upstream to downstream in non-reference sites. Though no continual stream temperature data were collected in this study, the history of continuing temperature standard exceedances in the area suggest that further investigation of how selective logging may be affecting stream temperature and other water quality parameters in the Clackamas Basin is warranted. No other differences in water quality parameters were found from upstream to downstream, possibly because water quality was sufficiently protected, or because signals from land use impacts may be obscured by a several factors, including upstream confounding factors such as roads and past logging, and natural variability.
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Yazzie, Kimberly Crystal. "Watershed Response to Climate Change and Fire-Burns in the Upper Umatilla River Basin Using the Precipitation Runoff Modeling System." PDXScholar, 2016. http://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/3127.
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This study provides an analysis of watershed response to climate change and forest fire impacts, to better understand the hydrologic budget and inform water management decisions for present and future needs. The study site is 2,365 km2, located in the upper Umatilla River Basin (URB) in northeastern Oregon. The Precipitation Runoff Modeling System, a distributed-parameter, physical-process watershed model, was used in this study. Model calibration yielded a Nash Sutcliffe Model Efficiency of 0.73 for both calibration (1995-2010) and validation (2010-2014) of daily streamflow. Ten Global Climate Models using Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 experiments with Representative Concentration Pathways 4.5 and 8.5 (RCP), were used to observe hydrologic regime shifts in the 2020s, 2050s, and 2080s. Mean center timing of flow occurs earlier in the year in both pre- and post-fire conditions, where there are increased winter flows and decreased summer flows throughout the 21st century. Change in temperature and percent change in precipitation is more variable in the summer than winter increasing over time, with a slight decrease in winter precipitation in the 2080s in RCP 8.5. Temperature increases 1.6°C in RCP 4.5 and 3.3°C in RCP 8.5 by the end of the 21st century. The ratio of Snow Water Equivalent to Precipitation decreases 96% in the 2080s in RCP 8.5 before forest cover reduction, and decreases 90-99% after forest cover reduction. Potential basin recharge and the base-flow index are both sustained throughout the 21st century with slight declines before forest cover reduction, with an increase in basin recharge and increase in base-flows in the 2080s after fire-burns. However, the simulated sustained base-flows and area-weighted basin recharge in this study, do not take into account the complex geologic structure of the Columbia River Basalt Group (CRBG). A more robust characterization and simulation of URB aquifer recharge would involve coupling the PRMS model with a groundwater model in a future study. Although groundwater recharge in the CRBG in the URB is not well understood, the long-term decline of groundwater storage presents a serious environmental challenge for the Confederated Tribes of the Umatilla Indian Reservation and communities in the URB.
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Hoyer, Robert Wesley. "Scenario Development and Analysis of Freshwater Ecosystem Services under Land Cover and Climate Change in the Tualatin and Yamhill River Basins, Oregon." PDXScholar, 2013. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/1512.
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Humans make decisions within ecosystems to enhance their well-being, but choices can lead to unintended consequences. The ecosystem services (ES) approach supports decision-making that considers all environmental goods and services. Many challenges remain in the implementation of the ES approach like how specific ES vary through space and time. We address this research problem using the Tualatin and Yamhill river basins in northwestern Oregon as a study area. Freshwater ES are quantified and mapped with the spatially-explicit ES modeling tool, Integrated Valuation of Ecosystem Services and Tradeoffs (InVEST). In chapter II, we develop a simple urban land cover change modeling approach with selected stakeholder input. The products of this analysis are used in part to answer the question of how the freshwater ES of water yield, nutrient retention, and sediment retention will change in the future, and how their distribution potentially will change? In chapter III, these ES are modeled in InVEST using the land cover scenarios and three downscaled global climate models. The base period is 1981 to 2010 and the future period is 2036 to 2065. The models are calibrated to empirical estimates, and display different sensitivities to inputs. Water yield increases with higher rainfall but decreases with the highest temperature scenario. Nutrient export and retention estimates are positively correlated. In the Tualatin basin, more urban lands generally lead to increases in nutrient exports and retention. The effect is reversed in the Yamhill basin from much larger agricultural exports. Sediment exports and retention increase with higher winter rainfall but are negatively spatially correlated due to topographic effects. Simulation of a landscape scale installation of riparian buffers leads to decreases in exports and increases in retention. The distribution of the provision of freshwater ES remains unchanged throughout the scenarios. With few parameters in each InVEST model, all display a high degree of sensitivity. Parameterization is subject to high uncertainty even with calibrated values. We discuss the assumptions and limitations of InVEST's freshwater models. The spatially explicit nature of InVEST is its main advantage. This work coupled with other analyses in the study area can facilitate the identification of tradeoffs amongst ES leading to better ecosystem management.
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Buckingham, Kathleen. "The marginalisation of an orphan species : examining bamboo's fit within international forestry institutions." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2013. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.669868.
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This thesis presents an examination of the interplay between bamboo and institutions of resource management in China, India and internationally, highlighting the need for greater diversity and scope of Western dominated forestry institutions and associated mechanisms. Firstly, the thesis aims to explore the conceptual understanding of forests and the exclusion of bamboo from this construction. The key reason this question is important is that it changes the 'technological zones‘ of forestry. Growing resource scarcity has meant that bamboo is now an increasingly important input in the global forest products marketplace. Secondly, the thesis aims to examine how governance mechanisms and actors respond to the inclusion of this new input. The thesis adopts the 'paper route'; the first paper traces the socio-historical reasons why bamboo‘s potential is yet to be realised, particularly within international policy. It considers the challenges of forestry being predominantly conceptualised as treed lands and the implications for the limited efficacy of sustainable forestry, carbon and trade instruments when applied to bamboo. The second paper acts as an introduction to Western produced forest certification devices, focusing on their transformation within forestry institutions and perceived legitimacy within China. The third paper focuses on a case study of bamboo certification in India. The final paper analyses the controversy regarding the efficacy of forest certification for bamboo globally. The thesis aims to explore these topics through three lines of theory. First, it contributes to institutional framing theory by examining where the idea of a 'forest' originated from and the consequences this has had for the rise of bamboo as a 'timber' product. Second, the thesis aims to further legitimacy theory in two key ways, by examining how the Chinese government accommodates and facilitates the differing needs of both international and domestic markets, whilst ultimately assuming a legitimate form of (institutionalised) domestic governance, and how the perceived input (procedure) and output (efficacy) legitimacy influence the potential success of current and future forest certification for bamboo. Third, the thesis seeks to provide a dynamic analysis of the role of certification through the lens of performativity, which uncovers how certification can create different realities for different actors. This thesis is timely and important for a number of reasons. Firstly, China is gaining more prominence on the world stage, both as an economic and political power. With increased pressure on forestry resources, the forestry administration is determined to upscale sustainable forest management. This requires adhering to global notions of sustainability thorough market mechanisms and ensuring a degree of autonomy of forest management through localising processes. Secondly, China recently received Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) bamboo certification for some of the most intensively managed areas in the country. This has increased controversy amongst experts regarding the efficacy of the mechanism to truly bring about sustainable bamboo management. Thirdly, on a more global scale, one of the crucial issues with up-scaling bamboo management is the fact that there are over 1,200 species of bamboo, with three different rooting structures: monopodial (diffuse) sympodial (clumping), and amphodial (mixed) – which have distinct policy and management needs. Focusing purely on the large-scale, intensively managed, monopodial or treelike' stands in China would ignore the vast areas of small-scale, sympodial bamboo homesteads with issues regarding flowering and propagation of sterile species. Bamboo plantations in Africa, Latin America, and India are being developed, which require enabling policy and management mechanisms. With a global industry estimated at US$10bn, the implications of an inclusive and enabling frame for bamboo management could have wide ranging impacts for both natural resource management and livelihood development.
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Mutamba, Manyewu. "Rural livelihoods, forest products and poverty alleviation: the role of markets." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1006081.
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There is growing acknowledgement that forests and forest products are central to rural livelihoods, but their role in lifting households out of poverty remains contentious. This study tested the assertion by proponents of forest based poverty alleviation that changing conditions in the use and management of forests and forest products has created opportunities for poor rural households to lift themselves out of poverty. The study used detailed annual income data from various household sectors in two contrasting sites in Zambia, namely Mufulira and Kabompo districts, analyzing the relative contribution of forest income to household livelihood, the effect of household wealth status on forest use, factors driving household participation in forest product trade, and the influence of distance to urban markets on trends in the use of forest products. The study found that forest based activities play a central role in the livelihoods of households in the two study sites, contributing close to half of total household income, and dwarfing the contribution of agricultural sectors such as cropping and livestock rearing which are generally regarded as the main income sources for rural households. Forest based sectors were also found to be particularly valuable sources of household cash, often coming at critical times to meet basic needs. The findings also revealed that without the contribution of forest income, the proportion of households that would fall below the poverty line would increase sharply in both study sites. Wealthier households earned higher magnitudes of both subsistence and cash income from forest based activities than their poorer counterparts. Even the share of total household income coming from forest based activities was also higher among these better-off households, confirming that these activities are lucrative and they are improving the wealth status of households. Household participation in forest product trade was found to be influenced by demographic factors such as number of productive household members, age and the education level of the household head. Economic factors such as the level of income from wage labour, household poverty level, and ownership of key assets such as a bicycle were found to be important. Distance of homestead from the forest was also found to be an important contextual variable. The influence of urban demand on the use of forest products by rural households was significant in the study area. Although local sales played an important part as a source of cash for households, the most preferred channels for trade were linked to urban markets, either through roadside markets, middlemen or direct sales to urban buyers. The study concluded that with improved local organization and support for product development and marketing, some forest based activities provide a viable poverty alleviation option for poor rural households who otherwise have limited economic opportunities to escape poverty.
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Tallier, Pierre Alain. "Forêts et propriétaires forestiers en Belgique, 1814-1914: histoire de l'évolution de la superficie forestière, des peuplements, des techniques sylvicoles et des débouchés offerts aux produits ligneux." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/212281.
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Scheepers, Kelly. "Harvesting strategies of fuelwood and kraalwood users at Machibi : identifying the driving factors and feedbacks." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1007167.
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Forest and woodland ecosystems provide a variety of natural resources such as fuelwood, brushwood and kraal posts to local communities, as well as possess important cultural and spiritual value. However, many forests and woodlands worldwide have been unsustainably used and managed. Thus, under pressure from the international conservation community to recognise the importance of people's relationships with their surrounding natural environment, particularly for the natural resources it can provide, and given a move away from the management of forests and woodlands for sustained yields, and according to simple cause and effect models, in favour of systems approaches, South Africa has developed some of the most progressive natural resource management policies in the world. Nevertheless, for these policies to be sensitive to local contexts, there remains a need for a better understanding of how local people in different contexts, determine forest and woodland ecosystems to be of use to them, and what 'usefulness' means to different groups of resources users. This is a case study, which examines the role of fuelwood, brushwood and kraal posts in the rural livelihoods of the people of Machibi village, located in the Eastern Cape province of South Africa, through people's preferences for particular landscapes and species, accessed for these purposes, and the trade-offs people make between resource availability and resource accessibility. Key objectives of the study are to 1) determine the preferred landscapes and species for fuelwood, brushwood and kraal posts at Machibi, 2) determine the landscapes and species actually used for fuelwood, brushwood and kraal posts, and 3) with the help of a conceptual model, and using iterative modelling as a tool, determine the factors that influence people's harvesting strategies in terms of the costs and benefits associated with the different landscape and species options. On the basis of this knowledge, the study provides some guiding principles for the better use and management of these landscapes and species for fuelwood, brushwood and kraal posts. An innovative research approach and methodology that integrates social and ecological systems, works across disciplines, and draws on different types of knowledge is used to develop and test a conceptual model of the harvesting strategies of fuelwood and kraalwood users at Machibi. Participatory methods such as workshops, participatory resource mapping, ranking exercises and trend-lines were used to tap into local knowledge while plotless vegetation sampling and GIS maps were used to capture the scientific information. Results showed that people did not always use the landscapes and species they preferred. However, the local people did behave in a rational manner by weighing up the returns from harvesting and accessibility costs associated with the respective options available to them, before selecting the option(s) associated with the greatest net benefits. At the landscape level, people made trade-offs between the returns from harvesting and the accessibility costs of using particular landscapes in addition to costs associated with the physical work of harvesting fuelwood, brushwood or kraal posts from these landscapes. At the species level, people made trade-offs between the returns from harvesting and the accessibility costs of harvesting particular species for fuelwood, brushwood and kraal posts, or the costs of commercial alternatives. Costbenefit factors that influenced people's resource use patterns also differed across landscapes and species for fuelwood, brushwood and kraal posts, respectively. Consequently, a range of diverse and flexible management options and strategies is recommended for the wise use and management of these landscapes and species, focused on short, medium and long term goals. These strategies examine the use of cost - benefit incentives to influence people’s landscape and species use patterns.
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Luiz, Ricardo Gomes. "Conservação da biodiversidade, cultivo e produção de erva-mate no município de São Mateus do Sul - Paraná." Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, 2017. http://repositorio.utfpr.edu.br/jspui/handle/1/2955.
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A conservação da biodiversidade é objeto de um acordo internacional promovido pela Organização das Nações Unidas (ONU), a qual registra a redução da diversidade de espécies e ecossistemas em todo o Planeta. O Brasil é signatário da Convenção sobre Diversidade Biológica desde 1994. Sua responsabilidade se estende por biomas como a Amazônia, Pantanal, Cerrado, Caatinga, Campos Sulinos e a Mata Atlântica, além das áreas marinhas. Esta dissertação está inserida no contexto da Floresta com Araucária, situada no sul do Brasil. Associada à Mata Atlântica, ali ocorrem árvores pinheiros, imbuias, ipês, canelas e a erva-mate, além de uma variada fauna. Em processo de trocas de áreas de floresta por áreas de cultivo, há necessidade de se criar estratégias para conservar as áreas remanescentes, como é o caso daquelas existentes no município de São Mateus do Sul-PR. As argumentações para embasar este contexto de perda de biodiversidade e das externalidades provêm dos estudos de Ciência, Tecnologia e Sociedade, os quais desenvolvem conceitos relevantes para estabelecer as relações entre as ações humanas e a manutenção da biodiversidade. O objetivo geral do estudo é analisar os conflitos, as contradições e consensos que interferem na conservação da diversidade biológica e nas formas de cultivo da ervamate produzida no município de São Mateus do Sul-PR. A pesquisa é de natureza qualitativa, descritiva e bibliográfica. Os procedimentos metodológicos recorrem à análise da percepção e coleta de dados por meio de observação, entrevistas e depoimentos. Na perspectiva da conservação da biodiversidade da Floresta com Araucária com a qualidade do produto da erva-mate cultivado na região, com base em comportamentos conflituosos e contraditórios, empresas e produtores fizeram associações técnicas e científicas não satisfatórias para as expectativas da dissertação. Porém, existem contribuições e potencialidades de acordos e consensos dos atores e de conceitos dos estudos CTS que permitiram criar diferentes olhares para o pesquisador sobre seu objeto de estudo. Logo, o levantamento e análise de dados foram veículos de abertura para adentrar em ponderações entre sobrevivência e respeito ao meio ambiente. Deste modo, conclui-se que existe continuamente uma construção social dos atores que pode trazer à tona outros conceitos que contrastam com o determinismo e a utopia dos ganhos e perdas.The conservation of biodiversity is an issue of an international agreement promoted by the United Nations, which records the reduction of diversity of species and ecosystems throughout the planet. Brazil has been a signatory to the Convention on Biological Diversity since 1994. Its responsibility extends to biomes such as the Amazon, Pantanal, Cerrado, Caatinga, Campos Sulinos and the Atlantic Forest, in addition to marine areas. This dissertation is inserted in the context of the Araucaria Forest, located in the south of Brazil. Associated with the Atlantic Forest, in this ecosystem there are trees like araucaria-pine, imbuias, ipês, canelas and yerba-mate, besides a varied fauna. In the process of exchanging forest for cultivated areas, it is necessary to create strategies to conserve the remaining areas, as is the case of those existing in the municipality of São Mateus do Sul, in Paraná State. The arguments to support this context of loss of biodiversity and externalities come from the Science, Technology and Society (STS) studies, which develop relevant concepts to establish the relations between human actions and the maintenance of biodiversity. The general objective of the study is to analyze the conflicts, contradictions and consensuses that interfere in the conservation of the biological diversity and in the forms of cultivation of yerba mate produced in the municipality of São Mateus do Sul. The research is qualitative, descriptive and bibliographic. The methodological procedures use the analysis of perception and data collection through observation, interviews and testimonials. In the perspective of the conservation of the biodiversity of the Araucaria Forest with the quality of the yerba-mate cultivated in the region, based on conflicting and contradictory behaviors, companies and producers made technical and scientific associations not satisfactory to the expectations of the dissertation. However, there are contributions and potentialities of agreements and consensus of the actors and concepts of the STS studies that allowed to create different looks for the researcher about his object of study. Therefore, the data collection and analysis were opening fields to enter into considerations between survival and respect for the environment. In this way, it is concluded that there is a continuous social construction of actors that can bring to light other concepts that contrast with the determinism and utopia of gains and losses.
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Pegas, Fernanda de Vasconcellos. "An analysis of the motivations of Oregon's ranchers to diversify into agritourism." Thesis, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/1957/8619.
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Agritourism is one way to sustainably conserve open space. Its potential to supplement Oregon ranchers’ income may also preserve ranching culture. Research on agritourism in Oregon and elsewhere, however, is scarce. This study focused on the motivations of Oregon ranchers to diversify into agritourism, the congruence of conservation easements and agritourism, the feasibility of using sustainability indicators as tools to measure agritourism sustainability, and the future of agritourism in Oregon.
This study mimics the one conducted by Nickerson, Black, and McCool (2001), using a mailback survey. A total of 400 questionnaires were distributed to Oregon cattle ranch owners during the summer of 2002. Of those received, 177 were useable, for a response rate of 44%.
Agritourism is hardly pervasive in Oregon; only 21% of respondents indicated they engage in agritourism enterprises. Of those who do, working ranch and fee hunting/fishing are the main activities offered. Top reasons for cattle ranchers to operate an agritourism business are to fully utilize ranch resources, capture additional income, to offset fluctuations in ranch income, and to educate the consumer. Major barriers to agritourism are insurance and liability concerns,
lack of time, regulations, and lack of financial assistance and resources. Only 10% of Oregon ranchers and 19% of ranchers in agritourism had land protected under a conservation easement (both open and closed to the public).
Although none of the hypotheses were supported, significant relationships were found between cattle ranchers in agritourism and the number of years cattle ranchers have been in the ranching business and the presence of family members who work off-ranch part-time year round; and gross annual household income and the hiring of non-family members who work part-time year round in the agritourism business. The majority of respondents rely on livestock production as a source of income, but livestock production is responsible for only about half of ranchers’ gross annual household income. Off-ranch income is the second major source of income. Findings indicate that agritourism may provide a profitable source of income allowing more ranchers to work full-time on the ranch while maintaining their ranching livelihood.Graduation date: 2005
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Hamner, Rebecca Anne. "Identifying the relevance of "family forest" wood product origin and environmental certification for Oregon consumers, and specifiers and industrial customers." Thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1957/33663.
Full textAbstract:
The wood products industry is influenced heavily by family ownership along the entire value chain. Although family ownership affects each link of the wood products value chain, there has been little research into the importance of products originating from family forestland. Specific attributes of products, such as origin or environmental certification, have been considered part of a business���s marketing strategies. This study evaluates the relevance of family forest wood product origin and environmental certification for Oregon consumers who participated in this study and Oregon specifiers and industrial customers. Data was collected from consumers, and specifiers and industrial customers in Oregon. Conjoint analysis was employed with softwood lumber as the product and price, wood origin, and environmental certification as the features. Results from this analysis for consumers show that wood origin is the most important factor followed by price and environmental certification. However, for specifiers and industrial customers, price is the most important factor followed by environmental certification and wood origin. "Family" is seen as the most preferred wood origin level for both buyer groups in the study.Graduation date: 2013
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Hewlett, John P. "The effect of various management and policy options on the financial stress situation of Oregon grain and cattle producers." Thesis, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/1957/26854.
Full textAbstract:
Agricultural economists have devoted considerable attention to
the financial stress situation of agricultural producers. Many
studies have been conducted in various regions of the U.S. in an
attempt to better understand the causes of the problem. The costs
associated with farm financial stress imply corresponding benefits to
be realized by its reduction. Benefits of studying and resolving farm
financial stress reach beyond the farms and ranches to many related
sectors such as rural communities, agribusinesses, and lending
institutions.
The specific hypothesis tested in this thesis is as follows:
some but not all farms and ranches which have undergone serious
financial stress in the early part of the 1980's in Oregon can be
assisted in withstanding fluctuations in economic conditions by
adopting specific strategies which promote financial stability and
profitability. One of the specific objectives of this thesis was to
evaluate the level of financial stress for two different agricultural
production units in Oregon under differing leverage positions, and
macroeconomic conditions. The production units selected for study
were a cattle ranch and a wheat farm, based on their relative
importance to Oregon. This first objective was satisfied through
analysis of a baseline scenario, which was essentially a continuation
of current conditions. Debt levels and growth rates were then altered
to reflect the desired study conditions. Changing and considering
three leverage ratios (20%, 40%, and 70%) and three sets of
macroeconomic conditions (baseline, pessimistic, and optimistic) allowed studying of nine alternative situations to the base firm type
or a total of 18 alternatives.
Analysis of these different alternative production units was
accomplished through a deterministic computer-based simulation model.
The model simulates the financial structure and performance of a farm
business over a transition period of four years with emphasis placed
on the financial transactions of the firm. These transactions include
purchases and sales of farm assets, financing terms, debt management,
cash flows, tax obligations, consumption levels, and growth rates.
The computer-based model made necessary calculations of cash flows and
changes in financial statements to derive the ratios used for
financial analysis over the planning horizon of four years beyond the
present input case and is deterministic in the sense that all
essential variables are entered by the researcher. Output from this
model includes a set of coordinated financial statements for the firm
over the planning horizon: a balance sheet, an income statement,
statements for changes in net worth, flow of funds statement, and a
fund availability report. The model also calculates profitability,
liquidity, and solvency ratios used in financial ratio analysis which
are provided on a summary sheet. These statements and reports are
provided on an annual basis; thus, financial information is provided
on yearly changes in financial position over the four year horizon.
Another objective of this thesis was to evaluate various policy
and management strategies designed to reduce financial stress. This
objective was achieved by analysis of various scenarios designed to
reduce stress simultaneously with the baseline case, which served for
comparison. The specific scenarios considered were: 35% reduction of
debt, 35% reduction of interest rates, two year deferral of debt,
sales of 35% of total assets with no lease back, sales of 35% of total
assets with lease back arrangements, and an infusion of equity capital
equal to 35% of total debt. Results from this analysis were intended
to show what, if any, courses of action could be pursued by
agricultural firm managers and policy makers to reduce farm financial
stress.
The best test of the ability of these scenarios to reduce
financial stress occurred in application to the high leverage wheat farm situations, as these were the cases with the most financial
stress. Appropriate programs could be adopted to strengthen the
financial position of the farm; in the case of low liquidity, asset
sales-lease back; in cases of low solvency, equity infusions; and in
circumstances where profitability needs to be enhanced, interest
reductions would be the best choice. The results also seemed to
suggested that public programs can maintain current levels of
financial performance for producers under financial stress but do
little to improve those positions.Graduation date: 1988
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Johnson, David Harold 1956. "Spotted owls, great horned owls, and forest fragmentation in the central Oregon Cascades." Thesis, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/1957/36472.
Full text
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Gallagher, Charmaine Marie. "Integrating fleets, markets and ocean dynamics : a bioeconomic analysis of the Oregon ocean shrimp fishery." Thesis, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1957/29129.
Full textAbstract:
Questions relating to economic performance, biological conservation and variation in
resource abundance and harvest of ocean shrimp have led to increasing pressure for
management action. Developing effective management policies for this highly variable
resource requires a comprehensive understanding of the fishery and marine processes.
Important factors in understanding the fishery include oceanographic influences on
shrimp distribution, abundance, and fishery and market dynamics. Fishery regulations for
Oregon ocean shrimp, Pandalus jordani, are designed to protect age one shrimp from
overharvest and sustain long-term fishery benefits. The research presented in this
dissertation describes the development and analysis of analytical models ranging from
classical, biological based yield-per-recruit management approaches to optimization
models that incorporate economic variables and environmental recruitment relationships.
This research is composed of three separate but complimentary papers regarding
management of the ocean shrimp fishery. In the first paper, a yield-per-recruit analysis
found that high natural mortality rates lead to yield maximization by selecting relatively
young shrimp. The revenue-per-recruit analysis found that by delaying the season opening
date, shrimp revenue would generate higher total revenues, while decreasing total fishing
mortality and harvest.
The second paper utilized a nonlinear optimization model with cost and market
information to compare harvest strategies on fishery yield, gross revenue and discounted
net present value (NPV). A key extension modeled a vertically integrated fishery from
harvest through processing and compared harvest strategies based on wholesale prices,
shrimp quality and processing yields. The optimization model that generated high yields
exhibited high levels of effort and landings but low profits and NPV. The revenue policy
maximization resulted in allocation of seasonal effort that produced high value older
shrimp. NPV maximization generated high value shrimp landings with lower seasonal
effort.
Variability in shrimp recruitment and the impact on fishery utilization, income and
efficiency was analyzed in the third paper. The optimization model that incorporated a
stock recruit relationship and effects of environmental variables indicated an optimal
harvest strategy that protects the spawning stock within a season and closes the fishery in
years of poor recruitment. The results of this research highlight the complexity of
management decisions when environmental forces and economic factors are jointly
considered.Graduation date: 2005
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Kim, Taeyoung. "Three essays on private landowners' response to incentives for carbon sequestration through forest management and afforestation." Thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1957/35894.
Full textAbstract:
This dissertation consists of three essays on private landowners' response to incentives for carbon sequestration in forests. The first essay examines private landowner response to incentives for carbon sequestration through various combinations of intermediate management practices. The second essay focuses on agricultural landowners' willingness to participate in an incentive program for carbon sequestration through afforestation, and estimates the potential for carbon sequestration from afforestation, as well as its cost. The third study examines relative performances of incentive targeting strategies for forest carbon sequestration under asymmetric information given spatially heterogeneous land types.
The first essay uses an econometric approach to analyze the factors affecting non-industrial private forest landowners' choice of forest management practices, and examines how these choices might change in response to the use of incentives for carbon sequestration. I use estimated parameters to simulate the carbon sequestration potential for different combinations of management practices, and compare the effectiveness and costs of performance-based and practice-based incentive payment schemes in the Western U.S. The results suggest that incentive payments can increase the probability that desirable combinations of management practices are adopted, and particularly that incentives targeting increased fertilization yield the highest carbon sequestration potential. I also find that a performance-based payment scheme produces higher carbon sequestration than a practice-based payments scheme. However, the annual sequestration potential of intermediate forest management in response to incentive payment is not as large as the sequestration potential of afforestation.
The second essay uses a survey-based stated preference approach to predict landowners' willingness to participate in a tree planting program for carbon sequestration as a function of various factors affecting landowners' decision making and different levels of incentive payments. The estimation results show that the annual payment for carbon sequestration significantly and positively affects landowners' stated level of enrollment in a tree planting program. I use the estimated parameters to conduct regional level simulations of carbon sequestration in response to incentive payments. These simulations show that the carbon supply function in the Pacific Northwest region is steeper than in the Southeast region because of the lower adoption rate and less available lands. The national level carbon supply functions derived from this study are steeper than those obtained from bottom-up engineering approaches and optimization models, and are in the same range as those from revealed preference approach studies.
The third essay uses both a conceptual analysis and a numerical analysis to examine the relative performances of incentive programs for carbon sequestration using alternative targeting criteria in the presence of asymmetric information and heterogeneity in costs and benefits. The results show that in the presence of asymmetric information, the combination of high cost-high benefit variability and negative correlation, which is the combination that achieves the greatest benefit gains under perfect information, can result in the greatest benefit losses. Additionally, a comparison of two targeting schemes shows that if cost variability is greater than benefit variability with negative correlation, the benefit achieved under benefit-cost ratio targeting can be lower than that under acreage targeting, so that an optimal targeting strategy under perfect information may no longer be optimal under asymmetric information.Graduation date: 2013
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Neill, Andrew R. (Andrew Rhodes). "Overstory density and disturbance impacts on the resilience of coniferous forests of western Oregon." Thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1957/28768.
Full textAbstract:
A trait based approach was used to assess impacts of overstory density and thinning on understory vegetation components related to wildlife habitat. The relationship between overstory basal area and understory vegetation for species grouped by traits, such as production of flowers, fleshy-fruit and palatable leaves, was characterized in thinned and unthinned stands at seven Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) forests in western Oregon six years following harvests. The ranges of overstory densities within thinned and unthinned stands represent gradients of resource availability and thinning disturbance. Lower overstory densities and thinnings were associated with improved ecosystem functions, specifically the provision of wildlife habitat, as evident by higher cover of flowering and fleshy-fruit and palatable leaf producing species. Greater cover of drought, fire and heat tolerant species in low density stands and after thinnings suggested that these ecosystem functions are more likely to be maintained under climate change conditions, indicating higher resilience. The response of specific functions and response types reflect the traits characteristic for each species group and the impact of these traits on sensitivity to resource availability and disturbances. Thus, the correlation between grouping criteria and the main gradients created by management activities can provide an indication of the expected vegetation response, and therefore the impact of management practices on resilience.Graduation date: 2012
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Wagner, William LeRoy. "Excising the common wealth? A study of public sector intervention in the British Columbia forest sector 1980 - 1996." Thesis, 2001. https://dspace.library.uvic.ca//handle/1828/10371.
Full textAbstract:
British Columbia brought a tremendous natural forest endowment into the Canadian Confederation in the 1870s. The Fulton Commission estimated there to be between 200 and 240 billion board feet of accessible timber in the province at the time. Total volume by 1937 was estimated to be 254.5 billion board feet. When British Columbia's Land Act of 1896 carefully defined Crown timberland and reserved more than 91% of such lands from sale, a public-sector model had been adopted for the development of this resource.
The dissertation uses a historic approach to examine the magnitude and tempo of change in public forest policy development in the province. It proposes that the magnitude of change—especially with respect to economic value of the resource—along with a narrow focus by the public landowner on exploitation, discouraged the development of links between forest exploitation and the standard of living of the province's residents especially in rural resource based communities. This study also contends that the evolution of a scientific and technical foundation for the development of coastal forests and forest resources may also have suffered because of the focus of the public-land owner.
The impact of government interventions and further changes in forest policy intensified in the 1990s. Measures like the Timber Supply Review from 1992–1996; changes in the target rate of timber pricing to finance the creation of Forest Renewal BC; and the implementation of the Forest Practice Code in 1994, were serious public sector interventions in the forest economy. They resulted in severe economic shocks to the provincial forest economy.
The structure of the coastal forest responded. Companies like Weldwood left the coast, the shareholders of MacMillan Bloedel Ltd. divided and sold the company to Weyerhaeuser Canada and Pacifica Papers while Fletcher Challenge Canada was purchased by Norse Skog after it had spun off solid wood operations to a new company named TimberWest. TimberWest subsequently bought Pacific Forest Products. With the consent of the Minister of Forests, Pacific's Crown tenures were transferred to Western Forest Products.
These changes negatively impacted many coastal communities. Especially vulnerable were the “instant” resource-dependent towns like Ucluelet, Gold River, Port Alice and Port McNeill on Vancouver Island. These towns had been created during the late 1960s through the early 1970s and are tied, in an economic sense, very closely to the health of the company or companies controlling the timber tenures in their area. As the financial fortunes of many coastal companies declined, so did socio-economic conditions in these forest dependent communities.
Using a case study of the Kingcome Timber Supply Area, the dissertation examines the flow of economic forest values associated with the depletion of the mature forest. An outflow of resource values from the sub-regional to the provincial and national economies linked directly forest tenure, pricing and tax policy is identified. To compensate the sub-region for forest depletion, the idea of a timber income stabilization fund is developed. It is suggested that the present value of the timber income stabilization fund be used as a basis for capitalizing a regional community model forest.Graduate
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Obiri, John Angoro Festus. "Socio-economic and environment impacts on the utilisation of umSimbithi Tree (Milletia grandis) in Eastern Cape : a case study of Mt. Thesiger Forest, Pondoland." Thesis, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/10413/6008.
Full textAbstract:
Wood products from Milletia grandis (E. Mey) skeels (umSimbithi), a prominent tree in the
coastal scarp forests ofPondoland, form an important economic base for the craft workers in
Urnzimvubu District ofthe Eastern Cape. The local carving industry draws considerable income
in a place where employment opportunities are scarce, poverty is rife and financial burden and
dependency is high. Despite the curio trade being perceived as important by the local
communities, little is known about this craft work industry or its impact on the forest especially
the sustainability of the wood resource base.
Resource availability and impacts of harvesting were assessed at Mount Thesiger Forest
Reserve (MTFR) through sampling plots and social surveys oflocal carvers and curio traders.
Stem size-class distributions ofstanding trees and stumps were used to investigate the present
quantity, past harvesting patterns and distribution ofM grandis within the forests. Line
transects sampling confirmed umSimbithi as a forest margin species penetrating to about 50
metres into the forest from the edge and its. current use was found to be unsustainable.
Current monitoring and management of most State forests in the Eastern Cape is inadequate,
and although a harvest ban has been served, it has only led to and encouraged poaching. Social
surveys indicated that the quality of monitoring and sustainability of wood stocks in the
Headmen forests appear better than in State forests and this raises hope for successful comanagement
structures in the area.
Craftwood production and derived income varied from one month to another depending on
wood availability, size and shape of stems, with straight stems being most preferred. MontWy
income per carver was estimated between R960 to RIIOO while the annual yield for the
estimated 100 carvers in the communities surrounding MTFR approximated RI.l million. It
was observed that higher sales could be obtained if (1) the amount of wood wasted during
harvests and carving could be minimised and (2) the craft products were marketed in the
lucrative up markets such as Johannesburg, Durban and Maseru.
Interviews with 30 carvers pointed to several problems most of them originating from the
stoppage of harvest permits following the ban on umSimbithi. Various recommendations
addressing carver's needs and promoting sustainable resource management are proposed.
These include (1) establishing an appropriate land tenure system, (2) reviewing the permit
system, (3) strengthening the institutional capacity ofthe Forest Department and (4) enhancing
efforts on community forest outreach through the extension system. Above all, and to achieve
sustainable forest management in Pondoland, tenurial rights needs to be addressed and the
options of co-management, community management and privatisation are discussed. It was
noted that for sustainable development to be realised in Pondoland, co-management ofnatural
resources is important and this must be supported by introduction ofother economic activities
that would alleviate pressure off the forests.Thesis (M.Sc.)-University of Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 1997.
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Sharaunga, Stanley. "The values rural households attach to forest resources and their participation in community-based forest management : the case of three communities in KwaZulu-Natal." Thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10413/10029.
Full textAbstract:
Community-based forest management (CBFM) offers a better strategy for controlling forest resource degradation while at the same time benefiting local communities. With few exceptions, CBFM had been largely neglected in South Africa in the past. Lately, community forestry has, however, gained impetus through changes in the programs of the Department of Water and Forestry. Despite such efforts, a preliminary survey in some districts of KwaZulu-Natal showed that only a small proportion of households were participating in CBFM. The reason behind the lack of household participation could be that the objectives of most CBFM programs were not in line with the values rural communities attach to forest resources. Some authors have recommended that understanding the values households attach to forest resources is crucial for framing strategies on implementing CBFM. This study, therefore, investigates the values households in KwaSobabili, New Reserve B and Gudwini rural communities of KwaZulu-Natal, in aggregate, attach to forest resources and the factors influencing households to participate in CBFM.
The social choice approach was used to measure the values households attach to forest resources. Hundred and fifty-one (151) household heads were asked to give scores of relative importance to 21 forest products and services on a 5-point Likert scale. Principal Component Analysis was used to generate composite indices or factors representing the values households attach to forest products and services. Ordinary Least Squares regression was then employed to determine the factors influencing such valuation of forests. The Multinomial Logit model was used to estimate the determinants of household position/status on participation in CBFM.
The results showed that households in the three communities, on aggregate, overwhelmingly attach anthropocentric values to forest products and services. This was interpreted to be due to the high levels of household poverty that is rampant among many rural households of South Africa. However, in addition to the anthropocentric values, rural households also attach cultural/moral/spiritual and non-use/option values to forests. No differences existed across the three communities in terms of the anthropocentric and cultural values households attach to forest. However, households in Gudwini (who were managing a natural forest) significantly attached more non-use/option values to forest. This was attributed to the fact that households in this community believed that the natural forests were their heritage and were obliged to pass them to their future generations. It was also found that the anthropocentric and cultural/moral/spiritual values households attach to forest resources influence the decision to participate in CBFM programs. Other socio-economic factors (especially those that influence household‟s dependency on forests and the opportunity cost of their time in managing those forests) such as gender of household head, household size, levels of household income, total amount of social grants, perception of forest degradation, access to electricity, and distance to the forests have also been found to influence the household‟s decision to participate in CBFM. The study recommended that, since poorer societies have more materialistic orientation towards forests, CBFM programs should target poverty alleviation/income generation as the central theme to enhance participation in CBFM. Moreover, local people who depend more on forests and those with a lower opportunity cost of their time in managing forests could be targeted to ensure sustainable CBFM programs.Thesis (M.Sc.Agric)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2012.
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Stewart, Lissa Anne. "The application of route network analysis to commercial forestry transportation in the north coast of Kwazulu-Natal." Thesis, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10413/2919.
Full textAbstract:
Transportation costs of commercial forestry farms in South Africa are generally very high, causing great economic concern. The current roads of the majority of commercial farms, used to transport timber from the compartments to the market (mill), form part of a 'cob-web', high density network. In order to optimise transportation, it is beneficial to eradicate such a high density of road, achieved by adopting the most effective methods and technology. Such methods include that of Route Network Analysis (RNA) which designs a minimalist, yet cost-effective road pattern of a forestry farm. The aim of the study was to determine what data are required to optimise economic and timber transportation, based on the commercial forestry farm of Ntonjaneni, located in Zululand, KwaZulu-Natal. Route Network Analysis, which incorporates Geographical Information Systems (GIS) in addition to the current information pertaining to a network, was applied to the Ntonjaneni Farm. The existing data consisted of cadastral shapefile data containing relative attribute data, as well as Digital Elevation Models (DEMs), which were manipulated in order to create a realistic spatial representation of the farm's current
transportation network. In addition, the development of project management guidelines to assist the efficient implementation and completion of the analysis was undertaken. The most ideal route from the plantations to the mill was created, avoiding the environmentally buffered rivers and those slopes which were too steep. As a result, the network was greatly improved. The irrelevant roads were removed, and replaced with a less dense route for timber transportation. The results of the RNA reveal that RNA, completed by the project management guidelines, is an effective and environmentally sound
means of optimising commercial forestry transportation. However, data relating
to the rivers and road slope need to be updated in order for RNA to be effectively
performed during future studies.Thesis (M.Sc.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 2005.
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Ngubane, Steven Zama. "Small-scale timber growers' participation in the development of national principles, criteria, indicators and standards for sustainable forest management in South Africa." 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10413/3471.
Full textAbstract:
The aim of this study was to engage small-scale timber growers in the development of
national principles, criteria, indicators and standards (PCI&S) for sustainable forest
management (SFM) in South Africa (SA).
To ensure effective participation of small-scale timber growers in the development
PCI&S, an overview of sustainable and small-scale forestry was explored.
Furthermore, because of the importance of globalisation on the SFM concept, its
conceptual framework and small-scale forestry development in relation to SFM were
investigated.
Participatory rural appraisal (PRA) methods, and PCI&S evaluation and development
processes were used to engage small-scale timber growers by identifying and
integrating their perceptions into the process of SFM standards development. These
small-scale timber growers' perceptions focused on social, economic, environment
and policy issues.
The stUdy indicates that the views of small-scale timber growers regarding SFM do not
vary significantly from those held globally. However, they demonstrate that local
conditions determined issues of relevance and importance to this specific group. The
results further support the view that there is value in combining both top-down and
bottom-up approaches in developing an appropriate set of PCI&S. This is critical
because the perceptions of small-scale timber growers for SFM are scale sensitive.
Finally, the results supported the view that there is a need to give attention to and
strengthen socio-economic issues versus those of the physical environment to
improve inequalities of the past, and influence future decisions.Thesis (M.Sc.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2005.
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Dobson, Dave. "A survey amongst growing media producers in the United Kingdom with a view to establishing distribution channels for Fibregro exports." Thesis, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10413/1987.
Full textAbstract:
A new peat replacement product is being manufactured in South Africa. This product which is marketed under the brand name Fibregro is made from spent wattle bark originating from the tanning extract manufacturing process. Fibregro is currently being used in South Africa to dilute and in some instances replace local peat in mushroom and horticultural applications. In addition to its role as a peat replacement, Fibregro is in a position where it could also qualify to cany a Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) label. Once in full production it is estimated that the company will be able to produce more products than can be sold locally. As a result export opportunities need to be pursued. The United Kingdom (UK) was identified as a potential export destination on account of developments in this country in respect of the certification of forest products (especially FSC certification) and moves to reduce peat mining. A mail survey was undertaken amongst growing media producers in the UK to address two key issues relating to Fibregro, namely: • Whether Fibregro's peat free status could be exploited in the UK growing media and mushroom casing markets. • Whether enough advantages existed in the UK market to justify the extra effort and cost associated with qualifying Fibrego to carry an FSC label. Key findings arising from this survey indicate that a niche is developing in the UK growing media market for a good peat substitute. The addition of an FSC label will render the product unique in the growing media market in this country. A number of recommendations arise from this work. These are: • In order to penetrate the UK growing media market Fibrgro must be positioned as an effective peat reducing agent which is capable of extending the peat reduction levels beyond that of composts. • Fibregro distributors should be identified from amongst the larger growing media producers in the UK. • Potential use of Fibregro as a mushroom casing in the UK appears to be limited. • A combination of peat free and FSC labelling while capable of rendering Fibregro unique in the UK growing media market needs to be carefully considered on account of chain-of-custody requirements along the supply chain.Thesis (M.B.A.) University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg 2004.
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Dauvergne, Peter. "Shadows in the forest Japan and the politics of timber in Southeast Asia /." Thesis, 1995. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/38403547.html.
Full text
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Ngcobo, Sakhile Glen. "The effects of outsourcing on rural communities and business performance in the selected areas of the South African forestry industry." 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10413/4924.
Full textAbstract:
The objectives of the study were to examine the socio-economic impact of
outsourcing on forest-dependent communities, to evaluate the current outsourcing
management system in Mondi Forests, and to assess the financial impact (costs
savings) of outsourcing on Mondi Forests: Natal Region in KwaZulu-Natal.
Participatory Rural Appraisal exercises were used to assess the socio-economic
impact of outsourcing on forest-dependent communities. A questionnaire was then
used on a sample of Mondi Forests personnel to evaluate the current outsourcing
management system in Mondi Forests. Finally, cash-flow trends were used to
assess the financial impact (costs savings) of outsourcing on Mondi Forests, Natal
Region. Activities that have been outsourced include transport, harvesting
operations, silviculture operations, security services, mechanical services, training,
payroll services and information systems.
Results show that outsourcing has impacted negatively on the livelihoods of some of
the forest-dependent communities sampled. The negative impacts are mainly
associated with a reduction in hygiene services offered to these communities and
an increase in unemployment in some of these villages. Forest-dependent
communities perceive outsourcing as the cause of poor relationship between the
rural communities, forest companies and contractors as well as being the cause of
high unemployment rates.
Mondi Forests' personnel perceive that outsourcing goes beyond costs savings to
include redirecting scarce resources toward core business activities. Lower
morale and insecurity among forest staff members and negative views of the
forestry companies by rural communities, unions and government departments
were perceived as the disadvantages of outsourcing. Uncertainty with regards to
employment continuity and social problems (e.g. increased forest fires, poor relationship with local communities) were perceived as outsourcing risks. Results
show that Mondi Forests has implemented a number of strategies in order to
reduce some of these risks and disadvantages by giving preference to their ex-employees
when offering contracts, by providing start-up capital to emerging black
contractors, and by initiating community development programmes in order to
uplift the standard of living of the forest-dependent communities.
Mondi Forests' personnel suggested that forest management. accounting,
conservation management, and human resources are the best candidates for future
outsourcing, since most other forest organizations in the world are already
outsourcing them successfully. Most of these activities are still kept in-house in
Mondi Forests.
Results also show that outsourcing can be used with other rationalization methods to
save costs. This is because costs savings in Mondi Forests: Natal Region, since
1998 to 2001 were .not only due to outsourcing, but also to some other management
decisions such as reduced fertilizer and pesticides use. The total costs savings
were R14.5 million from 1998 to 2001.
Results support the need to strengthen the current rural development programmes
in Mondi Forests, and to the establish Community Liaison Forums to improve
communication with rural communities and to start community development
programmes. A contractor upliftment programme was also recommended for
developing the emerging black contractors. Lastly, company/contractor
agreements must be reviewed in order to ensure that social responsibility aspects
are appropriately managed. Outsourcing relationships need to consider the
economic, environmental and social effects in order to be sustainable.Thesis (M.Env.Dev.)-University of Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2001.
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Tshivhase, Hanedzani Miriam. "The management of forestry projects :a case study of the Department of Water Affairs and Forestry (DWARF) in the Limpopo Province." Diss., 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/123456789/419.
Full text
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Seokwang, Modise. "The impact of urban expansion and population growth on productivity of forestlands : study area: Rustenburg Local Municipality." Thesis, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10413/9589.
Full textAbstract:
The survey has been carried out in North West Province within Rustenburg Local
Municipality. This is an Urban Forestry research in which six sites including peri-urban,
urban, suburban and semi-rural areas were selected for the study. The aim of the study
was to determine the relationship between households and their local trees and forests.
Forest in this context included community gardens, vegetation cover, open spaces, soil,
water, productive sites and animals that form part of forest. Data collection was mainly
based on questionnaires and covered sample of 272 households. Statistical Package of
Social Sciences (SPSS) 15.0 using 5% sampling intensity (confidence level) was used in
which the data has been represented by numbers. Analysis was based on determining
households’ relationship with their trees and local forest, and how they influence forest
productivity or development.
With SPSS two techniques, regression model and descriptive statistics were applied to
analyze quantitative and qualitative data. Regression model was significant in prediction
of the dependent variable (Y) using independent variables (X), and proved to be a good
model to analyze data for fuelwood, timber and forest food production. Descriptive
statistics was important in counting number of times each category or variable is used.
Participants had varying perceptions regarding the use of forest due to factors such as
availability of forest resource, type of residence, and their living standard. Generally,
households in suburban and urban areas value the forests for economic and
environmental benefit, while the peri-urban and semi-rural households utilized their trees
and forest to meet their energy demand. A large number of households consume forest
food as compared to timber and fuelwood due to the availability of the resources.
The Municipality as a whole is undergoing rapid development expected to continue
throughout years. These developments are stimulated by mining activities and influx of
people in the area. All these factors threaten the existing natural resources especially
forest areas and water. Areas of these resources are declining due to the current demand
for housing, new mining sites and continuous establishment of informal settlements. Trees and forest within peri-urban and semi-rural areas are in poor conditions as
compared to urban and suburban areas. Poor waste management and poverty are issues
aggravating the situation especially in poor developing sites that have been studied. Most
agricultural sites have been transformed into residential areas, and thus exacerbating
problems of food insecurity in the whole country. Household size has major influence in
fuelwood, timber and forest food production as an increase or decrease in the size will
determine the amount of consumption, production or development. Value for forest,
access to forest, level of interaction and restrictions regarding the use of forest are also
significant aspects contributing to forest productivity and development as they show the
relationship that exists between forest and households.Thesis (M.Sc.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2007.
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Mathew, Brenda A. "The Link Between Smart Growth in Urban Development and Climate Change." Thesis, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1805/3206.
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