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1
Steber, Aaron, Ken Brooks, Charles H. Perry, and Kolka Randy. "Surface Compaction Estimates and Soil Sensitivity in Aspen Stands of the Great Lakes States." Northern Journal of Applied Forestry 24, no. 4 (December 1, 2007): 276–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/njaf/24.4.276.
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Abstract Aspen forests in the Great Lakes States support much of the regional timber industry. Management-induced soil compaction is a concern because it affects forest health and productivity and soil erosion. Soil compaction increases bulk density and soil strength and can also decrease air and water movement into and through the soil profile. Currently, most inventories, and specifically the Forest Inventory and Analysis program, use qualitative estimates of soil compaction. This study compared qualitative estimates with quantitative measurements on aspen clearcuts in five national forests in the Great Lakes States. Research sites were stratified into classes of high and low potential for soil compaction on the basis of soil texture. Qualitative visual assessments of compaction were made according to Forest Inventory and Analysis (FIA) phase 3 protocols and compared with physical measurements of bulk density, soil compression strength, and saturated hydraulic conductivity. No differences in compaction between high- and low-risk soils were detected using visual assessments, but quantitative measurements in high-risk, fine-textured soils indicated greater compaction than low-risk, coarse-textured soils. These results illustrate shortcomings in qualitative estimates of compaction made according to FIA phase 3 field protocols. Inexpensive quantitative measurements, such as those taken with a pocket penetrometer, may be sufficient to quantify compaction levels within the plots.
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Startsev, A. D., and D. H. McNabb. "Effects of compaction on aeration and morphology of boreal forest soils in Alberta, Canada." Canadian Journal of Soil Science 89, no. 1 (February 1, 2009): 45–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjss06037.
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Poor soil aeration is a factor limiting the productivity of boreal forests in western Canada. Soil compaction reduces air-filled porosity, which is hypothesized to further restrict soil aeration. Soil morphology at nine clearcut sites in west-central Alberta that had been significantly compacted by ground-based harvesting equipment and soil in an adjacent non-trafficked control were related to air-filled porosity and redox regimes. A warm-season air-filled porosity of about 0.1 m3 m-3 separated soils having adequate or restricted aeration, and was confirmed by redox < 200 mV. The values applied to both the undisturbed and compacted soil. Ratios of Feo:Fed and acid-soluble Fe:Mn in concretions were only associated with hydromorphism of undisturbed soil. Compaction reduced soil aeration for 3–4 yr after harvesting, and changed morphology of moderately well-drained soil to imperfectly drained soil at two of four sites; faster removal of water because of slope or vegetation probably prevented changes at the other two sites. Morphology of better and poorer drained soils was not altered by compaction because they either remain adequately aerated or aeration was naturally restricted. Sites with moderately well-drained soils are most at risk of detrimental soil compaction and in need of protective measures to maintain their productivity in these forests. Key words: Soil morphology, drainage class, air-filled porosity, soil aeration, redox potential, boreal forest soils, compaction
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Pohořalý, J., R. Klvač, T. Kent, M. Kleibl, E. Coates, and B. Horgan. "Impact of forest biomass for energy harvesting on soil compaction – Irish case study." Journal of Forest Science 60, No. 12 (November 27, 2014): 526–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/89/2014-jfs.
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An assessment of soil compaction caused by machinery used in stump and/or logging residue extraction for energy on soils typical of Ireland. We determined unaffected soil conditions and to find the compaction grade after timber harvesting and bundling activities, and to compare those results with stands where timber harvesting was followed by stump extraction for energy. The investigation was carried out in Ireland on three different locations which had a slightly different proportion of stones in their soils. Two of the soils were purely mineral soils, and the third was a mineral soil affected by anthropogenic activities. To ensure comparable results as much as possible, the moisture content of the soil on wet basis was investigated. Each location was purposely treated. Therefore, on each location plots were identified as follows: plots unaffected by operation (reference area), plots after timber harvesting, plots after timber harvesting and bundling operation, and plots after timber harvesting and stump extraction operation. According to the experimental design 40 repetitions on each of the three different treatments were set. The results showed that the compaction of soil occurred on plots after timber harvesting, but there was not a significant difference between compaction grades with and without logging residue bundling operation. However, once the site was extracted of stumps, the soil became too loose and no significant difference was found compared to unaffected soil.
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Krzic, M., C. E. Bulmer, F. Teste, L. Dampier, and S. Rahman. "Soil properties influencing compactability of forest soils in British Columbia." Canadian Journal of Soil Science 84, no. 2 (May 1, 2004): 219–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/s03-056.
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The widespread use of heavy machinery during harvesting and site preparation in timber plantations in British Columbia (BC) has led to concerns that compaction causes a reduction in long-term soil productivity. Impacts of properties such as total C, water content, and texture on compactability of forest soils in BC were assessed. Two compactability indices were used: maximum bulk density (MBD) and susceptibility to compaction (SC) determined by the standard Proctor test. Soil samples were collected from 16 sites throughout BC covering a wide range of biogeoclimatic zones. Soils varied in texture (12 to 87% sand, 9 to 76% silt, and 2 to 53% clay) and organic matter content (18 to 76 g kg-1 total C). A strong negative correlation was observed between MBD and gravimetric water content at which MBD was achieved (WMBD) and between MBD and total C. Similarly, WMBD and total C had strong effects on SC. The estimation of either MBD or SC values was not substantially improved by including texture parameters to the regression equations in addition to the total C. The implication of the relationships observed in this study is that increases in soil organic matter reduce the risk of compactability, which is particularly important for forest soils where compaction is generally not corrected by implements after tree planting. The information is also useful for assessing the extent of compaction on soils affected by machine traffic. Key words: Soil compaction, Susceptibility to compaction, maximum bulk density, Proctor test, total carbon
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Brais, S., and C. Camiré. "Soil compaction induced by careful logging in the claybelt region of northwestern Quebec (Canada)." Canadian Journal of Soil Science 78, no. 1 (February 1, 1998): 197–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/s97-032.
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Soil compaction induced by forest harvesting operations can reduce site productivity. Intensity, extent and persistence of soil compaction were assessed on fine- to medium- and coarse-textured soils. Severe compaction took place in the wheel track section of the skid trails. On fine- to medium-textured soils, half of the effects on the 0- to 10-cm and 10- to 20-cm mineral soil bulk densities (+11 and +8%) and half of the changes in the 10-cm depth soil strength (+69%) occurred in the course of the first two skidding cycles (cycle of half impact). On coarse soils, half of the effect on the 0- to 10-cm bulk density (+11%) occurred during the first three passes. Cycles of half impact for soil strength were 9, 14, 7 and 6 for the 2.5-, 5-, 10-, and 20-cm depths and corresponded to increases of 235, 402, 157 and 103% respectively. Compaction was more limited between track sections of trails. Six to twelve years following clearcutting on fine- to medium-textured soils, 0- to 10-cm soil bulk density was less in the skid trails than on the undisturbed sections of cutovers. Careful logging on moist, fine- to medium-textured soils is the safest way to limit the extent of soil compaction. On coarse-textured soils, spreading the traffic remains a valid option. Key words: Soil compaction, bulk density, soil strength, forest harvesting, careful logging
6
Kulak, Dariusz, Janusz M. Sowa, Grzegorz Szewczyk, and Arkadiusz Stańczykiewicz. "The Accessibility of Post-Fire Areas for Mechanized Thinning Operations." Forests 11, no. 4 (April 22, 2020): 471. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f11040471.
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In 1992, in Southern Poland, large areas of Silesian forests were affected by the country’s largest forest fire. Stands introduced in the 9000-ha post-fire region are currently undergoing early thinning. Due to the scope of these treatments, the chance for their timely implementation is ensured only by the application of cut-to-length (CTL) technologies, i.e., with the use of harvesters and forwarders. The use of CTL technologies may, however, be difficult due to the fire history of these stands, which could affect the bearing capacity of their soils. The objective of this study is to determine the accessibility of stands for forest machines in relation to the bearing capacity of the soils and changes in soil compaction in the post-fire sites. Soil compaction was measured in terms of penetrometer resistance in the stands introduced in the post-fire area in question, as well as in control stands growing on five different soil types. It was shown that in the topsoil layer—from 8 to 18 cm thick depending on the soil type—differences in soil compaction in the post-fire and control areas were relatively small. The impacts of the forest fire—manifested as a significant increase in the compaction of the forest soils—were still visible, but only in the deeper layers of the soil profile. In all of the compared pairs of forest compartments located in the stands regenerated after the fire, significantly higher values of cone indexes (CI) were found. The average value of this index in the post-fire stands was 2.15 MPa, while in the control stands it was 1.60 MPa, which indicates that in both groups of stands the bearing capacity of the soils should not limit the accessibility for vehicles used for timber harvesting and extraction.
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Dias Junior, Moacir de Souza, Sebastião da Fonseca, Cezar Francisco Araújo Júnior, and Arystides Resende Silva. "Soil compaction due to forest harvest operations." Pesquisa Agropecuária Brasileira 42, no. 2 (February 2007): 257–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-204x2007000200015.
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The objective of this work was to determine, through the use of the bearing capacity model, the traffic effects of the forest harvest operations on the preconsolidation pressure (sigmap), during one cycle of the eucalyptus plantation. The work was conducted using undisturbed soil samples, collected at the surface of the A horizon and in the top of the B horizon of an Udult (PA), Aquox (FX) and Udox (LA) soils. The undisturbed soil samples were used in the uniaxial compression tests. The soil sampling was done before and after the harvest operations. The operations performed with the Forwarder caused greater soil compaction than the ones done with the Feller Büncher and Harvester. The percentage of soil samples, in the region with additional soil compaction, indicated that the Udult was the soil class more susceptible to soil compaction, followed by the Aquox and Udox. Despite Udult is the more susceptible to soil compaction, the regeneration of the soil structure in this soil class was more efficient than in Aquox. The percentage of soil samples with sigmap values in the region with additional soil compaction in 1996, 1998 and 2004, after harvest operations, indicated a sustainable forest exploration in this period.
8
Williamson, J. R., and W. A. Neilsen. "The influence of forest site on rate and extent of soil compaction and profile disturbance of skid trails during ground-based harvesting." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 30, no. 8 (August 1, 2000): 1196–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x00-041.
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Soil compaction has been considered a principal form of damage associated with logging, restricting root growth and reducing productivity. The rate and extent of soil compaction on skid trails was measured at six field locations covering a range of dry and wet forests. Data was collected for up to 21 passes of a laden logging machine. A similar extent of compaction, averaging 0.17 g·cm-3 increase in total soil bulk density (BD), was recorded for all field sites despite substantial site and soil differences. On average, 62% of the compaction in the top 10 cm of the soil occurred after only one pass of a laden logging machine. The environment under which soils had formed played a major role in determining the BD of the undisturbed soil. Compaction was strongly related to the original BD, forest type, and soil parent material. Soil strengths obtained in the field fell below levels found to restrict root growth. However, reduction in macropores, and the effect of that on aeration and drainage could reduce tree growth. On the wettest soils logged, machine forces displaced topsoils rather than causing compaction in situ. Recommended logging methods and implications for the development of sustainability indices are discussed.
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Zou, C., R. Sands, G. Buchan, and I. Hudson. "Least limiting water range: a potential indicator of physical quality of forest soils." Soil Research 38, no. 5 (2000): 947. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr99108.
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The interactions of the 4 basic soil physical properties—volumetric water content, matric potential, soil strength, and air-filled porosity—were investigated over a range of contrasting textures and for 3 compaction levels of 4 forest soils in New Zealand, using linear and non-linear regression methods. Relationships among these properties depended on texture and bulk density. Soil compaction increased volumetric water contents at field capacity, at wilting point, and at the water contents associated with restraining soil strength values, but decreased the water content when air-filled porosity was limiting. The integrated effect of matric potential, air-filled porosity, and soil strength on plant growth was described by the single parameter, least limiting water range (LLWR). LLWR defines a range in soil water content within which plant growth is least likely to be limited by the availability of water and air in soil and the soil strength. Soil compaction narrowed or decreased LLWR in most cases. In coarse sandy soil, initial compaction increased LLWR, but further compaction decreased LLWR. LLWR is sensitive to variations in forest management practices and is a potential indicator of soil physical condition for sustainable forest management.
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Martins, Paula Cristina Caruana, Moacir de Souza Dias Junior, Ayodele Ebenezer Ajayi, Ernesto Norio Takahashi, and Diego Tassinari. "Soil compaction during harvest operations in five tropical soils with different textures under eucalyptus forests." Ciência e Agrotecnologia 42, no. 1 (February 2018): 58–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1413-70542018421005217.
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ABSTRACT Traffic of farm machinery during harvest and logging operations has been identified as the main source of soil structure degradation in forestry activity. Soil susceptibility to compaction and the amount of compaction caused by each forest harvest operation differs according to a number of factors (such as soil strength, soil texture, kind of equipment, traffic intensity, among many others), what requires the adequate assessment of soil compaction under different traffic conditions. The objectives of this study were to determine the susceptibility to compaction of five soil classes with different textures under eucalyptus forests based on their load bearing capacity models; and to determine, from these models and the precompression stresses obtained after harvest operations, the effect of traffic intensity with different equipment in the occurrence of soil compaction. Undisturbed soil samples were collected before and after harvest operations, being then subjected to uniaxial compression tests to determine their precompression stress. The coarse-textured soils were less resistant and endured greater soil compaction. In the clayey LVd2, traffic intensity below four Forwarder passes limited compaction to a third of the samples, whereas in the sandy loam PVd all samples from the 0-3 cm layer were compacted regardless of traffic intensity. The Feller Buncher and the Clambunk presented a high potential to cause soil compaction even with only one or two passes. The use of soil load bearing capacity models and precompression stress determined after harvest and logging operations allowed insight into the soil compaction process in forestry soils.
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Page-Dumroese, Deborah S., Martin Jurgensen, and Thomas Terry. "Maintaining Soil Productivity during Forest or Biomass-to-Energy Thinning Harvests in the Western United States." Western Journal of Applied Forestry 25, no. 1 (January 1, 2010): 5–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/wjaf/25.1.5.
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Abstract Forest biomass thinnings, to promote forest health or for energy production, can potentially impact the soil resource by altering soil physical, chemical, and/or biological properties. The extent and degree of impacts within a harvest unit or across a watershed will subsequently determine if site or soil productivity is affected. Although the impacts of stand removal on soil properties in the western United States have been documented, much less is known on periodic removals of biomass by thinnings or other partial cutting practices. However, basic recommendations and findings derived from stand-removal studies are also applicable to guide biomass thinnings for forest health, fuel reduction, or energy production. These are summarized as follows: (1) thinning operations are less likely to cause significant soil compaction than a stand-removal harvest, (2) risk-rating systems that evaluate soil susceptibility to compaction or nutrient losses from organic or mineral topsoil removal can help guide management practices, (3) using designated or existing harvesting traffic lanes and leaving some thinning residue in high traffic areas can reduce soil compactionon a stand basis, and (4) coarse-textured low fertility soils have greater risk of nutrient limitations resulting from whole-tree thinning removals than finer textured soils with higher fertility levels.
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Page-Dumroese, Deborah S., Martin F. Jurgensen, Allan E. Tiarks, Felix Ponder, Jr., Felipe G. Sanchez, Robert L. Fleming, J. Marty Kranabetter, et al. "Soil physical property changes at the North American Long-Term Soil Productivity study sites: 1 and 5 years after compaction." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 36, no. 3 (March 1, 2006): 551–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x05-273.
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The impact of forest management operations on soil physical properties is important to understand, since management can significantly change site productivity by altering root growth potential, water infiltration and soil erosion, and water and nutrient availability. We studied soil bulk density and strength changes as indicators of soil compaction before harvesting and 1 and 5 years after harvest and site treatment on 12 of the North American Long-Term Soil Productivity sites. Severe soil compaction treatments approached root-limiting bulk densities for each soil texture, while moderate compaction levels were between severe and preharvest values. Immediately after harvesting, soil bulk density on the severely compacted plots ranged from 1% less than to 58% higher than preharvest levels across all sites. Soil compaction increases were noticeable to a depth of 30 cm. After 5 years, bulk density recovery on coarse-textured soils was evident in the surface (010 cm) soil, but recovery was less in the subsoil (1030 cm depth); fine-textured soils exhibited little recovery. When measured as a percentage, initial bulk density increases were greater on fine-textured soils than on coarser-textured soils and were mainly due to higher initial bulk density values in coarse-textured soils. Development of soil monitoring methods applicable to all soil types may not be appropriate, and more site-specific techniques may be needed for soil monitoring after disturbance.
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Kranabetter, J. M., and B. K. Chapman. "An analysis of litter nitrogen dynamics using artificial soils across a gradient of forest soil disturbances." Canadian Journal of Soil Science 84, no. 2 (May 1, 2004): 159–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/s03-043.
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The release of nutrients from a standard litter is often assumed to be solely a function of its decomposition rate. We tested whether nitrogen release would also be influenced by soil attributes affected by disturbance, such as interactions with soil microflora. Changes in nitrogen contents of decaying litter (Populus balsamifera) were compared across soil compaction and organic matter removal treatments in central British Columbia, using artificial materials to isolate litter bags from contact with forest floors or mineral soil. After 30 mo, nitrogen content of litter was only slightly higher on artificial soils than actual soils, suggesting that most nitrogen had been lost by leaching. A significant interaction, however, was detected in leaf nitrogen content between organic matter removal and soil compaction treatments that was not found on the artificial soils. This difference in nitrogen release led to a range in C:N ratios of 28 to 32 (from an initial C:N ratio of 52) for leaves at 1.5 g (70% mass loss). The differences in nitrogen release were relatively small and will perhaps be less important than other effects of soil disturbance (such as changes in litter quality) on nitrogen cycling. Key words: Nitrogen, decomposition, litter bag, translocation, compaction, forest floors
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Liechty, Hal O., Michael G. Shelton, Kenneth R. Luckow, and Donald J. Turton. "Impacts of Shortleaf Pine-Hardwood Forest Management on Soils in the Ouachita Highlands: A Review." Southern Journal of Applied Forestry 26, no. 1 (February 1, 2002): 43–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sjaf/26.1.43.
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Abstract Shortleaf pine (Pinus echinata Mill.) is the most ecologically and economically important tree species in the Ouachita Highlands of the southcentral United States. This species can occur in relatively pure stands but most frequently exists in mixed stands with various hardwood species. Because of the diversity of land ownership, public concerns about forest management, and increased intensity of forest practices, the Ouachita Highlands have been a focal point for numerous research projects over the past 20 yr that have studied how forest management affects soils. We summarized information in four fundamental areas: (1) compaction, (2) soil loss, (3) organic matter, and (4) nutrients to better evaluate if and to what degree management practices such as harvesting and prescribed fire modify the productivity and sustainability of soils in this region. The review indicated that soils with less than 15% rock content or sandy loam textures were susceptible to compaction when harvested during wet weather conditions. Although partial harvesting techniques, such as single-tree or group selection, tended to reduce overall soil disturbance in a stand, it increased soil compaction on primary skid trails by concentrating traffic on fewer skid trails. Compaction on skid trails frequently elevated bulk density to levels that could reduce regeneration success or seedling growth. Using current harvesting systems, soil losses and displacement to streams after harvesting appeared to have little or no effect on long-term soil productivity. Harvesting and prescribed fires significantly altered nutrient and organic matter contents of the forest floor and mineral soil. However, recovery of these nutrient or organic pools often occurred rapidly after these cultural practices occurred. Little information was available for determining how repeated silvicultural practices over multiple rotations would affect long-term soil productivity in the Ouachita Highlands. South. J. Appl. For. 26(1):43–51.
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Haeussler, Sybille, and Richard Kabzems. "Aspen plant community response to organic matter removal and soil compaction." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 35, no. 8 (August 1, 2005): 2030–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x05-133.
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Organic matter removal and reduced soil aeration porosity during logging are important factors influencing the sustained productivity of managed forest ecosystems. We studied the 4-year effect of these factors on diversity and composition of a trembling aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.) plant community in northeastern British Columbia, Canada, in a completely randomized experiment with three levels of organic matter removal (tree stems; stems and slash; stems, slash, and forest floor) and three levels of soil compaction (none; intermediate (2-cm impression); heavy (5-cm impression)). Tree stem removal caused the greatest change in species diversity (30% of variance; ANOVA p ≤ 0.01), increasing the dominance of aspen and Calamagrostis canadensis (Michx.) Beauv. over other species. Slash removal had little effect. Forest floor removal caused the greatest compositional change (37% of variance; MANOVA p = 0.001), favoring ruderal over bud-banking species. Presence or absence of forest floor better explained these changes than any soil physical or chemical parameter. Although dominance of aspen over Calamagrostis was positively correlated with soil aeration porosity (R2 = 0.50, n = 27, p < 0.001), there were few differences between intermediate and heavy compaction. In this ecosystem, disturbances that reduce forest floor thickness without compacting soils will likely optimize plant species diversity and enhance aspen regrowth.
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Klvač, R., P. Vrána, and R. Jiroušek. "Possibilities of using the portable falling weight deflectometer to measure the bearing capacity and compaction of forest soils." Journal of Forest Science 56, No. 3 (April 1, 2010): 130–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/71/2009-jfs.
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The paper discusses possibilities of using the portable falling weight deflectometer to measure the bearing capacity and compaction of forest soils.<B> </B>Within the study, measurements were made using manual penetrometer and Loadman II portable falling weight deflectometer. To eliminate the extreme values, Grubbs’s test was used. The results indicate that Loadman II deflectometer may be used to measure both the bearing capacity and compaction of forest soils under the canopy as well as in transport lines. A significant difference was found between deflection of water-unaffected sites and water-affected sites (12.08 and 2.31 mm, respectively). Measurements of bearing capacity after removal of forest litter give far more precise details; however, the authors do not refuse the measurements without litter removal, either. To determine the degrees of soil compaction, it is useful to measure the soil reaction time; to measure the bearing capacity it is vital to measure deflection. <B></B>
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Reisinger, Thomas W., Gerry L. Simmons, and Phillip E. Pope. "The Impact of Timber Harvesting on Soil Properties and Seedling Growth in the South." Southern Journal of Applied Forestry 12, no. 1 (February 1, 1988): 58–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sjaf/12.1.58.
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Abstract Mechanization of timber harvesting operations in the South has increased concern about the detrimental impact that heavy machine traffic has on soil physical properties and site productivity. Improperly timed harvesting operations have potentially detrimental effects on forest soils and the growth of seedlings Foresters and other land managers must be aware of the potential soil disturbance caused by heavy machines, and apply methods that minimize long-term site quality degradation attributable, directly or indirectly, to mechanized equipment. Research literature about the effects of timber harvesting on soil properties and seedling growth is summarized. Various types of harvesting equipment commonly used in the South are examined and the degrees of soil disturbance and compaction associated with each system are compared Changes in soil physical properties resulting from compaction are also reviewed as they relate to the establishment and growth of seedlings. Recommendations are made to minimize the detrimental effects of machine traffic on forest soils. South. J. Appl. For. 12(1):58-67
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Startsev, N. A., D. H. McNabb, and A. D. Startsev. "Soil biological activity in recent clearcuts in west-central Alberta." Canadian Journal of Soil Science 78, no. 1 (February 1, 1998): 69–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/s97-028.
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Soil biota response to changes in the soil physical environment following forest harvesting is relatively unknown in boreal forests. Soil biological activity was measured at four sites with Luvisolic soil following clear-cut forest harvesting. Aerobic respiration rate and cellulose decomposition in flooded soils were measured on soil samples collected from treatment plots subjected to tree removal only and tree removal associated with three levels of skidding activity immediately after clear-cut harvesting and after 1 and 2 yr. More than half of variation in respiration and cellulose decomposition rates was related to soil properties. Soil respiration rate increased significantly after 1 yr but was not affected by skidder traffic. Cellulose decomposition was highest in soil with air-filled porosity <0.10 m3m−3, and increased significantly with skidder traffic. Air-filled porosity measured in the field at the time of harvest indicated a poorly aerated environment that becomes wetter in subsequent years. The results imply that soil had biota well adapted to poor soil aeration. The development of a fully anaerobic soil environment following forest harvesting only occurred on compacted soil after heavy precipitation, but partial anaerobiosis of these boreal forest soils was common. Although partial anaerobiosis increased decomposition rate, it is considered sufficient to adversely affect the growth of plant roots and change the availability and mobility of nutrients. Key words: Forest harvesting, soil compaction, biological activity, respiration rate, decomposition rate, Alberta, boreal forests
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Mohamad Jaffar, Aina Nadia Najwa, Mohd Effendi Wasli, Mugunthan Perumal, Jonathan Lat, and Hamsawi Sani. "Effects of Soil Compaction and Relative Light Intensity on Survival and Growth Performance of Planted Shorea macrophylla (de Vriese) in Riparian Forest along Kayan Ulu River, Sarawak, Malaysia." International Journal of Forestry Research 2018 (August 19, 2018): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/6329295.
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A study was conducted in riparian forest along Kayan Ulu River, Sarawak, Malaysia, to investigate the effects of soil compaction and relative light intensity (RLI) on survival and growth performance of planted Shorea macrophylla. The study sites were stands reforested in different years (1996: SPD96; 1997: SPD97; 1998: SPD98; 1999: SPD99). The survival, growth performance, soil compaction, and RLI were measured. SPD96 trees had the highest survival (84%) and showed the most favourable growth. Average height, mean annual increment in height, and RLI were highest in SPD97 while mean annual increment in volume was highest in SPD98. Soil compaction in SPD98 and SPD99 was higher as compared to SPD96 and SPD97. This was due to the compacted soils caused by anthropogenic activities and natural causes (wet soils) in riparian forest along Kayan Ulu River at shallow depth. High survival and favourable growth performance of S. macrophylla were influenced by the edaphic factor with special reference to less compacted soils and high RLI. Stepwise multiple regression demonstrated significant effects of soil penetration resistance at the depth of 0-30 cm and RLI on mean annual increment in diameter. Further ecological studies on other environmental factors should be implemented to draw up a Dipterocarp planting scheme for the future restoration of riparian ecosystem.
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Stone, Douglas M., and Richard Kabzems. "Aspen development on similar soils in Minnesota and British Columbia after compaction and forest floor removal." Forestry Chronicle 78, no. 6 (December 1, 2002): 886–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc78886-6.
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Forest management practices that decrease soil porosity and remove organic matter can reduce site productivity. We evaluated effects of four treatmentsmerchantable bole harvest (MBH) with three levels of soil compaction (none, light, or heavy), and total woody vegetation harvest plus forest floor removal (FFR)on fifth-year regeneration and growth of aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.) growing on soils with similar textures (2040 cm silt loam over clay loam till) in northern Minnesota (MN) and northeastern British Columbia (BC). Overall mean sucker density was significantly greater in BC than in MN, and mean height was significantly lower. Soil compaction did not affect sucker density in BC, but significantly reduced it in MN, primarily due to late spring treatment. In BC, mean sucker heights generally decreased with level of compaction, but only the differences between non-compacted and the heavy compaction treatments were significant. On the MN plots, sucker heights were reduced significantly by compaction. Treatment responses were similar on both sites: (1) the greatest sucker densities were in the FFR treatment; (2) greatest mean heights were on the non-compacted MBH plots and were significantly greater than those in the FFR treatment; (3) sucker heights generally decreased with level of compaction; and (4) soil compaction decreased the number of suckers that had reached a dbh of 25 mm after five years and will likely delay future stand development and reduce site productivity. Key words: sustainable management, organic matter removal, soil compaction, aspen sucker density, height growth
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Axelrood, Paige E., Monica L. Chow, Christopher C. Radomski, Joseph M. McDermott, and Julian Davies. "Molecular characterization of bacterial diversity from British Columbia forest soils subjected to disturbance." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 48, no. 7 (July 1, 2002): 655–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/w02-059.
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Bacteria from forest soils were characterized by DNA sequence analysis of cloned 16S rRNA gene fragments (16S clones). Surface organic matter and mineral soil samples from a British Columbia Ministry of Forests Long-Term Soil Productivity (LTSP) installation were collected during winter and summer from two disturbance treatments: whole-tree harvesting with no soil compaction (plot N) and whole-tree harvesting plus complete surface organic matter removal with heavy soil compaction (plot S). Phylogenetic analyses revealed that 87% of 580 16S clones were classified as Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, Acidobacterium, Verrucomicrobia, Bacillus/Clostridium group, Cytophaga-Flexibacter-Bacteroides group, green nonsulfur bacteria, Planctomyces, and candidate divisions TM6 and OP10. Seventy-five 16S clones could not be classified into known bacterial divisions, and five 16S clones were related to chloroplast DNA. Members of Proteobacteria represented 46% of the clone library. A higher proportion of 16S clones affiliated with γ-Proteobacteria were from plot N compared with plot S. 16S rRNA gene fragments amplified with Pseudomonas-specific primers and cloned (Ps clones) were examined from mineral-soil samples from plots N and S from three LTSP installations. A significantly greater proportion of sequenced Ps clones from plot N contained Pseudomonas 16S rRNA gene fragments compared with Ps clones from plot S.Key words: bacterial diversity, 16S rRNA gene, forest soil.
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Startsev, A. D., and D. H. McNabb. "Effects of skidding on forest soil infiltration in west-central Alberta." Canadian Journal of Soil Science 80, no. 4 (November 1, 2000): 617–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/s99-092.
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Soil compaction during forest harvesting generally reduces macropore space, which reduces infiltration and increases the potential for surface erosion and waterlogging. Hydrological effects of 3, 7 and 12 skidding cycles and their persistence were evaluated for 3 yr at 14 sites, which represented a range of soil texture and compaction conditions in the foothills and boreal forests of Alberta. Saturated hydraulic conductivity (HC) was determined using a constant head method on soil cores collected from 5- and 10-cm depths; unconfined infiltration rate of the surface soil (IR) was measured in situ with tension infiltrometers at near saturation. A significant (P < 0.05) increase in bulk density during skidding caused a significant reduction in both HC and IR after the first three cycles at eight sites where soil water potential at the time of skidding was higher than −15 kPa; the decrease at the other sites was not significant. Additional traffic, up to 12 cycles, did not cause a further significant decrease in HC or IR. The infiltration rate of soil compacted by three skidding cycles showed a recovery trend. However, in more intensively trafficked soils, compaction effects on infiltration remained significant for at least 3 yr, which was possibly attributed to heavy snowpacks preventing soil freezing at lower depths. Key words: Saturated hydraulic conductivity, unconfined infiltration rate, tension infiltrometers, skidders, boreal forest, Alberta
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Curran, Michael P., Douglas G. Maynard, Ronald L. Heninger, Thomas A. Terry, Steven W. Howes, Douglas M. Stone, Thomas Niemann, Richard E. Miller, and Robert F. Powers. "An adaptive management process for forest soil conservation." Forestry Chronicle 81, no. 5 (September 1, 2005): 717–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc81717-5.
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Soil disturbance guidelines should be based on comparable disturbance categories adapted to specific local soil conditions, validated by monitoring and research. Guidelines, standards, and practices should be continually improved based on an adaptive management process, which is presented in this paper. Core components of this process include: reliable monitoring protocols for assessing and comparing soil disturbance for operations, certification and sustainability protocols; effective methods to predict the vulnerability of specific soils to disturbance and related mitigative measures; and, quantitative research to build a database that documents the practical consequences of soil disturbance for tree growth and soil functions. Key words: soil disturbance; soil compaction; rutting; monitoring (implementation, effectiveness, and validation); criteria and indicators; Montreal Process
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Allman, Michal, Martin Jankovský, Valéria Messingerová, Zuzana Allmanová, and Michal Ferenčík. "Soil compaction of various Central European forest soils caused by traffic of forestry machines with various chassis." Forest Systems 24, no. 3 (December 3, 2015): e038. http://dx.doi.org/10.5424/fs/2015243-07541.
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<p><em>Aim of study: </em>The primary objective of this paper was to compare the effects of different types of forestry machine chassis on the compaction of the top layers of soil and to define the soil moisture content level, at which machine traffic results in maximum compaction.</p><p><em>Area of study:</em> Measurements were conducted in eight forest stands located in Slovakia and the Czech Republic. The soil types in the stands subjected to the study were luvisols, stagnosols, cambisols, and rendzinas.</p><p><em>Material and Methods:</em> The measurements were focused on tracked and wheeled (equipped with low pressure tyres) cut-to-length machines, and skidders equipped with wide and standard tyres. The bulk density of soil was determined from soil samples extracted from the ruts, the centre of the skid trail, and the undisturbed stand. To determine soil moisture content, at which the soil is the most susceptible to compaction, the Proctor standard test was employed.</p><p><em>Main results:</em> The moisture content for maximal compaction fluctuated from 12% to 34.06%. Wheeled machines compacted the soil to 1.24 – 1.36 g.cm<sup>-3</sup> (30.3 – 35.4 % compaction) in dried state. Bulk density of soil in stands where tracked machine operated was lower, ranging from 1.02 to 1.06 g.cm<sup>-3</sup> (25.3 % compaction).</p><p><em>Research highlights:</em> All wheeled machines caused the same amount of soil compaction in the ruts, despite differences in tyres, machine weight, etc. Maximum compaction caused by forestry machines occurred at minimal moisture contents, easily achievable in European climatic conditions. </p><p><strong>Keywords:</strong> soil compaction; bulk density; soil moisture content limits; cut-to-length machines; skidders.</p>
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Allmanová, Zuzana, Valéria Messingerová, and Martin Jankovský. "Soil Compaction and Changes in CO2 Content in Forest Stand Soil Caused by Passage of Skidding Technology." Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis 62, no. 1 (2014): 7–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/actaun201462010007.
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The paper was aimed on reforming on damage to soil caused by passage of universal wheeled tractors and forest wheeled tractors. We focused mainly on determining the changes in CO2 content in soil after its compaction in comparison with unimpaired soil from the stand. We carried out the measurements in municipal forests of Stará Turá, in four stands, where a regeneration felling was done. We acquired data on the depth of ruts through the method of transversal profiles took samples of soil from the ruts and unimpaired stand to determine the bulk density and moisture content. We determined the content of CO2 in stand and ruts with a Vaisala MI70 device. We selected the stands so that they would be uniform in age, terrain incline, terrain, and soil type. All of the stands had a low bearing sub – soils – flysch sandstone. This affected the rut depth after both machines passage. Rut depth indicated severe damage to the stand soil. We also observed severe differences in CO2 content of the compacted soil. Measurements in all of the stands showed a significant increase in CO2 content after its compression. Unimpaired soil reaches volume of 0.3% and rut soil reaches 1.8%. The compressed soils contained 6x the CO2 of uncompressed soils. The results of statistical analysis show, that moisture content affects the CO2 content more than bulk density. Coeficients of correlation between CO2 and moisture content were r = 0.68 and 0.52 and between CO2 and balk density were r = 0.26 and 0.36. Increase in moisture content causes CO2 accumulation. Combined effects of these two characteristics are significant and show very strong correlation. There was for example r = 0.83 and independent characteristics influenced dependent on 69%.From the outcomes the measurements we can state, that the passage of mechanisms causes significant changes in the stand soil.
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PAWLUK, S. "VEGETATION AND MANAGEMENT EFFECTS UPON SOME PROPERTIES OF BLACK CHERNOZEMIC SOILS OF THE EDMONTON REGION." Canadian Journal of Soil Science 66, no. 1 (February 1, 1986): 73–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjss86-009.
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Characteristics and properties of Black Chernozemic soils were assessed after 17 yr of continuous forest, grass and grain cover as well as summerfallowing in order to determine the influence of habitat upon soil development. Of major interest were morphological and micromorphological changes although physical chemical and biological aspects are also included. Variations observed in many of the soil characteristics and properties within five different habitats were minor, reflecting a great deal of resiliency to changes imposed by new sets of pedogenic forces. The most notable changes in morphological features were associated with fabric rearrangement as reflected in increased compaction and decreased porosity under cropping and fallowing and development of banded fabric and breakdown of basic mullgranic fabric units under forest cover. Characteristics of surface soils within the grass plot closely resembled uncultivated grassland soils. Only slight variability was observed among chemical parameters. Soils were slightly more acidic and base unsaturated under forest canopy. Total percent O.C. values showed little variation among plots and were very close to values reported for Ah horizons of uncultivated Black Chernozemic soils in the region. H2SO4-hydrolyzable sugar content was markedly lower in the fallowed plot. Soil collembola and mites showed considerable variability with habitat. Their overall contribution to the pedogenic process is yet uncertain. Key words: Black Chernozemic; soil degradation; soil development; soil fauna
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Curran, Mike, Doug Maynard, Ron Heninger, Tom Terry, Steve Howes, Doug Stone, Tom Niemann, and Richard E. Miller. "Elements and rationale for a common approach to assess and report soil disturbance." Forestry Chronicle 83, no. 6 (November 1, 2007): 852–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc83852-6.
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Soil disturbance from forest practices ranges from barely perceptible to very obvious, and from positive to nil to negative effects on forest productivity and / or hydrologic function. Currently, most public and private land holders and various other interested parties have different approaches to describing this soil disturbance. More uniformity is needed to describe, monitor, and report soil disturbance from forest practices. We describe required elements for attaining: (1) more uniform terms for describing soil disturbance; (2) cost-effective techniques for monitoring or assessing soil disturbance; and (3) reliable methods to rate inherent soil susceptibility to compaction, rutting, mechanical topsoil displacement, and erosion. Visual disturbance categories are practical for describing soil disturbance. Soil disturbance categories for the Pacific Northwest are described in detail to illustrate essential elements for attaining Element One. A number of potential products are listed to meet the other elements. Completion of these will facilitate collecting comparable data and sharing research and training information. Coordinated efforts will also ensure a more seamless process for assessing and reporting for sustainability protocols, and responding to third-party certification protocols. Additionally, these products will improve operational relevance of research results. Key words: soil disturbance, forest productivity, hydrologic function, monitoring, Montréal Process, risk ratings for soils, soil compaction, soil displacement, soil erosion, sustainability protocols, third-party certification
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MOHAMD JAFFAR, AINA NADIA NAJWA, MOHD EFFENDI WASLI, and MUGUNTHAN PERUMAL. "Evaluation on Soil Hardness in Riparian Forest Restoration along Kayan Ulu River, Sarawak, Malaysia." Trends in Undergraduate Research 1, no. 1 (December 10, 2018): a33–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.33736/tur.1238.2018.
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Soil hardness plays a vital role in evaluating the physical properties of soil structure. With regards to the impact of compaction on practical forest management issues, most report and review forms were available. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the soil condition in riparian forest restoration planted with indigenous species along Kayan Ulu River with special reference to soil hardness. Soil hardness was measured by using Hasegawa-type cone penetrometer from the surface soils to 100 cm depth, with a total of 48 random points for both study sites surveyed; restoration sites planted with Shorea macrophylla in year 1996 and 1998 (SPD96 and SPD98, respectively) for both on and between planting lines. Our findings indicated that, soil hardness in SPD98 was harder as compared to SPD96 at shallow depth presented in one drop penetrability. Likewise, soil penetration resistance on planting line in SPD98 was significantly higher than SPD96 at surface soils (0-20 cm) and subsurface soils (20-40 cm). A high number of strikes and soil penetration resistance indicate that the soils were highly compacted. However, there was no significant difference in term of soil penetration resistance between planting line. In order to avoid effects on tree productivity, it is recommended that in future, the evaluation of soil hardness should be determined during the early establishment for future restoration of riparian ecosystem.
Keywords: Riparian forest restoration, riparian ecosystem, Sarawak, soil hardness
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Kurniawan, Eko, Nelvia Nelvia, and Wawan Wawan. "Phisycal And Chemical Properties And Nutrient Content (N, P, K, Mg, B, Cu And Zn ) In Oil Palm Leaf In Various Of Age After Compacting." JURNAL AGRONOMI TANAMAN TROPIKA (JUATIKA) 2, no. 2 (July 4, 2020): 86–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.36378/juatika.v2i2.508.
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Planting of oil palm in peatland has been limited by soil physical, chemical properties, and hydrology, that`s way needed improvement on those matters to increase the productivity of peat and oil palm in peat soil by compacting. The purpose of this compacting is to improve the soil's physical, chemical properties, and soil moisture. A sampling of soil, water, and leaf were done in consecutive block 5,4,3,2,1,0 year after compacting and of planting done 4 years 10 months, 3 years 9 months, 2 years 9 months, 1 year 10 months, 11 months and 2 months, control used in this trial are origin condition (forest). Increasing bulk density was found at compacting block with 30 cm depth from the surface with the lower in 2 years after compacting at 0.09 g/cm3 and highest 4 years after compacting 0.4 g/cm3. In-depth of 60 cm from surface was found no increasing the bulk density 3 years after compacting 0.0 g/cm3 and the highest on 5 years after compacting 0.3 g/cm3 compared to forest. Decreasing on permeability in-depth 30 cm at 4 years after compacting 7.47 cm/jam and close to forest permeability 51.11 cm/hour is 2 years 43.6 cm/hour. As represent rise capillary consistently water content ≥ 80% achieved at depth 20 cm of surfaces on all block. Compaction doesn't regard pH, C organic, basa's saturation, capacity exchange cation. On depth 30 cm P-total lower on s without compaction at 599.6 ppm and above 871.6 ppm on 5 yr than forest 585 ppm. P available most low 58.1 ppm happens on 4 yr afters is compacted and p available forest 53.9 ppm. Nutrient content B, Cu and Zn at soil not influenced by compaction. Fosfor (P) in water increases with added years after compaction lower at 39.1 mg/L in the block without compaction compare of forest that 40.8 mg/L. Leaf nutrient rate on compacted block on optimum until excess where N (2. 69 – 3.15 %) , P (0. 170 – 0.209 %) , K( 0. 952 – 1.11%) , Mg ( 0. 377 – 0.497%) , except on block without compacting K (0. 830 %) and Mg (0. 190%) at deficiency and 0 years afters compaction Mg leaf on level deficiency 0. 230%. Nutrient content of B, Cu and Zn at various level and not influenced by compacting.
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Frey, Beat, Johann Kremer, Andreas Rüdt, Stephane Sciacca, Dietmar Matthies, and Peter Lüscher. "Compaction of forest soils with heavy logging machinery affects soil bacterial community structure." European Journal of Soil Biology 45, no. 4 (July 2009): 312–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejsobi.2009.05.006.
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Rejšek, K., J. Buchar, VaníčekI, L. Hromádko, V. Vranová, and K. Marosz. "Results of dynamic penetration test – an indicator of the compaction of surface soil horizons by forestry machinery." Journal of Forest Science 57, No. 10 (October 17, 2011): 439–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/4/2011-jfs.
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The objective of research was, on the basis of the exactly predefined input parameters of upper soil horizons of selected forest soils, to perform accurate measurements of the impact of soil loading by tested forestry machinery using the dynamic penetration test. The measurements by the dynamic penetration test in conditions changed by the wheel traffic of forestry mechanization were performed at three localities of the Křtiny Training Forest Enterprise, Masaryk Forest, a special-purpose facility of Mendel University in Brno. The dynamic penetration test was performed with a lightweight dynamic penetrometer. The methodology of the research is based on assessing the ability of soils to resist dynamic penetration of a rod with a cone, in relation to their lithological composition and physicomechanical properties; the measurement itself is defined by the ISO 22476-2 (2005) standard. Penetrometer measurements were repeated in the period after a harvesting operation and again 6 months later, i.e. in October 2007, April 2008 and October 2008. The results of the field dynamic penetration test and the results of laboratory testing of main soil physical parameters are presented in figures and tables. Besides the naturally variable soil compaction on geologically different substrates, the obtained original results document differences in the impact of particular forestry machines. In conditions of the identical geological substrate, the results indicate that the universal wheeled tractor had a more negative influence on the compaction of surface soil horizons compared to the multi-axle harvester and the forwarder.
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Tian, Yuan, Qiuliang Zhang, and Xuan Liu. "The influence of soil compaction in explaining spatial heterogeneity of different larch forest types: a preliminary study." Journal of Forestry Research 31, no. 6 (June 27, 2019): 2395–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11676-019-01003-x.
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Abstract Compacted soil has an adverse effect on plant roots and affects water and nutrient availability. However, different degrees of soil compaction may be suitable for growth and development of different understory species. This study determined whether soil compaction could explain characteristics of 10 different Dahurian larch (Larix gmelinii Rupr.) forest types in the Daxing’anling area. The relationship of soil compaction to soil depth was also studied. Forty-five tests were conducted on soil compaction of the 10 forest types with multiple comparisons, of which five showed no significant differences. At different soil depths, there were significant differences in soil compaction among forest types. The correlation between the degree of soil compaction and depth was positive and significant. The Larix gmelinii—shrub forest type, L. gmelinii—herb forest type, and L. gmelinii—swamp forest type were significantly different in soil compaction according to soil depth. This research indicates that, as a physical property, soil compaction may be used to explain forest distribution spatial variabilities.
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Neiva Júnior, Eudes, Wellington Willian Rocha, Bruno Silva Pires, Múcio Mágno de Melo Farnezi, Moacir de Souza Dias Junior, Danilo Fernandes Borges de Freitas, Enilson de Barros Silva, and Gianniini Alexsandra de Oliveira Carvalho. "COMPRESSIBLITY AND PENETRABILITY OF LATOSSOLO VERMELHO-AMARELO DISTRÓFICO (OXISOL) UNDER VARIED MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS AND LAND USES." Revista Brasileira de Ciência do Solo 39, no. 1 (February 2015): 86–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/01000683rbcs20150032.
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Soil compaction is one of the main degradation causes, provoked by inappropriate agricultural practices that override the limitations of the soil physical properties. Preconsolidation pressure and penetration resistance have proved effective as alternative to assess and identify soil compaction. Based on the interpretation of these physico-mechanical parameters, compaction can be prevented with a better adjusted soil management. This study was performed to generate preconsolidation pressure and penetration resistance models for Latososlo Vermelho-Amarelo distrófico (Oxisol) under various managements and uses; and evaluate which of these would lead to degradation or degradation susceptibility. The study was carried out in Curvelo, MG. Two managements and one land use were evaluated: no-tillage, sheep grazing and natural forest. Undisturbed soil samples collected from the 0-5 cm layer were subjected to uniaxial compression and penetration resistance tests. Preconsolidation pressure models for forest and no-tillage soils were not statistically different, demonstrating a low degradation potential in no-tillage systems. Preconsolidation pressure was higher in soil under sheep grazing at all water retention tensions and penetration resistance values were higher than under native forest indicating animal trampling as a potential degradation factor. Neither management presented penetration resistance values above 2 MPa at field capacity moisture. Only under sheep grazing the soil penetrability was near 2 MPa at field capacity and values greater than 2 MPa at 0.2 kg kg-1.
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Fleming, Robert L., Michael F. Laporte, Gary D. Hogan, and Paul W. Hazlett. "Effects of harvesting and soil disturbance on soil CO2 efflux from a jack pine forest." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 36, no. 3 (March 1, 2006): 589–600. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x05-258.
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We measured organic matter removal and soil compaction effects on soil surface CO2 efflux (F) from a jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb.) forest and developed an analytical framework involving multiplicative response functions to interpret response. Treatments included stem-only harvest (OM0C0), full-tree harvest (OM1C0), full-tree harvest with surface soil removal (OM2C0), full-tree harvest with surface soil removal and soil compaction (OM2C2), and uncut forest (UF). Mean F and calculated F at 10 °C under nonlimiting soil moisture conditions (F10) were greatest in treatments with intact organic surfaces and often larger in the OM2C0 than in the OM2C2. F10 showed strong linear relationships with detrital production in harvested plots, with total near-surface carbon in all plots, and was positively correlated with understory cover. F increased exponentially with soil temperature, with the most and least pronounced responses found in the UF and OM2C0 treatments, respectively. F also responded in parabolic fashion to relative soil water content. In the UF, F was often low in May because of cold soils, but subsequently attained rates equivalent to those of the OM0C0 and OM1C0, despite lower soil temperatures. Three to five growing seasons after treatment, soil temperature and moisture, together with F10, explained 71%87% of the plot-level variation in F.
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Neufeld, Josh D., and William W. Mohn. "Unexpectedly High Bacterial Diversity in Arctic Tundra Relative to Boreal Forest Soils, Revealed by Serial Analysis of Ribosomal Sequence Tags." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 71, no. 10 (October 2005): 5710–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.71.10.5710-5718.2005.
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ABSTRACT Arctic tundra and boreal forest soils have globally relevant functions that affect atmospheric chemistry and climate, yet the bacterial composition and diversity of these soils have received little study. Serial analysis of ribosomal sequence tags (SARST) and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) were used to compare composite soil samples taken from boreal and arctic biomes. This study comprises an extensive comparison of geographically distant soil bacterial communities, involving the analysis of 12,850 ribosomal sequence tags from six composite soil samples. Bacterial diversity estimates were greater for undisturbed arctic tundra soil samples than for boreal forest soil samples, with the highest diversity associated with a sample from an extreme northern location (82oN). The lowest diversity estimate was obtained from an arctic soil sample that was disturbed by compaction and sampled from a greater depth. Since samples from the two biomes did not form distinct clusters on the basis of SARST data and DGGE fingerprints, factors other than latitude likely influenced the phylogenetic compositions of these communities. The high number of ribosomal sequences analyzed enabled the identification of possible cosmopolitan and endemic bacterial distributions in particular soils.
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Han, Sang-Kyun, Han-Sup Han, Deborah S. Page-Dumroese, and Leonard R. Johnson. "Soil compaction associated with cut-to-length and whole-tree harvesting of a coniferous forest." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 39, no. 5 (May 2009): 976–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x09-027.
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The degree and extent of soil compaction, which may reduce productivity of forest soils, is believed to vary by the type of harvesting system, and a field-based study was conducted to compare soil compaction from cut-to-length (CTL) and whole-tree (WT) harvesting operations. The CTL harvesting system used less area to transport logs to the landings than did the WT harvesting system (19%–20% vs. 24%–25%). At high soil moisture levels (25%–30%), both CTL and WT harvestings caused a significant increase of soil resistance to penetration (SRP) and bulk density (BD) in the track compared with the undisturbed area (p < 0.05). In the center of trails, however, only WT harvesting resulted in a significant increase of SRP and BD compared with the undisturbed area (p < 0.05). Slash covered 69% of the forwarding trail area in the CTL harvesting units; 37% was covered by heavy slash (40 kg·m–2) while 32% was covered by light slash (7.3 kg·m–2). Heavy slash was more effective in reducing soil compaction in the CTL units (p < 0.05). Prediction models were developed that can be used to estimate percent increases in SRP and BD over undisturbed areas for both CTL and WT harvesting systems.
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Shepperd, Wayne D. "The Effect of Harvesting Activities on Soil Compaction, Root Damage, and Suckering in Colorado Aspen." Western Journal of Applied Forestry 8, no. 2 (April 1, 1993): 62–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/wjaf/8.2.62.
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Abstract Logging activities cause significant compaction on skid trails in commercial aspen harvest areas. Bulk density increases have persisted up to 12 yr following harvest. Compaction of the upper 0.2 m of an undisturbed mineral soil profile increased with each succeeding pass of a tractor where later passes contributed less to the total compaction effect. Compaction effects were similar under wet soil conditions. High organic matter content in the upper mineral soil profile may have decreased the magnitude of compaction effects. Root damage can occur without apparent disruption of the soil profile, especially to fine roots and those in saturated soils. West. J. Appl. For. 8(2):62-66.
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De Vargas, Francieli, Catize Brandelero, Denise Andréia Szymczak, Lúcio De Paula Amaral, Mirta Teresinha Petry, and Valmir Werner. "PHYSICAL QUALITY OF SOIL IN MECHANIZED THINNING OF Eucalyptus sp." FLORESTA 50, no. 4 (September 29, 2020): 1837. http://dx.doi.org/10.5380/rf.v50i4.66186.
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The traffic of machines is the main cause of compaction of forest soils, causing soil deformations, due to the pressures exerted by the machines, both at the time of cutting and in the transshipment of wood. In this sense, this work had as objective to evaluate soil compaction, caused by the traffic of machines, in the mechanized thinning operation of Eucalyptus saligna Smith. This study was carried out in forest stands, in the municipality of Butiá, RS. Changes in soil physical properties were evaluated in three treatments: with no traffic; after cutting; and after wood transshipment. The forest inventory and collection of undisturbed soil samples were carried out to determine microporosity, macroporosity and bulk density. The experimental design was the completely randomized, in a bifactorial arrangement, with subdivided plots. For the comparison of the physical attributes, the Tukey test (p≤0.05) of significance was used. The results evidenced increase in soil density values, mainly in the treatment after transshipment and decrease in macropores, with values close to and below the limit considerable as detrimental to the development of the plants. The knowledge of soil deformations caused by forest operations contributes to the improvement of future processes aiming to guide the physical quality of the soil, in order to offer beneficial conditions to the growth of the plants.
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Solgi, A., and A. Najafi. "The impacts of ground-based logging equipment on forest soil." Journal of Forest Science 60, No. 1 (January 30, 2014): 28–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/76/2013-jfs.
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Soil properties can be affected by heavy equipment used for skidding but these impacts vary greatly with site conditions and operational practices. We assessed the effects of ground-based skidding on site disturbance and soil physical properties. We also tested the effects of skid trail slope and traffic frequency on soil compaction, total porosity, and moisture content. On average, about 30% of all harvested area was disturbed to varying levels. Intact forest floor (undisturbed) and light slash were the dominant surface conditions, covering an average of 68.9% of harvested area. Deep disturbed soils accounted for only just over 1.1% of observations. Results showed that dry bulk density, total porosity and moisture content were affected considerably on skid trails by traffic frequency and skid trail slope. Measurements of soil properties in the surface layer (0–10 cm) showed that bulk density is 57% higher and total porosity is 31% lower on the skid trail compared to the undisturbed area. Average moisture content has been measured as 35% on the skid trail versus 47% in the undisturbed area.
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Yamelynets, Taras. "Erosion degradation of grey soils and correlation with other types of degradation within Western region of Ukraine." Visnyk of the Lviv University. Series Geography, no. 44 (November 28, 2013): 397–404. http://dx.doi.org/10.30970/vgg.2013.44.1248.
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The main types of erosion soil degradation have been described and their reflections on the modern conditions of grey soils of the Western Forest Steppe have been evaluated. On the base of three model areas the actual and predicted criteria and indices of soil erosion degradation have been analyzed. The negative spatial changes of the diagnostic properties and characteristics of the studied soil have been investigated by detailed study and analysis using specific research model areas and modern techniques. The analysis of the set of indicators and criteria for assessing the degree of soil degradation was indicated a high level of its degradation. The high level of soil degradation primarily related to soil compaction/structure and reduction of agronomically valuable soil aggregates. According to these two criteria the studied soils within three model areas have been identified as in pre-crisis and crisis state. Key words: erosion, soil degradation, empirical models.
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Jakobsen, B. F., and E. L. Greacen. "Compaction of sandy forest soils by forwarder operations." Soil and Tillage Research 5, no. 1 (March 1985): 55–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0167-1987(85)80016-7.
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Smeltzer, D. L. K., D. R. Bergdahl, and J. R. Donnelly. "Forest ecosystem responses to artificially induced soil compaction. II. Selected soil microorganism populations." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 16, no. 4 (August 1, 1986): 870–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x86-154.
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Soil microorganism populations were measured 1 year after 4 years of compaction treatments on 0.07-ha plots in a mixed oak – red maple forest on loamy sand. Four treatments were imposed on two plots each: (i) control; (ii) soil compaction; (iii) mulch before compaction; (iv) 3-year compaction followed by mulch. Three selective agar media were used to isolate soil fungi and bacteria. Nematodes and macroarthropods were also sampled. Total fungi, bacteria, nematodes, and arthropods had significantly higher populations on control plots, usually with mulch treatments intermediate and compaction (no mulch) plots lowest. Fusarium sp. were most numerous on unmulched, compacted plots and only rarely isolated from the controls. Microorganism population differences associated with treatment were still detectable 2 years after compaction occurred, but not 5 years after compaction.
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Axelrood, Paige E., Monica L. Chow, Clarke S. Arnold, Karen Lu, Joseph M. McDermott, and Julian Davies. "Cultivation-dependent characterization of bacterial diversity from British Columbia forest soils subjected to disturbance." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 48, no. 7 (July 1, 2002): 643–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/w02-058.
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Bacteria from forest surface organic matter and mineral soil horizons were cultivated using four methods and characterized by fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) analysis. Soil samples from a British Columbia Ministry of Forests Long-Term Soil Productivity (LTSP) installation were collected during winter and summer from two disturbance treatments (whole-tree harvesting with no soil compaction (plot N) and whole-tree harvesting plus complete surface organic matter removal with heavy soil compaction (plot S)) and from an unlogged reference plot (REF). Seventy-five percent of 1795 bacterial isolates were affiliated with 42 genera representing β- and γ-Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, the Bacillus/Clostridium group, and the Cytophaga-Flexibacter-Bacteroides group. Approximately half of the culture collection represented genetic diversity confined to four bacterial genera: Pseudomonas, Bacillus, Paenibacillus, and Arthrobacter. A significantly higher proportion of bacterial isolates belonging to Actinobacteria, and the member genus Arthrobacter, were isolated from plot S soil samples compared with soil samples from plots N and REF. Twenty-five percent of bacterial isolates were not conclusively identified to genus with FAME analysis. MIDI Tracker cluster analysis and partial 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis enabled classification of a subset of these isolates.Key words: bacterial diversity, fatty acid methyl ester analysis (FAME), forest soil.
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Kumar, Kewat Sanjay. "Sustainable Management of Soil for Carbon Sequestration." Science & Technology Journal 5, no. 2 (July 1, 2017): 132–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.22232/stj.2017.05.02.10.
Full textAbstract:
Mechanisms governing carbon stabilization in soils have received a great deal of attention in recent years due to their relevance in the global carbon cycle. Two thirds of the global terrestrial organic C stocks in ecosystems are stored in below ground components as terrestrial carbon pools in soils. Furthermore, mean residence time of soil organic carbon pools have slowest turnover rates in terrestrial ecosystems and thus there is vast potential to sequester atmospheric CO2 in soil ecosystems. Depending upon soil management practices it can be served as source or sink for atmospheric CO2. Sustainable management systems and practices such as conservation agriculture, agroforestry and application of biochar are emerging and promising tools for soil carbon sequestration. Increasing soil carbon storage in a system simultaneously improves the soil health by increase in infiltration rate, soil biota and fertility, nutrient cycling and decrease in soil erosion process, soil compaction and C emissions. Henceforth, it is vital to scientifically explore the mechanisms governing C flux in soils which is poorly understood in different ecosystems under anthropogenic interventions making soil as a potential sink for atmospheric CO2 to mitigate climate change. Henceforth, present paper aims to review basic mechanism governing carbon stabilization in soils and new practices and technological developments in agricultural and forest sciences for C sequestration in terrestrial soil ecosystems.
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Kunickaya, Ol’ga, Edward Hertz, Igor Kruchinin, Evgeniy Tikhonov, Nikolai Ivanov, Nikolay Dolmatov, Maksim Zorin, and Igor Grigorev. "Pressure Control Systems for Tyre Preservation in Forestry Machinery and Forest Soils." Asian Journal of Water, Environment and Pollution 18, no. 3 (July 29, 2021): 95–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/ajw210033.
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Most forestry machinery today has a wheel-driven engine, and its tyre pressure has a significant impact on the compaction and degradation of the forest soil, causing environmental damages. Not only the durability of the tyres but also the driving characteristics and productivity of wheeled forest machines depend on the correct choice of pressure and competent operation. This work aims to analyse modern tyre pressure control technologies to develop an automated tyre pressure control system for wheeled forest machinery and lower the environmental impact. A new tyre pressure control system in forest machines was developed using a PressurePro solution, which contributes to a lower negative influence on the soil and reduces expenses for diagnostics and fuel. The study results of the tyre-to-ground contact pressure show that the installation of an automatic tyre pressure control system leads to its decrease by 20%. However, as the number of passes increases, the pressure might slightly increase. The study of humus content and soil compaction demonstrates that reduced tyre pressure and its automatic control contribute to a minimal reduction in humus content and soil compaction over time. Installation of the tyre pressure and temperature control system on forestry machines allows the system to be implemented quickly due to the simplicity of installation and operation.
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Frey, Beat. "Bewertung von befahrungsbedingten Bodenveränderungen mittels Bakterienpopulationen | Evaluation of machine-induced soil compaction in forest soils by means of changes in soil bacteria populations." Schweizerische Zeitschrift fur Forstwesen 161, no. 12 (December 1, 2010): 498–503. http://dx.doi.org/10.3188/szf.2010.0498.
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The use of heavy logging machinery in the Swiss forest most often leads to the formation of ruts in which the soil suffers profound and long-lasting damage. In Switzerland the establishment of legal guidelines concerning the measurement of parameters in forest soil physics is being devised, although the necessary scientific bases are still largely lacking. The central question is what degree of structural change in the soil is to be regarded as soil damage. The purpose of this study is to investigate the functional relationship between the physical properties of the soil (compaction), the way these influence vital soil functions and the composition of the bacterial population in the deep ruts. Wheel tracks were divided into three categories, depending on the degree of compaction, by an optical evaluation of easily recognizable morphological characteristics. Soil samples from places showing typical characteristics were investigated for their physical parameters, and genetic analyses of the soil bacteria were carried out. First results show that mechanical pressure on soil by heavy harvesting machines interferes with the balance of gases in the soil of the ruts, and this leads to a shift in the species of soil bacteria present. Anaerobic conditions in the compacted wheel tracks encourage those bacteria adapted to conditions of low oxygen, and increase the production of trace gases (methane, nitrous oxide). The study shows that bacterial populations are sensitive to mechanical pressures on the soil and react to changing habitats. They can thereby be used in an evaluation of the degree of structural damage in the forest soil after the passage of machines.
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Battigelli, Jeffrey P., John R. Spence, David W. Langor, and Shannon M. Berch. "Short-term impact of forest soil compaction and organic matter removal on soil mesofauna density and oribatid mite diversity." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 34, no. 5 (May 1, 2004): 1136–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x03-267.
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This study examines the short-term impact of forest soil compaction and organic matter removal on soil mesofauna, in general, and oribatid mite species, in particular. Both soil compaction and organic matter removal reduced the density of soil mesofauna. Stem-only harvesting reduced total mesofauna densities by 20% relative to uncut forest values. A combination of whole-tree harvest and forest floor removal with heavy soil compaction significantly reduced total soil mesofauna densities by 93% relative to the uncut forest control. Removal of the forest floor represents a substantial loss of habitat for most soil mesofauna. The forest floor apparently buffered the mineral soil by limiting both the impact of soil compaction and fluctuations in soil temperature and moisture. The relative abundance of Prostigmata and Mesostigmata increased with treatment severity, whereas that of Oribatida decreased. Species richness of the oribatid mite fauna was reduced as the severity of treatments increased. The number of rare oribatid species (those representing <1% of the total oribatid mite sample) decreased by 40% or more relative to the uncut forest control. Evenness also decreased as treatment severity increased. Oppiella nova and Suctobelbella sp. near acutidens were the dominant oribatid species in both the forest floor and mineral soil, regardless of treatment. Soil compaction and organic matter removal significantly impacted the density and diversity of soil mesofauna and oribatid mite fauna in the short term at these study sites.
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Silva, Sérgio Ricardo, Ivo Ribeiro da Silva, Nairam Félix de Barros, and Eduardo de Sá Mendonça. "Effect of compaction on microbial activity and carbon and nitrogen transformations in two oxisols with different mineralogy." Revista Brasileira de Ciência do Solo 35, no. 4 (August 2011): 1141–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-06832011000400007.
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The use of machinery in agricultural and forest management activities frequently increases soil compaction, resulting in greater soil density and microporosity, which in turn reduces hydraulic conductivity and O2 and CO2 diffusion rates, among other negative effects. Thus, soil compaction has the potential to affect soil microbial activity and the processes involved in organic matter decomposition and nutrient cycling. This study was carried out under controlled conditions to evaluate the effect of soil compaction on microbial activity and carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) mineralization. Two Oxisols with different mineralogy were utilized: a clayey oxidic-gibbsitic Typic Acrustox and a clayey kaolinitic Xantic Haplustox (Latossolo Vermelho-Amarelo ácrico - LVA, and Latossolo Amarelo distrófico - LA, respectively, in the Brazil Soil Classification System). Eight treatments (compaction levels) were assessed for each soil type in a complete block design, with six repetitions. The experimental unit consisted of PVC rings (height 6 cm, internal diameter 4.55 cm, volume 97.6 cm³). The PVC rings were filled with enough soil mass to reach a final density of 1.05 and 1.10 kg dm-3, respectively, in the LVA and LA. Then the soil samples were wetted (0.20 kg kg-1 = 80 % of field capacity) and compacted by a hydraulic press at pressures of 0, 60, 120, 240, 360, 540, 720 and 900 kPa. After soil compression the new bulk density was calculated according to the new volume occupied by the soil. Subsequently each PVC ring was placed within a 1 L plastic pot which was then tightly closed. The soils were incubated under aerobic conditions for 35 days and the basal respiration rate (CO2-C production) was estimated in the last two weeks. After the incubation period, the following soil chemical and microbiological properties were detremined: soil microbial biomass C (C MIC), total soil organic C (TOC), total N, and mineral N (NH4+-N and NO3--N). After that, mineral N, organic N and the rate of net N mineralization was calculated. Soil compaction increased NH4+-N and net N mineralization in both, LVA and LA, and NO3--N in the LVA; diminished the rate of TOC loss in both soils and the concentration of NO3--N in the LA and CO2-C in the LVA. It also decreased the C MIC at higher compaction levels in the LA. Thus, soil compaction decreases the TOC turnover probably due to increased physical protection of soil organic matter and lower aerobic microbial activity. Therefore, it is possible to conclude that under controlled conditions, the oxidic-gibbsitic Oxisol (LVA) was more susceptible to the effects of high compaction than the kaolinitic (LA) as far as organic matter cycling is concerned; and compaction pressures above 540 kPa reduced the total and organic nitrogen in the kaolinitic soil (LA), which was attributed to gaseous N losses.
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Phillips, Cassie, Jeremy Stovall, Hans Williams, and Kenneth Farrish. "Using the Forestry Reclamation Approach for Reclaimed Surface Mineland in the Western Gulf: Effects on Pinus taeda Seedling Growth and Survival." Forests 12, no. 7 (June 26, 2021): 845. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f12070845.
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While land reclamation efforts of surface mines have considerably increased soil stability since the implementation of SMCRA (Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act), research suggests that resulting soil compaction hinders the productivity of forests post-mining. The Forestry Reclamation Approach (FRA) was developed to improve forest health in the Appalachian region through a five-step process that minimizes soil compaction and establishes a productive forest. The FRA has not yet been tested in the western Gulf Coastal Plain (GCP). The higher clay content of some GCP soils and the dearth of coarse fragments (e.g., cobbles, stones and boulders) may affect reclamation practices and the ability of these methods to create productive forests. Compaction caused by conventional reclamation methods in the GCP has not been studied in great detail. Thus, this study attempts to provide a comparison of two reclamation methods, FRA low-compaction method used in the Appalachian region with that of conventional scraper-pan (scraper) methods in the GCP. This study used the FRA with common silvicultural practices of the western Gulf. The two hectare study site was installed with a randomized complete block design with three replicates comparing conventional scraper reclamation used in the region with that of an unmined control and the FRA-style low compaction treatment. Following soil reclamation, containerized loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) seedlings of a western Gulf provenance were hand-planted. Soil chemical and physical parameters were assessed on each treatment to determine the effect the FRA and scraper method had on resulting tree seedling growth and survival. After three growing seasons, seedlings in the FRA plots had significantly greater tree volumes than both the scraper (p = 0.0139) and the control (p = 0.0247) treatments. The FRA plots also had a 97% survival rate, while scraper plots had a survival of 86%. The FRA plots had significantly lower soil bulk densities than scraper (p = 0.0353) and control (p < 0.0001) plots which likely influenced growth and survival trends. Soil nutrients were increasingly available on the FRA and scraper plots, likely due to mixing of the soil profile when compared to the unmined control. Leaf-level water potential and gas exchange were not correlated to growth and survival and did not differ among treatments. These results suggest reclamation practices modeled after FRA methods may benefit tree growth and survival in the Western Gulf.
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Smith, C. W., M. A. Johnston, and S. A. Lorentz. "The effect of soil compaction on the water retention characteristics of soils in forest plantations." South African Journal of Plant and Soil 18, no. 3 (January 2001): 87–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02571862.2001.10634410.
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