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1
Wysocka-Fijorek, Emilia. "Evaluation of forestry companies with differing administrative and production costs." Forest Research Papers 78, no. 1 (March 1, 2017): 45–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/frp-2017-0005.
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Abstract This paper contributes to the ongoing discussion on the improvement of private forest management in Poland. It examines characteristics of various types of forestry companies encompassing either completely private forests or a mixture of private and state-owned forests. Different possibilities for operating private and state-owned forestry companies were examined. The assessment of forestry companies was carried out for three categories based on forest inventory data and economic information. Each of the categories contained three different types of forestry companies classified as follows: I – companies managing private forests only, II – companies managing both private and state-owned forests (e.g. those managed by a state-run forest district), II – the same as in II but assuming minimal costs. The different types of forestry companies were then subjected to a more detailed analysis with respect to the following factors: A – only their own administrative costs, B – administrative costs and overheads assumed to be the same as in the State Forests, C – overheads assumed to be the same as in the State Forests but administrative costs are calculated as in A. For each of the scenarios, income, costs and revenues were calculated. The different types of forestry companies established above also allowed for an assessment of the used data and their collection. In conclusion, incomes of the forestry companies were generally low due to forest stands being managed by companies. Only in scenario A, which assumes very low management costs, did each of the company types gain revenues. This means that the main direction for the development of forestry companies should be to maintain low management costs.
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Dickinson, Yvette, Eric K. Zenner, and Douglas Miller. "Examining the effect of diverse management strategies on landscape scale patterns of forest structure in Pennsylvania using novel remote sensing techniques." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 44, no. 4 (April 2014): 301–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjfr-2013-0315.
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We used novel remote sensing techniques to compare the landscape-scale patterns of forest structure in Pennsylvania, USA under the management of four different agencies with varying primary objectives, including production forestry, wildlife habitat, recreation, and private ownership. We (i) developed a forest structure classification scheme using publicly available LiDAR and orthographic aerial imagery data, (ii) mapped the forest structure across twenty forested landscapes, and (iii) compared the landscape-scale forest structure patterns among the four forest management types. Our results indicate that different management philosophies and their associated forest management approaches have resulted in contrasting landscape-scale patterns of forest structure. Privately managed forests had shorter forests, higher densities of distinct patches, higher interspersion of patch types, and higher forest structure diversity at fine-scales (1.5 ha grain size) compared to forests lightly managed for recreation. Production forests under ecosystem management and forests managed for wildlife habitat exhibited intermediate patterns of forest structure. This variation in forest structure patterns among the forest managers is likely to have implications for wildlife habitat and other ecosystem services. Furthermore, greater emphasis is needed on encouraging private landowners to manage across property boundaries and providing the resources and tools to manage forests at the landscape scale.
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Mutz, Rüdiger. "Privatwaldforschung in Deutschland: Überblick und Folgerungen | Private forest owner research in Germany: Overview and implications." Schweizerische Zeitschrift fur Forstwesen 158, no. 9 (September 1, 2007): 285–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.3188/szf.2007.0285.
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This contribution aims to give a summary about the research of private forests in Germany by summarizing the forest structure, enumerating themes and trends, and illustrating four studies. The private forests in Germany share 43.6% on the total forest area (EU-average: 65%), the largest percentage of the German forest area in comparison to state or communal forests. In private forests considerably less wood is utilized as is grown again. Furthermore, private forests are actually prone to drastic structural changes in combination with the structural crisis of agriculture. Beyond the traditional agricultural forest owner a new type of forest owner is appearing,so-called «urban» forest owner. For further research meta-analysis, an evaluation of advisory service programs and forest funds are discussed.
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Schmithüsen, F. "Multifunctional forestry practices as a land use strategy to meet increasing private and public demands in modern societies." Journal of Forest Science 53, No. 6 (January 7, 2008): 290–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/2016-jfs.
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The present distribution of forests and the degree of their transformation by man are the results of natural factors and cultural development. The limit between forested areas and open spaces, as well as differences between intensively used forests and those showing small or no traces of human intervention, is determined by social needs and values, economic opportunities, and political regulations. Forests are currently perceived by the population as physical and social spaces profoundly influenced by timber use and forest management. Their social and political significance is in full evolution. The multiple demands on forests in a rapidly evolving economic, social, and political environment require maintaining a high level of forest management standards and a flexible adaptation of multiple-use forestry to the complex interactions between the private and public sectors.
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Medarevic, Milan, Biljana Sljukic, and Snezana Obradovic. "Sustainable forest management planning in Serbia." Bulletin of the Faculty of Forestry, suppl. (2014): 9–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/gsf14s1009m.
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The forest cover of Serbia occupies around 29% of its territory, which puts it among fairly well wooded countries in Europe. The forests of Serbia are characterized by both state and private forests, medium preservation status, i.e. 27% of area that is covered by insufficiently stocked stands. Coppice forests cover about 50% of the area, and private forests are additionally burdened by fragmented plots. Forest management planning in Serbia is older than 200 years (The Plan of Deliblato Sands Afforestation 1806). There are two basic assumptions that define forest management planning: sustainability and multifunctionality. Today, forest management planning in Serbia is regulated by the Law on forests and it has the characteristics of a system. The planning also has the characteristics of an integral, integrated and adaptive system. The latter is particularly important in terms of pronounced climatic changes. For the forests in protected objects of nature, there are also other types of plans that complement sector plans in forestry (e.g. management plans in protected areas).
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Askar, Narissara Nuthammachot, Worradorn Phairuang, Pramaditya Wicaksono, and Tri Sayektiningsih. "Estimating Aboveground Biomass on Private Forest Using Sentinel-2 Imagery." Journal of Sensors 2018 (December 16, 2018): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/6745629.
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Private forests have a crucial role in maintaining the functioning of the Indonesian forest ecosystem especially because of the continuous degradation of natural forests. Private forests are a part of social forestry which becomes a tool for the Indonesian government to reduce carbon dioxide (CO2) emission by 26% by 2030. The United Nations Programme on Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation has encouraged the Indonesian government to establish a forest monitoring system by estimating forest carbon stock using a combination of forest inventory and remote sensing. This study is aimed at assessing the potential of vegetation indices derived from Sentinel-2 for estimating aboveground biomass (AGB) of private forests. We used 45 sample plots and 7 vegetation indices to evaluate the ability of Sentinel-2 in estimating AGB on private forests. Normalised difference index (NDI) 45 exhibited a strong correlation with AGB compared to other indices (r = 0.89; R2 = 0.79). Stepwise linear regression fitted for establishing the model between field AGB and vegetation indices (R2 = 0.81). We also found that AGB in the study area based on spatial analysis was 72.54 Mg/ha. A root mean square error (RMSE) value from predicted and observed AGB was 27 Mg/ha. The AGB value in the study area is higher than the AGB value from some of forest types, and it indicates that private forests are good for biomass storage. Overall, vegetation indices from Sentinel-2 multispectral imagery can provide a good result in terms of reporting the AGB on private forests.
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Castonguay, Mario, Josée Pâquet, Gisèle Bélanger, Augustin Lebeau, and Marie-Josée Coupal. "La tempête de verglas de 1998: les programmes forestiers au Québec." Forestry Chronicle 77, no. 4 (August 1, 2001): 599–601. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc77599-4.
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In January 1998, a severe ice storm seriously damaged private forests in southern Quebec. The federal and provincial governments agreed to implement three special assistance programs for the owners of forests and farmland. On-site application of the government measures has been entrusted to the six agencies for private forest development in the regions affected by the ice storm. The assistance consists mainly of providing eligible owners with training, consulting and technical services and in providing financial support for the restoration and regeneration of heavily damaged forests. Keywords: forest restoration, forest development, forest owner, biodiversity, financial assistance program, agency for private forest development
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Beckley, Thomas M. "Moving toward consensus-based forest management: A comparison of industrial, co-managed, community and small private forests in Canada." Forestry Chronicle 74, no. 5 (October 1, 1998): 736–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc74736-5.
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Research on forest management in North America has traditionally focussed on large, industrial forest tenures (involving both public and private land), or small, private woodlot management. Recent discussion and experiments in Canada involve new institutions for forest management. These alternative forest management systems — namely, co-managed forests and community forests — are compared to traditional forest management along several dimensions, including: locus of decision-making, nature of decision-making, scope of decision-making, tenure structure, scale, and knowledge base. There exists a gap between abstract discussions and practical applications of these models. Prospects for the continued development of these alternative management systems are evaluated. Key words: co-management, community forestry, decision making, forest tenure, forest management objectives
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Wulder, Michael A., Celina Campbell, Joanne C. White, Mike Flannigan, and Ian D. Campbell. "National circumstances in the international circumboreal community." Forestry Chronicle 83, no. 4 (August 1, 2007): 539–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc83539-4.
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Boreal forest nations are often thought to have similar environmental, social, and economic contexts. In this communication we show that boreal forest nations are a disparate grouping, with some similarities and many differences. Highlighting these differing national contexts provides insights into how a given nation utilizes the boreal forests over which it holds stewardship responsibilities. Current national contexts are related to each nation's physiography, climate, history, legacy of past forest management, the timing of transition from natural to plantation forests, population density and distribution, and access to resources and markets. Boreal forests are dominated by pioneer species that are resilient to disturbance and have a demonstrated ability to adapt to past climate changes. National responses to natural disturbances are linked to forest area, ownership, and management intensity. Boreal forests in large nations (e.g., Canada, Russian Federation) are typically publicly owned, and disturbances such as fire are allowed to progress naturally over remote areas. In smaller nations, where there is often a greater proportion of private ownership and a focus on production forestry, natural disturbances are more aggressively controlled (e.g., Sweden, Finland). Large nations with low boreal human population densities have a greater proportion of natural boreal forest, with relatively higher levels of biodiversity when compared to the fully managed forests of some smaller boreal nations. In smaller nations, the combination of limited forest area and private ownership has facilitated the dominance of intensive sustainable forestry management practices (e.g., Finland). Conversely, in nations with more spatially extensive forest assets that are publicly owned and managed to meet multiple objectives, extensive sustainable forest management practices dominate (e.g., Canada, Russian Federation). Key words: boreal forest, global, national circumstances, environmental, social, economic, forestry practices, Canada
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Nagubadi, Rao V., and Daowei Zhang. "Determinants of Timberland Use by Ownership and Forest Type in Alabama and Georgia." Journal of Agricultural and Applied Economics 37, no. 1 (April 2005): 173–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1074070800007185.
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Land use changes and timberland use by ownership and forest type in Alabama and Georgia between 1972 and 2000 are analyzed using a modified multinomial logit approach. Low average land quality, federal cost-share incentives, and favorable returns to forestry relative to agriculture were the main factors associated with timberland increase. Higher forestry returns helped increase industrial timberland but not nonindustrial private forests. An increase in hardwood forests at the expense of softwood and mixed forests was driven by increasing hardwood returns. Increasing softwood returns and tree planting assistance programs alleviated declines in softwood forests. Because factors influencing timberland use changes differ by ownership and forest type, treating all timberland as one major category may lead to incorrect predictions.
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Amatya, Swoyambhu M., and Prakash Lamsal. "Private Forests in Nepal: Status and Policy Analysis." Journal of Forest and Livelihood 15, no. 1 (September 4, 2017): 120–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jfl.v15i1.23094.
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This paper reviews and analyses the present status of private forests and tenure administration in light of existing legal, policy, and regulatory frameworks in Nepal. Additionally, the present status of private forests, as well as the scenarios of timber harvesting, transportation, marketing, and their administration are thoroughly revised. Provisions regarding forests and trees on private land and their basis are examined and implications are articulated for potential policy improvements for enhanced tenure security. It is shown that robust national-level policies and legal frameworks exist, and that there is an increasing trend of timber flows to markets from private forests over the past five years. However, there is still skepticism, mistrust and fear amongst private forest owners, saw millers, and forest administration that prevents the full use of the bundle of rights that legal and policy provisions have promised. An unusually slow pace of private forest registration, lengthy and multi stage processes for obtaining harvesting and transportation permits, and official bans on important commercial species, among others, are found to be the factors that most hinder the private forest owners’ and tree growers’ interests, and their rights and obligations with respect to the management and use of their private forest resources. It is concluded that a simplified permitting process along with programmatic support would promote and help to grow private forestry and that Nepal’s experience and lessons learned from community forest implementation would be a great asset to move towards this end. Connecting community forest user groups for organised and cooperative action, and mobilising their institutional strength and accumulated funds for pro-farmer technical and regulatory support would allow farmers to intensify tree plantations and forest management. Further steps are required to convince policymakers and secure necessary budgetary support to this end..
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Karppinen, Heimo, and Harri Hänninen. "Monitoring Finnish family forestry." Forestry Chronicle 82, no. 5 (September 1, 2006): 657–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc82657-5.
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Non-industrial private forestry is important in many European countries as well as in the United States and eastern provinces of Canada. Private forests are especially important in Finland because the forest industries are highly dependent on private timber supply. In this article, we present the Finnish monitoring system for private forestry. Forest owners receive mailed inquiries regarding demographics, holding characteristics, ownership objectives, areas of silvicultural treatments, and timber sales, as well as connections with extension organizations. Studies based on such data have been useful in planning and implementation of national forestry programs and policies. Key words: non-industrial private forest owners, small-scale forestry, landowner characteristics, ownership objectives, forest management behaviour, timber supply, Finland
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Kant, Shashi. "Sale of Canada’s public forests: Economically non-viable option." Forestry Chronicle 85, no. 6 (December 1, 2009): 841–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc85841-6.
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In recent years, some economists and journalists have argued that since only 7% of Canadian forests are under private ownership, Canadian public forests should be sold to private companies. In this paper, I examine and analyze global forest ownership and recent trends in the change in forest land ownership. In Canada, 26.5 million ha of forest land are under private ownership, while the area of forest land (of each country) of more than 200 countries, including Sweden, Finland, Germany, France, Japan, and New Zealand, is less than the area of Canada’s private forest land. Similarly, the forest industry in Canada owns more forest land available for wood supply than the forest industry in any other developed country except the USA and Sweden. There is no direct relationship between private forest ownership and the economic performance of forest industry in a country. I examine 3 cases of change in forest land ownership: Timber Investment Management Organizations and Real Estate Investment Trusts in the USA, restitution of forest land in economies in transition, and sale of plantations in Chile. None of the cases provide economic evidence in support of sale of Canadian public forests. I conclude that the sale of the Crown forest land will not only be environmentally, socially, and politically unacceptable, but will not be economically viable. Key words: Canada, economic performance, forest ownership, forest tenure, privatization, restitution of forest land, timber investment management organizations, wood supply
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Gagarin, Yu N. "RESPONSE TO REVIEW A.YU. FRANCUZOV TO ARTICLE “THE CONCEPT OF THE DRAFT FEDERAL LAW” FOREST CODE OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION “." FOREST SCIENCE ISSUES 3, no. 3 (December 2, 2020): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.31509/2658-607x-2020-3-3r-1-5.
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The article discusses the issues of the economic organization of forestry and proposals for its transformation from the sphere of budgetary services to the branch of material production, based on the international practice of profitable forestry without its integration with the timber processing industry. We have given a brief description of the low investment attractiveness of forestry production due to its long-term nature, which requires a special source of funding, and also described the advantages of state forestry organizations in terms of state ownership of forests over private forest use, burdened with forest reproduction activities (forest lease). The paper presents the general provisions of the forest management model based on the licensed right to conduct forestry by legal entities and individual entrepreneurs in state forests.
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Susaeta, Andres, and Janaki Alavalapati. "Forest Ownership, Management, and Water Production in Longleaf Pine Forests: A Stochastic Frontier Analysis." Forest Science 67, no. 2 (January 11, 2021): 145–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/forsci/fxaa048.
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Abstract This study employed stochastic frontier analysis to determine the effects of forest ownership and management on the technical efficiency of water production from longleaf pine forests in the southern United States. Data at the forest-plot level were obtained from the Forest Inventory Analysis, climatic models, and water supply relationships. Results showed that the provision of water was inefficient and significantly different between public and private ownership. Longleaf pine forests under public ownership were modestly more efficient (2.2%–1.5%) in the production of water than private longleaf pine forests. Forest management had a negative impact on the efficiency in water production for privately and publicly owned longleaf pine forests. If 1 hectare of longleaf pine supplied on average 5,000 cubic meters of water per year, the production of water on public and private lands would be reduced to 4,960 and 4,800 cubic meters per year, respectively, with forest management. Efficiency in water supply was found to decline over time in both types of forest ownership.
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Zabel, Astrid, and Alexandra Dittgen. "Privatwaldeigentümer mit und ohne landwirtschaftlichen Hintergrund im Kanton Bern." Schweizerische Zeitschrift fur Forstwesen 165, no. 12 (December 1, 2014): 377–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.3188/szf.2014.0377.
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Private forest owners with and without agricultural background in the canton of Bern In Switzerland, private forest ownership was traditionally closely tied to agricultural farms. With the ongoing structural change in the agricultural sector, there is a growing number of private forest owners who do not have an agricultural background. In order to design policy measures, e.g. to increase wood harvest in private forests, it is necessary to understand the aims and motivations of these owners. This paper investigates to what extent private forest owners without an agricultural background differ from those with such a background. The analysis builds on empirical data collected in a representative, mail survey among private forest owners in the canton of Bern. Contrary to a wide-spread assertion that forest owners without an agricultural background have little forest-specific knowledge and lack interest in their forests, this study finds that they are often interested and estimate to have a high degree of knowledge. In accordance with studies conducted in Austria and Germany the results show that to forest owners without an agricultural background generating income from their forests is often a secondary goal. Leisure and recreation are often given higher priority.
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Abt, Thomas. "Der klassische Privatwaldkanton Luzern im Aufbruch | Fundamental changes to contemporary private forest ownership in Canton Lucerne." Schweizerische Zeitschrift fur Forstwesen 159, no. 7 (July 1, 2008): 174–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.3188/szf.2008.0174.
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After the French Revolution, the forests of Lucerne have been divided and privatized more than in any other region of Switzerland. Today, approximately 70% of Lucerne's forests are owned by individuals or private organizations. Only by realignment of the Lucerne Forest Service, initiated in 1997, as well as by disassembling its sovereign and operational tasks, has it been possible to overcome disadvantages of small scale private forestry. The formation of regional organizations is crucial in this regard.
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Stevanov, Mirjana, Max Krott, Marta Curman, Silvija Krajter Ostoić, and Vladimir Stojanovski. "The (new) role of public forest administration in Western Balkans: examples from Serbia, Croatia, FYR Macedonia, and Republika Srpska." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 48, no. 8 (August 2018): 898–912. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjfr-2017-0395.
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Public forest administrations in the Western Balkans were challenged when facing novel forest policies following the breakup of Yugoslavia in the 1990s. To answer (i) what (formal) goals lead public forest administrations nowadays and (ii) how do public forest administrations fulfil these goals, we evaluated the implementation of forest policy goals in Serbia, Croatia, FYR Macedonia, and Republika Srpska by using existing criteria and indicators and the 3L model as a theoretical basis. Survey and document analyses focused on the effects observable in state and private forests. In state forests, all public or state forest enterprises were able to reach goals of multifunctionality and profitablity by prioritizing marketable goods. Sustaining forest stands is important, but it is met differently in practice. Performance in private forests is much weaker and the influence of ministry departments or sectors is weak. In conclusion, the potential for a new, stronger role of public forest administration exists: (i) the supply of marketable and nonmarketable goods could be increased, whereas securing sustained forest stands remains a permanent challenge; (ii) efficiency and profits could be improved if internal and external pressures grow; and (iii) joining forces of forestry actors could strengthen the currently weak political role and enable a strong forestry representative to emerge in the future.
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Schwan, Terry D., and Ken A. Elliott. "Effects of diameter-limit by-laws on forestry practices, economics, and regional wood supply for private woodlands in southwestern Ontario." Forestry Chronicle 86, no. 5 (September 1, 2010): 623–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc86623-5.
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The agriculturally dominated Counties of Huron and Perth in southwestern Ontario regulate forest harvesting on private land through diameter-limit-based tree conservation by-laws. The rates of harvesting, along with the volume and value of timber sales and the type and quantity of tree marking were examined for the years 1997 to 1999. Although these harvests may form an important part of periodic farm income, at only 13% forest cover, these landscapes maybe further degraded by unsustainable forest harvesting practices. Based on the three study years, the mean annual area of forest harvested was found to be 4.4% of the total private forest landbase. The mean volume harvested from upland and lowland deciduous forest was 4666 and 6148 fbm/ha, respectively. Over-harvesting under a diameter-limit or hybrid method occurred in 8% of woodlot area with removal rates in excess of 10 000 fbm/ha. The most severe over-harvesting disproportionately targeted lowland woodlots, possibly compromising the ecological health of these often sensitive areas. Sugar maple, red/silver maple and ash were most commonly harvested at 33%, 31% and 21% of total species volume, respectively. On average, for standing timber, landowners received $680/Mfbm in the upland hardwood forests and $281/Mfbm in the lowland hardwood forests. On an area basis, mean price paid was $3680/ha and $1956/ha respectively on upland and lowland forests. Only 8% of the private land was harvested using single-tree selection or stand improvement (92% harvest was diameter-limit or a hybrid of same). Using a simple model, we found that woodlot owners comprising at least 74% of private woodland area would need to participate in forest harvesting in order to maintain the 1997 to 1999 partial harvest area rate of 2349 ha/yr. This rate may not be sustainable, given poor forest conditions in some areas, past management practices and a reduction in landowners interested in forest harvesting. Improvements are needed to bring the level of good forestry practice up by 62% to meet the rates that were being performed under pre-1994, free, provincial government private land forestry programs. Key words: private land forestry, forest harvesting, forest conservation by-laws, sustainable forest management, diameterlimit harvest, private woodlots
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Röösli-Brun, Bruno. "Kooperation im Luzerner Privatwald (Essay) | Cooperation in Lucerne's private forests (Essay)." Schweizerische Zeitschrift fur Forstwesen 158, no. 9 (September 1, 2007): 270–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.3188/szf.2007.0270.
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In canton Lucerne, where there are many private forests, the forest owners have voluntarily pooled together for a cooperative management of their forests. The so called «regional organisations» (RO) are managed professionally and plan the overall forest maintenance and timber use. The timber is sold collectively. At the same time, the ownership is not transferred to the RO and joining the RO is voluntary. Thereby, as well as thanks to short-term start-up help of the canton and federation, the chances are high that establishing the RO will be successful and that the timber use of private forests can be increased.
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Schram, Benjamin, Karen Potter-Witter, Emily Huff, and Jagdish Poudel. "Family Forest Owner Management Decisions for Participants Enrolled in a Forest Property Taxation Program in Michigan." Forests 12, no. 1 (December 30, 2020): 35. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f12010035.
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Family forest owners affect the ecosystem services that forests provide and, thus, their management decisions are of interest to the forestry sector. There are many programs available to help family forest owners reduce the management costs, some of which involve a reduced tax burden in exchange for active management. Research Highlights: this study is the first to examine the family forest owners enrolled in a statewide forest property taxation program in Michigan in order to understand how parcel characteristics affect management decisions. Background and Objectives: the goal is to understand the relationships between parcel characteristics and family forest owner management decisions for these program enrollees. Materials and Methods: a dataset of enrollment information was compiled and cleaned, which resulted in 20,915 unique forest stands in the state. Key variables analyzed via multinomial regression include stand condition, size, density, forest types, and forest practices. Results: region, forest type, and stand size significantly predicted forest practices. Conclusions: given that stand and parcel characteristics significantly predict forest practice, it may be useful to use these data, rather than self-reported management data from the owners themselves in order to understand future management trajectories of private forests. These data also describe forest practices of enrollees in a tax program, demonstrating that the program is successfully incentivizing management and shedding light on how these programs can promote conservation and stewardship of private forests.
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Loskutova, M. V., and A. A. Fedotova. "The governmental policy on forest beekeeping in the Russian Empire in the 18th—19th centuries." Известия Русского географического общества 151, no. 2 (May 13, 2019): 78–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s0869-6071151278-95.
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Based on published and archival sources, the paper considers the transformations in Russian legislation and administrative policies on forest beekeeping (harvesting honey from owned or tended nests in forests) in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. It demonstrates how in the course of the eighteenth century, the ownership of bee nests started violating the concept of absolute private property over forests, which was increasingly incompatible with the rights of other individuals to exploit natural resources on the same territory. From the early decades of the 19th century, borders were gradually demarcated between forested areas belonging to the state and private owners, and between the state forests and those designated for the use of state peasants. This process made possible to exercise the concept of absolute private property over forests in practice. These changes in legislation and the forest cadastre were closely linked to the making of ‘forestry science’ that developed in the late 18th century under the influence of a growing demand for timber needed for the navies and merchant fleets of all European states. The precepts of ‘forestry science’ were dictated by its objective to maximise profits by focusing on the production of commercially valuable sorts of timber. By the early 19th century, this logic prompted the forest administration of the Russian empire to start contemplating measures that would obstruct any alternative forms of forest exploitation, such as harvesting honey from tended trees. The paper considers in details the tightening of administrative regulations in this area, as imposed by the Ministry of State Domains that reached its peak in the Great Reforms era, and analyses the mechanisms that translated these general causes at work into specific policies.
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Hanewinkel, Marc. "Financial Results of Selection Forest Enterprises with High Proportions of Valuable Timber – Results of an Empirical Study and their Application." Schweizerische Zeitschrift fur Forstwesen 152, no. 8 (August 1, 2001): 343–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.3188/szf.2001.0343.
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In order to analyse the financial consequences of a high proportion of selection forest and valuable timber, we compare private and communal forests with those run by the state. Enterprises run on a selection forest system clearly show more favourable economic indices which are a consequence of the high proportion of valuable timber harvested each year. The results are interpreted in a manner that creates an instrument to help managers of forest companies to make decisions. Preference is given to a «benchmarking» approach over a comparative economic approach between even-aged forests and selection forests.
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Chebotareva, V. V., P. A. Chebotarev, and V. G. Storozhenko. "To discussion of the Сoncept of the draft Federal law “Forest Code of the Russian Federation”." FOREST SCIENCE ISSUES 3, no. 3 (December 2, 2020): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.31509/2658-607x-2020-3-3-1-7.
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The article discusses the concept of the draft Federal Law of the Forest Code of the Russian Federation put forward by the CEPL staff. The timeliness of such a discussion by the wide professional community is recognized. Proposals are being made to change a number of provisions of the Concept. It is proposed to clarify the status of “wild forests”. The thesis about the inadmissibility of leaving the cutting areas of oak forests for natural overgrowth is emphasized, which leads to the transformation of strategically valuable oak formations of the Central Black Earth Region into significantly less valuable deciduous forests without his participation. The authors support the position on the unacceptability of the existing model of private forest management, which leads to “deterioration of the state of forests, reduction of their economic and ecological potential.” A number of proposals are being made to improve the country’s forestry. It is proposed to restore the Ministry of Forestry, transfer the use of forest resources to state forestry enterprises, staffed with personnel, equipment and machinery for the production of all types of forestry work. To add to the section on the indefinite use of forest plots, research institutions, educational institutions, in the use of which there are forest plots for long-term research. It is necessary to exclude other types of use of forest areas (for example, hunting use), where research or educational activities are carried out.
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Noetzli, Konrad. "Wald und Waldbewirtschaftung im Kanton Zürich – erstaunlich vielfältig!" Schweizerische Zeitschrift fur Forstwesen 163, no. 7 (July 1, 2012): 257–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.3188/szf.2012.0257.
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Forest and forest management in Canton Zurich – surprisingly varied! The forest in Canton Zurich is surprisingly diversified. The demands made upon it are just as varied. In particular forests near towns combine the functions of protection, productivity and welfare. More than half the forest land is in private ownership. In these circumstances it is not easy to fulfil all functions of the forest, whilst ensuring its sustainable management and use. In order to do this, Canton Zurich uses two instruments: a locally based forestry service present on the terrain, and a solid forestry planning at various levels. The reinforcement and continuation of these institutions are decisive in order to maintain the forest as a habitat, an economic and a recreation area. Only a far-sighted treatment of our forests, an intensive dialogue between forest owners and those who benefit from the forest, and the negotiation of workable compromises can guarantee that we may profit from forest products and services in the future.
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ADHIKARI, BHIM. "Poverty, property rights and collective action: understanding the distributive aspects of common property resource management." Environment and Development Economics 10, no. 1 (January 17, 2005): 7–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1355770x04001755.
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This study examines, in a developing-country context, the contribution of community forestry to household income with particular emphasis on group heterogeneity and equity in benefit distribution. The economic analysis of household-level benefits reveals that poorer households are currently benefiting less in absolute terms from community forestry than less poor households. In terms of the contribution of forests to total household income, the study results suggest that the poor are actually less dependent on forests than the rich, a finding that is somewhat contradictory to results from other similar studies. The average ‘poor’ household obtains Nepalese rupees (Nrs) 7,756 gross income from community forest annually, while the more ‘rich’ households obtain on average Nrs 24,466 per year. In terms of the contribution of forests to net household income, the study results seem to suggest an inverted U-shaped relationship – as income increases dependency on forest resources may decline. Econometric analysis suggests that income from the community forests is related to socio-economic attributes and private endowments of households. Households with land and livestock assets and upper caste households gain more from the commons, while better-educated households depend less on forest resources. Female-headed households benefit less from community forests, further aggravating the inequity in distribution of benefits. The study makes a number of recommendations to improve community forestry in Nepal.
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Zinkhan, F. Christian, Thomas P. Holmes, and D. Evan Mercer. "Conjoint Analysis: A Preference-Based Approach for the Accounting of Multiple Benefits in Southern Forest Management." Southern Journal of Applied Forestry 21, no. 4 (November 1, 1997): 180–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sjaf/21.4.180.
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Abstract Conjoint analysis, which enables a manager to measure the relative importance of a forest's multidimensional attributes, is critically reviewed and assessed. Special attention is given to the feasibility of using conjoint analysis for measuring the utility of market and nonmarket outputs from southern forests. Also, an application to a case of designing a nature and recreational park within a pine forest of North Carolina is presented. The authors conclude that there are promising applications for conjoint analysis; however, traditional validity testing, especially of southern nonindustrial private forest owners, is needed. South. J. Appl. For. 21(4):180-186.
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Duchesne, Luc C., and Suzanne Wetzel. "Managing timber and non-timber forest product resources in Canada's forests: Needs for integration and research." Forestry Chronicle 78, no. 6 (December 1, 2002): 837–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc78837-6.
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Non-timber forest products (NTFP) are emerging globally as a tool for the establishment of sustainable forest communities. They provide employment to various sectors of society, draw on local expertise and culture, and increase the outputs of forests. In recent years, NTFP have received accrued interest by the general public, governments and the private sectors of Canada. However, for the NTFP industry to enter mainstream Canadian industrial culture it is now critical to attempt the integration of the timber industry with the NTFP industry to benefit both sectors. NTFP can be harvested from four types of environment: wild stocks from timber-productive forests, wild stocks from non-timber-productive forests or lands, managed stocks from intensively managed forests, and domesticated stocks from agricultural systems. A large body of evidence suggests that NTFP management and harvest can serve the forest industry in many ways. There are four possible types of interaction between the NTFP and timber industries: independent resource use, competition for resources, complementary resource use and symbiotic resource use. Integration of both industries in a sustainable manner will need to be supported with research that address economic, social, policy and ecological questions. Key words: NTFP, sustainability, biodiversity, community forestry
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Duchesne, Luc C., and Suzanne Wetze. "L'aménagement des produits forestiers non ligneux et des ressources ligneuses des forêts canadiennes : besoins d'intégration et de recherche." Forestry Chronicle 79, no. 5 (October 1, 2003): 853–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc79853-5.
Full textAbstract:
Non timber forest products (NTFP) are emerging globally as a tool for the establishment of sustainable forest communities. They provide employment to various sectors of society, draw on local expertise and culture, and increase the outputs of forests. In recent years, NTFP have received accrued interest by the general public, governments and the private sectors of Canada. However, for the NTFP industry to enter mainstream Canadian industrial culture it is now critical to attempt the integration of the timber industry with the NTFP industry to benefit both sectors. NTFP can be harvested from four types of environment: wild stocks from timber-productive forests, wild stocks from non-timber-productive forests or lands, managed stocks from intensively managed forests, and domesticated stocks from agricultural systems. A large body of evidence suggests that NTFP management and harvest can serve the forest industry in many ways. There are four possible types of interaction between the NTFP and timber industries: independent resource use, competition for resources, complementary resource use and symbiotic resource use. Integration of both industries in a sustainable manner will need to be supported with research that address economic, social, policy and ecological questions. Key words: NTFP, sustainability, biodiversity, community forestry
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Abrudan, Ioan Vasile. "Post-communism structural changes of the Romanian forestry sector." Scientific Bulletin of UNFU 29, no. 10 (December 26, 2019): 18–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.36930/40291002.
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Forests cover 28 % of the land area of Romania and, they are important from the ecological, economic and social perspectives. Political initiatives to restore property to its pre-nationalization (1948) forest owners became a reality, after the fall of communism. Compared to the other former communist countries from Central and Eastern Europe, the forest restitution process in Romania took a longer time and has been legally implemented via three successive restitution laws in a period of 15 years: Law 18/1991, Law 1/2000 and Law 457/2005. By the successive implementation of these forest restitution laws, the total forest area restituted to the non-state forest owners reached 3.15 million ha at the beginning of 2017, representing about half of the total forest area in Romania. The institutional changes in the forestry sector have been politically influenced (both by the Government and European Union) and not always responsive to the sector needs, realities and evolution. Whilst during the communist period, all typical sectoral functions such as regulatory, supervisory, management and ownership were under the responsibility of the same entity – the Ministry of Forests, in early 1990 s the regulatory and supervisory functions of the state were separated from the management function as the National Forest Administration (NFA)-Romsilva was established as the management entity of state forests, mainly with a commercial mandate. The move of the Department of Forests (the public authority responsible for forests in Romania) under different ministries in the last three decades was accompanied by many changes of the subordinated units and disruptions in the normal activity of its staff. Regarding the forest control and supervisory functions at regional level, 7 regional Forest Inspectorates were established in 1999, their number being increased to 16 in 2001. After 2003 they have had a tumultuous evolution, with several changes of mission and subordination and in 2015, the Forest Inspectorates were transformed into Forest Guards. A significant institutional milestone in the post-communist development of the forestry sector in Romania was the establishment of the first "private" forest districts (administrative/management legal entities for non-state forests, similar to those of NFA-Romsilva) in 2002: their number reached 145 in 2017, managing more than 1.7 million ha of forests. The radical change in forest ownership continues to pose a high pressure on the restructuring of the forest institutions, administration and management structures. It is expected that the decentralisation and reduction of state role in forest administration and management will continue in the next decade.
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Boni, Jan. "La diversité de la propriété forestière privée dans le canton de Neuchâtel | The diversity of privately owned forests in Canton Neuchâtel." Schweizerische Zeitschrift fur Forstwesen 157, no. 7 (July 1, 2006): 287–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.3188/szf.2006.0287.
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The Canton of Neuchâtel has more than 12 000 ha privately owned forests. Some of the private owners are at the head of patrimonial forests. The diminution of revenues from the sale of wood combined with an intensification and diversification of increasing demand for the non-material aspects of the forest encourage certain owners to throw themselves into forest management with a particular aim. Some owners have a questing soul, experimenting and studying their forests. Faced with the choice of ways to realise these goals, the most suitable and most widely spread is a multifunctional management by the means of near-to-nature silviculture. It is by mastering these principles that the forest professional is and will continue to be an acknowledged and estimated forest expert.
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Egan, Andrew F. "From Timber to Forests and People: A View of Nonindustrial Private Forest Research." Northern Journal of Applied Forestry 14, no. 4 (December 1, 1997): 189–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/njaf/14.4.189.
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Abstract The published research on nonindustrial private forests (NIPFs) and their owners is substantial. Early works have focused on the role these lands may play in meeting predicted timber shortages. Later research on the NIPF situation appeared more motivated by private forest management than timber management, and more interested in the NIPF owner as a person than as a timber supplier. Correspondingly, much of the research on forestry assistance programs has been critical of their traditional timber-only approach. Many researchers have agreed that the success of such efforts hinges on their ability to address the diverse forestry objectives of private landowners rather than focusing narrowly on the advancement of timber management. North. J. Appl. For. 14(4):189-193.
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Butar, Victor Butar, Duryat ., and Rudi Hilmanto. "The Strategy of Private Forest Development in Bandar Dalam Village Sidomulyo District South Lampung Regency." Jurnal Sylva Lestari 7, no. 1 (February 17, 2019): 110. http://dx.doi.org/10.23960/jsl17110-117.
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The community forest is an alternative solution to the problem of the pressure of forest resources. The benefits obtained by the community depend on the management carried out by community forest farmers. This study aims to see and analyse the strategy of developing community forests in Bandar Dalam Village. The study was conducted in May 2015. The data collected is the potential data of wood analysed quantitatively. Measurement of wood potential data was carried out using a 10m x 10m square measuring plot with a sampling intensity of 1.3%. Analysis of Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats was carried out to determine the right development in the community forests of Bandar Dalam Village. The community forest development strategy that needs to be implemented is the maintenance of trees, reducing the weakness of knowledge about forests by increasing knowledge about the benefits of forests and reducing threats by using simple technologies such as the use of complete agricultural tools and fertilisation.Keywords: forest products, wood private forests, the development strategy
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An, Hyunjin, and Sangmin Lee. "A Utility Maximized Harvest Decision Model for Privately Owned Coniferous Forests in the Republic of Korea." Forests 11, no. 12 (November 28, 2020): 1273. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f11121273.
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This study examined optimal harvesting decisions of multiple age-class private forests that maximize private forest owners’ utility. For this analysis, we developed two scenarios. One scenario was to maintain the harvest level currently performed in the Republic of Korea (ROK) (baseline scenario), and the other was to harvest according to the harvest prescription derived from the discrete-time utility model with a multiple age-class forest (optimization scenario). For the baseline scenario, the cohort component approach was applied to predict changes in the forest’s age structure under the given harvest level. For the optimization scenario, we applied a discrete-time utility model that can describe the consumption and cutting behavior of private forest owners who manage a multiple age-class forest. Then, we compared the changes of the timber supply level and forest structure dynamic by scenarios. The results showed that current harvesting in ROK is not at its optimal level. The baseline scenario results showed that if the current level of harvesting is maintained, a total of 1,315,000 m3 of soft wood will be supplied annually. However, the average annual wood supply will increase to 11,522,000 m3 under the maximized utility scenario. In terms of timber self-sufficiency, if all domestic wood produced is supplied as materials, the supply level from the optimization scenario will meet the government’s policy goal of a 30% timber self-sufficiency rate. However, if the baseline scenario is maintained, supply shortages can be expected by 2050.
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Zupko, Robert. "Forest Ownership Patterns in the Western Upper Peninsula of Michigan, USA." Journal of Forestry 118, no. 5 (June 23, 2020): 466–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jofore/fvaa027.
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Abstract Abstract In heavily forested rural areas, tax-incentivization programs are commonly employed to encourage timber production and harvesting activities. Because of growing interest in developing woody-biomass-based biofuels in the Western Upper Peninsula of Michigan, USA, we analyzed property records to determine who the regional actors are along with what role tax-incentivization programs may play. We found that a minority of entities collectively control 77 percent of the land in the region; however, family forest owners collectively own 23 percent of the land. Although tax-incentive programs are commonly used by commercial forests, the requirements of the primary program in Michigan program appear to preclude most family forests in the region. Accordingly, this study suggests that a greater understanding of reluctance of family forests to enroll in secondary programs is needed, or a lowering of forestland requirements to permit more family forests to enroll. Study Implications In heavily forested rural areas, the development of local forest resources has been suggested as a means of developing the local economy. One means of using the forest resources is through the development of woody-biomass-based biofuel or bioenergy programs. As these programs are dependent upon harvesting to supply the relevant feedstocks, tax-incentivization programs, such as Michigan’s Commercial Forest Land (CFL), may be used to encourage commercial timber production and overcome resistance to harvesting by nonindustrial private forest (NIPF) owners. These findings suggest such programs are likely to be well to fully subscribed by commercial forests. However, the implementation of these programs (ex., minimum of 40 ac. of forestland) may preclude a significant number of family forests from being able to enroll, which may be a contributing factor to low subscription rates. As a result, policymakers wishing to encourage enrollment by family forests in tax-incentivization programs should consider the practical realities of regional family ownership (i.e., average forestland acreage) in developing the programs.
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Dewees, P., N. Kishor, and L. Ivers. "John Spears, a life in forestry: an introduction to the Special Issue." International Forestry Review 22, no. 1 (June 1, 2020): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1505/146554820829523899.
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This article introduces the Special Issue of the International Forestry Review published to honour the legacy, impact and career of the late John Spears, who was for many years the Senior Forestry Adviser at the World Bank. It outlines the long arc of his career and draws on some of the key themes which motivated John, and to which he returned throughout his life. In particular, it focuses on why he came to advocate for social and community forestry, the involvement of the private sector in forest plantation development, forestry research, education and training, the role of forests in reducing poverty, the challenges of conserving and managing tropical forests, and the potential of small and medium forest-based enterprises to contribute to job creation and economic growth. It closes with a reflection on some of the processes which were launched in parallel with his career and to which he contributed.
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Blouin, Glen. "Public involvement processes in forest management in Canada." Forestry Chronicle 74, no. 2 (April 1, 1998): 224–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc74224-2.
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Eighty-five percent of Canadian forests are owned by the provinces; the balance is owned by the federal government (9%) and private individuals and corporations (6%). Provincial crown forests have traditionally been managed by the forest industry under long term agreements with the provinces, primarily to meet timber objectives. Recent trends towards forest management for both timber and non-timber values have led to greater public involvement in decision-marking. Canadians have input into management of all three forests indirectly via laws and regulations, and directly by public participation. A variety of processes for public involvement are underway. The cornerstones to success are: equitable representation; access to information; fair and open processes; and informed participants.
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Marence, Jurij. "Meteorological disasters in Slovenian forests - how to approach the restoration in our specific conditions." Bulletin of the Faculty of Forestry, suppl. (2015): 85–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/gsf15s1085m.
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In recent years, forests are exposed to various meteorological disasters. The climate change and warming of atmosphere cause more intensive and frequent occurrences in the atmosphere. This is also reflected in Slovenian forests - in particular in the form of windthrow, snow-damage, landslides and avalanches, and in 2014 a catastrophic ice storm. Some forecasts indicate that the future will bring more of this kind of disasters. The ice storm in the last year stroke the land the most in history, in particular in terms of damaged trees and areas. According to the available data, the damaged quantities of trees represent more than a two years planned annual cut in Slovenian forests, while about a half of the country was affected. The majority of the damaged wood comes from private forests. The remedying of such extensive meteorological disasters is demanding, dangerous and prolonged - it is also hindered by the specific ownership structure of the forest land in Slovenia and its average size. 75% of all forest have private owners, and this land is fragmented with a large number of forest holders. An average forest land is only 2.3 ha per individual owner. In these conditions, the following questions have to be answered: who, how and in what time is it possible to remedy the caused damage? What is the current quality of wood which was damaged in many ways in the meteorological disaster? Is it possible to use more modern felling technologies and wood transports from the forest in so fragmented private land?
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Diamantakos, Diamando. "Private Property Deforestation and Regeneration and the Clerk of Forestry in Nineteenth-Century Ontario." Scientia Canadensis 21 (June 29, 2009): 29–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/800402ar.
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ABSTRACT By the latter part of the nineteenth century there was considerable concern in Ontario regarding the loss of forests, as a result of land clearing for agriculture and the harvesting of timber. In response, the provincial government established a department known as the Clerk of Forestry, charged with ensuring a perpetual supply of timber resources and revenues. This department instituted a variety of educational and reforestation initiatives, such as Arbor Day, and the Ontario Tree Planting Act (1883). These initiatives were justified in terms of the supposed effects of forest clearing on the local climate and agricultural productivity. However, their effectiveness was limited by the continuing priority attached to private property rights, doubts concerning the relation between forest loss, climate, and productivity, and a long-standing antagonism towards nature and forests. These issues are examined both in Ontario as a whole, and through a case study of Essex County.
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Fletcher, Lena S., David Kittredge, and Thomas Stevens. "Forest Landowners' Willingness to Sell Carbon Credits: A Pilot Study." Northern Journal of Applied Forestry 26, no. 1 (March 1, 2009): 35–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/njaf/26.1.35.
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Abstract Sequestered carbon is a new forest product that could help private forest owners earn financial returns while keeping their forests intact. Private forest owners are responsible for 78% of forests in Massachusetts, and the carbon these trees sequester could be traded in emerging cap-and-trade carbon markets in the United States. In forming policy about climate change and forestry, it is important to understand the factors that influence the likelihood of landowners choosing to sell sequestered carbon and participate in the carbon marketplace. In this pilot study, we explored the likelihood of Massachusetts forest owners selling carbon sequestered on their forestland. We found that landowners significantly favor higher payments, no withdrawal penalty, and, unexpectedly, longer time commitments. We also found that at current carbon prices, very few participants (less than 7%) would be willing to sell. Additional studies need to be conducted, with a larger sample of respondents, which may elucidate how socioeconomic variables and ownership attitudes influence forest owners' willingness to enroll in carbon markets.
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Budi Yuwono, Slamet, and Rudi Hilmanto. "Pengelolaan Hutan Rakyat Oleh Kelompok Pemilik Hutan Rakyat Di Desa Bandar Dalam Kecamatan Sidomulyo Kabupaten Lampung Selatan." Jurnal Sylva Lestari 3, no. 2 (August 11, 2015): 99. http://dx.doi.org/10.23960/jsl2399-112.
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The private forest is one of the alternative solutions to the pressure of forest resources. The benefits to be gained from private forests management includes fulfill the needs of wood, increase public revenues, and increase the productivity of land. The benefit has received by the public depends on the management carried out by private forest owners. The purposes of this study were to determine the social and economic characteristics of people who participate in managing private forests, and to determine the level of private forest management covers all aspects of planning, organizing, actuating, evaluation and monitoring. The research was conducted on August till September 2014 in Bandar Dalam village Sidomulyo District of South Lampung. The numbers of samples were 38 respondents by simple random sampling method. Data analysis methods used qualitative descriptive analysis. The results,were it can be concluded that: (1) the social and economic characteristics of the people who manage private forests mostly included in the productive age work and have a second job, amount of family burden is only a bit, and private forests land that they manage quite extensive so that their income quite high, although most low level of education; and (2) private forest management consisted of the planning aspect in medium category, organizational aspect in medium category, planting implementation aspect in both category, implementation of maintenance aspect in medium category, harvesting implementation aspect in both category, marketing implementation aspect in poor category, and monitoring-evaluation aspect are in medium category. Overall level of private forest management is medium category. Key words: Private forest, forest management, private forest owners
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Lee, Seunghyun, Sunjeoung Lee, Hee Han, Joungwon You, Jongsu Yim, and Jae Soo Bae. "Spatial and Temporal Patterns of Forest Management Activities from 1990 to 2019 to Demonstrate Additionality for Climate Change Mitigation in the Forest Sector of South Korea." Forests 12, no. 8 (July 29, 2021): 1003. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f12081003.
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Forest management is key to maintaining and increasing carbon sinks in forests. In the context of climate change mitigation, the exact number of carbon sinks associated with forest management is estimated as the additionality of activities, which means net greenhouse gas (GHG) removals or carbon sequestration over and above those that would have arisen even in the absence of a given activity. This study analyzes the spatial and temporal patterns of forest management activities to present the forest management ratio, of managed area to the total forest area, as an indicator of additionality in forest management in South Korea. Forest management activities based on the IPCC guidelines were spatially constructed, and the characteristics of managed and protected forests from 1990 to 2019 were analyzed. The results indicate that between the managed forests and roads, 90% of the management activities in private forests occurred within 214 m of the road, and 70% of the activities in the national forest occurred within 234 m. Management took place in easy-to-access places with gentle slopes and low elevations. The proportion of protected forests above 40 years old is 87.2%, higher than the average of 72% in South Korea, and it is expected that most forests will age and their carbon absorption capacity will decrease by 2050. The area of tree planting and thinning is approximately 290 thousand ha per year, which could potentially increase the forest management ratio by up to 4.5% per year. However, the actual increase was at an average of 1.4%, owing to the omission of exact information on management activities, such as spatial coordinates and overlapping practices in the same management unit. The forest management ratio in South Korea as of 2019 was 53.4%; therefore, the amount of GHG removal in the forest sectors was 53.4% of total absorption per year. Thus, it is necessary to make efforts to increase the ratio to enhance the contribution of forest sectors to climate change mitigation for the country.
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Abildtrup, Jens, Anne Stenger, Francis de Morogues, Philippe Polomé, Marieke Blondet, and Claude Michel. "Biodiversity Protection in Private Forests: PES Schemes, Institutions and Prosocial Behavior." Forests 12, no. 9 (September 14, 2021): 1241. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f12091241.
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The overall research question addresses the effectiveness of incentive mechanisms in poli -cies that enhance private forest owners’ biodiversity protection. In particular, the paper focuses on the link between forest owners’ motivations, incentives, and institutions, and questions the incentives of the current biodiversity protection policies. Our hypothesis is that the purely monetary nature of the incentives can cause a “crowding out effect”, i.e., forest owners may reduce their voluntary contribution to biodiversity protection that is driven by prosocial motivations (altruism, self-image, etc.). With this in mind, as well as the knowledge acquired via this project about forest owners’ motivations, we looked for the most effective combinations of “incentive mechanisms” (monetary and non-monetary) and “institutions” (national and local authorities, NGOs, etc.) to encourage forest owners to adopt biodiversity protection measures in their forests.
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Im, Eun Ho, Darius M. Adams, and Gregory S. Latta. "The impacts of changes in federal timber harvest on forest carbon sequestration in western Oregon." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 40, no. 9 (September 2010): 1710–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x10-110.
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This study examines the potential impacts of changes in federal timber harvest, acting through regional log markets, on the sequestration of carbon in forests and forest products in western Oregon. We construct a dynamic model of the region’s log markets in which market prices, log consumption at mills, and timber harvests and timber inventories on private, federal, and state forests are endogenous. Absent any policies regulating forest carbon sequestration, simulations show that regional carbon flux in forests and forest products would gradually decline as federal harvest rises from recent historical levels. If regional forest carbon flux were constrained to meet some minimum target, however, projections indicate that there would be opportunities for substituting carbon sequestration between federal and nonfederal lands through coordination of harvests across ownerships. We find that relatively small reductions in average private harvest could offset substantial losses of carbon flux on federal timberlands caused by increased federal harvest. One mechanism for achieving the changes needed in private harvest to meet a regional carbon flux target would be a carbon tax/subsidy program or a carbon offset market. For example, if federal owners offered timber for sale equal to the maximum sustainable level under the Northwest Forest Plan, our analysis indicates that a carbon price of roughly $US 19 per tonne of carbon would be sufficient to induce private owners to undertake the harvest and management modifications necessary to maintain regional forest carbon flux at its level in the early 2000s.
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Hodges, Donald G., and Frederick W. Cubbage. "Nonindustrial Private Forest Management in the South: Assistance Foresters' Activities and Perceptions." Southern Journal of Applied Forestry 14, no. 1 (February 1, 1990): 44–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sjaf/14.1.44.
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Abstract Private and public technical assistance foresters were surveyed in 12 southern states. Their management practices on southern forests are summarized by employment sector. Industrial foresters helped manage more acres per forester than consultants or state foresters. All foresters assisted more in planting trees than in preparing for natural regeneration. Industrial foresters favored clearcutting, consultants selective cuts, and state foresters a mix. Consultants performed much more natural regeneration than industrial or state foresters, who focused almost exclusively on artificial regeneration. Respondents also provided written opinion about current forest management and environmental issues, as well as suggestions for professional education. South. J. App. For. 14(1):44-48.
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Gootee, Roje S., Keith A. Blatner, David M. Baumgartner, Matthew S. Carroll, and Edward P. Weber. "Equitable regulation of private forests." Small-scale Forestry 10, no. 4 (March 26, 2011): 457–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11842-011-9161-3.
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Dove, Michael. "Anthropology Development vs. Development Anthropology: Mediating the Forester-Farmer Relationship in Pakistan." Practicing Anthropology 13, no. 2 (April 1, 1991): 21–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.17730/praa.13.2.dvl2505187523262.
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The Forest Service of Pakistan has concerned itself since colonial times largely with the production, protection, and extraction of trees in the nation's state forests. The only contact that its officers had with most farmers (except large landowners, with whom they had traditional patron-client relations) was to levy punishments for violations of forest laws or gather fees for the use of forest resources. In recent years, the state forests have declined in area and importance, and the need to increase on-farm supplies of tree products and halt resource degradation has increased. As a result, the Government of Pakistan, with the assistance of the U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID), decided to change the basic direction of the Forest Service—away from state lands to private lands, away from commercial to subsistence or mixed subsistence/commercial production, and thus away from the rural elite to the small farmer. The vehicle chosen to accomplish this was the bilaterally funded Forestry Planning and Development Project, Pakistan's first major social forestry project.
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Gagarin, Yu N. "Concept draft bill of the Federal law “Forest Code of the Russian Federation”." FOREST SCIENCE ISSUES 3, no. 3 (December 2, 2020): 1–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.31509/2658-607x-2020-3-3-1-45.
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This paper presents a concept draft bill of the Federal Law “Forest Code of the Russian Federation”, which proposes some new approaches to public forest management improvement. The related questions had been discussed during scientific debates held by the Scientific Council of the Russian Academy of Sciences on forests in 2015–2019. The goal of the draft bill is to modernise the forest law of the Russian Federation to bring it in line with changes in the state of forests, their increasing role in climate regulation and other ecosystem services, as well as the further development of market relations in the Russian economy. The Concept Paper is based on an idea of a transition from the development of natural forests as a source of timber to the organisation of economic activities aimed at the cultivation of highly productive forest stands on available forest land. Provisions aimed at developing economic mechanisms to ensure forestry profitability in a market economy, both through forest products and ecosystem services, make up an important part of the Concept Paper. Approaches to the further development of public and private forest management, which will improve the efficiency of forest use, protection, conservation and regeneration, are outlined. Legal mechanisms for improving the public forest management system and forms of state and business participation in forest management are proposed.
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Gräfe, Sebastian, Claus-Martin Eckelmann, Maureen Playfair, Mike P. Oatham, Ramon Pacheco, Quacy Bremner, and Michael Köhl. "Recovery Times and Sustainability in Logged-Over Natural Forests in the Caribbean." Forests 11, no. 3 (February 26, 2020): 256. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f11030256.
Full textAbstract:
Despite the widespread use and strong promotion of the sustainable forest management approach, there are still uncertainties about the actual contribution of current forest management practices to sustainability. We studied the problem of sustainable timber production in four tropical countries (Belize, Guyana, Suriname, and Trinidad and Tobago). Data assessed on experimental plots covering 10 km2 were used to compare management practices of four forest tenure types that commonly exist in the study countries: large scale concessions (LSC), private forests (PR), periodic block system forests (PBS), and community managed forests (CM). As an indicator of sustainable timber production, we calculated the recovery times expected under the initial condition of the stands and compared them with currently practiced cutting cycles. Three growth scenarios were simulated using diameter growth rates (1.6/2.7/4.5 mm year−1) from empirical data from studies in the region. Initial volumes were determined for all commercial trees as well as for commercial trees with a DBH-threshold ≥45 cm. Highest initial volumes were found in LSC and PBS managed forests. Lowest volumes were found in CM and PR forests. Assuming the lowest growth rate for all commercial trees, none of the stands studied reached the initial pre-harvest volumes within the currently practiced cutting cycles. Assuming the highest growth rate for all trees, LSC, PBS, and PR forests reach the initial pre-harvest volume. Looking at the subset of commercial trees with a DBH ≥45 cm, all stands will reach the initial volume within 30 years only if the highest growth rate is assumed. We show that general harvest codes do not guarantee sustainable forest management in the tropics. Local stand conditions must always be one of the guiding principles of sustainable timber utilization. Applying the rigid rules, which do not take into account the current conditions of the stands, entails long-term risk of forest degradation.
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Fouvy, Patrik. "La valorisation des prestations non-bois: particularités genevoises (essai) | Commercialization of non-wood forest services: the case of Geneva (essay)." Schweizerische Zeitschrift fur Forstwesen 160, no. 8 (August 1, 2009): 232–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.3188/szf.2009.0232.
Full textAbstract:
The history of the forests in canton Geneva, having led to these being disconnected from productive functions, provides a symptomatic demonstration that the services provided by the forest eco-system are common goods. Having no hope of financial returns in the near future and faced with increasing social demands, the state has invested in the purchase of forest land, financed projects for forest regeneration and improvement of biological diversity and developed infrastructures for visitors. In doing this the state as a public body takes on the provision of services in the public interest. But the further funding for this and for expenses for the private forests, which must be taken into account, are not secured for the future.