Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Forêt dense humide'
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Pelissier, Raphaël. "Relations entre l'hétérogénéité spatiale et la dynamique de renouvellement d'une forêt dense humide sempervirente (Forêt d'Uppangala - Ghâts occidentaux de l'Inde)." Phd thesis, Université Claude Bernard - Lyon I, 1995. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00488916.
Full textPélissier, Raphaël. "Relations entre l'hétérogénéité spatiale et la dynamique de renouvellement d'une forêt dense humide sempervirente (forêt d'Uppangala - Ghâts occidentaux de l'Inde)." Lyon 1, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995LYO10244.
Full textCollinet, Frédérique. "Essai de regroupements des principales espèces structurantes d'une forêt dense humide d'après l'analyse de leur répartition spatiale (forêt de Paracou - Guyane)." Lyon 1, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997LYO10090.
Full textEyi, Ndong Hugues C. "Etude des champignons de la forêt dense humide consommés par les populations du Nord du Gabon." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/210256.
Full textCette étude a permis non seulement d'établir la correspondance entre les noms scientifiques et les noms vernaculaires attribués aux champignons dans les cinq langues locales étudiées, mais aussi de recueillir d'autres informations liées aux connaissances mycologiques traditionnelles des populations enquêtées. Des descriptions macroscopiques et microscopiques détaillées ont été faites pour tous les taxons inventoriés.
L’étude a également révélé qu’il existe des différences significatives tant en ce qui concerne le nombre de taxons que les quantités de champignons consommés par les différents groupes ethniques: les Pygmées vivant uniquement de la chasse et de la cueillette consomment 96% des taxons inventoriés et des quantités élevées de champignons (environ 3 kg / jour / famille). Les Bantu vivant à l’écart de ces derniers consomment également des quantités de champignons assez élevées (environ 2 kg / jour / famille) mais un nombre réduit de taxons (56% des taxons inventoriés pour les Fang; 69% pour les Kota; 39% pour les Kwélé). Par contre, les Bantu vivant à proximité des Pygmées connaissent et consomment un grand nombre de taxons (environ 90% des taxons inventoriés) mais mangent de plus faibles quantités de champignons que leurs congénères éloignés des Pygmées (environ 800 g / jour / famille).
Plus généralement, l’étude a montré que les connaissances mycologiques traditionnelles de ces populations varient en fonction de l’activité pratiquée, de l’âge, de l’ethnie et du sexe. Les meilleures connaissances mycologiques sont détenues par les chasseurs et les pêcheurs qui identifient environ 80% des taxons. Chez les Pygmées, les connaissances mycologiques des hommes et des femmes sont très diversifiées et identiques, alors que chez les Bantu, les femmes connaissent mieux les champignons (plus de 50% des taxons identifiés) que les hommes (à peine 30% des taxons identifiés). Cependant, quel que soit le groupe ethnique, les représentants de la population active connaissent mieux les champignons (85% des taxons identifiés) que les jeunes et les personnes du troisième âge (environ 30% des taxons identifiés).
Les champignons les plus appréciés par ces populations appartiennent au genre Termitomyces dont les espèces les plus recherchées sont T. fuliginosus, T. robustus et T. microcarpus.
Une étude comparative des champignons consommés au Gabon et dans d’autres pays d’Afrique tropicale a montré que les champignons consommés au Gabon le sont également au Bénin, au Burundi, au Cameroun, en République centrafricaine, en RD Congo, au Malawi, en Tanzanie… et que, après la RD Congo (21 taxons inventoriés), le Gabon présente la plus grande diversité de taxons consommés dans le genre Cantharellus (14 taxons inventoriés). Par contre, sur une trentaine de taxons de Termitomyces signalés en Afrique tropicale, le Gabon est le pays qui présente la plus faible diversité (7 taxons inventoriés).
Une compilation des données bibliographiques a révélé que le nombre de champignons symbiontes comestibles signalés en Afrique tropicale est de loin plus élevé en forêt claire qu’en forêt dense (12 taxons de chanterelles sur les 28 inventoriés en Afrique tropicale sont propres à la forêt claire contre 2 taxons à la forêt dense; 15 taxons de Termitomyces sur 30 sont propres à la forêt claire contre 5 taxons à la forêt dense).
Mots-clés: champignons comestibles, Pygmées, Bantu, ethnomycologie, Gabon
Doctorat en Sciences
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Gourlet-Fleury, Sylvie. "Modélisation individuelle spatialement explicite de la dynamique d'un peuplement de forêt dense tropicale humide (dispositif de Paracou - Guyane française)." Phd thesis, Université Claude Bernard - Lyon I, 1997. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00204403.
Full textLe modèle de croissance est dérivé d'un type « potentiel x réducteur » adapté aux spécifités de la forêt dense tropicale humide de Guyane. Il prédit l'accroissement d'un arbre en fonction de son diamètre à l'instant t et de son environnement immédiat décrit par deux indices de compétition : l'un rend compte de la pression subie par l'arbre en début de période de croissance et l'autre de l'évolution de cette pression dans un passé proche. La prise en compte de quinze groupes d'espèces, homogènes du point de vue de la croissance, améliore considérablement son efficacité. Quatre modèles de mortalité prédisent la mort sur pied et la mort par chablis primaire, secondaire ou complexe d'un arbre, et un modèle de recrutement permet de gérer l'apparition de nouveaux individus sur des placeaux de 100m2 en fonction de la place disponible dans le peuplement.
Le simulateur, programmé en langage SmallTalk-80 selon la technique des systèmes multi-agents, est doté d'une interface conviviale permettant à l'utilisateur : (i) de suivre l'évolution virtuelle dans le temps d'un peuplement et de chacun des individus qui le constituent par le biais de cartes et de graphiques ; (ii) de réaliser à tout moment une gamme très variée d'interventions de manière à tester des scénarios sylvicoles. Les différents essais réalisés montrent que le peuplement que nous avons généré présente un comportement satisfaisant quelle que soit l'intensité des perturbations imposées, mais que sa réactivité est faible au regard d'un modèle matriciel calibré à partir des mêmes données. Nous proposons différentes voies d'amélioration et soulignons l'intérêt que peut présenter ce type de modèle pour la communauté scientifique et, à plus long terme, le gestionnaire forestier.
Ngueguim, Jules Romain. "Productivité et diversité floristique des ligneux en forêt dense d'Afrique tropicale humide du Cameroun : sites de Mangombé, Bidou et Campo." Paris, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013MNHN0019.
Full textThis study is carried in rainforest of Cameroon. It presents: i) the adaptability of species, planted with two sylviculturals methods in Mangombe’s plantation and ii) compare the biodiversity of Mangombe’s forest to those of Bidou and Campo less disturbed. The adapted species with few mortality and best diameter increasement are : Gmelina arborea (Verbenaceae), Dipterocarpus alatus (Dipterocarpaceae) and Aucoumea klaineana (Burseraceae). The natural regeneration under canopy in plantation is heterogenic and diversed. The vegetation indices show a high diversity in all the sites : Shannon index, generic diversity and specific richness which is higher in Mangombe (38 families and 91 species), intermediary in Bidou (32 families and 88 species) and lower in Campo (29 families and 75 species). Zoochory concerns more than 71% of the species, and suggests a major role of animals in the regeneration process. The abondance of species familiar to non disturbed natural forest confirms the possibility for the natural regeneration to reconstitute in long term the biodiversity in plantation
Delcamp, Matthieu. "Groupes « fonctionnels » d'espèces et prédiction de la dynamique des peuplements d'arbres après perturbation en forêt dense tropicale humide : exemple en Guyane française." Montpellier 2, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007MON20055.
Full textPicard, Nicolas. "Passage d'un modèle individuel à un modèle de distribution de la dynamique forestière. Application à une forêt dense tropicale humide de Guyane française." Phd thesis, ENGREF (AgroParisTech), 1999. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00145095.
Full textPangou, Serge Valentin. "Régénération naturelle sur 8 hectares de la forêt dense humide du Mayombe congolais. Exemple de 5 espèces ligneuses pionnières, post-pionnières et forestières." Nancy 1, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989NAN10500.
Full textMadelaine-Antin, Cécile. "Dynamique des peuplements forestiers tropicaux hétérogènes : variabilité inter et intraspécifique de la croissance des arbres et trajectoires de développement en forêt dense humide sempervirente, dans les Ghâts occidentaux de l'Inde." Phd thesis, Université Montpellier II - Sciences et Techniques du Languedoc, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00454610.
Full textMadelaine, Antin Cécile. "Dynamique des peuplements forestiers tropicaux hétérogènes : variabilité inter et intraspécifique de la croissance des arbres et trajectoires de développement en forêt dense humide sempervirente, dans les Ghâts occidentaux de l'Inde." Montpellier SupAgro, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009NSAM0034.
Full textDuron, Quiterie. "Rats invasifs et biodiversité native au sein des forêts denses humides de Nouvelle-Calédonie. : Eléments pour l’amélioration des stratégies de gestion." Thesis, Nouvelle Calédonie, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016NCAL0006/document.
Full textIntroduced rats (Rattus spp.) are one of the major invasive species threatening native biodiversity on islands worldwide. Twospecies, the black rat (R. rattus) and the Pacifie rat (R. exulans) are sympatric in New Caledonian rainforests, where questionsasto the feasibility and the utility of their control (i.e. local limitation of their abundance) for the conservation of nativebiodiversity remain unanswered. ln response to the lack of a conceptual framework for control projects, we fi rst conducted areview of invasive rat control operations in island natural areas worldwide. Then we sought to characterize and understand thepopulation dynamics of these two sympa tric rat species and the ir interactions with native biodiversity in the rainforest of MontPanié mountain. Lethaltrapping operations and capture-mark-recapture showed that black rats were more abundant thanPacifie rats. Diet analysis revealed that the two species consume both shared and unshared prey likely resulting in astrengthening and a broadening oftheir impacts on native biodiversity, relative to the impact that each species would haveal one. Rats consume a large quantity of fruits and seeds, invertebrates, and Squamates. However, birds, which often justify theimplementation of rat management projects, do not appear here to be one of the ir preferred prey, either as adults or throughnest predation. A potential positive rat impact on seed dispersal was a Iso highlighted through a comparison of seedgermination after seeds had passed through rat versus native frugivore digestive tracts. Finally, we propose lethal trappingstrategies to efficiently control invasive rat populations. A better understanding ofboth rat impacts in sympatric situations,and the link between rat density and the intensity of their effects on biodiversity would allow optimizing rat control strategieswhen eradication is not feas ible
Rasoloarijao, Tsiory Mampionona. "Écologie de l’abeille, Apis mellifera unicolor Latreille, dans les écosystèmes forestiers naturels de Ranomafana (Madagascar) et Mare Longue (Réunion) : étude du comportement de butinage et de l’utilisation des ressources florales par approche mélissopalynologique." Thesis, La Réunion, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LARE0043/document.
Full textThe natural forest ecosystems of the Southwest Indian Ocean (SOOI) have been strongly impacted by deforestation and face many biological invasions that are alter their balance, particularly plant-pollinator interactions. It is in this context that this thesis is set, describing the relations between an indigenous general pollinator: Apis mellifera unicolor and the flora of two ecosystems of Madagascar (Ranomafana: RA) and Reunion (Mare Longue: ML). The palynological description of 135 species from 52 families of melliferous plants from the RA formation, highlighted the specific criteria of pollens associated with entomophilous pollination. In a second time, monthly phenological monitoring of 131 species (90% native) to RA and 120 species (53% exotic) to ML allowed to identify and estimate the available floral resources. During one year, the monthly analysis of honeys and pollen collected enabled an inventory of the floral resources actually exploited. Native species were significantly more visited than exotic species, despite a diversity of exotic resources superior to that of the natives (ML). The foraging behaviour of the honeybee on the genus Weinmannia was analysed on the basis of 104 hours of video (W. bojeriana and W. rutenbergii in Madagascar, and W. tinctoria in Reunion Island). The flowers were visited by many potential pollinators: Coleoptera, Diptera, Lepidoptera and other Hymenoptera. A. m. unicolor was the most frequent visitor to the two species from Madagascar. The results confirmed the generalist behaviour of A. m. unicolor, with, however, a strong and significant preference for native floral species of tree and shrub strata and makes it possible to speculate on the important place of this bee in the ecosystems of the SOOI biodiversity hotspot
Akpagana, Koffi. "Recherches sur les forêts denses humides du Togo." Bordeaux 3, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989BOR30200.
Full textIbanez, Thomas. "Dynamiques des forêts denses humides et des savanes en réponse aux incendies en Nouvelle-Calédonie." Phd thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00681865.
Full textBlanchard, Elodie. "Diversité structurale des forêts denses humides de la Province Nord de Nouvelle Calédonie : de l'arbre au paysage." Thesis, Montpellier, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016MONTT116/document.
Full textIn the course of global change, new practices of sustainable management in tropical rainforests that maintain key environmental services (e.g., biodiversity, carbon sequestration) and produce goods on which local communities rely is needed. The measurement, spatialization and understanding of the drivers of rainforest structure at large scale is challenging for managing sustainably forest resources. Rainforests of New Caledonia, a biodiversity hotspot located in the South-West Pacific, are a well-suited study model to explore the drivers of rainforest structure. Indeed, New Caledonian rainforests are distributed along a mountain chain, which creates strong environmental gradients overlaid by a range of natural and anthropogenic disturbance gradients. The aims of this thesis are (i) to define some structural features of New Caledonian rainforests, (ii) to map rainforests and to predict their structure at large scale, and (iii) to quantify the influence of the environment and the forest dynamics on rainforest structure. To this end, 23 one hectare forest inventories were set up in the North Province of New Caledonia. In these plots, elevation ranged between 250 and 900 m and annual rainfall between 1500 and 3000 mm. In addition to characterize locally rainforest structure, these plots were used to calibrate a predictive model based on a textural analysis of the canopy, using the FOTO (FOurier transform Textural Ordination) method, which was applied to eight very high resolution images from a Pléiades satellite (covering 1295 km2). Such a model able to relate texture and structure is based on the hypothesis that the allometric relationship between the DBH (Diameter at Breast Height) and the crown size of a canopy tree is stable. We tested this hypothesis tropics-wide. Our results show that New Caledonian rainforests are dense (1182 ± 233 tree/ha), with a high basal area (44 ± 11 m2/ha), a relatively low canopy (14 ± 3 m) and an above-ground biomass typical of tropical rainforests (299 ± 83 t/ha). These forests are also characterized by a high structural variability. This variability has the same range when influenced by environmental gradients as when influenced by forest succession gradients. The FOTO method applied to Pléiades images allowed to predict and spatialize key structural parameters (like the stem density or the above-ground biomass of rainforests) from robust correlations with the textural indices of the canopy (R² ≥ 0,6; RMSE ≤ 20%). The structure of New Caledonian rainforest is mainly driven by the potential insolation and the elevation at the scale of mountain massifs, and by the slope and the topographic wetness at the scale of a mountainside. These findings will enable to estimate rainforest resources across the territory and to define a new typology of New Caledonian rainforests taking into account their structural variability
Picard, Nicolas. "Passage d'un modele individuel a un modele de distribution de la dynamique forestiere. Application a une foret dense tropicale humide de guyane francaise." Paris, ENGREF, 1999. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00145095.
Full textSenterre, Bruno. "Recherches méthodologiques pour la typologie de la végétation et la phytogéographie des forêts denses d'Afrique tropicale." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/210954.
Full textII. Field data consisted in phytosociological homogeneous sample plots localized within different recognized phytogeographical entities, in a region of tropical Africa where these entities are known to be well conserved. A total of 37 such plots were inventoried in the region extending from the littoral forests of Ndoté, Equatorial Guinea, which are wet evergreen forests, to the continental forests of the Dja, Cameroon, known as evergreen seasonal forests. The studied region also included the oriental Atlantic forests of Equatorial Guinea, known as moist evergreen forests or caesalp forests. In various parts of this continentality gradient, some plots were localized within climax non-zonal formations, namely the submontane rain forests. The emphasis was put on the vegetation of the Monte Alén National Park.
The sampling methodology was willing to be as "complete ", including all strata, "quantitative ", enumerating all individuals, and "representative ", within each stratum, as possible. These multi-layers plots were realised using nested sub-plots, with a sampling size of 100 individuals for every ligneous stratum recognized (dominant trees, dominated trees and shrubs) and a sampling size of 200m² for the herbaceous and suffrutex stratum.
Forest types were defined independently for each stratum and the differences were analysed. A method was proposed for the simultaneous analysis of all floristic data, converting and standardizing the values from ligneous strata, on the one hand, and from understorey strata, on the other hand.
III. Ten forest types were described using IndVal and discussed in the general context of the guineo-congolian region, from a syntaxonomic view point (agglomerative classification) and from a phytogeographical view point (divisive classification). Homologies between these two approaches are described. The proposed phytogeographical system is based on an "open " conception of hierarchical classifications, combining advantages of agglomerative and divisive classifications. In concrete terms, the non-zonal criteria, for example the submontane variants, are categorised separately and in analogy with the zonal criteria, related to the usual phytochoria.
Analysis of ecological relationships for the 10 communities showed that the main variables related to the floristic variability in our mainland rain forests are elevation, rainfall, hygrometry (estimated using bryophytes cover levels) and distance to the ocean. The two extremes on the vertical microclimatic gradient, dominant trees stratum and herbaceous stratum, give similar typologies, however canonical analysis showed that for the herbaceous layer, non-zonal variables (hygrometry and elevation) were gaining more importance when the influence of the two zonal variables was attenuated. In every case, spatial autocorrelation was less important than the environment in explaining floristic variability but its role increased in the spatial arrangement of understorey species, whose dispersal capacity is generally lower than canopy trees. The phytosociological, phytogeographical and ecological description of forest types is accompanied by a physiognomical description using biological types spectrum, as well as architectural models, leaf sizes, etc.
With regard to diversity, we have demonstrated that species richness was higher from upper to lower strata because of the accumulation in lower strata of species from various strata. On the other hand, the proper stratum diversity, i.e. the structural set, decreased from dominant trees to shrubs. The proper diversity of the herb layer showed relatively high figures mainly due to the higher individual density in relation to the existence of microstrata. Within the 37 sample plots, 1,050 taxa have been identified to species or morpho-species levels, for a total of 25,750 individuals. These taxa represent 442 genus among 104 families. The richest forest type is found on the foothills of the Niefang range, on the windward side. This forest type is also characterised by a high number of oligotypic genus and by species belonging to functional types indicators of glacial refuges. These functional types are defined on the basis of the dispersal capacity and on kind of stand needed for effective germination. We formulated the hypothesis that this kind of "foothills refuge ", characterised by his zonal nature, could have been one of the rare refuges for species from mainland rain forests, while montane and fluvial refuges would mainly have preserved species from non-zonal forest types: (sub)montane and riverine.
Based on indicator species of submontane forests, a potential distribution map of this forest type has been realised at the Atlantic central African scale. More than 400 submontane forest localities have been mapped. These forests begin at 400m of altitude near the ocean, and progressively at higher altitude for increasing distance to the ocean. Many lowland localities also comprised submontane species, which could indicate the existence of ecological transgressions. These transgressions would allow migratory tracks for submontane species between isolated mountain ranges, not only during glacial periods, through heights at the northern and southern borders of the congo basin, but also contemporarily through the lowland riverine forest network, in the centre of this basin. Finally, a special attention has been attributed to littoral forests and to some cases of choroecological transgressions, coupled to the ecological equalization phenomenon.
Doctorat en sciences agronomiques et ingénierie biologique
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Demenou, Boris. "ORIGINE, DIVERSITE ET PHYLOGEOGRAPHIE DE LA FLORE GUINEO-CONGOLAISE DU DAHOMEY GAP: ORIGIN, DIVERSITY AND PHYLOGEOGRAPHY OF THE GUINEO-CONGOLIAN FLORA OF THE DAHOMEY GAP." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/267777.
Full textDoctorat en Sciences
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