Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Forêt tempérée'
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Alvarez, Eric. "Influence d'un siècle de récolte forestière sur la forêt mélangée tempérée de la Mauricie." Thesis, Université Laval, 2009. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2009/26252/26252.pdf.
Full textTo ensure sustainable development in a temperate mixedwood boreal forest in central Quebec (Canada), forest managers would like to measure the historical impact of harvesting on forest cover evolution at the landscape level. The main objective of this study was to document, at the landscape level, the historical effects of harvesting on forest cover evolution and wood volume. The study was mainly based on archival records, particularly AbitibiBowater inc 's archives. The objective of the first chapter of this study was to characterize the pre-industrial forest. The main natural disturbances were big fires in 1870 and 1923 and three spruce budworm epidemics in the 20th century. Whatever the scale considered in this study, the pre-industrial forest cover was mainly composed of mature or old-growth (> 100 years) and dominated by mixedwood forest stands with intolerant hardwoods. The main forest species were white birch, black spruce and jack pine, three species associated to forest succession after fire in the boreal forest. Chapter 2 had as objectives to make an historical reconstruction of forest cover evolution in 14 landscapes and to qualify the possible effects of harvesting. For the latter, we used three analytical methods in a triangulation approach. The main alteration of forest harveting on forest cover was qualified as additive to the natural dynamic, particularly considering the increase of intolerant hardwoods. The objective of chapter 3 was to make an historical reconstruction of wood harvesting in a past forest concession (Vermillon). We monitored indicators of forest sustainability in order to discuss the impacts of forest concession revocation in 1986. In the context of our study we noted an increase of wood harvesting after the revocation. Although we were unable to conclude that the new policy was a threat to wood production sustainability, on a sustainable yield basis, our security margin has surely diminished since the introduction of the policy of 1986. “To keep in mind the actions we have done and their results” should be a leitmotiv in our forest management. At least, we should record the data collected during regular operations.
Allombert, Sylvain. "Effets des cervidés sur les communautés animales en forêt tempérée : Intéractions complexes dans une expérience naturelle." Montpellier 2, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004MON20191.
Full textHafidi, Najat. "Relation entre l'hétérogénéité de la structure des litières et le peuplement de macroarthropodes édaphiques en forêt tempérée." Paris 11, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989PA112127.
Full textGOREAUD, François. "Apports de l'analyse de la structure spatiale en forêt tempérée à l'étude et la modélisation des peuplements complexes." Phd thesis, ENGREF (AgroParisTech), 2000. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00005747.
Full textDans ce mémoire je présente quelques exemples de questions écologiques pour lesquelles la prise en compte de la structure spatiale apporte des éléments de réponse. J'ai utilisé le formalisme des processus ponctuels, et plus particulièrement la fonction de Ripley K(r), pour analyser des peuplements réels et simuler des peuplements virtuels. Ces outils ont été utiles pour décrire les peuplements, pour concevoir, utiliser et évaluer des modèles. J'ai par exemple proposé un modèle spatialisé de la mortalité lors des tempêtes dans la réserve de la Tillaie, et j'ai évalué différents modèles d'éclaircie sur le dispositif de Lamotte-Beuvron. Sur le dispositif du Beau Poirier, l'utilisation conjointe de modèles dendrométriques et de modèles d'écologie théorique m'a permis d'étudier la survie du chêne dans le mélange chêne et hêtre, et a apporté des éléments de réponse à la question plus générale de la survie en mélange d'une espèce moins compétitive. A moyen terme, l'analyse de la structure spatiale pourrait jouer un rôle important dans l'évolution des modèles dendrométriques, et en particulier dans la réflexion sur les données et les dispositifs, dans la prise en compte du compartiment sol, et dans le couplage avec des modèles d'écologie théorique pour faciliter le passage de l'échelle de l'arbre à l'échelle du peuplement.
Chauvet, Mickaël. "Coexistence d’espèces ligneuses et assemblage des communautés en forêt tempérée : une approche basée sur un modèle de dynamique forestière." Thesis, Montpellier, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016MONTS009.
Full textUnderstanding the coexistence of plant species and their assembly within natural communities remains one of the fundamental goals of ecology, and this major challenge appears even more crucial in the current context of global change. The aim of this work was to better understand how the abiotic and biotic factors determined tree communities’ assembly in temperate forests. These questions can only be considered on the long term, which is especially difficult for forest ecosystems because of their slow dynamics. Therefore we used an original approach based on a forest dynamic model. Following trait-based empirical studies in community ecology, we tried to identify the functional signatures of environmental filtering and competition in forest communities along a productivity gradient in Central Europe. Our results showed that environmental filtering is a major determinant of community structure as it reduced the trait range all along the gradient, with stronger effects in harsh sites with low productivity. Further looking for identifying underlying causal processes, we showed that competition for light led to a convergence of functional community structure, and that this convergence increased with site productivity. Furthermore, our results suggested that inter-annual climatic variability does not systematically result in biodiversity loss, and could even promote species coexistence through changes in the hierarchy of competitors over time. Finally, we showed that differences in trait values of tree species could promote coexistence through differential species responses to inter-annual climatic variability and to light conditions. These findings bring new insights regarding the understanding of tree communities’ structure, and they provide an integrative understanding of the complex processes driving community assembly and species coexistence in natural forests
Deniau, Maud. "Mécanismes de recrutement du chêne (Quercus sp.) en forêt tempérée : rôle des arbres adultes sur les graines et les plantules." Thesis, Rennes 1, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016REN1B048.
Full textConspecific (or closely related) adults reduce seed/seedling recruitment in their proximity, due to high pressure from specialized or little mobile enemies (Janzen-Connell Hypothesis). However, the importance of the Janzen-Connell effect remains controversial, suggesting that interactions between adults and seedlings are not restricted to close conspecific adults, nor to specialized enemies: heterospecific adults, size of adults and dominance of their lineage in the canopy may also control seed/seedling recruitment. Moreover, effects of adults on seeds/seedlings may be mediated by generalist or mobile enemies, fungal mutualists, and microenvironmental conditions. We studied the effect of adult trees on recruitment of oak seeds/seedlings, via mobile enemies, fungal mutualists, and finally microenvironmental conditions. Our results demonstrated that (i) a conspecific adult impedes recruitment of proximate seedlings by accumulating specialist decomposers that favor nutritional quality of seedlings and thereby attract herbivores. Moreover, a large adult attracts mollusk herbivores; (ii) a heterospecific adult favors recruitment of proximate seedlings, by reducing herbivory and improving the micro-environment; (iii) a closely related canopy favors seeds and seedlings recruitment, by oversaturating seed predators and increasing mycorrhizal support, respectively. Hence, our results permit to identify forest structures that are optimal for oak recruitment. Moreover, our results suggest that recruitment maintain oaks close to related species, in their ancestral niche
Percel, Gwendoline. "Réponse des espèces lignicoles à la disponibilité des habitats en forêt tempérée : approche multi-échelles du micro-habitat au paysage." Thesis, Orléans, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018ORLE2055/document.
Full textIntensive forestry induces a simplification of forest stand structure, composition, and dynamics, resulting in a decrease of density and diversity of old-growth forest attributes (deadwood and tree-related microhabitats). These elements represent critical habitats for lignicolous species. At the landscape scale, forest management planning create a spatial discontinuity of these microhabitats, which can be perceived as a fragmentation process for many species. Although habitat fragmentation is currently recognized as one of the major threats to biodiversity, its impact on species in managed temperate forest are still poorly understood. The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of microhabitat availability (quantity and configuration) on species communities and populations, at multiple spatial scales, in order to provide evidence-based recommendations regarding the spatial arrangement of conservation strategies. We proposed a statistical methodology to predict the microhabitats distribution within the complex of the Compiègne forest (France). Based on this predictive mapping, we showed that different guilds of saproxylic beetles, defined according to their life history traits related to dispersal abilities, respond to the landscape structure at different spatial scales. Modelling metapopulation dynamics of an epixylic bryophyte (Dicranum viride) has highlighted the importance of dispersal on colonization/extinction processes that underlie the species’ occurrence patterns observed at the forest scale. Our results emphasize the key role of deadwood and tree-related microhabitats, which can be considered as relevant management leverage. Increase their quantity and optimize their spatial arrangement within and between forest stands, appears to be essential for persistence of the lignicolous species within managed forests
Mobaied, Samira. "La dynamique spatiotemporelle de la végétation et l'organisation de la biodiversité des interfaces lande-forêt tempérée : implication pour la gestion conservatoire des réserves naturelles." Paris, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011MNHN0004.
Full textEuropean heathlands were maintained by traditional agro-pastoral practices over the last 3000 years. Since 1950s, these traditional land uses have almost completely disappeared. As a result, heathland areas have been drastically reduced and have been overrun by grasses and woody species. Heathlands conservation requires consistent and permanent management action to control the natural succession. The ‘Trois Pignons’ forest (Fontainebleau, France) consists of a mosaic of heathlands and forests which are integrated into the Managed Biological Reserves (RBD). Since 1992, the managers of this RBD aim to maintain heathlands. In this context, we study in a first part, heathland vegetation dynamics at different spatial and temporal scales. Results show a gradual change from Ericaceae species in pure stand to a mosaic of grasses and Ericaceae, despite the application of measures to maintain this habitat in managed heathland. The development of grasses is correlated with thinness of the spatial variability of soil properties and the spatial variability of reforestation. In a second part, we assess changes in forest cover between 1946 and 2003. Results show the loss of 60% of heathlands during 1946–2003 associated to a similar increase in forest areas and the persistence of C. Vulgaris in coniferous stands and young mixed stand. We also study relationship between landscape spatio-temporal heterogeneity and biodiversity in mosaic-landscapes. The results indicate that in the areas of high spatio-temporal heterogeneity, a general increase is observed in species richness, in particular for vascular plants, bryophytes and carabids. The study demonstrates how spatial methods can contribute to the design of reliable management methods of habitats such as the heathlands, and enable us to offer recommendations as to how to better manage heathland semi-natural habitats of the Fontainebleau forest and elsewhere in Europe
Adrados, Christophe. "Occupation de l'espace et utilisation de l'habitat par le cerf (Cervus Elaphus L. ) en forêt tempérée en moyenne montagne : approche au moyen du GPS." Toulouse 3, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002TOU30066.
Full textBaltzinger, Christophe. "Sélection des sites de repos par le cerf (Cervus Elaphus L. ) et le chevreuil (Capreolus Capreolus L. ) vivant en sympatrie en forêt tempérée de moyenne montagne." Paris, Engref, 2003. https://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00005727.
Full textRed Deer (Cervus elaphus) and Roe Deer (Capreolus capreolus) are two abundant cervids in Europe, and they often share the same habitat. Cervids rest for about half of the time. However their bedsite selection criteria have rarely been studied. Our goal is double : i) to describe bedsite selection patterns for each species at different temporospatial scales and ii) to compare those selection patterns between species. The study took place in the Forêt Domaniale du Bougès, Parc National des Cévennes, France. Transect sampling helped us describe the characteristics of 425 bedsites, within 2 winter and 2 summer periods. PCR methodology applied to hair DNA collected on the bedsites proved to be efficient to distinguish between Red and Roe Deer. At the forest stand scale, Red and Roe Deer widely overlap in their use of different stands types as bedding sites. Both cervids tend to avoid adult coniferous stands in winter and summer. Roe Deer is less selective than Red Deer at this scale and uses forest stands relative to their availability. Red Deer is highly selective and shows a marked preference for young coniferous stands. At the microhabitat scale, Red and Roe Deer always search for good visual protection, through a well developed lateral cover. That cover is predominantly composed by conifers for the Red Deer, whereas the Roe Deer also uses deciduous cover when it is available during summer. In winter, Roe Deer beds under a large canopy cover, this cover is larger than for Red Deer. It chooses bedsites near edges whereas Red Deer rests far away from them. We discuss those differences in the selection patterns between the Red Deer, that occupies a wide home range, and the territorial Roe Deer, that lives on a more restricted range
BALTZINGER, Christophe. "Sélection des sites de repos par le Cerf (Cervus elaphus L.) et le Chevreuil (Capreolus capreolus L.) vivant en sympatrie en forêt tempérée de moyenne montagne." Phd thesis, ENGREF (AgroParisTech), 2003. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00005727.
Full textL'objectif de notre travail est double : i) décrire les patrons de sélection des sites de repos, pour chaque espèce et à différentes échelles spatiales et temporelle, et ii) comparer les patrons de sélection des deux espèces.
L'étude a été menée au sein du Parc National des Cévennes, dans la Forêt Domaniale du Bougès. L'échantillonnage par transects a permis de décrire les caractéristiques de 425 reposées, au cours de 2 hivers et de 2 étés. La méthode PCR appliquée à l'ADN de poils prélevés sur les reposées s'est révélée pertinente pour distinguer Cerf et Chevreuil.
A l'échelle du peuplement forestier, nous montrons un fort chevauchement entre Cerf et Chevreuil dans l'utilisation, pour se reposer, des différents types de peuplement. Les 2 cervidés ont tendance à éviter les peuplements résineux adultes été comme hiver. Le Chevreuil est moins sélectif à cette échelle, et utilise indifféremment les peuplements forestiers en été. Le Cerf a par contre un comportement très sélectif et manifeste une préférence marquée pour les jeunes peuplements résineux.
A l'échelle du microhabitat, le Cerf et le Chevreuil recherchent toujours une bonne protection visuelle, à travers un couvert latéral important. Ce couvert est essentiellement composé de résineux pour le Cerf, alors que le Chevreuil utilise aussi les feuillus quand ils sont disponibles en été.
En hiver, le Chevreuil se couche sous un fort couvert dans la canopée, ce couvert est plus élevé que pour le Cerf. Il se repose à proximité des lisières contrairement au Cerf qui sen éloigne.
Nous discutons ces différences de patron de sélection entre le Cerf, qui occupe un domaine vital étendu, et le Chevreuil, territorial, qui vit sur un domaine beaucoup plus restreint.
Richard, Emmanuelle. "Réponse des communautés de Coléoptères carabiques à la conversion en futaie régulière de chêne : aspects écologiques et méthodologiques." Paris, ENGREF, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004ENGR0006.
Full textThe thesis aims at evaluating short and mid-term impacts, on carabid communities, of converting mature stands previously managed as coppice-with-standards (exCWS) into even-aged high oak forest (EHF). On 68 plots in the Montargis state forest, we trapped and compared carabid communities in exCWS and in 5 stages of the first 100 years of an EHF silvicultural cycle. An original statistical method, the multi-species parametric model, allowed us to use one and the same approach (i) to test and characterize the response patterns at the levels of species, community and ecological groups based on habitat preference and flight ability, (ii) to identify which community level best sums up the species response. Regeneration felling disturbed carabid communities and particularly penalized the forest species for up to 20 years. However, thanks to a relay succession, species reached or exceeded their exCWS level of abundance within the first half of the EHF silvicultural cycle
Marchand, Neil. "Croissance radiale de la pruche (Tsuga Canadensis) et du pin blanc (Pinus Strobus) dans la forêt tempérée du Québec en relation avec les perturbations forestières et le climat." Thesis, Université Laval, 2013. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2013/29701/29701.pdf.
Full textOur dissertation documents the radial growth among eastern hemlock (Tsuga canadensis L. Carr.) and white pine (Pinus strobus L.), two tree species of the southern Québec temperate forests, where several disturbances get involved in stand dynamics. Based on a dendroecological and dendroclimatical approach, this study includes three highly complementary sections which address the relationship between radial growth among these two tree species and forest disturbances, i.e., selective tree harvest, defoliation during spruce budworm (SBW) (Choristoneura fumiferana (Clemens)) outbreaks, and climate. The first section describes eastern hemlock and white pine long tree-ring series which were built from both living trees and dead wood, mainly submerged floated wood extracted from several lakes in the Mauricie National Park. One can deduce from white pine logging years that this tree had been harvested for domestic use 30 years before the first issue of logging rights, i.e., since the 1800s onwards, and about 70 years after presumed decimation of pine forests in the area. Tree ring series show major growth release which likely resulted from selective harvest in forest stands. Our chronology of SBW outbreaks established from eastern hemlock tree-ring series is the longest chronology produced so far in eastern Canada, although hemlock is a secondary host of SBW. Series from several regions (Mauricie, Outaouais and Lotbinière) suggest that eastern hemlock may experience severe defoliation and radial growth suppression in areas where primary hosts of SBW are abundant. At the regional scale, the frequency of SBW outbreaks increases likely in response to an increased abundance in balsam fir in second-growth stands. In this section, we attempted to evaluate climate responsiveness among eastern hemlock and white pine growing in the southern Quebec Temperate Forest. Dendroclimatic analyses showed that hemlock radial growth may be a good climatic indicator in stands where natural and anthropogenic disturbances were light. Sampling strategies when conducting dendroclimatic studies should focus on trees growing in hardwood-dominated stands and areas where past disturbances have beendocumented. White pine is less sensitive to biotic disturbance than eastern hemlock but the climate responsiness of this conifer depends on constraints associated with water deficit or thermal stress. The third section deals with false ring formation in the white pine of the Outaouais Hills, a dendroanatomic response to water stress. False ring chronologies were established for two groups of sites (rocky outcrops and shallow soils). The years 1955, 1959, and 1988 were those with the highest occurrence of false rings (62% to 90% of all stems). Factors predisposing false ring formation include the cambial age of stems bearing false rings and drainage conditions (dry rocky outcrop sites). Triggering factors were climatic events (low precipitation) occurring during the growing season.
Beauséjour, Robin. "Influence des perturbations anthropiques historiques sur les patrons d'invasion de plantes et de vers de terre non-indigènes dans une forêt primaire tempérée (réserve naturelle Gault, Mont St-Hilaire)." Mémoire, Université de Sherbrooke, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11143/5921.
Full textAkroume, Emila. "Élaboration d'un dispositif expérimental de manipulations de matière organique sur le long terme en forêt tempérée et évaluation des impacts à très court terme des exportations sur le sol." Thesis, Paris, AgroParisTech, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015AGPT0069.
Full textLogging residues represent a non-exploited supply which could be used for energetic purpose, but they are also a relevant compartment for forest soil fertility and biodiversity. Some studies in tropical and boreal context have highlighted the negative impacts of these practices on the forest ecosystems. The MOS network has been set up to evaluate the effects of organic matters manipulations on temperate forest stands at short and long term.This thesis has two objectives: i) to set up the methodology necessary to characterized the ecosystems’ variability and then, to implement the national experimental design of organic matter manipulation by taking into account this variability and ii) to describe the very short terms impacts of organic matter removal on the forest soil cycling. This second aim is organized into two axes: a first part evaluates the impacts of these sylvicultural practices on the biogeochemical cycles and the diversity of fungal communities. A second study scale, in controlled conditions, deals with the understanding of the trophic interactions between trees, ectomycorrhizal fungi and saprotrophic fungi during the wooddecaying process.The absence of clear trend confirms the persistence in the soil functioning at very short term. This first monitoring permitted to identify some functional indicators. A regular monitoring will strengthen these observations by introducing some biological indicators on fungal communities
Michelot, Alice. "Croissance et δ13C des cernes de trois essences forestières tempérées (Fagus sylvatica, Quercus petraea et Pinus sylvestris) face aux variations climatiques à l'échelle interannuelle et saisonnière." Phd thesis, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00630649/en/.
Full textBonneil, Philippe. "Diversité et structure des communautés de Lépidoptères nocturnes en chênaie de plaine dans un contexte de conversion vers la futaie régulière." Phd thesis, Museum national d'histoire naturelle - MNHN PARIS, 2005. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00123727.
Full textDans ce contexte, nous avons étudié l'impact à court terme de deux types de coupes d'intensités différentes (la coupe d'ensemencement et la coupe d'éclaircie), ainsi que la succession et la reconstitution des communautés de macro-Lépidoptères nocturnes au cours de la première moitié du cycle de futaie régulière, en référence aux anciens taillis-sous-futaie. Une deuxième partie aborde le rôle des caractéristiques dendrométriques, structurales et floristiques du peuplement forestier. Les travaux, menés en forêt domaniale de Montargis (45), ont nécessité une mise au point de la méthode d'échantillonnage pour comparer de manière synchronique 6 stades sylvicoles (incluant celui d'avant conversion) répartis parmi 35 sites. Les analyses ont porté sur la communauté entière, sur des groupes écologiques et biologiques définis a priori (selon l'habitat, le type et le nombre de plantes-hôtes consommées, le stade hivernant et la capacité de dispersion) et sur les espèces suffisamment fréquentes. Les réponses sont perçues à travers les variations de richesse spécifique, d'abondance absolue et de composition en espèces.
La coupe d'ensemencement, de forte intensité et initiatrice du cycle sylvicole, entraîne rapidement une modification profonde des communautés et la chute de la richesse spécifique et de l'abondance totales. La coupe d'éclaircie, de faible intensité, ne modifie pas la richesse et l'abondance totales et très peu la composition spécifique. Au cours du cycle sylvicole, la composition spécifique évolue pour se rapprocher, en jeune futaie vers 110 ans, de la composition d'origine. La richesse et l'abondance totales augmentent dans les stades jeunes pour atteindre un maximum en bas-perchis vers 45 ans puis tendent à diminuer légèrement jusqu'en jeune futaie où leurs valeurs d'origine sont retrouvées. La majorité des espèces est indifférente à la coupe et au cycle mais les autres ont des réponses contrastées. Les réponses des groupes étudiés suivent celle de la communauté entière, y compris pour les espèces supposées favorisées par la coupe (espèces de milieux ouverts, espèces liées aux herbacées). Néanmoins des tendances permettent de classer les espèces en deux groupes. Les espèces les plus défavorisées par la coupe d'ensemencement à court et à long terme sont les forestières, celles liées aux ligneux, les monophages, celles hivernant au stade d'œuf et les Geometridae, moins aptes à la dispersion. Les espèces les moins défavorisées sont les eurytopes, celles liées aux herbacées, les polyphages, celles hivernant au stade de chenille et les Noctuidae, plus aptes à la dispersion. La surprenante similarité des réponses des groupes (sauf pour les espèces lichénophages) à la coupe d'ensemencement peut être expliquée par un renseignement des traits d'espèce peu fiable et, au stade de régénération, par une plus faible détectabilité, des conditions micro-climatiques défavorables, une mauvaise qualité du feuillage, une prédation et un parasitisme élevés. Nous pensons que l'envergure moyenne des individus ne reflète pas la capacité de dispersion mais pourrait être liée au volume de vol disponible.
Dans les peuplements âgés, la richesse des Lépidoptères est liée positivement à la richesse floristique du sous-bois, mais sur l'ensemble des stades sylvicoles la richesse totale augmente avec l'hétérogénéité structurale du peuplement forestier (nombre de strates, recouvrement de la strate arbustive). La composition spécifique est aussi particulièrement liée à la richesse floristique du sous-bois.
Dans les limites de l'étude, la conversion ne semble pas menacer la diversité des Lépidoptères nocturnes. Toutefois, si les tendances observées se confirmaient, la deuxième moitié du cycle de futaie régulière serait défavorable aux espèces forestières et à celles ayant une faible capacité de dispersion.
Cuny, Henri. "Dynamique intra-annuelle de la formation du bois de trois espèces de conifères (sapin pectiné, épicéa commun et pin sylvestre) dans les Vosges : De la description des patrons saisonniers de la croissance à l'étude de l'influence de l'environnement sur la cinétique du développement cellulaire et les caractéristiques anatomiques du xylène." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013LORR0076/document.
Full textWood formation (xylogenesis) produces a large part of the biomass of this planet and provides a crucial resource to Mankind. Wood cells are produced by division in the cambium, after what they enlarge, build a lignified thick wall and die. During a year, these processes take place at certain dates, last for certain durations and go at certain rates. These dates, durations and rates characterize the intra-annual dynamics of xylogenesis. This dynamics remains poorly explored whereas it is a key aspect as it determines the quantity and quality of the produced wood and conveys the influence of intrinsic (gene, hormone) and extrinsic (environment) regulatory factors. This work aims to improve our knowledge on the intra-annual dynamics of xylogenesis. During three years (2007-2009), xylogenesis was monitored for 45 trees of three conifer species (silver fir, Norway spruce, and Scots pine) in northeast France. For that, small wood samples were collected weekly on tree stem. Samples were prepared at the laboratory, and anatomical sections were cut to observe xylogenesis under a light microscope. This thesis has improved our knowledge on the functioning of xylogenesis, a biological system of a fascinating complexity. We characterized - thanks to the development of an efficient statistical method - the little known aspects of wood cell differentiation dynamics. Based on this characterization, we eluded the mechanisms by which xylogenesis dynamics shapes tree ring structure, we established the intra-annual dynamics of carbon accumulation in wood and we evaluated the mechanisms of the climate influence on xylogenesis
Toïgo, Maude. "Productivité des forêts mélangées : effet de la diversité en essences dans un contexte climatique et édaphique variable." Thesis, Orléans, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015ORLE2018.
Full textGlobal environmental changes may lead to a modification of abiotic factors and biological diversity. The production function in forest ecosystems has the particularity to be both subjected to, and a regulator of, these environmental changes. Understanding how forest productivity is driven by species diversity and environmental factors is therefore a critical issue. This PhD thesis studies how tree species mixture affects their productivity along edaphic and climatic gradients. Based on an approach using both an original dataset and the national forest inventory dataset, I focused on five major species of European forests in pure and two-species forests: Quercus petraea, Pinus sylvestris, Fagus sylvatica, Abies alba and Picea abies. In lowlands, abiotic factors had little impacts on the outcome of tree species mixture on productivity. In addition, the effect of tree species mixture was determined by the shade tolerance of companion species. In highlands, the positive effects of tree species mixture were strongest when the abiotic factors were the most limiting for growth. These results highlight the importance of considering abiotic factors and the functional characteristics of species as drivers of the effect of biological diversity on ecosystem functions
Rizvi, Syed. "Amendements calco-magnésiens de bassins versants forestiers acidifiés : effets sur la dynamique de la matière organique et l'activité biologique du sol." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012AIXM4796.
Full textThe main objective of this work is to assess the consequences of calco-magnesium liming on two acidified forested catchments in Vosges Mountain (sandstone and granite) on humus morphology, abundance and diversity of mesofauna, fungal biomass and carbon storage in organic horizons 5 and 7 years after liming. Moreover, we performed a study to verify under laboratories conditions by using microcosms filled with soil from acidified catchments lying on sandstone and granite in order to study the short-term effect of calco-magnesium liming. During the two field campaigns, we determined calcium and magnesium contents of OL horizon, pH, humus morphology, mesofauna abundance and diversity, fungal biomass, soil carbon storage of organic layers OL, OF and OH.Results indicated that calco-magnesium liming affects studied parameters in different ways according to elapsed time after liming and the geological substrate (sandstone and granite), the more acidic catchment (sandstone) showing the most remarkable reaction. Results of immediate effects of liming showed a decrease of mesofauna abundance and then gradually increasing tendencies in field campaigns after 5 years while no effect after 7 years after liming. The opposite or no effects were observed on granite substrate. Ca and Mg contents in OL horizon increased by liming but this effect were only significant on sandstone substrate. Soil fungal biomass was not affected by liming but was significantly higher on granite substrate than sandstone. Liming increased the OH horizon thickness on sandstone while decreased the OL horizon on granite, under the influence of biological activity (mesofauna vs microorganisms)
Charbonnier, Yohan. "Relations entre diversité des habitats forestiers et communautés de chiroptères à différentes échelles spatiales en Europe : implications pour leur conservation et le maintien de leur fonction de prédation." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014BORD0277/document.
Full textInsectivorous bats are increasingly recognized as potential regulators of pest insect populations.They also represent the group of European mammals with the most unfavorable conservation status. Forests are key habitats for many bat species but are currently under threat from climate change and fragmentation. It is therefore urgent to better understand the relationships between the bats, their prey and their habitats in forests. Our main objective was to quantify the effects, at multiple spatial scales, of the main attributes of forest habitats on the activity, species richness, functional diversity and composition of European bat communities. They were studied using manipulative experiments in Aquitaine plantation forests and automatic recordings in the network of exploratory plots set up in six European countries by the FunDivEurope project. From the plot to the continent scale, increasing tree diversity, amount of broad leaved trees and dead wood, had positive effects on bat communities through an increase in prey and roost resources. However these effects were not stationary, being stronger at higher latitudes, probably due to lower habitat carrying capacity in relation to harsher climatic conditions. In addition we experimentally demonstrated that the numerical and functional responses of bats to prey density could result in effective regulation of pine processionary moth populations. Forest management strategies aim at enhancing key habitat structures, are eventually proposed in order to improve the conservation of bats and to increase the service of pest regulation they can provide
Dietz, Lucie. "Dynamique spontanée post-tempête de la végétation forestière en contexte de changement climatique." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris, AgroParisTech, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020AGPT0004.
Full textIn a context where the disturbances could be more severe and/or more frequent, the choice of silvicultural management to be implemented following disturbances comes up against the lack of knowledge of the spontaneous dynamics of regeneration obtained in the context of climate change. From permanent plots installed in France following the storms of 1999, the objective of this study is to analyse the medium-term vegetation dynamics observed within forest gaps, to identify its main determinants and assess the interaction between disturbances and adaptation of plant communities to climate change. The natural tree regeneration, obtained in the post-storm gaps, seems to be sufficient in terms of density and species diversity. Most sites have in average more than 2000 stems/ha and 4.4 species present in the stratum greater than 2 m. The few concerning situations have been identified from the young stages of regeneration and have common characteristics: they are old coniferous stands on acidic soil where competing vegetation has been able to develop, inducing regeneration blocking. In these contexts, a silvicultural intervention would have been desirable to promote regeneration. A specific study of the natural regeneration of three major European hardwood species was carried out: oak, hornbeam and beech. We have highlighted a decline in the abundance of oak over time, in favour of the two most competitive species of beech and hornbeam. Oak is still present on 22% of the sites 19 years after the canopy was opened despite its low density. It also shows growth equivalent or even superior to that of hornbeam and beech, suggesting different development strategies between the three species. Nevertheless, in view of the observed dynamics of the oak, without intervention to promote its regeneration, its future seems uncertain in the coming decades. Finally, our study revealed a greater thermophilisation of the plant communities present in forests that have had an open canopy compared to those in undisturbed forests. By stimulating thermophilization, disturbance thus plays a major ecological role in the adaptation of plant communities to climate change. The importance of large-scale disturbances should therefore not be underestimated, especially in a future climate context where they are likely to intensify
Chemidlin, Prevost-Bouré Nicolas. "Les respirations autotrophe et hétérotrophe du sol dans une chênaie tempérée." Paris 11, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PA112176.
Full textNowadays, a better understanding of soil functioning has become crucial in the context of climate change because soil respiration (RS) can determine the source or sink status of terrestrial ecosystems. Indeed, RS accounts for 40 to 70% of total ecosystem respiration. A better understanding of RS processes is mainly determined by our ability to disentangle its autotrophic (RA) and heterotrophic (RH) components and to study their response to variations of environmental factors. The aims of this study were to partition RS into RA and RH, and to determine the effects of biotic and abiotic factors variations on soil functioning. This study took place in a deciduous temperate forest (Barbeau forest, site FR-Font, CarboEurope-IP Network). To partition RS, a trenching approach with RS measurements (chamber and soil CO2 gradients) was adopted and coupled to the use of C stable isotopes in natural abundance. This allowed testing if root exclusion significantly affected the C stable isotopic composition of soil CO2 efflux (). Results showed that RS was significantly affected by trenching and that RH accounted for 40 to 60% of RS. They also showed that RS increased with soil temperature, this increase being modulated by soil moisture. On the contrary, was not affected by root exclusion; leading to the conclusion that differences in between RA and RH are probably too small to confidently partition soil respiration in forest ecosystems. The effects of biotic factors variations on soil functioning were studied by quantitatively modifying the amount of leaf litter reaching the soil, and by a manual monthly monitoring of RS and ; and the bacterial community structure (BCS) in soil and litter. Results show that RS increased non-proportionally to leaf litter amount. This increase was attributed to a priming effect (PE). The intensity of the CO2 efflux from mineral soil or leaf litter was independent of the treatment, suggesting that the PE occurred in deeper soil horizons and consumed old organic C. was not affected by treatment, leading to the conclusion that the isotopic composition of CO2 corresponding to the priming effect was close to other CO2 sources. Nevertheless, soil and litter BCS were significantly affected by leaf litter treatment, leading to potential variations in soil functioning. Moreover, a significant statistical link between litter BCS and litter CO2 efflux intensity and isotopic composition highlighted the link between microbial diversity variations and variations in soil functioning. All these results underline the importance of integrated studies when considering RS. To better understand soil functioning and its response to climate change, it seems necessary to take into account both the variability of the intensity of soil CO2 efflux and the variability of the soil system in terms of microbial diversity and enzymatic activities
Barbier, Stéphane. "Influence de la diversité, de la composition et de l'abondance des essences forestières sur la diversité floristique des forêts tempérées." Phd thesis, Université d'Orléans, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00238532.
Full textNous avons développé des modèles statistiques pour tester ces indicateurs sur la richesse de groupes écologiques de la flore. Nous les avons comparés avec des modèles basés sur la composition et l'abondance des essences, dans les forêts de plaine du centre de la France (Bassin Parisien). Les caractéristiques stationnelles ont été soit fixées, soit prises en compte dans les modèles. Il apparaît que la richesse en essences n'est pas un bon indicateur de diversité floristique, et que la pureté de l'essence principale a des effets positifs ou nuls sur la richesse floristique ; ces réponses positives s'expliquent probablement par la structure des peuplements étudiés qui sont principalement des chênaies et chênaies charmaies, dans lesquelles la diminution de la pureté de l'essence principale (souvent le chêne) correspond souvent à une augmentation des essences de taillis dans le sous-étage (comme le charme). Ces essences de taillis ont des effets négatifs ou nuls (voire positifs pour les herbacées forestières).
Il existe de meilleurs indicateurs de biodiversité que la pureté et la richesse, en particulier l'identité de l'essence principale et l'abondance des essences classées par groupes. Le premier est un indicateur pratique ; il nous montre par exemple que les peuplements de résineux sont moins riches en espèces sciaphiles ; les peuplements de frênes sont plus riches pour de nombreux groupes d'espèces vasculaires ; les peuplements de chênes pédonculés sont plus riches que ceux de chênes sessiles pour de nombreux groupes d'espèces. L'abondance des groupes d'essences (chênes, pionnières, essences de demi-ombre, autres essences feuillues, résineuses dryades et résineuses post-pionnières) est le meilleur descripteur de la richesse pour plusieurs groupes écologiques. Cependant, c'est un modèle multivarié qui n'est pas facile à utiliser en tant que tel comme indicateur.
Nous avons étudié l'effet essence à l'échelle de l'arbre pour s'affranchir des biais stationnels ; les variations de l'eau du sol entre couples d'essences (pin–chêne ; hêtre–chêne) sont faibles, l'éclairement est parfois différent entre essences (surtout à proximité du tronc), mais il y a peu de différences floristiques entre essences à cette échelle (sauf pour les bryophytes). L'effet de la structure des peuplements semble plus important à considérer que les caractéristiques propres à chaque arbre individuel. La composition en essences est une variable synthétique qui nous renseigne en partie sur de nombreux facteurs de diversité végétale auxquels elle est liée : des caractéristiques stationnelles, sylviculturales, de structure du peuplement et historiques. Ces facteurs sont inhérents à la composition en essences dans les forêts existantes. Si la sylviculture changeait (choix d'essences par station et fréquence et intensité des perturbations), les relations entre composition en essences et diversité floristique changeraient probablement aussi ; nos indicateurs devraient alors être testés de nouveau.
Laginha, Pinto Correia David. "Potentiel d'utilisation de la diversité fonctionnelle des arbres dans l'aménagement durable des forêts tempérées nordiques et boréales." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/31152.
Full textForest management objectives have slowly changed over the last few decades. While forest management used to focus mainly on wood production, forests are now expected to be managed for multiple ecosystem services. Traditional forest management strategies are also unsuitable to tackle the threats posed by climate change and by the increased frequency of climate extremes. The development of biodiversity indicators capable of predicting ecosystem response to disturbances has been identified as one of the key research priorities in the improvement of existing sustainable forest management frameworks. However, our understanding of these biodiversity-ecosystem functioning relationships and their response to disturbances needs to be improved if such indicators are to be developed. The objective of this thesis was to analyse the potential of tree functional diversity indicators in improving sustainable forest management of northern temperate and boreal forests. In my first chapter, I studied the impact of stand age, height and cover type on multiple tree biodiversity indicators. My analyses showed that stand age, one of the most widespread indicators of biodiversity, should not be used as the sole indicator of tree diversity in forest management because it inadequately represents a significant part of stand tree diversity. In my second chapter, I analysed the relationship between two indicators of pre-logging functional diversity (functional redundancy and response diversity), and post-logging stand productivity. My results revealed the importance of considering functional diversity in biodiversity-ecosystem functioning studies and showed that response diversity is significantly associated with post-logging productivity in these forests. In the last chapter, I examined the relationship between three functional traits associated with tree resistance and resilience to drought. My results showed that, in our study area, dry leaf mass per unit area and xylem pressure at which 50% of stem xylem conductivity is lost through cavitation significantly influence drought-induced tree mortality, but do not affect stand productivity response to drought. This thesis revealed the importance of the relationships between tree functional diversity, stand productivity and stand response to partial and severe disturbances. Besides improving our scientific understanding of the relationships between functional diversity and ecosystem functioning, these results allowed us to propose several tree-diversity based forest management strategies that should considerably improve stand resilience and resistance to disturbances.
Khlifa, Rim. "Effets de la diversité des arbres sur le fonctionnement de l'écosystème dans deux plantations de forêts tempérées." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/27346.
Full textIn the last two decades, the vast majority of scientists have agreed that anthropogenic actions are responsible for an important and rapid loss of biodiversity at a global scale, through the elimination of genes, species and biological traits. This fact led to remarkable progress towards understanding how the loss of biodiversity affects the functioning of ecosystems. Although the link between biodiversity and ecosystem functioning (BEF) is now well documented, the mechanisms underlying this relationship are still poorly understood, especially with regards to belowground processes in treed ecosystems. The objective of this Ph.D. project was to improve our understanding of the link between aboveground biodiversity and belowground functioning in two artificial ecosystems (tree plantations). For this purpose, we examined the implication of different actors and parameters of the belowground compartment that are likely to influence the C - and N - cycles, in relation to aboveground biodiversity (through the functional trait-based approach). On the one hand we studied the productivity of fine roots, their chemistry, the functioning and composition of soil microbial communities in relation to diversity measures (specific richness and functional diversity) in a young plantation (4 years). On the other hand, we studied the decomposition of fine roots in relation to over- and understory vegetation following the application of silvicultural treatments in an older plantation (27 years). In all cases, we studied the relationship between these parameters and processes, as well as soil C and N (total and in fractions). Deciduous and conifer species differed in fine root productivity and in microbial community catabolic activity. Conifers were more productive than deciduous (fine roots), and soil microbial communities associated with deciduous trees used a greater number of carbon sources than those associated with conifers. Moreover, although tree specific richness influenced the functioning of microbes, it had no effect on their composition or the productivity of the fine roots, while tree identities (and their functional traits) influenced all these parameters and processes. The mean value of traits had a greater influence on fine root productivity, basal respiration and microbial biomass than the variance of these traits. The functional diversity (considered as a gradient) had no effect on any of the parameters and processes studied. Finally, our study revealed that the understory vegetation (cover of functional type and some species), more than overstory vegetation, soil properties or fine root chemistry influences the fine root decomposition. In general, this thesis has uncovered and highlighted unknown aspects of the relationship between BEF, in particular with regard to the link between aboveground diversity and belowground functioning. Our results precisely identified tree species, understory vegetation and functional traits and the processes on which they intervene. This could help to refine predictive models of C and N cycles or provide advice to forest managers.
Andrianantenaina, Anjy. "Dynamiques intra-annuelles de la séquestration du carbone dans le bois des feuillus et des résineux en forêts tempérées." Thesis, Paris, AgroParisTech, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019AGPT0001.
Full textForest ecosystems are the major and most perennial terrestrial carbon pool. However, the seasonal dynamics of production of this woody biomass, in relation to the ecosystem carbon uptake remain poorly studied, limiting our understanding of the carbon cycle and particularly its sensitivity to current climate changes. This thesis aimed to better understand the underlying process of carbon sequestration within forming wood, as related to tree physiology, stand carbon assimilation and site environmental conditions. The study was conducted on three instrumented site with a flux tower, the stand is dominated respectively by spruce in Tharandt in 2016, by beech in Hesse in 2015-2017, and by oak in Barbeau in 2016. To monitor wood formation, wood samples containing phloem, cambial zone, and developing xylem were collected weekly on dominant trees within the tower footprint. Flux tower measurements were used to estimate the daily GPP of the stand, and record the climatic conditions. In the 1st chapter, we developed a novel histologic approach, to quantify the intra-annual dynamics of carbon sequestration in spruce forming wood. This approach, based on repeated measurements of xylem apparent density, is easier, faster, and more accurate than the previously available method, and is applicable also to angiosperm species. In the 2nd chapter, we showed that simultaneous occurrence of the canopy development and the resumption of cambial activity slowed down xylem radial growth, and might entail the formation of xylem with high porosity but functional at early growing season. In the 3rd chapter, we demonstrated that the tree-ring structure determined the temporal coordination between stem growth in size and in biomass along the growing season, with carbon sequestration in forming wood always lagging behind stem radial growth due to inner processes of xylogenesis. Indeed, we showed an increasing timelag ranging from ten days to nearly one month for spruce and beech, but a decreasing timelag from nearly three to one week for oak trees. In the 4th chapter, we observed that regardless of the stand, carbon assimilation followed a large and symmetric bell curve peaking in June, while seasonal dynamics of carbon sequestration differed among the three species. The beech trees concentrated carbon sequestration in stem in May-July, while the spruce and oak trees rather peaked in June-August, and completed stem growth towards the second part of the growing season. In the 5th chapter, based on a three-year monitoring of carbon fluxes, trees growth and environmental factors in the mature beech stand, we showed that ranking of annual carbon balance was not maintained from one year to another, with higher carbon assimilation during the hottest year, but higher woody biomass production in the wettest year. This suggests that allocation of carbon from assimilation to sequestration in stem is not following a simple allometric rule. In the last chapter, we observed that parallel to formation of a new xylem, starch content also increased in forming wood, suggesting that storage and stem growth were tightly connected along the growing season, with higher allocation to storage for sessile oak, compared to spruce and beech. This thesis has improved our knowledge about the dynamics of carbon allocation in the tree, from assimilation at the leaf level to long-term sequestration into the wood, and allowed to explore their respective sensitivity to climate conditions. A better quantification of the shift between stem growth in size and in biomass will require to disentangle the kinetics of cellulose and lignin deposition. However, our work contributed to a better understanding of the intra-annual dynamics of stem radial growth and carbon sequestration, which could help to improve modelling of forests net primary productivity, in the context of current global warming
Andrianantenaina, Anjy. "Dynamiques intra-annuelles de la séquestration du carbone dans le bois des feuillus et des résineux en forêts tempérées." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris, AgroParisTech, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019AGPT0001.
Full textForest ecosystems are the major and most perennial terrestrial carbon pool. However, the seasonal dynamics of production of this woody biomass, in relation to the ecosystem carbon uptake remain poorly studied, limiting our understanding of the carbon cycle and particularly its sensitivity to current climate changes. This thesis aimed to better understand the underlying process of carbon sequestration within forming wood, as related to tree physiology, stand carbon assimilation and site environmental conditions. The study was conducted on three instrumented site with a flux tower, the stand is dominated respectively by spruce in Tharandt in 2016, by beech in Hesse in 2015-2017, and by oak in Barbeau in 2016. To monitor wood formation, wood samples containing phloem, cambial zone, and developing xylem were collected weekly on dominant trees within the tower footprint. Flux tower measurements were used to estimate the daily GPP of the stand, and record the climatic conditions. In the 1st chapter, we developed a novel histologic approach, to quantify the intra-annual dynamics of carbon sequestration in spruce forming wood. This approach, based on repeated measurements of xylem apparent density, is easier, faster, and more accurate than the previously available method, and is applicable also to angiosperm species. In the 2nd chapter, we showed that simultaneous occurrence of the canopy development and the resumption of cambial activity slowed down xylem radial growth, and might entail the formation of xylem with high porosity but functional at early growing season. In the 3rd chapter, we demonstrated that the tree-ring structure determined the temporal coordination between stem growth in size and in biomass along the growing season, with carbon sequestration in forming wood always lagging behind stem radial growth due to inner processes of xylogenesis. Indeed, we showed an increasing timelag ranging from ten days to nearly one month for spruce and beech, but a decreasing timelag from nearly three to one week for oak trees. In the 4th chapter, we observed that regardless of the stand, carbon assimilation followed a large and symmetric bell curve peaking in June, while seasonal dynamics of carbon sequestration differed among the three species. The beech trees concentrated carbon sequestration in stem in May-July, while the spruce and oak trees rather peaked in June-August, and completed stem growth towards the second part of the growing season. In the 5th chapter, based on a three-year monitoring of carbon fluxes, trees growth and environmental factors in the mature beech stand, we showed that ranking of annual carbon balance was not maintained from one year to another, with higher carbon assimilation during the hottest year, but higher woody biomass production in the wettest year. This suggests that allocation of carbon from assimilation to sequestration in stem is not following a simple allometric rule. In the last chapter, we observed that parallel to formation of a new xylem, starch content also increased in forming wood, suggesting that storage and stem growth were tightly connected along the growing season, with higher allocation to storage for sessile oak, compared to spruce and beech. This thesis has improved our knowledge about the dynamics of carbon allocation in the tree, from assimilation at the leaf level to long-term sequestration into the wood, and allowed to explore their respective sensitivity to climate conditions. A better quantification of the shift between stem growth in size and in biomass will require to disentangle the kinetics of cellulose and lignin deposition. However, our work contributed to a better understanding of the intra-annual dynamics of stem radial growth and carbon sequestration, which could help to improve modelling of forests net primary productivity, in the context of current global warming
Taccoen, Adrien. "Détermination de l'impact potentiel du changement climatique sur la mortalité des principales essences forestières européennes." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris, AgroParisTech, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019AGPT0004.
Full textForest ecosystems are one of the main providers of terrestrial ecosystem services, whose functioning has already been altered by recent climate change. Increases in tree mortality rates have been highlighted in different biomes worldwide, as well as increases in the frequency of massive mortality events following droughts. However, tree mortality is a multi-causal process. It is difficult to quantify the importance of the different factors that can possibly lead to tree death, and particularly the importance of climate change in comparison with forest dynamics and competition-related effects, environmental or biotic factors. This thesis aims at assessing the drivers of background tree mortality, which is the mortality observed in a stand in the absence of extreme perturbation, for the main European tree species. We used data from the French forest inventory of the National Geographic Institute (IGN) and historic climate data from Météo-France spanning the years 1961 to 2015.First, we modelled background tree mortality for 43 tree species in order to identify the drivers of background tree mortality. We used 372.974 trees, including 7.312 dead trees surveyed between the years 2009 and 2015. We found that factors related with competition, tree development stage, stand structure and species composition and logging intensity explained 85% of the recent tree mortality. Environmental factors (soil and climate conditions) accounted for 9% of the total modelled mortality. Temperature increases and rainfall decreases since the period 1961 – 1987 had a significant effect on the mortality of 45% of the 43 species and explained in average 6% of the total modelled mortality.Secondly, we focused on the link between trees locations along temperature and rainfall gradients and their sensitivity to changes of temperature and rainfall. We found that, for 9 species out of 12, temperature increases and rainfall decreases effects were more important in areas with high mean temperature and low mean rainfall. These results show that climate change-related tree mortality could be exacerbated towards the species’ warm and dry edges.Finally, we sought to evaluate how climate change-related tree mortality varied along trees social statuses and sizes gradients. We found that suppressed trees were more sensitive to temperature increases than dominant trees. On the contrary, dominant trees, and particularly large dominant trees, appear to be more sensitive to rainfall decrease than suppressed trees. Overall, our results show that climate change-related tree mortality is globally more important for suppressed than dominant trees.We highlighted the existence of a link between recent temperature increases and rainfall decreased and observed tree mortality rates on around half of the species of the French forest. We also showed that these effects were exacerbated towards the warm and dry edges of the species ranges. Finally, we showed that these effects differed according to trees social statuses and development stages. These results allow us to better understand the impacts of climate change on French and European forest and to better anticipate their effects through the adaptation of silvicultural practices
Kulhánková-Kubartová, Ariana. "Effet des essences forestières sur la diversité des décomposeurs: étude du site atelier de Breuil (Bourgogne, France)." Thesis, Nancy 1, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007NAN10142/document.
Full textMicrobial diversity and its relation to decomposition activity were studied in forest soils. An optimized fingerprinting method of TGGE (temperature gradient gel electrophoresis) was used to determine the patterns mainly of fungal but also of bacterial communities during decomposition of different substrates (cellulose, wood, tree litters) in a native forest and four monocultures . The diversity data were compared to measurements of decomposition rate in the samples (plus cellulase activity, fungal biomass and C/N ). Further, effect of environmental variables (soil chemistry, moisture and temperature) to diversity was also targeted. Substitution of tree species caused changes in the composition of fungal and bacterial communities. Similarly, the communities were changing during the incubation period. However, any significant decrease of species richness was detected for any substrate or tree species. The differences in the decomposition rate did not seem to be influenced by a species loss or community change, but rather by a change in the microclimatic and nutrient conditions, influencing biotic interactions and/or species activity. Leaf-needle mixed litters sustained fungal diversity and increased the decomposition rate. During summer, species richness tended to decrease and common species were replaced by infrequent ones, able to tolerate dry conditions and to be very active
Nguyen, Quy Nam. "Utilisation d'arbres de faible vigueur provenant de forêts feuillues tempérées comme matière première pour la fabrication de granules de bois." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/27193.
Full textThe objective of this study was to contribute to a deeper understanding of hardwood pelletization by investigating the technical possibility of converting low quality hardwoods (sugar maple and yellow birch) into conventional and advanced fuel pellets, a promising type of future energy carrier. Three individual studies were conducted and reported in this thesis. First study aimed at the investigation of the changes in extractives, ash, and lignin contents of wood among tree vigor classes. The higher contents of extractives and lignin in low vigor trees suggested that the low vigor trees are more suitable for conversion into solid biofuels. Second study aimed at the optimization of hardwood pelletizing process. The investigation was focused on the influence of process parameters such as temperature and compression force, and raw material characteristics such as particles size and moisture content on the physical and mechanical properties of wood pellets. The pelletizing process should be performed at a temperature of about 100 oC to minimize friction force in the press channel and at a moisture content of about 11.2% to maximize density and mechanical durability of pellets produced. This study also confirmed that low quality trees are more suitable for making wood pellets than vigorous trees. Third study aimed at the development of advanced fuel pellets. Hot water at elevated temperature was used to change the properties of raw material before pelletizing. Pelletization characteristics of treated material were significantly improved. The pellets produced represented a number of enhanced properties including ash content, energy content, water resistance and mechanical durability. The findings obtained through these studies emphasized the necessity of a good knowledge of the fundamentals of hardwood pelletization and proper solutions for the use of low quality hardwood trees in which the former can be applicable for pelletizing process development, and the latter in long term can contribute to the restoration of the degraded hardwood forests in terms of forests health and value.
Gianni, Fabrizio. "Conservation et restauration écologique des forêts marines Méditerranéennes." Thesis, Nice, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016NICE4028/document.
Full textLoss of marine forests of large brown seaweeds has been observed in recent decades, causing a reduction of ecosystem biodiversity. In the framework of the MMMPA project, this PhD aimed to address some important topics related to the conservation and restoration of algal forests, the role of Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) and fish herbivory. Different approaches were used: macroalgae surveys, literature reviews, manipulative experiments, tank-based experiments and GIS habitat mapping. Results from field experiments showed that native herbivorous fish, likely Sarpa salpa (salemas), can be the most effective herbivore of intertidal Cystoseira belts both on natural and artificial substrates. Indeed, salemas strongly affected the growth, biomass and reproductive output of natural forests and limited restoration success on artificial substrates. Likely, the role of the herbivorous fish in structuring macroalgal communities has been overlooked in the Mediterranean Sea so far. A review of the existing literature showed that knowledge on marine forests forming species has improved in recent decades. However, most of the research is not in relation to MPAs, likely due to the fact that marine forests are not always included in MPAs planning and management plans. Studies on marine forests are not homogeneously distributed in the world, being concentrated in the developed countries. Interestingly, an increase of the scientific interest (published papers) was observed. Nowadays, marine forests are under continuous threats and especially sensitive to multiple impacts
Poszwa, Anne. "Utilisation des isotopes du strontium pour évaluer la dynamique des éléments minéraux dans des écosystèmes forestiers sous climat boréal, tempéré et tropical." Nancy, 2000. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/SCD_T_2000_0128_POSZWA.pdf.
Full textAlbinet, Clément. "Sensibilité des observables radars à la variabilité temporelle et à la configuration géométrique de forêts tempérées et tropicales à partir de mesure de proximité haute-résolution." Phd thesis, Université Rennes 1, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00989130.
Full textBarrere, Julien. "Interactions entre chêne et cervidés durant le processus de renouvellement - cas des peuplements forestiers tempérés de plaine (Quercus robur et Q. petraea)." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021LORR0285.
Full textThe abundance and spatial distribution of cervids have drastically increased in France, and more generally in the Northern hemisphere over the last decades. These species play a crucial part in the functioning of forest ecosystems, but the current level of their populations compromises the process of forest regeneration for many tree species of crucial importance such as pedunculate and sessile oak (Quercus robur et Q. petraea). The objectives of this thesis are to quantify and unravel the mechanisms underlying the constraint exerted by cervids on oak regeneration through the consumption of acorns, of oak saplings and of admixed understory species, and (ii) to identify how specific forest management operations (i.e. fencing, felling, and clearing) can limit or enhance this constraint. The analysis of a long-term dataset of red and roe deer rumen content sampled in the study site of La Petite Pierre (Northeastern France) showed that acorns represented a significant resource in the diet of these two species, but that their acorn consumption saturated years of high fructification. Using experimental approaches, we showed that simulated deer browsing on the apical shoot systematically reduced oak sapling height growth both in situ and ex situ, and this was explained by a relatively poor plasticity in resource allocation following browsing to compensate for the loss of tissues. The analysis of a network of fenced-unfenced plots located in several sites in France and in Sweden showed that felling to increase canopy openness enhanced the negative effect of cervids on oak sapling growth and survival through a higher frequentation of cervids under open canopies. Lastly, after implementing the process of herbivory in a forest dynamic model (i.e. Regeneration library of CAPSIS modelling tool), I conducted simulations that suggested that under a high browsing pressure, less frequent clearing operations maintaining highly palatable sapling species such as hornbeam could reduce the negative influence of cervids on oak regeneration. To conclude, this thesis results confirm that cervids exert a significant constraint on the process of oak regeneration, but also suggest that adapted management of the understory vegetation could reduce this constraint and contribute to restore a balance between wildlife and silvicultural activities
Quibel, Edouard. "Impacts de la préparation du sol lors de la phase de plantation sur la dynamique des matières organiques et la fonction de stockage du Carbone dans les sols forestiers Impact du travail du sol localisé sur le stock de carbone organique du sol et la communauté microbienne en condition de plantation en forêt tempérée Changes in soil organic carbon stock by mechanical site preparation in oak and pine plantations on an acidic soil Impact du travail du sol localisé sur le stock de carbone organique du sol et la communauté microbienne en condition de plantation sur sol à engorgement temporaire en eau." Thesis, Normandie, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020NORMR017.
Full textIn the current context of climate change, forests are seen as a carbon sinj, i. e. they can contribute to C storage. This storage can take place in the medium term in woody biomass and in the longer term in soils. In order to preserve forests and their C storage capacity, foresters have to carry out artificial regeneration (i. e. planting) to adapt stands to future conditions. To ensure the success of this planting stage, it is sometimes necessary to remove some constraints such as the presence of blocking vegetation, compaction or waterlogging of soil. To do this, a Mechanical Soil Preparation (MSP) can be carried out prior to plantin. This PMS work may cause a Soil Organic Carbon (SOC) loss by mineralization. In order to limit the negative effects of PMS, tools have been developed to prepare the soil only in a localized area, on the future line of plants. These tools have been developed to respond to some situations. The Reversible Scarifier® (RS) tool and the Multifunction Subsoiler (MFSS) are designed to prepare soils compacted and/or invaded by eagle fern (Pteridium aquilinum). The Razherb® (RAZ) and the Culti 3B® (C3B) tools are designed to prepare compacted and/or waterlogged soils invaded by Molinia caerulea (Molinia caerulea). First, based on 6 sites belonging to the ALTER network, the impact of the RS tool alone and in combination with MFSS on COS was evaluated 5 years after the PMS. This evaluation therefore focused on the quantity and quality of SOC. The impact of the tools on the microbial functioning of the soil was also tested. This part showed a decrease in the stock of C and mineralized C by the microbial community under controlled conditions localized to the prepared area but impacts at the forest stand scale depend on soil characteristics. Second, based on 3 sites belonging to the PILOTE network, the impact of the combination of RAZ+C3B tools on SOC stocks and potential mineralization was evaluated. On these soils with temporary waterlogging, adecrease in SOC stock was observed in the prepared area only in the topsoil (0-30 cm). On the other hand, both SOC stock on the full profile and the potential mineralization did not have a significant effect on the prepared area. At the forest stand scale, the RAZ+C3B combination had no effect on SOC stock or potential mineralization. This thesis work suggests that although they had an impact on the prepared area, the tools used in this study had low influence on the soil at the forest plot scale. However, these observations may vary according to the soil type and have a significant impact on the forest plot
Danger, Florence. "Etude de la signature isotopique du carbone (delta13C) du CO2 respiré et du cerne en relation avec le fonctionnement de l’arbre." Paris 11, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PA112284.
Full textBecause of the current atmospheric CO2 increase, study of temperate forest functioning as C source or sink becomes essential. Functional studies at smaller scales, like tree scale, allow to improve C flux estimates at the forest level. This thesis work mainly examines isotopic signals (13C quantity compared to 12C, delta13C) of two components of tree-C balance : 1) delta13C of CO2 respired by tree and characterization of its temporal variations, in relation to tree functioning. Our results showed a high variability of respired CO2 delta13C due to changes either in respiratory substrate delta13C or in intensity of substrate use. 2) Ring delta13C as an indicator of tree functioning in response to climate changes. This work showed that during latewood formation, variations of delta13C of new assimilated sugars were transmitted and recorder in the ring delta13C. These results validate, by a functional approach, the use of ring delta13C as an archive of tree functional responses to climatic conditions. These studies improve the understanding the tree isotopic signals and their interpretation at larger spatial and temporal scales, like in the study of ecosystem C balance or in the study of forest responses to inter-annual climate changes
Albinet, C. "Sensibilité des observables radars à la variabilité temporelle et à la configuration géométrique de forêts tempérées et tropicales à partir de mesure de proximité haute-résolution. Extension à la simulation dans la perspective de fusion de données radar-o." Phd thesis, Université Rennes 1, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01068830.
Full textVernay, Antoine. "De la complexité fonctionnelle et écophysiologique des ressources lumières, azote et eau dans le réseau précoce d'interactions entre le jeune chêne (Quercus petraea) et deux Poacées (D. cespitosa et M. caerulea) : conséquences pour la régénération des chênaies tempérées." Thesis, Université Clermont Auvergne (2017-2020), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017CLFAC081/document.
Full textTemperate forest ecosystems are prone to regeneration failures because of strong competition between understorey species and tree seedlings. This thesis aimed to improve our understanding of sessile oak seedlings (Quercus petraea) and poacea responses, both in competition among different levels of resource availabilities. Two poacea species were studied, Molinia caerulea and Deschampisa cespitosa. We focused on the role of the different resource combinations (light, water and inorganic nitrogen) on interaction variation (intensity and importance) between those species and underlying ecophysiological mechanisms. Our greenhouse and field experiments allowed us to infer a very early competition, from the first months of interaction between oak seedlings and poacea neighbours. High light level leads to stronger competition from poacea on oak seedlings, increased by nitrogen supply. Secondly nature and extent of these interactions depend on applied abiotic stress level and on considered organs. Thirdly Oak seedlings mainly respond by accumulating resources in coarse roots. These resources are remobilized next year and may have a positive carry-over effect on oak functioning if there is no water stress. Eventually we observed facilitation as well, from oak on D. cespitosa in fertilized environment. Nitrogen supply would foster oak seedling growth, increasing exudate production and root turn-over, to the benefit of D . cespitosa. The poacea would take up this extra nitrogen source for its own development. This study support the idea of including interaction effects of different abiotic factors in competition models. Silvicultural practices would also be enhanced by optimizing species coexistence in temperate forests as soon as tree seedlings and understorey species start to grow together
Sénécal, Jean-François. "Dynamique spatio-temporelle des trouées en forêt feuillue tempérée par télédétection Lidar." Mémoire, 2011. http://www.archipel.uqam.ca/4322/1/M12226.pdf.
Full textBégin, Edith. "Caractérisation des régimes de perturbations par le chablis et des vents extrêmes dans l'érablière à bouleau jaune du Québec." Mémoire, 2011. http://www.archipel.uqam.ca/4591/1/M12262.pdf.
Full textBrice, Marie-Hélène. "Dynamique spatio-temporelle des forêts dans l’écotone boréal-tempéré en réponse aux changements globaux." Thesis, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/24831.
Full textThe main objective of my thesis was to understand and quantify the combined effect of recent climate change and disturbances on forest community dynamics in the boreal-temperate ecotone over the past decades. To do so, I analysed the evolution of forest composition, transition dynamics and recruitment dynamics in Quebec from 1970 to 2018. In the first chapter, I showed that natural and anthropogenic disturbances were the main drivers of forest compositional change, i.e. temporal β diversity. Despite the prevalence of disturbances, analysis of community ecological traits revealed a thermophilization of forests across Québec, i.e. an increase of warm-adapted species at the expense of cold-adapted species. This thermophilization was further amplified by moderate disturbances, leading to a new question: if disturbances can favour such a community reorganization, could they catalyse a permanent shift to alternative states? The second chapter provided answers to this question with an analysis of forest transition dynamics in Québec based on a four-state model, i.e. boreal, mixed, temperate and pioneer. Transition dynamics was primarily influenced by disturbances and secondarily by climate and edaphic conditions. Major disturbances mainly triggered transitions to the pioneer state, while moderate disturbances promoted transitions from mixed to temperate states. In the long run, moderate disturbances may catalyse a faster northward shift of the temperateboreal ecotone under climate change. However, contrary to my expectations, temperate species recruitment played a negligible role in this dynamic compared to mortality and growth processes. The first two chapters were focussing on the evolution of mature tree communities. However, to understand forest dynamics, a detailed analysis of regeneration dynamics is necessary. Such a study was conducted in the third chapter where I highlighted northward shifts of several kilometres for the saplings of Acer rubrum, Acer saccharum and Betula alleghaniensis in undisturbed forests. However, under the influence of moderate disturbances, only Acer spp. had migrated and there were no shifts under the influence of major disturbances. In contrast, I found no evidence of migration for the saplings of Fagus grandifolia. Although partial cutting increased recruitment success of all four species, it did not result in larger northward range shifts, presumably because recruitment was constrained by short-distance dispersal, strong competition by boreal species, and unfavourable edaphic conditions. Overall, my results highlighted that forest communities in the temperate-boreal ecotone are already changing in response to recent climate warming and that disturbances are accelerating this response. While climate warming erodes the resilience of mixed forests, disturbances remove resident boreal species, thereby accelerating the successional process and facilitating the establishment of temperate species.