Academic literature on the topic 'Forets - Aspect economique'

Les forêts sont des écosystèmes qui jouent un rôle important dans l'adaptation de la société au changement climatique. Elles fournissent des services écosystémiques qui contribuent au bien-être humain et réduisent la vulnérabilité sociale. Or, le rythme du changement climatique s’accélère, en provoquant l'augmentation de la fréquence, de la durée et de l'intensité des événements naturels, notamment des épisodes de sécheresse extrême. En France, les épisodes de sécheresse extrême de 1976, 2003 et 2018 ont causé d’importants dommages à la forêt, à la fois immédiatement mais aussi durant plusieurs années. Les propriétaires privés peuvent protéger leurs forêts grâce à de multiples stratégies d'adaptation. Différentes stratégies d'adaptation basées sur la gestion forestière sont recommandées afin d'améliorer l'efficacité de la consommation d'eau du peuplement forestier et donc sa résistance au risque sécheresse. Le partage des risques peut être une autre option via l'assurance pour la couverture des pertes économiques. Quatre types de stratégies d'adaptation ont été testés et comparés d’un point de vue économique dans cette thèse : l'adaptation incrémentale (réduction de la durée de la révolution et réduction de la densité du peuplement), l'adaptation transitoire (diversification de la composition et de la structure) et l'adaptation transformante (substitution d'espèces) basées sur la gestion forestière, ainsi que de l'adaptation basée sur les mécanismes de marché (assurance indicielle). Pour cela, les données de sortie de modèles de croissance forestière ont servi de données d’entrée à l'approche économique. Un modèle d’assurance indicielle a aussi été développé et simulé. Pour les études de cas considérées et sous certaines hypothèses, cette thèse a donc fourni les principaux résultats suivants. Premièrement, les résultats ont prouvé que l'adaptation est pertinente pour faire face au risque de dépérissement des forêts induit par la sécheresse, qu'elle soit basée sur la gestion forestière ou sur les mécanismes de marché. Deuxièmement, la combinaison de stratégies d'adaptation basées sur la gestion forestière s’est révélée être un moyen pertinent pour adapter les forêts. La combinaison de différentes stratégies peut donc être plus bénéfique pour le propriétaire forestier que d’établir chaque stratégie séparément. Cependant, toutes les options d'adaptation ne semblent pas pertinentes, correspondant à une mauvaise adaptation. Dans le même ordre d'idées, si l'assurance forestière contre le risque de dépérissement induit par la sécheresse reste une option, le faible gain des contrats actuels peut ne pas apparaître suffisant pour inciter les propriétaires forestiers à adopter ces dits contrats
Forests are ecosystems that play an important role in the adaptation of the society to climate change. They provide ecosystem services that contribute to human well-being and reduce social vulnerability. Presently, the pace of climate change is accelerating too fast for the natural and spontaneous forest adaptation process to offset many negative impacts of climate-induced changes, such as increased frequency, duration, and intensity of mean and extreme natural events like severe drought events. In France, the extreme drought events of 1976, 2003 and 2018 caused great damage to the forest, both immediately and long after the drought episodes. Private owners can protect their forests through adaptation strategies. Different management-based adaptation strategies are recommended in order to improve the water consumption efficiency of the forest stand and thus its resistance to drought risk. Market-based strategies may be another option. Four types of adaptation strategies were tested and compared, from an economic perspective, in this thesis. These are: incremental (reduction of rotation length and reduction of stand density), transitional (composition diversification and structure diversification) and transformational (species substitution) management-based adaptation as well as a market-based adaptation (index-based insurance). For that purpose, outputs from forest growth models were used as inputs for forest economics analysis, and an index-based insurance model was developed and simulated. The main results of this thesis, for the considered case studies and under some assumptions, can be summarized as follows. First, the results proved that adaptation is a relevant strategy to mitigate drought-induced risk of dieback by the implementation of either management-based adaptation or market-based adaptation. Second, combining different management-based adaptation strategies appeared as a relevant way to adapt forests in a context of an increasing drought-induced risk of forest dieback. Indeed, the combination of different strategies was found to be more beneficial for the forest owner than each strategy implemented separately. However, not all adaptation options appeared effective, i.e., maladaptation. Finally, while forest insurance contracts covering drought-induced risk of forest dieback could be a relevant market-based option, small gains associated with current contracts are likely to prevent forest owners from adopting such insurance products

A Bourdieusian contribution to studies of affect provides a more comprehensive understanding of the everyday moments that make, transform and remake the social contours of inequality, and how those relations are contested and resisted. By teasing out the affective elements already implicit in concepts like habitus, illusio, cultural capital, field and symbolic violence, this book develops a theory of affective affinities to consider how emotions and feelings are central to how class is affectively delineated along with material and symbolic relations. This includes theorising habitus as one’s history rolled up into an affective ball of immanent dispositions, an assemblage of embodied affective charges. Sketching fields as having their own affective atmospheres and structures of feeling, while considering everyday settings that the concept of field cannot capture. Drawing upon illusio, social gravity and social magic to unpack how the embodied nature of the forms of capital mean they operate in affective economies mediating transmissions of affective violence. The book concludes by critically engaging with aspects of social change due to the rise of reflexivity, irony and cynicism and proposing the figure of the accumulated being to challenge the dominance of homo economicus.

: The forest is the irreplaceable balance cause within the biosphere. The current relationship between the forest and human has been increasingly publicized lately by the public, politicians, scientists and practitioners. For the sustainable management of the forestry sector, there is a need to know the forest from a quantitative and qualitative point of view. The purpose of the present paper is to know the current state of forests in the territory of Telenesti district in the context of ensuring the ecological balance of the urban and rural ecosystems of this district. Through this analysis, we offer information about the forest at the locality level, the current state and the functions that they do.

Sustainable and economically based forestry needs modern inventory and monitoring techniques. One of the most common technologies for identification of forest tree species and monitoring of forest growth conditions is the hyperspectral remote sensing. This technology gives an opportunity to economize human resources and time for data collecting and processing. The spectral behaviour of plant leaves depends on number of factors, including environmental background. The aim of this study was to assess the tree reflectance spectra in relation to the growth conditions to take into account potential differences for increasing precision of species identification in Latvian forests and for estimating of forest growth conditions. Remote sensing data were obtained using a specialized aircraft (Pilatus PC-6), which is equipped with a high-performance airborne VNIR pushbroom hyperspectral system (AisaEAGLE). The study area was flown at 1000 m altitude. Data was recorded in the 400–970 nm spectral range, spectral resolution was 3.3 nm, ground resolution 0.5 m. Data processing consisted of manually selecting trees with a recognizable tree crowns in the airborne images. Tree centres were adjusted by putting them in the accurate position according to the situation in aerial photography. All trees with a diameter at breast height DBH of more than 5 cm were measured and for each tree coordinates, its species, height, DBH, crown width and length were recorded. Differentially corrected Global Positioning System measurements were used to determine the position of each plot centre. Data from different hyperspectral bands were compared using ANOVA at confidence level 95 %. Four species: Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.), Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) H. Karst), silver birch (Betula pendula Roth), and European aspen (Populus tremula L.) – were examined in distinct forest site types. The spectral response of studied species was 1) different between species and 2) different between site types within each species, correlating with soil fertility gradient and soil moisture gradient. Differences between species occurred most in the intensity of reflected electromagnetic radiation rather than distinctive locations of maximums or minimums in spectrum curve, and near infrared (NIR) region of spectrum showed more differences between species than visible light zone. Most informative wavebands for distinguishing differences between site types were 805 nm and 644 nm.