Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Forêts feuillues'
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Gavinet, Jordane. "Installation d'espèces feuillues en forêt de pins d'Alep : interactions avec les strates arborées et arbustives." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016AIXM4371.
Full textSeedling establishment is a critical demographic phase, strongly influenced by plant-plant interactions. This thesis shows that the effect of Aleppo pine and shrubs on broadleaved seedling establishment depends on vegetation cover density, target and nurse species strategies and local conditions. A dense vegetation cover strongly limits seedling establishment by light and water competition, seedlings water stress being worsened by a low biomass allocation to roots. At the other extreme, in the open, photoinhibition and competition with grasses can limit seedling establishment. Sclerophyllous species are poorly sensitive to high temperature, irradiance and evaporative demand and can take advantage of favorable conditions at any time of the year by polycyclism in the open: interactions with pine are thus mostly competitive. In contrast, deciduous species with high SLA are more sensitive to photo-inhibition and benefit from the protection of a moderate cover, under which they are able to grow faster. In a nursery experiment, pine and shrub litters modified soil chemical and microbiological properties but without feedback on oak seedlings, indicating a poor allelopathic effect. Pine thinning is a strategy to enhance broadleaved seedling establishment and increase Mediterranean forest diversity and fire-resilience. However, the optimum thinning intensity seems to decrease in harsher climatic or edaphic conditions and for deciduous species
St-Jean, Émilie. "Dynamique de succession forestière dans les forêts feuillues nordiques après coupes partielles réalisées dans un contexte industriel." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/68420.
Full textRaulier, Frédéric. "Modélisation fonctionnelle de la dynamique des forêts feuillues à prédominance d'érable à sucre, comté de Témiscouata." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/nq25452.pdf.
Full textDurand, Muriel. "Apport de l'analyse architecturale des arbres dans l'étude de la structure des forêts tropicales sempervirentes." Montpellier 2, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999MON20049.
Full textFrenette, Mathieu. "Relations entre les facteurs environnementaux et les patrons spatiaux de la diversité végétale dans une forêt décidue froide." Thesis, Université Laval, 2006. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2006/23737/23737.pdf.
Full textNguyen, Quy Nam. "Utilisation d'arbres de faible vigueur provenant de forêts feuillues tempérées comme matière première pour la fabrication de granules de bois." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/27193.
Full textThe objective of this study was to contribute to a deeper understanding of hardwood pelletization by investigating the technical possibility of converting low quality hardwoods (sugar maple and yellow birch) into conventional and advanced fuel pellets, a promising type of future energy carrier. Three individual studies were conducted and reported in this thesis. First study aimed at the investigation of the changes in extractives, ash, and lignin contents of wood among tree vigor classes. The higher contents of extractives and lignin in low vigor trees suggested that the low vigor trees are more suitable for conversion into solid biofuels. Second study aimed at the optimization of hardwood pelletizing process. The investigation was focused on the influence of process parameters such as temperature and compression force, and raw material characteristics such as particles size and moisture content on the physical and mechanical properties of wood pellets. The pelletizing process should be performed at a temperature of about 100 oC to minimize friction force in the press channel and at a moisture content of about 11.2% to maximize density and mechanical durability of pellets produced. This study also confirmed that low quality trees are more suitable for making wood pellets than vigorous trees. Third study aimed at the development of advanced fuel pellets. Hot water at elevated temperature was used to change the properties of raw material before pelletizing. Pelletization characteristics of treated material were significantly improved. The pellets produced represented a number of enhanced properties including ash content, energy content, water resistance and mechanical durability. The findings obtained through these studies emphasized the necessity of a good knowledge of the fundamentals of hardwood pelletization and proper solutions for the use of low quality hardwood trees in which the former can be applicable for pelletizing process development, and the latter in long term can contribute to the restoration of the degraded hardwood forests in terms of forests health and value.
Delisle-Boulianne, Simon. "Mise au point d'un modèle de prélèvement par tiges individuelles pour simuler les coupes de jardinage en Outaouais." Thesis, Université Laval, 2013. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2013/30169/30169.pdf.
Full textAndrianantenaina, Anjy. "Dynamiques intra-annuelles de la séquestration du carbone dans le bois des feuillus et des résineux en forêts tempérées." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris, AgroParisTech, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019AGPT0001.
Full textForest ecosystems are the major and most perennial terrestrial carbon pool. However, the seasonal dynamics of production of this woody biomass, in relation to the ecosystem carbon uptake remain poorly studied, limiting our understanding of the carbon cycle and particularly its sensitivity to current climate changes. This thesis aimed to better understand the underlying process of carbon sequestration within forming wood, as related to tree physiology, stand carbon assimilation and site environmental conditions. The study was conducted on three instrumented site with a flux tower, the stand is dominated respectively by spruce in Tharandt in 2016, by beech in Hesse in 2015-2017, and by oak in Barbeau in 2016. To monitor wood formation, wood samples containing phloem, cambial zone, and developing xylem were collected weekly on dominant trees within the tower footprint. Flux tower measurements were used to estimate the daily GPP of the stand, and record the climatic conditions. In the 1st chapter, we developed a novel histologic approach, to quantify the intra-annual dynamics of carbon sequestration in spruce forming wood. This approach, based on repeated measurements of xylem apparent density, is easier, faster, and more accurate than the previously available method, and is applicable also to angiosperm species. In the 2nd chapter, we showed that simultaneous occurrence of the canopy development and the resumption of cambial activity slowed down xylem radial growth, and might entail the formation of xylem with high porosity but functional at early growing season. In the 3rd chapter, we demonstrated that the tree-ring structure determined the temporal coordination between stem growth in size and in biomass along the growing season, with carbon sequestration in forming wood always lagging behind stem radial growth due to inner processes of xylogenesis. Indeed, we showed an increasing timelag ranging from ten days to nearly one month for spruce and beech, but a decreasing timelag from nearly three to one week for oak trees. In the 4th chapter, we observed that regardless of the stand, carbon assimilation followed a large and symmetric bell curve peaking in June, while seasonal dynamics of carbon sequestration differed among the three species. The beech trees concentrated carbon sequestration in stem in May-July, while the spruce and oak trees rather peaked in June-August, and completed stem growth towards the second part of the growing season. In the 5th chapter, based on a three-year monitoring of carbon fluxes, trees growth and environmental factors in the mature beech stand, we showed that ranking of annual carbon balance was not maintained from one year to another, with higher carbon assimilation during the hottest year, but higher woody biomass production in the wettest year. This suggests that allocation of carbon from assimilation to sequestration in stem is not following a simple allometric rule. In the last chapter, we observed that parallel to formation of a new xylem, starch content also increased in forming wood, suggesting that storage and stem growth were tightly connected along the growing season, with higher allocation to storage for sessile oak, compared to spruce and beech. This thesis has improved our knowledge about the dynamics of carbon allocation in the tree, from assimilation at the leaf level to long-term sequestration into the wood, and allowed to explore their respective sensitivity to climate conditions. A better quantification of the shift between stem growth in size and in biomass will require to disentangle the kinetics of cellulose and lignin deposition. However, our work contributed to a better understanding of the intra-annual dynamics of stem radial growth and carbon sequestration, which could help to improve modelling of forests net primary productivity, in the context of current global warming
Hassegawa, Mariana, and Mariana Hassegawa. "Restoration of the hardwood forest : a profitability approach." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/27629.
Full textEn Amérique du Nord, la préférence pour la récolte des arbres vigoureux et de gros diamètre a amené les forêts feuillues à un état d’appauvrissement. Ces forêts sont composées de grandes quantités de tiges de faible qualité et d’essences moins prisées par l’industrie. Conséquemment, le secteur forestier doit composer avec une grande quantité de matière première de faible qualité, ce qui entraîne une augmentation des coûts d’opération et cause la production des forts volumes de résidus qui doivent être valorisés. Cette situation force l’industrie à rechercher des solutions pour l’utilisation de grandes quantités de bois de faible qualité abondamment disponibles en forêt afin d’augmenter la rentabilité de ses opérations. Une option serait de miser sur les produits de haute valeur ajoutée qui pourraient être extraits à partir des résidus des scieries. Ces produits incluent les extraits de bouleau jaune (Betula alleghaniensis Britt.), lesquels ont du potentiel pour l’utilisation dans les industries nutraceutique, cosméceutique et pharmaceutique. Les produits de haute valeur ajoutée, intégrés dans l’industrie des produits traditionnels, peuvent augmenter la rentabilité de la chaîne de valeur, surtout si les résidus sont utilisés comme matière première. Afin de comprendre le potentiel et les limites de cette approche, cette étude a évalué les facteurs qui influencent la valeur monétaire de sciage, proposant ensuite une utilisation alternative pour le bois de faible qualité et l’écorce provenant des forêts feuillues de la province de Québec au Canada. Cette étude a été structurée en trois parties : l’évaluation de la relation entre la valeur monétaire des sciages et les caractéristiques du peuplement, de la station et du climat; l’évaluation de la relation entre la quantité d’extraits de bois et d’écorce du bouleau jaune et des caractéristiques des arbres et; l’évaluation de l’inclusion d’un produit à haute valeur ajoutée dans la chaîne de création valeur. Dans la première partie, la valeur monétaire des sciages du bouleau jaune et de l’érable à sucre (Acer saccharum Marsh.) a été utilisée comme indicateur de la qualité du peuplement. Les résultats ont démontré que des patrons géographiques de variation de la valeur monétaire des sciages existaient à travers la province. Cette variation pourrait être attribuée en partie aux caractéristiques du peuplement, de la station et du climat local. Même s’il persiste de l’incertitude quant à l’effet de l’historique d’aménagement forestier, on croit que la production d’arbres de haute qualité devrait être priorisée aux endroits où la valeur monétaire des bois sur pied est la plus grande. Dans la deuxième partie, les analyses réalisées pour quantifier les extraits du bois et de l’écorce ont fourni une compréhension plus approfondie du potentiel du bouleau jaune pour les produits non traditionnels à haute valeur ajoutée. Dans la troisième partie, la rentabilité d’une coupe de jardinage a été évaluée, en plus du profit potentiel de production de la bétuline et l’inclusion de cet extrait dans la chaîne de valeur du bois. Dans certains cas, la coupe de jardinage a été très peu rentable, surtout lorsqu’appliquée dans les peuplements qui étaient composés des grandes quantités de tiges de faible qualité. Dans de tels cas, les produits à haute valeur ajoutée, comme la bétuline, pourraient augmenter les profits et, par le fait même, ajouter de la valeur à la ressource forestière. La diversification des produits est une approche qui pourrait être envisagée par l’industrie forestière pour augmenter sa résilience et promouvoir une sylviculture respectant les règles de l’art.
The historical preference for harvesting vigorous and large-diameter trees from stands in North America resulted in a forest mainly composed of poor-quality stems of less valuable species that present lower growth potential. As a result, the forestry sector has to work with large quantities of low-quality raw material, increasing operation costs and producing large amounts of residues. This situation forces the industry to find solutions to use the abundant quantity of low-quality wood available in forest stands to increase profits. One option is the high value-added products that could be extracted from sawmill residues. These products include yellow birch (Betula alleghaniensis Britt.) extracts that have the potential to be used in the nutraceutical, cosmeceutical and pharmaceutical industries. The enhanced products, when integrated with the traditional products industry, could increase profit of the wood value chain, especially if residues are used as raw material. In order to better understand the potential and limitations of this option, this study assessed the factors that influence lumber value, and proposed an alternative use for the abundant low-value wood and bark available in the province of Quebec, Canada. Structured in three parts, this work first studied the relationship between stand, site and climatic variables and stand quality, using lumber value recovery (LVR) of sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marsh.) and yellow birch as surrogate variable. In the second part, the relationship between extracts content in wood and bark of yellow birch trees with selected tree characteristics was assessed. This allowed a better understanding of the potential of yellow birch extracts as a high-value added product. In the third and final part, the potential impact of integrating a high-value added product to the processing of traditional wood products was evaluated. For this, the profitability of a selection cut was analysed, the potential financial gain of producing betulin extract was assessed, and finally, the inclusion of betulin extracts in a hardwood chain was evaluated. Results from the ensemble of this thesis show that variations in LVR could be attributed to in part to stand, site and climatic conditions. Although it remains uncertain as to what extent the variability of LVR might result from past management practices or from inherent site characteristics, we believe that efforts to produce high-quality lumber should be prioritized in sites where LVR is predicted to be the highest. In addition, simulations showed that tested selection cuts in some cases generated very little profit, especially when forest stands were composed of great quantities of low-quality stems. In this situation, the production of high value-added products, such as betulin extracts, could be an interesting alternative to increase profits, contributing to add value to the existing forest resource. The product diversification is a pathway that could be explored by the forest industry to improve its resilience and promote a more efficient use of the resources.
The historical preference for harvesting vigorous and large-diameter trees from stands in North America resulted in a forest mainly composed of poor-quality stems of less valuable species that present lower growth potential. As a result, the forestry sector has to work with large quantities of low-quality raw material, increasing operation costs and producing large amounts of residues. This situation forces the industry to find solutions to use the abundant quantity of low-quality wood available in forest stands to increase profits. One option is the high value-added products that could be extracted from sawmill residues. These products include yellow birch (Betula alleghaniensis Britt.) extracts that have the potential to be used in the nutraceutical, cosmeceutical and pharmaceutical industries. The enhanced products, when integrated with the traditional products industry, could increase profit of the wood value chain, especially if residues are used as raw material. In order to better understand the potential and limitations of this option, this study assessed the factors that influence lumber value, and proposed an alternative use for the abundant low-value wood and bark available in the province of Quebec, Canada. Structured in three parts, this work first studied the relationship between stand, site and climatic variables and stand quality, using lumber value recovery (LVR) of sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marsh.) and yellow birch as surrogate variable. In the second part, the relationship between extracts content in wood and bark of yellow birch trees with selected tree characteristics was assessed. This allowed a better understanding of the potential of yellow birch extracts as a high-value added product. In the third and final part, the potential impact of integrating a high-value added product to the processing of traditional wood products was evaluated. For this, the profitability of a selection cut was analysed, the potential financial gain of producing betulin extract was assessed, and finally, the inclusion of betulin extracts in a hardwood chain was evaluated. Results from the ensemble of this thesis show that variations in LVR could be attributed to in part to stand, site and climatic conditions. Although it remains uncertain as to what extent the variability of LVR might result from past management practices or from inherent site characteristics, we believe that efforts to produce high-quality lumber should be prioritized in sites where LVR is predicted to be the highest. In addition, simulations showed that tested selection cuts in some cases generated very little profit, especially when forest stands were composed of great quantities of low-quality stems. In this situation, the production of high value-added products, such as betulin extracts, could be an interesting alternative to increase profits, contributing to add value to the existing forest resource. The product diversification is a pathway that could be explored by the forest industry to improve its resilience and promote a more efficient use of the resources.
Giffard, Brice. "Influence des interactions biotiques complexes sur la régénération des essences forestières feuillues." Thesis, Bordeaux 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011BOR14319/document.
Full textHerbivory is thought to depend on intrinsic plant resistance traits and negatively affect survival and growth of plants. Predators can depress herbivore populations and thereby indirectly limit the consumption of primary producers. The surrounding vegetation is also expected to modify the interactions between a focal plant, its herbivores and their natural enemies. The surrounding vegetation may disrupt the colonisation and the consumption of a focal plant by insect herbivores, providing associational resistance. Increasing diversity of neighbouring vegetation can decrease resource availability or enhance herbivores control by predators. By contrast, associational susceptibility may occur with higher levels of herbivory in a focal plant in more diverse plant communities. We tested 1) the effect of the neighbouring vegetation on the levels of herbivory on seedlings, 2) the indirect impact of predators on herbivores and subsequent herbivory, and 3) the interactions between surrounding vegetation, focal plants, herbivores and predators. We examined the damage caused by insect herbivores on three native broadleaved species. We then compared the importance of taxonomic similarity between seedlings and canopy tree species and the structure and composition of surrounding vegetation at both large- and small-scales. Birds are vertebrate predators likely to limit damage to plants and facilitate plant growth by consuming herbivorous insects. We estimated their effects by excluding them from focal plants, and compared their interactive effects with vegetation diversity or removal. The effects of surrounding vegetation and avian predation were also disentangled on concealed- vs. external-feeding guilds (predation sensitivity) and specialist- vs. generalist-insects.Surrounding vegetation of focal seedlings influences the abundance of insect herbivores and damage. Specialist insects (leaf miners) are affected by the understorey vegetation close to oak seedlings, decreasing with its presence or structural diversity. The damage caused by generalist insects depend on the large-scale composition of plant communities, and increase with tree species richness and cover or on conspecific forest habitats. Exclusion of insectivorous birds affects insect herbivory in a species-specific manner, and also greatly varies with forest habitats and presence of vegetation around focal plants. The indirect effect of bird predation on leaf damage is observed on seedlings beneath noncongeneric canopy trees. The removal of local surrounding vegetation affects the top-down effect of insectivorous birds on insect herbivores, according to their sensitivity to predation and the accessibility of preys. To conclude, our studies provide experimental evidences of interactive effects between bird predation and neighbouring vegetation on insect herbivores and levels of herbivory. These indirect effects are strongly related to the specialisation of herbivores and to their sensitivity to bird predation
Andrianantenaina, Anjy. "Dynamiques intra-annuelles de la séquestration du carbone dans le bois des feuillus et des résineux en forêts tempérées." Thesis, Paris, AgroParisTech, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019AGPT0001.
Full textForest ecosystems are the major and most perennial terrestrial carbon pool. However, the seasonal dynamics of production of this woody biomass, in relation to the ecosystem carbon uptake remain poorly studied, limiting our understanding of the carbon cycle and particularly its sensitivity to current climate changes. This thesis aimed to better understand the underlying process of carbon sequestration within forming wood, as related to tree physiology, stand carbon assimilation and site environmental conditions. The study was conducted on three instrumented site with a flux tower, the stand is dominated respectively by spruce in Tharandt in 2016, by beech in Hesse in 2015-2017, and by oak in Barbeau in 2016. To monitor wood formation, wood samples containing phloem, cambial zone, and developing xylem were collected weekly on dominant trees within the tower footprint. Flux tower measurements were used to estimate the daily GPP of the stand, and record the climatic conditions. In the 1st chapter, we developed a novel histologic approach, to quantify the intra-annual dynamics of carbon sequestration in spruce forming wood. This approach, based on repeated measurements of xylem apparent density, is easier, faster, and more accurate than the previously available method, and is applicable also to angiosperm species. In the 2nd chapter, we showed that simultaneous occurrence of the canopy development and the resumption of cambial activity slowed down xylem radial growth, and might entail the formation of xylem with high porosity but functional at early growing season. In the 3rd chapter, we demonstrated that the tree-ring structure determined the temporal coordination between stem growth in size and in biomass along the growing season, with carbon sequestration in forming wood always lagging behind stem radial growth due to inner processes of xylogenesis. Indeed, we showed an increasing timelag ranging from ten days to nearly one month for spruce and beech, but a decreasing timelag from nearly three to one week for oak trees. In the 4th chapter, we observed that regardless of the stand, carbon assimilation followed a large and symmetric bell curve peaking in June, while seasonal dynamics of carbon sequestration differed among the three species. The beech trees concentrated carbon sequestration in stem in May-July, while the spruce and oak trees rather peaked in June-August, and completed stem growth towards the second part of the growing season. In the 5th chapter, based on a three-year monitoring of carbon fluxes, trees growth and environmental factors in the mature beech stand, we showed that ranking of annual carbon balance was not maintained from one year to another, with higher carbon assimilation during the hottest year, but higher woody biomass production in the wettest year. This suggests that allocation of carbon from assimilation to sequestration in stem is not following a simple allometric rule. In the last chapter, we observed that parallel to formation of a new xylem, starch content also increased in forming wood, suggesting that storage and stem growth were tightly connected along the growing season, with higher allocation to storage for sessile oak, compared to spruce and beech. This thesis has improved our knowledge about the dynamics of carbon allocation in the tree, from assimilation at the leaf level to long-term sequestration into the wood, and allowed to explore their respective sensitivity to climate conditions. A better quantification of the shift between stem growth in size and in biomass will require to disentangle the kinetics of cellulose and lignin deposition. However, our work contributed to a better understanding of the intra-annual dynamics of stem radial growth and carbon sequestration, which could help to improve modelling of forests net primary productivity, in the context of current global warming
Godart, Marie-Françoise. "Les groupes écologiques des forêts feuillues du sud de la Belgique: Mise en évidence par l'application de l'analyse factorielle des correspondances, la classification automatique et les profils écologiques." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/213268.
Full textFort, Christine. "Régulation des échanges hydriques de jeunes plants de différentes espèces forestières feuillues et résineuses : effet de la contrainte hydrique, rôle du substrat et origine de la régulation stomatique." Nancy 1, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997NAN10262.
Full textThis work had as first objective the analysis of growth and water relations of three forest species (Quercus petraea, Pinus pinaster and Betula pendula), in relation with soil type, under optimal and water stress conditions. Clear differences were observed between species. In absence of water stress, birch presented the greatest plasticity with respect to soil type. It is also characterised by higher values of stomatal conductance and hydraulic conductance than the two other species. It's stomatal regulation under water stress is belated and has only been evidenced for very lower values of soil water content (3%). In parallel, strong leaf shedding has been observed. No interaction related to the nature of substrate has been observed. A second aim was to tested, under water stress conditions, the impact of root-sourced abscisic acid (ABA) in stomatal regulation. The existence of such root signalling, based only on root ABA has not been confirmed and this, on the three forest species studied (Quercus robur, Pinus pinaster and Betula pendula). The stomatal regulatory mechanisms are certainly more complex and probably implicate a double mechanism, foliar and root mediating
Svengsuksa, Boua Khay Khone. "Reconstitution du couvert végétal et la revalorisation des terrains après la culture sur brûlis dans le district de Muang Fuang, province de Vientiane, R. D. P. Lao." Paris, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003MNHN0001.
Full textAn analysis has been conducted of the crucial problem of shifting slash-and-burn cultivation in the Muang Fuang District of Laos, Vientiane Province. Studies were made on the peoples now living in the district, composed of Lao, Khmou, Hmong and Yao, who immigrated from nearby areas of persistent insecurity where they previously practiced this system of cultivation. The work focused on the traditional farming practices used by these groups, and on the permanent cultivation techniques now being used (flooded rice fields, and plantations of various crops for local use or for sale in markets and for export) with government encouragement in its effort progressively to replace shifting slash-and-burn agriculture with permanent settlement. An analysis of the impact of these agricultural practices on the vegetation, which was originally a rich, dense semi-evergreen tropical forest, shows that forest regenerates after about ten years, with a trend toward a climax forest type corresponding to the ecological conditions of the region. In order to improve the economy of the region, several possibilities were examined for improving land after shifting slash-and-burn agriculture: establishment of perennial cultivation, irrigated and flooded rice production, and natural resources exploitation, especially of non-timber forest products. This array of products can now be brought to market and exported via new roads built in the district. This has resulted in a new way of life for the inhabitants of the study area, who have become sedentary and are now respecting the environment by progressively abandoning shifting slash-and-burn agriculture
Couturier, Etienne. "Plis et formes des feuilles." Paris 7, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA077146.
Full textWe have noticed an original analogy between the leaf configuration in the bud and the paper dolls. If you fold a paper sheet and cut it with scissors, each fold will give either a sinus either a lobe when you unfold it. A lot of leaves follow this geometry in the bud. The leaf margin is folded on a plane as if it had been cut with scissor For this purely geometric reason, lobes and sinuses of the unfolded leaf exactly correspond to the initial folds. We have called these leaves "kirigami", which means fold and cut. The purely geometric first part of this thesis shows how much the leaves geometries are constrained by their folded development. We also show that these geometries are very diverse and create very different leaves shapes. The second more biologic part proposes a mecanism for the fold development and a candidate to play the scissor role. We conclude by giving an original insight on leaf shape evolution
Pélissier, Raphaël. "Hétérogénéité spatiale et dynamique d'une forêt dense humide : dans les Ghats occidentaux de l'Inde /." Paris : Institut français de Pondichéry, 1997. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb361834821.
Full textBibliogr. p. 85-89. Index. Résumés en français et anglais.
Piboule, Alexandre. "Influence de la structure du peuplement forestier sur la distribution de l'éclairement sous couvert. Cas d'une forêt hétérogène feuillue sur plateau calcaire." Phd thesis, ENGREF (AgroParisTech), 2005. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00001666.
Full textBenhalla, Mahmoud. "Etude d'un défoliateur forestier en forêts de feuillus en Haute-Garonne : cas de Lymantria dispar L. (Lepidoptera : Lymantriidae)." Toulouse 3, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990TOU30208.
Full textLoffeier, Martin-Éric. "Sylviculture et sylvigénèse en forêt sempervirente du Coorg (sud-ouest de l'Inde) /." Pondichéry : [Paris] : Institut français de Pondichéry ; [diff. J. Maisonneuve], 1989. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb354623051.
Full textLequy, Emeline. "Dépôts atmosphériques particulaires sur les écosystèmes forestiers de la moitié Nord de la France : influence sur les cycles biogéochimiques." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012LORR0277/document.
Full textQuantifying the little-known inputs of atmospheric particulate deposition (APD) is critically important for a sustainable management of forest ecosystems. Indeed, harvesting and subsequent nutrient losses are going to increase so as to meet the demand in renewable energy, including fuel-wood. This work aims at filling this gap by (i) describing the deposition rate, mineralogical and chemical compositions of APD and (ii) evaluating the influence of APD nutrient inputs on forest biogeochemical cycles. To do so, 4 beech stands in North French forests were equipped for a 4-week sampling. After a metrological development, samplers out of and below canopy were used for a 2-year sampling, as well as methods to separate APD from atmospheric dissolved deposition. These methods were conceived to separate the organic and mineral fractions of APD according to the conceptual model designed in this work. My results validated this model and indicated (i) a quite constant deposition rate of 19±3 kg.ha-1.year-1 of hardly soluble minerals over the North of France, made of various minerals suggesting heterogeneous sources of particles, (ii) nutrient inputs inferior to those of atmospheric dissolved deposition and soil weathering, but improving ecosystem fertility, (iii) an interception effect of the canopy, and (iv) the dissolution of mineral particles in the atmosphere which enriched atmospheric dissolved deposition in nutrients. Extending and optimizing the sampling would allow confirming and clarifying these results, especially concerning high atmospheric load periods and APD below canopy
Stahl, Clément. "Variations saisonnières des flux de CO2 et H2O au niveau des feuilles et des troncs des arbres de la canopée en forêt tropicale humide guyanaise." Thesis, Nancy 1, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010NAN10049/document.
Full textThe aim of this work was to characterize the seasonal variations in leaf and trunk gas exchange of tropical rainforest canopy trees exposed to dry seasons. This study focused on measuring gas exchange (CO2 and H2O) at the leaf and trunk level during dry seasons in a Terra firme forest and in a seasonally flooded forest in order to specify their sensitivity and response to drought.Our results showed that part of the studied trees do not encounter a large reduction in soil water content during dry seasons, suggesting that they display deep rooting systems.During long dry periods, we recorded a decrease in leaf photosynthesis, trunk CO2 efflux or sap flow density, and foliar respiration to a lesser extent, for a majority of the trees. Nevertheless, large differences among trees in their response to these conditions were observed, suggesting distinct sensitivities and response to soil drought among trees. Furthermore, these variations were greatest when soil drought was highest (2008 as compared to 2007).In seasonally flooded forest, the decrease in gas exchange was less, suggesting that these trees do have access to wet layers during the dry season, close to the groundwater. However, during wet seasons, we observed a negative effect of anoxia for some trees, whereas others did not display any response, suggesting large differences in tolerance to anoxia among trees abundant in these seasonally flooded forests.We conclude that would seasonal soil droughts increase over the next decades, large vegetation changes might occur because of the large differences among trees in their functional response to soil drought conditions
Delzon, Sylvain. "Causes fonctionnelles et structurales du déclin de productivité des forêts avec l'âge : analyse expérimentale d'une chronoséquence de peuplements de pin maritime." Bordeaux 1, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004BOR12834.
Full textGuay-Picard, Alexandre. "Ajustements des modalités de coupes partielles afin de favoriser le retour des espèces de fin de succession dans les forêts mixtes à feuillus intolérants." Thesis, Université Laval, 2014. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2014/30627/30627.pdf.
Full textNys, Claude. "Fonctionnement du sol d'un écosystème forestier : conséquences des enrésinements." Nancy 1, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987NAN10312.
Full textToïgo, Maude. "Productivité des forêts mélangées : effet de la diversité en essences dans un contexte climatique et édaphique variable." Thesis, Orléans, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015ORLE2018.
Full textGlobal environmental changes may lead to a modification of abiotic factors and biological diversity. The production function in forest ecosystems has the particularity to be both subjected to, and a regulator of, these environmental changes. Understanding how forest productivity is driven by species diversity and environmental factors is therefore a critical issue. This PhD thesis studies how tree species mixture affects their productivity along edaphic and climatic gradients. Based on an approach using both an original dataset and the national forest inventory dataset, I focused on five major species of European forests in pure and two-species forests: Quercus petraea, Pinus sylvestris, Fagus sylvatica, Abies alba and Picea abies. In lowlands, abiotic factors had little impacts on the outcome of tree species mixture on productivity. In addition, the effect of tree species mixture was determined by the shade tolerance of companion species. In highlands, the positive effects of tree species mixture were strongest when the abiotic factors were the most limiting for growth. These results highlight the importance of considering abiotic factors and the functional characteristics of species as drivers of the effect of biological diversity on ecosystem functions
Garcìa, Daniel Esteban. "Aménagement sylvicole dans les trouées formées après coupe dans la forêt feuillue de la région Atlantide du Honduras." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape2/PQDD_0016/MQ56403.pdf.
Full textBournival, Philippe. "Éclaircie précommerciale dans les peuplements mélangés à feuillus intolérants (MFI) : effet sur l'accroissement quinquennal et sur le coefficient de distribution." Thesis, Université Laval, 2009. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2009/26179/26179.pdf.
Full textThis study was realized in the bioclimatic domain dominated by balsam fir and white birch. Three different treatments of precommercial thinning (PCT), distributed in five blocks, were compared with a control. A conventional treatment was made according to the standards current in Quebec in 2001 and two alternative treatments were elaborated according to the regional objectives. In every block, there are four control plots, four plots treated according to the 2001 MRNF standards of precommercial thinning and four plots treated according to a modification in the standards of 2001. In blocks 1 and 2 the alternate treatment consists in the preservation of residual stems, at a distance of less than 2 m, in a quarter circle. In blocks 3, 4 and 5 the alternate treatment consisted in spacing out to 5 metres the intolerant broad-leaved trees. The effects of treatments and competition on the growth in height and in diameter were modelized for the period of five years following a precommercial thinning. At high density, the intra and interspecific competition affect largely all the aspects of the growth of the coniferous stems, but in low density it affects only the growth in diameter and the thickness of branches. The effects of the PCT on the stem stocking, the average diameter and of the stand basal area were also modelized. The precommercial thinning negatively affects the stocking of broadleaved and coniferous species, but it affects especially the broadleaved trees. The treatment of precommercial thinning improve the increment of the 1 500 largest coniferous stems per hectare, but does not facilitate the increase of stand basal area. The broadleaved or coniferous competitors, shorter than the crop trees, located in a quarter circle within a distance of 2 meters, do not influence the growth of the coniferous stems but they influence negatively the development of branches. This suggests that a precommercial thinning in which some competitors smaller than the studied tree are left as residual stems, could constitute a good alternative method to both tree growth and quality.
Zapater, Marion. "Diversité fonctionnelle de la réponse à la sécheresse édaphique d'espèces feuillues en peuplement mélangé : Approches écophysiologique et isotopique." Thesis, Nancy 1, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009NAN10133/document.
Full textIn regard to the various functions of forests and considering the general idea that mixed stands would be more resistant and resilient to disturbances, those stands are more and more promoted than pure stands. In such a context, characterize co-occurring species behaviour and define the possible interaction between them appeared to be necessary. The main objective of this work was to characterize the functional diversity in water uptake and regulation in a young broad leaved mixed forest, particularly under drought conditions. The study was focused on (i) drought response of the species from sap flow and predawn leaf water potential measurements, (ii) water absorption through two-dimensional root distribution and labeling experiments (using deuterium and 18O) and (iii) vulnerability to cavitation of the different species and its protection through stomatal regulation. Radial growth, phenology and water use efficiency were also taken into account in this analysis. A principal component analysis highlights a spatial and temporal partitioning of water resource and underlines contrasted tree water use strategies among co-occurring species. At stand level, this functional diversity results in complementarity soil water use and facilitation mechanism (hydraulic lift) that benefits to mixed in comparison to pure forest stands
Grivet, Delphine. "Phylogéographie et évolution moléculaire comparée d'arbres forestiers à l'aide des marqueurs chloroplastiques." Nancy 1, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002NAN10002.
Full textLaliberté, Juliane. "Conséquences de l'éclaircie précommerciale pour la qualité du bois et la croissance des tiges : Le cas des peuplements mixtes à feuillus intolérants." Thesis, Université Laval, 2010. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2010/27581/27581.pdf.
Full textA precommercial thinning (PCT) trial was conducted in mixedwood stands of balsam fir – white birch bioclimatic domain in three different regions of Quebec (Portneuf, Maurice, Lac St-Jean). Ninety-six stems (balsam fir and black spruce) were selected in three different PCT treatments. These stems were analyzed and compared to stems from control stands. Two alternative PCT treatments were compared to 2001 PCT standard. The first one consists in the preservation of residual stems in a quarter circle. The second one consists in spacing out to five meters intolerant hardwood stems. The five year impact of PCT was analyzed against PCT treatments and the number of competing stems (in a four meters radius). Results suggest that the number of competing stems has a negative impact on five-year increment in stem diameter and on branch diameter, but a positive impact on latewood content. Branch diameter five years after PCT varies according to PCT treatment and branch position in the stem. Latewood content varies according to PCT treatment, initial stem diameter and position in the stem. Latewood content is also affected by the number of competing stems. This study provides a better understanding of PCT effects on wood quality in mixedwood stands and allowed us to compare those results to the situation that prevails in softwood- dominated stands. In the light of our results, we suggest to preserve some competing stems in order to weaken negative impacts of PCT on wood quality.
Peyrat, Alexandre. "Modélisation, simulation et visualisation de détails dans les scènes naturelles réalistes." Limoges, 2011. https://aurore.unilim.fr/theses/nxfile/default/09f353fe-252a-4eff-99ae-762743806cd4/blobholder:0/2011LIMO4030.pdf.
Full textThe realism of a natural scenery is heavily dependent on the amount and the varietie of objects composing it. This number of elements and their differences within a same familly contribute to the necessary heterogeneity. Aging is another important aspect ; a scenery without flaws would appear too “new“ and unrealistic. Modeling and rendering of these details raise several problems covering several research fields. We must provide for the desired class of elements the ability to generate many distinct but recongnizable items. These objects should also be aged in order to better fit into the desired natural scenery. This aging will result in a change of shape and color of the considered elements. Our first interest was directed towards a little scale of details. For that purpose, we studied the modeling and rendering of leaves, which are especially present in natural sceneries. They have a wide range of shapes and colors, and undergo different aging processes which makes leave a good exemple of variety. Our model is able to generate the full foliage of plants at any age. The resulted leaves will all be different from each other for the same family ; their shapes and colors will vary while remaining similar. The second part of our work involves details at an upper scale. The alteration of soil grant us the ability to explore this field of details. Whatever the material composing the ground, the different interactions with it will create traces. In natural sceneries, the soil is affected by pedestrians, vehicles or animals. Our model consists of a trajectory and the characteristics of fingerprints. The soil is altered to form traces. Moreover, material deposits are considered along the trajectory
Laurans, Marilyne. "Rôle de la lumière dans la coexistence des espèces d’arbres de forêt tropicale humide : analyse des variations inter- et intra-spécifiques des performances et des traits fonctionnels." Thesis, Montpellier, SupAgro, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013NSAM0032/document.
Full textThis study explores the ecological significance of inter- and intraspecific variations of growth and functional traits found in tropical tree species of French Guiana in relation to light regime. We demonstrate that the syndrome of leaf traits associated with light -niche (longer life span, higher leaf mass per area of more shade tolerant species) holds among a set of 14 species comprising no pioneer nor any shade specialist species. Our results further suggest that plasticity of leaf mass per area expressed at the sapling stage may reflect adaptation to the spatial heterogeneity of light conditions encountered both at the sapling stage and later. Multivariate analysis provides evidence of a close linkage between leaf lifespan, relative crown depth and light-niche optimum. The plasticity in relative crown depth observed in shade-intolerant species can not be interpreted in terms of self-shading avoidance. Rather, crown depth adjustment was found to be a consequence of changes in growth rates and mortality rates of leaves and branches imposed by current light conditions and occurring at the whole-plant level. At the adult stage, our results point to competition for light making an unexpectedly low contribution to individual tree growth variations, contrasting with a major effect of species identity. We argue that this pattern of variation is likely to result from the vertical niche partitioning of species and the high abundance of small-statured species that are moderately responsive to light competition (consistent with their adaptation to understorey conditions). Light-niche differentiation of juvenile trees and vertical stratification of adult trees provide strong evidence for light niche partitioning in the three-dimensional space of tropical forests
Zeller, Bernhard. "Contribution à l'étude de la décomposition d'une litière de hêtre, la libération de l'azote, sa minéralisation et son prélèvement par le hêtre (Fagus sylvatica L. ) dans une hêtraie de montagne du bassin versant du Strengbach (Haut-Rhin)." Nancy 1, 1998. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/SCD_T_1998_0229_ZELLER.pdf.
Full textAdroit, Benjamin. "Structures des paléoforêts européennes de la fin du Cénozoïque : apport des interactions plante-insecte." Thesis, Montpellier, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018MONTG008/document.
Full textInsects are the most diverse animals on Earth, and neatly associated with plants they represent two of the major groups of organisms both in species diversity and biomass quantity. The majority of their interactions involves insect feeding and insect parasitism mostly on leaves. Plant and insect compose one of the main trophic levels in ecosystems over the 325 million years. Today, the continuous and fast rising of temperature mostly due to human activities since the last century is disturbing the balance of ecosystems on Earth. Consequently, to understand the role of plant and insect interactions, through time but also trophic networks, becomes crucial. The fossil record is an exceptional opportunity to survey responses of plant-insect interaction to climate variations over long time interval through traces of plants reactions caused by interaction with insects, as Earth has already experienced many climate changes. For the last 3 million years, oscillations between long cold periods and short warm periods have occurred. Europe ecosystems has been particularly impacted. The Lagerstätte of Willershausen (Germany) was specifically study. It is an exceptional fossil outcrop that contains ca. 8000 collected fossil leaves. These leaves testify a paleoforest developed there around 3—2.6 Ma ago in a climate warmer than today (ca. +5°C). Under these conditions, many plant species typical of the Mediterranean ecosystems were settled there, such as Montpellier maple or Olive tree. For comparison, other paleoforests were studied: Berga (similar in age and geographically close to Willershausen) and Bernasso (younger than Willershausen (2.16—1.96 Ma) and located in southern France close to Mediterranean. These forests were compared as many common plant taxa were similar between each other. Furthermore, some species today endemic to the Caucasian region, such as Persian ironwood or Caucasian elm, were also present in these outcrops. The aim of this study is to determine how far the climate differences could be involved in the changes of plant-insect interactions in European paleoforests of the late Pliocene – early Pleistocene. Results highlighted the impacts of both hydric and temperature seasonality, hitherto underestimated in the fossil record, on the patterns of plant-insect interaction in the European paleoforests. It appeared that ecosystems subject to intense hydric seasonality could led to higher specialization of plant-insect interaction inferred by higher rate of observed damages due to ‘specialists insects’. In parallel, the coolest temperature during the year seems to be a major factor in the low diversity of damage in paleoforest, presumably due to lower insect metabolism. Absence of convergent correlations between plant richness and damage richness could suggested that influence of climatic factors override impact of these local biotic factors. In order to understand the whole parameters that could have an impact on plant-insect interactions, our current knowledges are still insufficient. It would be wise to make more investigations on modern forests with the methods as applied in fossil record community structure studies. These investigations could help to understand the factors potentially involved in the establishment of a pattern of plant-insect interactions. It is in this perspective that a part of this study was precisely focused on one plant species (Parrotia persica) currently endemic to the Hyrcanian forest (Iran). This forest is supposed to be an analogue forest of the European paleoforests as those studied in this thesis. For now, observations made in Iran tend to corroborate our interpretation. Finally, the studies on plant-insect interactions in past and extant ecosystems, combined with the study of climatic changes, should permit us to better characterize the relations between plants and insects in forests through time
De, Mezzo Benoît. "Reconnaissance d'objets par la génération d'hypothèses de modèles de forme appliquée à l'extraction des feuilles de plantes dans des scènes naturelles complexes." Montpellier 2, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004MON20153.
Full textCárdenas, Muñoz Rafael Enrique. "Traits fonctionnels de la diversité végétale et faunistique affectant l’herbivorie et la décomposabilité des feuilles dans une forêt pluvieuse Néotropicale (Parc National Yasuní - Équateur)." Paris 6, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA060688.
Full textBouget, Christophe. "Chablis et diversité des coléoptères en forêt feuillue de plaine : impact à court terme de la trouée, de sa surface et de son contexte paysager." Paris, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004MNHN0006.
Full textThe short-term impact of the Lothar windstorm (1999) on biodiversity was studied in oak forests in Seine-et-Marne, France. 125,000 beetles (66 families, 93 carabid and 185 saproxylic species) were sampled in 24 windthrow gaps (from 0. 1 to 3. 3 ha in size), 14 closed-canopy control stands and 12 open stands. Two years after the storm, beetle assemblages were clearly different in controls and gaps. The abundance of aquatic, flower-visiting and zoophagous beetles increased in gaps but phytophagous beetles did not. Saproxylic species composition differed significantly in gaps and controls. Open-land carabid species had colonised the gaps, whereas the forest taxa had decreased. At the landscape scale, gap size and gap isolation from surrounding open lands influenced their colonisation by carabid and saproxylic beetles. Between fellings and gaps rich in dead-wood, beetle fauna differed. Large, uncleared gaps and small fellings (0,5 ha) may enhance biodiversity
Bozon, Nathalie. "Répartition et dynamique des boisements feuillus post-agricoles : analyse structurale de formations à frene, érable et merisier dans les Alpes." Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995GRE10113.
Full textBonneil, Philippe. "Diversité et structure des communautés de Lépidoptères nocturnes en chênaie de plaine dans un contexte de conversion vers la futaie régulière." Phd thesis, Museum national d'histoire naturelle - MNHN PARIS, 2005. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00123727.
Full textDans ce contexte, nous avons étudié l'impact à court terme de deux types de coupes d'intensités différentes (la coupe d'ensemencement et la coupe d'éclaircie), ainsi que la succession et la reconstitution des communautés de macro-Lépidoptères nocturnes au cours de la première moitié du cycle de futaie régulière, en référence aux anciens taillis-sous-futaie. Une deuxième partie aborde le rôle des caractéristiques dendrométriques, structurales et floristiques du peuplement forestier. Les travaux, menés en forêt domaniale de Montargis (45), ont nécessité une mise au point de la méthode d'échantillonnage pour comparer de manière synchronique 6 stades sylvicoles (incluant celui d'avant conversion) répartis parmi 35 sites. Les analyses ont porté sur la communauté entière, sur des groupes écologiques et biologiques définis a priori (selon l'habitat, le type et le nombre de plantes-hôtes consommées, le stade hivernant et la capacité de dispersion) et sur les espèces suffisamment fréquentes. Les réponses sont perçues à travers les variations de richesse spécifique, d'abondance absolue et de composition en espèces.
La coupe d'ensemencement, de forte intensité et initiatrice du cycle sylvicole, entraîne rapidement une modification profonde des communautés et la chute de la richesse spécifique et de l'abondance totales. La coupe d'éclaircie, de faible intensité, ne modifie pas la richesse et l'abondance totales et très peu la composition spécifique. Au cours du cycle sylvicole, la composition spécifique évolue pour se rapprocher, en jeune futaie vers 110 ans, de la composition d'origine. La richesse et l'abondance totales augmentent dans les stades jeunes pour atteindre un maximum en bas-perchis vers 45 ans puis tendent à diminuer légèrement jusqu'en jeune futaie où leurs valeurs d'origine sont retrouvées. La majorité des espèces est indifférente à la coupe et au cycle mais les autres ont des réponses contrastées. Les réponses des groupes étudiés suivent celle de la communauté entière, y compris pour les espèces supposées favorisées par la coupe (espèces de milieux ouverts, espèces liées aux herbacées). Néanmoins des tendances permettent de classer les espèces en deux groupes. Les espèces les plus défavorisées par la coupe d'ensemencement à court et à long terme sont les forestières, celles liées aux ligneux, les monophages, celles hivernant au stade d'œuf et les Geometridae, moins aptes à la dispersion. Les espèces les moins défavorisées sont les eurytopes, celles liées aux herbacées, les polyphages, celles hivernant au stade de chenille et les Noctuidae, plus aptes à la dispersion. La surprenante similarité des réponses des groupes (sauf pour les espèces lichénophages) à la coupe d'ensemencement peut être expliquée par un renseignement des traits d'espèce peu fiable et, au stade de régénération, par une plus faible détectabilité, des conditions micro-climatiques défavorables, une mauvaise qualité du feuillage, une prédation et un parasitisme élevés. Nous pensons que l'envergure moyenne des individus ne reflète pas la capacité de dispersion mais pourrait être liée au volume de vol disponible.
Dans les peuplements âgés, la richesse des Lépidoptères est liée positivement à la richesse floristique du sous-bois, mais sur l'ensemble des stades sylvicoles la richesse totale augmente avec l'hétérogénéité structurale du peuplement forestier (nombre de strates, recouvrement de la strate arbustive). La composition spécifique est aussi particulièrement liée à la richesse floristique du sous-bois.
Dans les limites de l'étude, la conversion ne semble pas menacer la diversité des Lépidoptères nocturnes. Toutefois, si les tendances observées se confirmaient, la deuxième moitié du cycle de futaie régulière serait défavorable aux espèces forestières et à celles ayant une faible capacité de dispersion.
Bohn, Steffen. "L'empreinte de l'histoire dans la géométrie des réseaux bidimensionnels." Paris 7, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003PA077137.
Full textDulaurent, Anne-Maïmiti. "Effet de la diversité des essences forestières sur les niveaux de population de la processionnaire du pin (Thaumetopoea pityocampa), à différentes échelles spatiales, dans la forêt des Landes de Gascogne." Thesis, Bordeaux 1, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010BOR14176/document.
Full textMixed forests are less prone to insect damage than pure forests because ofreduced host accessibility and/or improved control by natural enemies. To test thesehypotheses, we have studied the ecology of the pine processionary moth (PPM)(Thaumetopoea pityocampa) and its parasitoid, in a monoculture of maritime pine(Pinus pinaster) plantations, the Landes de Gascogne forest. There, open areas(firebreaks, clear cuts) and patches of broadleaved woodlands (hedgerows, riparianforest, natural forest remnants) still persist locally. In this study we have shown that:(1) Pine stand colonization by PPM was limited by the presence ofbroadleaved hedgerows at stand edge. Broadleaved trees formed physical barriersdisrupting the visual detection of pine trees by PPM females when searching for anoviposition site.(2) The longevity of the two main PPM egg parasitoids increased whenspecimen were fed with honeydew produced by oak aphids. The generalist species,which emerges two months before PPM, could benefit from this longer lifespan tooverlap its host emergence.(3) PPM pupae survived better in the soil of open areas than under forestcovers (pine or broadleaved trees), because of higher temperature and humidity. Theassociation between pine stands and open areas benefits PPM through habitatcomplementation, whereas the presence of broadleaved trees may act as anecological trap for PPM caterpillars.(4) Maritime pine stands within heterogeneous landscapes exhibited lowerPPM infestations than similar stands within pine monocultures. PPM infestation levelsdecreased with increasing percent broadleaved area in the surrounding landscape.These results are discussed according to the ecological mechanisms whichmay explain the relationship between insect herbivory and tree species diversity.Perspectives for improved PPM management in the Landes de Gascogne forest, andfor further scientific research are proposed
Cerutti, Guillaume. "Segmentation et interprétation d'images naturelles pour l'identification de feuilles d'arbres sur smartphone." Thesis, Lyon 2, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013LYO22022/document.
Full textPlant species, and especially tree species, constitute a well adapted target for an automatic recognition process based on image analysis. The criteria that make their identification possible are indeed often morphological visual elements, which are well described and referenced by botany. This leads to think that a recognition through shape is worth considering. Leaves stand out in this context as the most accessible discriminative plant organs, and are subsequently the most often used for this problem recently receiving a particular attention. Automatic identification however gives rise to a fair amount of complex problems, linked with the processing of images, or in the difficult nature of the species classification itself, which make it an advanced application for pattern recognition.This thesis considers the problem of tree species identification from leaf images within the framework of a smartphone application intended for a non-specialist audience. The images on which we expect to work are then potentially very complex scenes and their acquisition rather unsupervised. We consequently propose dedicated methods for image analysis, in order to segment and interpret tree leaves, using an original shape modelling and deformable templates. The introduction on prior knowledge on the shape of objects enhances significatively the quality and the robustness of the information we extract from the image. All processing being carried out on the mobile device, we developed those algorithms with concern towards the material constraints of their exploitation. We also introduce a very specific description of leaf shapes, inspired by the determining characteristics listed in botanical references. These different descriptors constitute independent sources of high-level information that are fused at the end of the process to identify species, while providing the user with a possible semantic interpretation. The classification performance demonstrated over approximately 100 tree species are competitive with state-of-the-art methods of the domain, and show a particular robustness to difficult natural background images. Finally, we integrated the implementation of our recognition system into the \textbf{Folia} application for iPhone, which constitutes a validation of our approaches and methods in a real-world use
Coste, Sabrina. "Diversité et plasticité des traits foliaires en forêt tropicale humide : une analyse coût/bénéfice de l'acquisition de carbone." Phd thesis, AgroParisTech, 2008. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00004645.
Full textTaccoen, Adrien. "Détermination de l'impact potentiel du changement climatique sur la mortalité des principales essences forestières européennes." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris, AgroParisTech, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019AGPT0004.
Full textForest ecosystems are one of the main providers of terrestrial ecosystem services, whose functioning has already been altered by recent climate change. Increases in tree mortality rates have been highlighted in different biomes worldwide, as well as increases in the frequency of massive mortality events following droughts. However, tree mortality is a multi-causal process. It is difficult to quantify the importance of the different factors that can possibly lead to tree death, and particularly the importance of climate change in comparison with forest dynamics and competition-related effects, environmental or biotic factors. This thesis aims at assessing the drivers of background tree mortality, which is the mortality observed in a stand in the absence of extreme perturbation, for the main European tree species. We used data from the French forest inventory of the National Geographic Institute (IGN) and historic climate data from Météo-France spanning the years 1961 to 2015.First, we modelled background tree mortality for 43 tree species in order to identify the drivers of background tree mortality. We used 372.974 trees, including 7.312 dead trees surveyed between the years 2009 and 2015. We found that factors related with competition, tree development stage, stand structure and species composition and logging intensity explained 85% of the recent tree mortality. Environmental factors (soil and climate conditions) accounted for 9% of the total modelled mortality. Temperature increases and rainfall decreases since the period 1961 – 1987 had a significant effect on the mortality of 45% of the 43 species and explained in average 6% of the total modelled mortality.Secondly, we focused on the link between trees locations along temperature and rainfall gradients and their sensitivity to changes of temperature and rainfall. We found that, for 9 species out of 12, temperature increases and rainfall decreases effects were more important in areas with high mean temperature and low mean rainfall. These results show that climate change-related tree mortality could be exacerbated towards the species’ warm and dry edges.Finally, we sought to evaluate how climate change-related tree mortality varied along trees social statuses and sizes gradients. We found that suppressed trees were more sensitive to temperature increases than dominant trees. On the contrary, dominant trees, and particularly large dominant trees, appear to be more sensitive to rainfall decrease than suppressed trees. Overall, our results show that climate change-related tree mortality is globally more important for suppressed than dominant trees.We highlighted the existence of a link between recent temperature increases and rainfall decreased and observed tree mortality rates on around half of the species of the French forest. We also showed that these effects were exacerbated towards the warm and dry edges of the species ranges. Finally, we showed that these effects differed according to trees social statuses and development stages. These results allow us to better understand the impacts of climate change on French and European forest and to better anticipate their effects through the adaptation of silvicultural practices
Drischel, Claudine. "Etude de la structure primaire d'une proteine de transfert de phospholipides extraite de feuilles d'epinard : approche de son mode d'action." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986STR13052.
Full textKeller, Roland. "Les familles des dicotylédones ligneuses tropicales et leur identification à l'aide d'une clef fondée sur les seuls caractères végétatifs." Montpellier 2, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992MON20081.
Full textHatton, Pierre-Joseph. "Séquestration du carbone et de l’azote des feuilles de hêtre dans les associations organo-minérales du sol : Approches macroscopiques, nanométriques & moléculaires." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris, AgroParisTech, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012AGPT0050.
Full textOrgano-mineral associations play a key role in the long-term sequestration of organic matter in forest soils. However, knowledge about the contribution of the different types of organo-mineral associations and the microbial processes involved in soil organic matter stabilisation is scant. To solve it, stable isotope techniques have been combined with the sequential density fractionation of organo-mineral associations. Isolated fractions were investigated in field and in lab, at different temporal (from 8 hours to 12 years) and spatial scales (macro-, submicron- and molecular scales).Four types of organo-mineral associations were distinguished: plant debris with little mineral attached, plant aggregates, microbial aggregates and mineral grains. Isotopically labeled beech leaf litters were tracked at a decadal time-scale to reveal transfers in between organo-mineral associations. Both litter-derived carbon and nitrogen entered the soil as plant fragments to progressively pass through plant and microbial aggregates. Aggregates appeared particularly meaningful for the stabilisation of litter-derived carbon and nitrogen at a decadal time-scale. Little of the litter-derived carbon and nitrogen was found quickly stabilized to mineral grains. Microbial activities appeared as a major controlling factor for the evolvement of organo-mineral associations, responsive for the transfers of litter-derived carbon and nitrogen. Indeed, plant debris colonized by microorganisms are progressively trapped into plant aggregates. As decomposition proceeds, plant aggregates disrupt into denser microbial aggregates. These aggregates are loaded with lesser organic matter, but enriched in stable microbial materials.Stabilisation by soil microorganisms has been studied at the macro-, submicronand molecular- scales, using mostly NanoSIMS and LC-IRMS. Microbial stabilization operated (i) directly through immobilization in microbial cells and, (ii) indirectly through large production of extracellular microbial products. By calibrating the NanoSIMS for accurate C/N ratios, extracellular microbial products have been shown to be stabilized onto organo-mineral associations without apparent control of the mineral-attached organic matter chemistry. The incorporation of 13C tracers into amino sugars, biomarkers of bacterial and fungal biomasses, revealed that living microorganisms grow where the resource is, but accumulate in microbial aggregates. Microbial biomasses moved from plant debris to microbial aggregates, likely along with the transfers of decaying litter residues as described above.This work points aggregates as meaningful organo-mineral associations for the sequestration of litter-derived carbon and nitrogen at the decadal time-scale. It also revealed the role of microorganisms in the transfers and stabilization of litterderived carbon and nitrogen within organo-mineral associations
Epron, Daniel. "Effets des déficits hydriques et des forts éclairements sur la photosynthèse de jeunes semis de chênes en conditions contrôlées et de chênes adultes en conditions naturelles." Nancy 1, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993NAN10010.
Full textGoulet, André. "Épidémiologie du champignon Chondrostereum purpureum, agent de maîtrise biologique de la reproduction végétative des feuillus de lumière en milieu forestier, Epidemiology of the fungus Chondrostereum purpureum, a biological control agent of the asexual reproduction of deciduous tree species in forest environment." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp04/mq26214.pdf.
Full textPerrimond, Benoît. "Les variations climatiques régionales observées et potentielles à l'échelle de 2 zones ateliers : Alpes et Armorique." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015GREAU008/document.
Full textClimate change occuring during last decade will deeply modify climate and environnemental interaction. Inthis PhD, two sites of European Lon-Term Ecosystem Research Network (French Alps and Britany), specializedin human/nature relationships and environnmental studies were selected for analyzing phenological impact withclimate change constraint. The aim of this work is to determine the spatio-temporal variability of climate andphenology over both sites and to predict the response of forestry phenology under climate change constraint.Meteorological spatio-temporal variability is explained from Météo-France time series analyses and also withclimate reanalysis on the 1959-2009 period. Temperature and precipitation appeared to be best climatologicalvariable to discrimine the impact on vegetation. Since 1987, a significant temperature increase of about 1°C appears(less in the Alps and more in Armorics). Precipitation temporal variability appeared to change near year 1990with a quasi-biennial periods before and with a 6-8 year period after 1990. Phenology is used to monitor naturalforestry dynamics and the feedback on climate on vegetation. Bioclimatics data from « Observatoire des Saisons »and determined from remote sensing data (SPOT-VGT and MODIS datasets) are used to follow spatio-temporalvariability of the phenology. Relationships between climate and phenology are determined by statistical modelisation(degree-day model). SAFRAN-France data and phenological remote sensing data are combined to calibrate and tovalidate of the model in present time. Climate forecast from ALADIN model are used to execute the model on afutur period (2021-2050) with an thermal increase condition of around 1°C and a diminution of precipitation inArmorics (100 mm). Degree-day model predict an advance of growth phase over both site according to climateforcing