Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Forêts – Productivité'
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Chaste, Émeline. "Risques passés et futurs de feux de forêts et leurs incidences sur la résilience de la forêt boréale de l’Est Canadien." Thesis, Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PSLEP047/document.
Full textChanges in forest composition and structure are projected in response to the future climate likely more conducive to fire and water stress. A decrease in carbon and biomass stocks could significantly affect the forest industry and global warming by high carbon emissions during fires. However, despite its ecological and socio-economic importance, the future of the forest is uncertain because the impacts of climate change on ecosystem processes and standing biomass are still poorly understood. The primary objective is therefore to assess the potential effects of climate change on vegetation dynamics and fires, and to characterize their joint effects on the resilience of eastern Canada's boreal forest on both sides of the northern limit of managed forests (NLMF). Simulations were carried out with the LPJ-LMfire dynamic global vegetation model and focused on three specific objectives: (1) to reconstruct fire activity during the 20th century and analyze changes in spatial and temporal fire trends related to vegetation and climate, (2) to analyze the forest response projection to climate change and to fire increase to assess if abrupt changes in biomass of dominant species could occur, (3) to simulate trajectories of past fires and vegetation in response to Holocene climatic variations to understand the relationship between climate, fire and vegetation. For the first time, simulations are performed on the eastern boreal forest with LPJ-LMfire over 6000 years and at high spatial resolution (100 km 2) over a study area stretching west to east, from Manitoba to Newfoundland. The plant functional types for the four dominant tree genera (Picea, Abies, Pinus, Populus) have been parameterized. The predictive capabilities of the model were tested over the 20th century by comparing simulated annual rates of combustion and biomass with independent observations. The same variables, simulated over the past 6,000 years, have been compared to paleoecological reconstructions from lacustrine records of microcharcoals and pollen. Finally, the present version of LPJ-LMfire has been used with IPCC climate scenarios to analyze trajectories along the 21st century. The results show that LPJ-LMfire correctly reproduces the spatio-temporal trends in fire frequency observed in the 20th century, particularly in Manitoba and Ontario. The simulated spatial distribution of plant biomass is also consistent with observations, except at the northern limit of trees where it is overestimated, especially for Picea. The trajectories of simulated fires and vegetation over the last 6,000 years were spatially shifted compared to paleoecological reconstructions: too far south in the west and too far north in the east. The observed difference would be due to the IPSL-CM5A-LR climate data provided as input of LPJ-LMfire. Climate variability and lightning impacts are the determining factors in the distribution of fire frequency during the 20th century, while vegetation feedbacks on fires control the distribution of their frequency over long time scales. Our results contradict the predicted increase in future fire risk, suggesting a decrease in fire frequency by 2100, especially in the south, associated with an increase in the proportion of deciduous taxa and an opening of landscapes that should limit ignition and spread of fires. The frequency and intensity of droughts induced by climate change are expected to increase and favor tree mortality south of the NLMF. Rising temperatures and atmospheric CO2 will only temporarily increase forest productivity. By 2100, declining biomass stocks and increasing broadleaf proportion south of the NLMF could threaten the economy of the forest sector. Silvicultural practices that preserve productivity and boreal forest resilience are therefore recommended to maintain sustainable forest management
Rapanoela, Rija Herman. "Influence de la variation spatio-temporelle de la fréquence des feux sur la productivité forestière actuelle et future." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/27797.
Full textToïgo, Maude. "Productivité des forêts mélangées : effet de la diversité en essences dans un contexte climatique et édaphique variable." Thesis, Orléans, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015ORLE2018.
Full textGlobal environmental changes may lead to a modification of abiotic factors and biological diversity. The production function in forest ecosystems has the particularity to be both subjected to, and a regulator of, these environmental changes. Understanding how forest productivity is driven by species diversity and environmental factors is therefore a critical issue. This PhD thesis studies how tree species mixture affects their productivity along edaphic and climatic gradients. Based on an approach using both an original dataset and the national forest inventory dataset, I focused on five major species of European forests in pure and two-species forests: Quercus petraea, Pinus sylvestris, Fagus sylvatica, Abies alba and Picea abies. In lowlands, abiotic factors had little impacts on the outcome of tree species mixture on productivity. In addition, the effect of tree species mixture was determined by the shade tolerance of companion species. In highlands, the positive effects of tree species mixture were strongest when the abiotic factors were the most limiting for growth. These results highlight the importance of considering abiotic factors and the functional characteristics of species as drivers of the effect of biological diversity on ecosystem functions
Ngueguim, Jules Romain. "Productivité et diversité floristique des ligneux en forêt dense d'Afrique tropicale humide du Cameroun : sites de Mangombé, Bidou et Campo." Paris, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013MNHN0019.
Full textThis study is carried in rainforest of Cameroon. It presents: i) the adaptability of species, planted with two sylviculturals methods in Mangombe’s plantation and ii) compare the biodiversity of Mangombe’s forest to those of Bidou and Campo less disturbed. The adapted species with few mortality and best diameter increasement are : Gmelina arborea (Verbenaceae), Dipterocarpus alatus (Dipterocarpaceae) and Aucoumea klaineana (Burseraceae). The natural regeneration under canopy in plantation is heterogenic and diversed. The vegetation indices show a high diversity in all the sites : Shannon index, generic diversity and specific richness which is higher in Mangombe (38 families and 91 species), intermediary in Bidou (32 families and 88 species) and lower in Campo (29 families and 75 species). Zoochory concerns more than 71% of the species, and suggests a major role of animals in the regeneration process. The abondance of species familiar to non disturbed natural forest confirms the possibility for the natural regeneration to reconstitute in long term the biodiversity in plantation
Anyomi, Kenneth Agbesi. "Spatial and temporal complexities in forest productivity-climate relationships within northern temperate and boreal forests of eastern Canada." Thesis, Université Laval, 2013. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2013/30206/30206.pdf.
Full textForest productivity is driven by direct climatic and non-climatic factors which are transient or permanent in nature. Their effects vary through time and along spatial scales, thus assuming equal sensitivities across time and space where heterogeneous growth responses exist has consequences for the prediction of forest productivity. There is growing evidence of global changes, associated by rather diverse and in some cases contrasting changes in growth. It is necessary to constantly monitor growth and productivity and regional studies are therefore necessary to consider alternative productivity estimation procedures. This thesis was therefore aimed at determining to what extent global, regional and local changes in climate and disturbance regimes affect forest site productivity within eastern Canadian boreal and northern temperate forests located within the province of Québec. Stem analysis data was first obtained from 32 aspen dominated stands that spanned a 5-degree of latitude-wide transect representing a large climate gradient with different surficial deposit types in order to study real-time height growth. Plonki’s site index model calibrated from stem analysis data was used in estimating a height growth index for these 32 stands. Over 4000 temporary sample plots were also obtained from stands of varying age, structure and species compositional gradients in order to determine feedback effects of vegetation on productivity, which are indirect effects of climate and soil. A site index model calibrated from temporary sample plots (and currently used in Québec for growth and yield estimation) was used in estimating site index for mixed aspen stands. Finally, the last chapter of this thesis used an aspecific height-age relationship. Results of the first chapter show that within aspen dominated stands, height growth is mainly driven by the annual cumulative sum of growing degree days with an explanatory capacity as good as that of more complex processed-based variables. Also, aspen productivity in pure stands is better explained with a model that assumes that specific populations have different response functions to climate, demonstrating that climate sensitivity is not stable across a species’ geographic range. Within mixed species stands, stand structure and species composition are the major drivers of aspen productivity. Variability in productivity is better explained at the level of landscapes than stand-level. An interaction between landscape- and stand-level drivers influence stand-level productivity, suggesting that a hierarchical modelling approach is more appropriate than a single-level model. Since stand structural and compositional changes are dynamics that characterize stand succession, it is inferred that successional changes and not climate drive productivity in mixed stands, when measured with site index. Our results seem to concur with the fundamental idea of the existence of heterogeneity (in forest productivity) due to intra- and inter-specific interactions in a way that produces structures capable of adapting through time, as suggested by the concept of complex adaptive systems.
Mahand, Messaoudène. "Dendroécologie et productivité de Quercus afares Pomel et Quercus canariensis Willd. Dans les massifs forestiers de l'Akfadou et de Beni-Ghobri en Algérie." Aix-Marseille 3, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989AIX30036.
Full textMelhaoui, Youssef. "Etude phytoécologique, productivité et classes de croissance du sapin du Maroc (ABIES MAROCCANA TRAB. ) : problématique de la régénération naturelle des peuplements de la sapinière marocaine." Aix-Marseille 3, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990AIX30053.
Full textJourdan, Marion. "Le rôle de la diversité sur la stabilité des processus des écosystèmes forestiers en contexte de changement climatique." Thesis, Paris, AgroParisTech, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018AGPT0009.
Full textClimate change has a direct impact on the ecosystem processes of forests and on the services they provide, but it also indirectly affects forest ecosystems by changing the composition of communities. However, such changes in biodiversity are likely to affect ecosystem functioning, since ecosystem processes - such as productivity or decomposition - are particularly sensitive to the species composition of communities. However, while the relationship between diversity and the average level achieved by a given process (e.g. productivity or decomposition) has been widely documented, few studies have attempted to estimate the effect of diversity on the stability of these ecosystem processes. This stability refers to the ability of a forest ecosystem to maintain its structure and properties after disturbance or stress (resistance), and also its recovery rate (resilience). This lack of knowledge about ecosystem stability is particularly important for forest ecosystems; and the gaps of knowledge are even greater if we consider the interaction between the effects of diversity and the effects of climate change. However, in this context of climate change where stressful events are expected to be more intense and frequent, a better understanding of stand resilience and resilience seems essential, both from the point of view of conserving diversity and maintaining ecosystem processes at the local scale and from the point of view of the forest manager who must adapt stand types and silvicultural practices to new conditions. This thesis thus focused on the effect of species richness and climate on two key ecosystem processes: tree growth and litter decomposition. This involved (i) testing and quantifying the stabilizing effect of tree diversity on forest productivity, (ii) identifying the importance of the effect of litter or stand species composition on decomposition, and (iii) estimating the effect of climate on forest ecosystem processes and the effect of diversity. This thesis focused on stands dominated by three tree species: beech (Fagus sylvatica), fir (Abies alba) and oak (Quercus pubescens) in the French Alps, using empirical (via sampling carried out on a double diversity-climate gradient), experimental and modelling approaches. Through empirical and experimental data, we have shown that the stabilizing effect of diversity can be significant but depends greatly on species identity. Some insights on the underlying mechanisms were highlighted, mainly based on physiological differences and niche complementarity between species. This work also raised the importance of focusing on several scales in the study of the relationships between diversity and functioning. Then this work showed that the effect of a stress gradient could significantly, but not systematically, modulate the mixture effect on forest processes, wood production and litter decomposition. Finally, simulations were conducted to identify management scenarios promoting mixtures and allowing the maintenance of ecosystem services in the context of climate change
Bouchard, Mathieu. "Automatisation de la fonction de façonnage de deux têtes d’abatteuses-façonneuses : effets sur la productivité et le taux de conformité des billes façonnées." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/26840.
Full textAll forest companies try to control their supply costs. Single-grip harvesters are equipped with onboard computers that allow control and automation of some functions. However, these technologies are not used on a regular basis and are in the best cases underutilized. While industrials are showing a growing interest in the utilization of these systems, there have been only a few studies that have documented the impacts of the use of these systems on productivity and quality conformity. The objective of this study was to measure the impacts on productivity and on bucking quality of different degrees of automation of the bucking of a single-grip harvester head. Three different automation degrees, manual, semi-automatic and automatic, have been compared with two different teams composed of 5 operators. Each operator was a different case study. Comparisons were realized on the obtained productivities and on the conformities of the logs lengths and topping diameters. Data collection was made on the logging sites operated by Resolute forest products, in the northern part of Lac St-Jean between January and August 2015. A 5% significance level has been used to realise the variances analysis, where contrasts were employed. Only one case study showed a significant productivity difference linked to the in the automation degree changes. Even if the collected data did not show significant differences on the topping diameters conformities, some tendencies were detected. However, significant differences were detected on the conformity of the lengths of the logs of two operators. Because those two operators work on different harvesters, this might show that the operator can have an impact on the lengths conformity.
Delzon, Sylvain. "Causes fonctionnelles et structurales du déclin de productivité des forêts avec l'âge : analyse expérimentale d'une chronoséquence de peuplements de pin maritime." Bordeaux 1, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004BOR12834.
Full textEl, Khorchani Ali. "Approche dendrochronologique de l'influence des changements climatiques sur la productivité des forêts de pin d'Alep (Pinus halepensis Mill. ) en Tunisie." Aix-Marseille 3, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006AIX30037.
Full textThe study of Aleppo pine reaction to interannual climate variations makes it possible to specify its ecology and to predict its future productivity in the context of climate change. Nineteen Aleppo pine stands, sampled from humid to arid bioclimate were the subject of a dendroecologic study based on the relation climate-tree ring (ring-width, wood density). For each stand, using radial growth and actual climate data made it possible to calibrate two statistical growth models. Using simulated climate data according to 2x CO2 made it possible to predict future Aleppo pine growth. A statistical model that stands on simple climate parameters (precipitation, temperatures) simulates a strong growth decrease (up to 100% in arid bioclimate) that is linked with precipitation decrease and spring temperature increase. A bioclimatic model that stands on water balance parameters (actual evapotranspiration) simulates an average growth decrease (20%) that is linked with spring and summer water stress increase. The study of Aleppo pine productivity trend evidences both a strong radial growth decrease (50%) and a earlywood density increase (20%) during the second half of the 20th century. Comparing these results with predictions resulting from both models shows that Aleppo pine survival at its southern limit (arid bioclimate) is threatened by the future climate changes
Miranda, Salas Marcelo. "Modélisation de la productivité forestière de Pinus radiata D. Don à partir de patrons de variabilité spatiotemporelle de l'espèce et de l'environnement." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/19447.
Full textOberlinkels, Michel. "Etude phytoécologique des vallées occidentales du massif des Ecrins : typologie forestière et productivité de la forêt du Périer (Valbonnais), intérêt des sapinières et des pessières pour une zonation biogéographique des Alpes dauphinoises." Grenoble 1, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987GRE10077.
Full textAlaoui-Abdelmalek, Moulay Youssef. "Contribution à l'étude du fonctionnement d'un écosystème forestier méditerranéen : application à la phytoécologie et à la productivité du cèdre (Cedrus Atlantica) dans les forêts du Moyen-Atlas et à la nutrition minérale de l'espèce en fonction des facteurs stationnels." Nancy 1, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990NAN10406.
Full textVennetier, Michel. "Un nouveau modèle bioclimatique pour la forêt méditerranéenne. Application à l'étude de l'impact du changement climatique sur la végétation et à l'évaluation de la productivité forestière." Aix-Marseille 3, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007AIX30077.
Full textThis thesis consists of four articles linked by a connecting thread: the interaction between water-balance and climate change in the dynamics of the Mediterranean vegetation. The first part presents the design and the calibration of a new bioclimatic model dedicated to the assessment of the water-balance in Mediterranean forest. In the second part, mis model is used to assess the impact of the climate change on the composition of the forest flora. The third part thoroughly studies Pinus halepensis Mill. Autecology in its whole French distribution area, as this species serves as reference to link the bioclimatic model, climate change and forest height growth and productivity. The fourth part deals with the interaction between water-balance and climate change in the radial growth of Pinus halepensis, by means of an experimental device in field conditions
Wildnerova, Lenka. "Adaptation des firmes hétérogènes aux forces de mondialisation." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SACLN056.
Full textReaping benefits from increasingly globalized and more accessible world is not an evident outcome for all economic actors. Heterogeneous consequences of globalization have become apparent within countries over past two decades. Disparities have expanded between regions, firms, and occupations, implying growing inequalities among people. This thesis investigates how firms, being one of the channels of globalization transmitting its impacts across countries, react, adjust, and diverge in terms of performance. The empirical investigation of micro-level data on a firm and a worker level aims to provide understanding for future public policy suggestions by giving insights into how firms respond to globalized and competitive environment, how they choose their labor force, and how the policies and shocks influence their performance on the foreign market. The objective is to give some understanding, in four chapters, on how firms react to multinational presence or presence of very productive, “frontier” firms in their vicinity, and how firms choose their employees, especially immigrant workforce when facing higher foreign demand, and lastly, to provide an evaluation of change in labor cost on export performance of the firms. While aggregated outcomes matter, looking at the behavior of an average firm is insufficient. The distribution of the firms by their characteristics is highly skewed, and respecting heterogeneity of firms can also lead to better understanding of competitiveness. Productivity and employment of small firms in services is associated with small, but statistically significant increases when more foreign firms locate in the firm’s vicinity, implying positive knowledge and technological spillovers from foreign presence. However, small manufacturing firms tend to suffer from more competition, and their productivity is associated with a decline when foreign manufacturing locates in the same region. Mainly medium-sized and large firms tend to increase productivity from cross-sector spillovers of foreign presence, which points out to the fact that more productive and established firms are more likely to benefit from possible supplier relationships or larger market. The firms closer to the technological frontier are more productive. However, experiencing a shock of entry of a new productive firm, the productivity drops for an average firm, which is in line with theoretical literature that predicts that the least productive firms leave the market and resources are then reallocated towards more productive firms. Firms also tend to make choices with respect to their workforce that will ultimately make them perform better. In particular, firms choose to hire an immigrant employee when facing a possibility to increase their exports. Both skilled and unskilled immigrants are hired, while firms do not deviate from their standard trends of hiring low-skilled native employees, and only slightly increase their population of skilled native employees. This happens mainly because immigrants can supply knowledge about foreign markets that is otherwise difficult to obtain. Lastly, increasing labor costs translates into lower export value of firms as shown using a natural policy experiment of fiscal advantages on overtime hours of firms. Yet, an opposite shock of lowering the labor cost has no significant impact on exports of large firms, while small firms are sensitive to the shock and export more.All in all, small and less productive firms are prompt to experience negative shocks from practices of globalized firms or are the least likely to benefit positively from exposure to global networks. However, firms are dynamic entities and have capacity to progress and change or improve their practices, including workforce composition. The government plays role in helping the dynamics of firms, and the policies focused on competitiveness of firms can have impact especially if the firm is of small size
Laliberté, Juliane. "Conséquences de l'éclaircie précommerciale pour la qualité du bois et la croissance des tiges : Le cas des peuplements mixtes à feuillus intolérants." Thesis, Université Laval, 2010. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2010/27581/27581.pdf.
Full textA precommercial thinning (PCT) trial was conducted in mixedwood stands of balsam fir – white birch bioclimatic domain in three different regions of Quebec (Portneuf, Maurice, Lac St-Jean). Ninety-six stems (balsam fir and black spruce) were selected in three different PCT treatments. These stems were analyzed and compared to stems from control stands. Two alternative PCT treatments were compared to 2001 PCT standard. The first one consists in the preservation of residual stems in a quarter circle. The second one consists in spacing out to five meters intolerant hardwood stems. The five year impact of PCT was analyzed against PCT treatments and the number of competing stems (in a four meters radius). Results suggest that the number of competing stems has a negative impact on five-year increment in stem diameter and on branch diameter, but a positive impact on latewood content. Branch diameter five years after PCT varies according to PCT treatment and branch position in the stem. Latewood content varies according to PCT treatment, initial stem diameter and position in the stem. Latewood content is also affected by the number of competing stems. This study provides a better understanding of PCT effects on wood quality in mixedwood stands and allowed us to compare those results to the situation that prevails in softwood- dominated stands. In the light of our results, we suggest to preserve some competing stems in order to weaken negative impacts of PCT on wood quality.
Grossiord, Charlotte. "Impact of tree species diversity on water and carbon relations in European forests." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LORR0155/document.
Full textBiodiversity is known to support and boost a wide range of forest ecosystem functions and services like productivity and resistance against insect pests and diseases. However, whether tree species diversity also promotes water and carbon acquisition and use in forest ecosystems is still unclear. Furthermore, in the current context of global warming, information on how tree species diversity can influence the response of forest ecosystems to extreme climatic events such as drought are urgently needed. In this framework, the objective of my PhD thesis was to determine how tree species diversity influences important functions of the water and carbon cycle including transpiration, carbon isotope composition and water extraction depth at the tree- and ecosystem-Scale under contrasting soil water conditions. My work was conducted within the FunDivEUROPE project in a network of permanent forest stands and tree plantations across a North-South gradient in Europecovering a wide range of climatic conditions. I found considerable variability among species or forest types in the response of transpiration and carbon isotope composition at the tree- and ecosystem-Scale across Europe. Species diversity did not affect the water and carbon relations of tree species and forest ecosystems under non-Limiting soil water conditions. However, a strong effect of species diversity was observed under drought conditions in some forest types. Based on these data, I discuss the potential mechanisms of species interactions that may explain the observed patterns. I also point out that the influence of species diversity is highly context-Dependent, and changes with local environmental and climatic conditions. In terms of forest management applications, I suggest that, at least in some regions, controlling for tree species diversity along with stand density and total basal area could be recommended to help forests adapt to drier conditions
Rathgeber, Cyrille. "Impact des changements climatiques et de l'augmentation du taux de CO2 atmosphérique sur la productivité des écosystèmes forestiers : exemple du pin d'Alep (Pinus halepensis Mill.) en Provence calcaire (France)." Aix-Marseille 3, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002AIX30033.
Full textData from 21 Aleppo pine stands have allowed to calculate a synthetic growth index which expresses inter-annual productivity variations. For each stand, three types of models (climatic, bioclimatic and biogeochemistry) have been confronted to the observations and validated. The biogeochemistry model is not sensitive to climatic changes but simulates a strong productivity increase linked to the increase of CO2 rate. The climatic model of growth simulates, in response of climatic change, a strong increase of productivity linked to the increase of spring temperatures. The bioclimatic model simulates a significant decrease of productivity linked to the increase of summer drought period. The response of a stand depends on the site conditions. The exposure, in fact, determines the thermal balance when the slope, the soil water capacity and the permeability of the substratum constraint the water balance
Bourdier, Thomas. "Hétérogénéité des peuplements forestiers et production : interactions avec les traits fonctionnels des espèces." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016GREAV050/document.
Full textUnderstanding the link between diversity ecosystem functioning has been a major topic of ecology for the last decades. When studying the relationship between diversity and productivity in tree populations and communities, size heterogeneity has often been disregarded. Our study focuses on the effect of size heterogeneity on the production of pure and mixed forest stands as wells its interactions with species’ functional traits. By using national forest inventory data, we were able to demonstrate a negative effect of size heterogeneity in both pure and mixed stands. In the latter case, we showed a positive effect of species richness as well as a positive effect of a decrease of shade tolerance with tree size, i.e. when the less tolerant species are dominant in the overstorey. We propose potential mechanisms to explain our results and discuss the consequences of such findings at larger time scale for the stability and resilience of forest stands
Garet, Jérome. "Influence des caractéristiques de la sénescence sur la possibilité forestière." Thesis, Université Laval, 2008. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2008/25643/25643.pdf.
Full textCorona, Lozada Monica Cecilia. "Télédétection appliquée à l’étude de l’effet de la variabilité climatique et de la gestion pastorale sur la productivité et la phénologie végétale des prairies supra-forestières." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018GREAV049/document.
Full textMountain grasslands are wide distributed ecosystems which are particularly vulnerable to climate and land use changes. In this context, the main objective of this thesis was to assess the effect of climate and pastoral drivers on mountain grasslands vegetation at different spatiotemporal scales. In particular, we wanted to understand plant responses to annual variations of climate (temperature and precipitation), long term warming and extreme events (heat waves and droughts); as well as the land management impact (grazing intensity and calendars). Hence, we performed several analyses using phenological, meteorological and pastoral metrics. First, we derived phenological metrics mainly from the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) extracted from two sources: satellite remote sensing images at moderate (MODIS) and high (Landsat and SPOT) resolution and field remote sensing measures acquired with portable and fixed sensors over five mountain grasslands. Second, we estimated meteorological metrics from reanalysis of the climatic model SAFRAN provided by Météo France. Third, we estimated pastoral metrics from two regional pastoral surveys (1996-1997 and 2012-2014) and several local documents (“cahiers d’alpage”) produced within the project “Alpages Sentinelles”. Regarding mountain grasslands vegetation, our results showed: (i) widely distributed greening trends, (ii) higher tolerance to heat waves than to droughts, (iii) higher sensibility to climate factors than to grazing pressures, (iv) weak but positive responses to grazing, and (v) a regrowth potential at the end of the season. The originality of our results was to exhibit the stronger relationships between climate factors and vegetation phenology, than between the latter and grazing pressures. Moreover, we highlighted the important contributions of remote sensing data to study mountain ecosystems
Coulombe, Sébastien. "Détermination de l'incertitude associée à la détection de l'effet des changements climatiques sur le rendement des strates d'épinette noire de la forêt boréale." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/21095.
Full textThomas, Raquel Simone. "Forest productivity and resource availability in lowland tropical forests in Guyana." Thesis, University of London, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.325358.
Full textPréfontaine-Dastous, Gabrielle. "Bilan des cortèges végétaux, de la croissance individuelle de l’épinette noire et du rendement forestier : En tourbières forestières boréales récoltées après 20 ans de drainage forestier." Thesis, Université Laval, 2014. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2014/30727/30727.pdf.
Full textBoisvenue, Céline. "Assessing forest responses to climate change and resolving productivity measurements across spatial scales." Diss., [Missoula, Mont.] : The University of Montana, 2007. http://etd.lib.umt.edu/theses/available/etd-01042008-115155/.
Full textBröms, Axelsson Emilia. "Do we protect the right forests? – A case study of representativeness of protected forests in Östergötland, Sweden, and identification of tracts of value." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Biologi, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-121408.
Full textCavalcanti, Guadalupe Gatto Lockaby Bruce Graeme. "Effects of sediment deposition in aboveground net primary productivity, vegetation composition, structure, and fine root dynamics in riparian forests." Auburn, Ala, 2004. http://repo.lib.auburn.edu/EtdRoot/2004/SPRING/Forestry_and_Wildlife_Sciences/Thesis/CAVALCANTI_GUADALUPE_18.pdf.
Full textJolley, Rachel Lynn Lockaby Bruce Graeme. "Effects of sedimentation on productivity, nutrient cycling, and community composition in riparian forests associated with ephemeral streams at Ft. Benning, GA, USA." Auburn, Ala, 2008. http://repo.lib.auburn.edu/EtdRoot/2008/SPRING/Forestry_and_Wildlife_Sciences/Dissertation/Jolley_Rachel_38.pdf.
Full textGagné, Claude. "Tendance à long terme de la croissance de l'épinette noire (Picea mariana (Mill.) B.S.P.) en forêt boréale québécoise /." Thèse, Chicoutimi : Université du Québec à Chicoutimi, 2000. http://theses.uqac.ca.
Full textBusby, Helen Clare. "Forest structure and function : identifying the factors which control forest productivity and biomass." Thesis, University of Leeds, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.440633.
Full textRamantswana, Mufhumudzi Muedanyi. "A comparison of harvester productivity and stump volume waste in coppiced and planted eucalyptus grandis pulpwood compartments in the KwaZulu-Natal forestry region of South Africa." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/d1019844.
Full textNygård, Robert. "Productivity of woody vegetation in savanna woodlands in Burkina Faso /." Umeå : Swedish Univ. of Agricultural Sciences (Sveriges lantbruksuniv.), 2000. http://epsilon.slu.se/avh/2000/91-576-5878-1.pdf.
Full textSiegel-Issem, Cristina Marie. "Forest Productivity as a Function of Root Growth Opportunity." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/36323.
Full textMaster of Science
Manguila, Christian. "Les formes d'organisation et les performances des firmes." Nice, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998NICE0006.
Full textIn economy and more precisely industrial economy, there exists an endemic debate to which several authors are attempting to bring their answer : that of determining the most performing type of organization for companies. O. E. Williamson, who established a comparison of different types of economic institutions, came to the conclusion according to which the hierarchy (or m type) is the best productive resource coordination mechanism for companies that want to be profitable and/or competitive. But, this assertion is erroneous or even deceitful, for there are a number of types of institutions allowing companies to be performing. Furthermore, the functional crises inherent to coordination modes of economic activities prevent us from believing in williamson's conclusion. Besides, the latter forgets that at the end of each historic period corresponds a certain type of organization that can only be efficient, at least, as long as private transactions exist between companies. Thus, the market or the deal is a form of economic organization most efficient when the good exchanged is sufficiently standard so that its features may easily be specified and that the environment of the transaction is not submitted to strong uncertainties. The hierarchy or the do it yourself is a type of highly performing economic institution if the transaction costs are very high. Inter-company cooperation is one of the most efficient forms of economic organization when the market and the hierarchy are defaulting. All this leads us to think that the transaction cost theory is an incomplete paradigm for not only it does not take into account the socioeconomic reality of companies, but it also has difficulties in establishing a genuine experimental theory accepted by all
Guillemot, Joannès. "Productivity and carbon allocation in European forests : a process-based modelling approach." Thesis, Paris 11, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA112091/document.
Full textThe processes that underlie forest productivity and C allocation dynamics in trees are still poorly understood. Forest growth has for long been thought to be C limited, through a hypothesized causal link between C supply and growth (source control). This C-centric paradigm underlies most of the C allocation rules formalized in process-based models (PBMs). However, the source limitation of growth has been questioned by several authors, arguing that meristem activities are more sensitive than C assimilation to environmental stresses (e.g., water deficit and low temperatures). Moreover, the effect of management, which strongly affects forest functioning and wood growth, is not accounted for in most of the PBMs used to project the future terrestrial C sink. Our main objective in this thesis was to move forward into our understanding of the constraints that affect - or will affect - the wood productivity in European forests, from present to the end of the 21 st century. We addressed this objective through the improvement of the representation of the forest productivity and C allocation in the CASTANEA PBM, building on a detailed analysis of the key drivers of annual wood productivity in French forests over the last 30 years (the species studied are Fagus sylvatica, Quercus ilex, Quercus petraea, Quercus robur and Picea abies). Our results supported the premise that the annual wood growth of the studied species is under a complex control including both source and sink limitations. The inter-site variability in the fraction of C allocatedto stand wood growth was predominantly driven by an age-related decline. At the tree level, we showed that annual wood growth was well predicted by the individual size. The size-asymmetry of growth, i.e., the advantage of big trees in the competition for resources, increased consistently with the whole stand productivity at both inter-site and inter-annual scales. On the basis of our findings, we developed a new C allocation scheme in the CASTANEA PBM, which integrate a combined source-sink limitation of wood growth. The new calibrated model captured both the inter-annual and inter-site changes in stand wood growth that was observed across national environmental gradients. The model was also successfully evaluated against a meta-analysis of carbohydrate reserve pools in trees and satellite-derived leaf area index estimates. Our results indicated that the representation of the environmental control of sink activity does not affect the qualitative predictions of the future of the European forest productivity previously obtained from source-driven PBMs. However, the current, source-driven generation of PBMs probably underestimates the spatial heterogeneity of the effects of climate change on forest growth that arise from sink limitations.Further, we successfully used our findings regarding the dependences of annual wood growth at tree level (i.e., empirical rules of tree growth competition) to calibrate a module for the simulation of the individual growth of trees in the CASTANEA model. The coupled model was used to assess the potential effects of management on forest functioning and wood growth across France. We identified the areas where management efforts may be concentrated in order to mitigate near-future drought impact on national forest productivity. Around a quarter of the French temperate oak and beech forests are currently in zones of high vulnerability, where management could thus mitigate the influence of climate change on forest yield
Davidson, Diedre P., and University of Lethbridge Faculty of Arts and Science. "Sensitivity of ecosystem net primary productivity models to remotely sensed leaf area index in a montane forest environment." Thesis, Lethbridge, Alta. : University of Lethbridge, Faculty of Arts and Science, 2002, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10133/155.
Full textxii, 181 leaves : ill. ; 28 cm.
Côté, Damien. "Mise en place d'une pessière à cladonie dans le domaine des forêts fermées d'épinette noire (Picea mariana) et potentiel pour la production forestière /." Thèse, Chicoutimi : Université du Québec à Chicoutimi, 2004. http://theses.uqac.ca.
Full textCarr, William Wade. "Restoring productivity on severely degraded forest soil in British Columbia." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/25572.
Full textForestry, Faculty of
Graduate
Campos, Arce Jose J. "Environmental effects on the productivity of Eucalyptus camaldulensis, Leucaena leucocephala and Gliricidia sepium in Central America." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1989. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.253307.
Full textLi, Yanshu Zhang Daowei. "Essays on forestry products industry sawmill productivity and industrial timberland ownership /." Auburn, Ala., 2006. http://repo.lib.auburn.edu/2006%20Spring/doctoral/LI_YANSHU_17.pdf.
Full textHazareh, Termeh Biological Earth & Environmental Sciences Faculty of Science UNSW. "The use of forest models to understand effects of elevated CO2 on aboveground forest productivity." Publisher:University of New South Wales. Biological, Earth & Environmental Sciences, 2008. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/42790.
Full textResearch, University of Arizona Laboratory of Tree-Ring. "Tree Rings and Forest Mensuration: How Can They Document Trends in Forest Health and Productivity?" Laboratory of Tree-Ring Research, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/303029.
Full textAddessi, Andrew David. "Urban Impacts to Forest Productivity, Soil Quality, and Canopy Structure in Forest Park, Portland, Oregon." PDXScholar, 2017. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/3881.
Full textNordström, Högberg Mona. "Carbon and nitrogen relations among soils, microbes and plants in boreal forests /." Uppsala : Dept. of Forest Mycology and Pathology, Swedish Univ. of Agricultural Sciences, 2004. http://epsilon.slu.se/s314.pdf.
Full textChiang, Yang-Sheng. "Estimating landscape level leaf area index and net primary productivity using field measurements, satellite imagery, and a 2-D ecophysiological model." Virtual Press, 2004. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/1294241.
Full textDepartment of Natural Resources and Environmental Management
Colson, Christopher G. Lockaby Bruce Graeme. "Biogeochemical effects of silviculture management on intermittant streamside management zones in the coastal plain of Alabama." Auburn, Ala, 2008. http://repo.lib.auburn.edu/EtdRoot/2008/SPRING/Forestry_and_Wildlife_Sciences/Thesis/Colson_Christopher_20.pdf.
Full textKlinka, Karel, Gordon J. Kayahara, and Christine Chourmouzis. "Regeneration, growth and productivity of trees within gaps of old-growth forests on the outer coast (CWHvh2) of British Columbia." Forest Sciences Department, University of British Columbia, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/669.
Full textPersson, Inga-Lill. "Moose population density and habitat productivity as drivers of ecosystem processes in northern boreal forests /." Umeå : Dept. of Animal Ecology, Swedish Univ. of Agricultural Sciences, 2003. http://epsilon.slu.se/s272.pdf.
Full textBeaudu, Fabienne. "Modélisation de la productivité de la forêt boréale au Québec à partir de l'imagerie satellitaire NOAA." Mémoire, Université de Sherbrooke, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/11143/11143.
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