Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Forêts – Régions tropicales – Conservation'
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Duclos, Vanessa. "Facteurs responsables de l'arrêt de la régénération des espèces arborescentes suite à des perturbations anthropiques en forêt tropicale humide." Thesis, Université Laval, 2012. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2012/29138/29138.pdf.
Full textSinger, Benjamin. "Putting the national back in forest-related policies : the international forests regime and the evolution of policies in Brazil, Cameroon and Indonesia." Paris, Institut d'études politiques, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009IEPP0024.
Full textThe relationship between the International Forests Regime (IFR) and Forest-Related Policies (FRPs) is a frequently studied issue in forest management, but the lack of rigorous research on the subject has given rise to a number of erroneous assumptions about the influence of one on the other. This study looks at this question by focusing on 12 case-studies in 3 countries (Brazil, Cameroon and Indonesia) from a public policy perspective. An overview of the IFR shows its plurality and fragmentary character. It is composed of both formal elements (negotiations and the few agreements that have been reached) and informal elements (namely forest management principles). As for Brazilian, Cameroonian and Indonesian FRPs, they have all evolved considerably over the past four decades but change varies according to the case-study, period covered and the sector. In order to shed light on the mechanisms that underlie these variations in change, a new theoretical tool is established to account for the evolution of policies studied and is based on a new concept, that of network projections. These may be defined as the perception that actors have of policy networks that surround them as they see them or wish to see them. This approach not only allows us to explain changes observed, but also show (i) that the role of the national sphere remains the main source of change in FRPs, and (ii) that within the IFR it is informal components (i. E. , forest management principles) that have most influenced FRPs
Keller, Roland. "Les familles des dicotylédones ligneuses tropicales et leur identification à l'aide d'une clef fondée sur les seuls caractères végétatifs." Montpellier 2, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992MON20081.
Full textAboua, Aboua Gustave. "Le destin des forêts tropicales, l'État, les paysans, l'industrie et les coopératives dans l'aventure de la conservation des forêts tropicales du sud-ouest de la Côte d'Ivoire." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape10/PQDD_0001/NQ39326.pdf.
Full textLamarre, Greg. "Rôle des insectes phytophages dans la diversité des arbres des forêts tropicales humides." Thesis, Antilles-Guyane, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013AGUY0582/document.
Full textThe mechanisms underlying the maintenance of local diversity of trees in tropical rainforests remain under debate. This dissertation aims to study and understand some biotic and abiotic factors that may influence both tree and insect community assembly in lowland tropical forests of Amazonia. I used an empirical approach to study communities of trees and insects in tropical forests of French Guiana and Peru, to address the extent to which insect herbivores contribute to the turnover of tree species across strong environmental gradients. In Chapter 1, I studied how herbivorous insect communities can influence the composition of tree communities along an environmental gradient by reinforcing tradeoffs between defense and growth that promote habitat specialization (Chapter 1, Appendix 3). The complicated variation in the patterns of growth and defense from this study led me to pursue further observations of an alternative plant defense strategy of time-avoidance of herbivores, which I examined in detail in Chapter 2. I found evidence for coordinated leaf production in some tree species that was consistent with the satiation of herbivores, suggesting that multiple interactions between plants and their herbivores may be responsible for patterns of habitat specialization in trees. In the second part of the dissertation, I examined insect herbivore communities in detail to test for turnover in species composition across geographic and environmental gradients. In Chapter 3, I present evidence for substantial beta-diversity in arthropod communities throughout lowland Amazonian forests. In the discussion I propose research perspectives to complete this research, including the extension of observations to compare tropical and temperate regions and the integration of molecular phylogenetics information to study coevolution of plant lineages and their insect herbivores. I conclude with suggestions for the integration of the results of this thesis in local and regional strategies for the preservation and conservation of tropical forests in the Amazon basin
Effantin-Touyer, Rachel. "De la frontière agraire de la nature : comment les migrants réinventent leurs ressources et leurs territoires." Paris, Institut national d'agronomie de Paris Grignon, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006INAP0010.
Full textAlbert, Sébastien. "Rupture des interactions mutualistes plantes à fruits charnus-vertébrés frugivores, et conséquences sur la régénération des forêts tropicales dans les Mascareignes." Thesis, La Réunion, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LARE0035.
Full textTropical forests are mostly dominated by fleshy-fruited plants, which are dispersed by frugivorous vertebrates. The global collapse of large vertebrates therefore raises questions about the resilience of these ecosystems, particularly on islands, which concentrate the bulk of extinctions. The Mascarenes are a remarkable system to study disruption of frugivory interactions because the pristine fauna, plethoric until human colonization in the 17th century and now largely extinct, is well known as well as its diverse flora which is particularly at risk. La Réunion is still home to indigenous forests along strong environmental gradients and active volcanism that offers the opportunity to explore the long-term consequences of defaunation. In addition, the varying levels of vertebrate extinctions between La Réunion (main extant frugivore, mass=55 g) and Mauritius (450 g) makes itpossible to use these islands as pseudo-replicates to test various hypotheses. This thesis is organised in three parts which aim to (1) describe the spatial distribution patterns of dispersal traits on La Réunion and Mauritius, and understand the implications for vertebrate extinctions which have been particularly rapid on La Réunion; (2) evaluate the consequences of frugivory disruption on the reconstruction of forest ecosystems on the lava flows of the Piton de la Fournaise; (3) assess the consequences of frugivory disruption on the maintenance of diversity in forests established before human colonisation. (1) Proportions of fleshy-fruited plants strongly decrease with elevation and this decrease is all the more pronounced the larger the fruit are. By comparing the main factors of vertebrate extinctions between La Réunion and Mauritius, we show that the early destruction of favorable lowland habitats on La Réunion probably played a central role in the rapidity of frugivore extinctions. (2) After expanding the chronosequence of the Piton de la Fournaise flows, we show thatfrugivore extinctions have profoundly altered the capacity of lowland forests to rebuild since the 18th century and that the refaunation of ecosystems with alien frugivores mainly benefits alien fleshy-fruited plants. Reinstating dispersal, native large-seeded plants are nevertheless capable of settling on historical flows where recruitment is overwhelmingly dominated by invasive plants. (3) By comparing two reference forests of La Réunion and Mauritius, we show that the Mauritian flying fox allows a much better recruitment of many plant species at Brise-Fer than the Réunion bulbul at Mare-Longue, except for large-seeded plants which regenerate poorly in both islands. An experiment finally shows how the persistence of fruit flesh alone can strongly limit tree recruitment, but that the latter can be modulated by introduced fauna. Our overall worrying results show the urgency to protect large native frugivores wherever they still exist and of encouraging their return where they had disappeared. At the same time, large-scale sowing should be envisaged in protected areas where the maintenance or even the return of native forest dynamics are imperative
Dellaux, Julien. "Le mécanisme visant la conservation des forêts tropicales de la convention-cadre sur les changements climatiques (REDD+) : illustration de l'adaptativité du droit international." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017AIXM0426.
Full textHow International law can regulate complex phenomenon? This question appears particularly relevant if we consider tropical deforestation. Technical issues and the opposite interests of States, stemming from interlinked services provided by forest, had prevented International community to adopt a convention on forests. Nevertheless, climate regime has recently created a so-called mechanism on « reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation in developing countries and the role of conservation and sustainable management of forests and enhancement of forest carbon stocks in developing countries » (REDD+). The normative framework laid down in decisions of the Conference of the parties has stimulated control improvement on forest resources and wide-ranging reform in developing countries. The study will evaluate the specificities of this normative system by going further its apparent normative weakness. It will expose how International law manage to regulate complex phenomenon by producing adaptive legal system. The study will demonstrate that the specific feature of this system lies in its ability to conciliate two opposite needs: flexibility and legal security
França, José Ricardo de Almeida. "Télédétection satellitaire des feux de végétation en région intertropicale. Application à l'estimation des flux des composés en trace émis dans l'atmosphère." Toulouse 3, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994TOU30086.
Full textAdou, Yao Constant Yves. "Pratiques paysannes et dynamique de la biodiversité dans la forêt classée de Monogaga (Côte d'Ivoire)." Paris, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005MNHN0011.
Full textIn the classified forest of Monogaga, a national natural patrimony of Côte d'Ivoire, the farming practices exert a ceaseless pressure on forest cover. After a period of groping and conflict with the local people (Wanne and Bakwe) who were maintened in the forest after its classification, the official manager, Sodefor, decided to yield a part of the protected area to local human activities by creating agricultural enclaves. To answer the interrogations concerning the transformation of forest cover in these enclaves and in other parts of the Forest, this study had two complementary objectives :1)to describe the current state of the forest cover in the classified forets, which is poorly known on a phytosociological point of view and 2)to compare the respective impacts of the villager's practices and action of Sodefor on the vegetation community composition diversity and endemism level. Our methodology associated an anthropological approach, which investigated the patial organisation of the activities and the representations of the two principal forest actors and a botanical approach based on inventories from plots of 500 m2, observations of the vegetation cover and physiogonomy. .
Toillier, Aurélie. "Capacités d'adaptation des agriculteurs à la conservation des forêts dans le corridor Ranomafana-Andringitra (Madagascar) : perspectives pour un aménagement intégré des territoires." Phd thesis, AgroParisTech, 2009. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00005192.
Full textRozak, Andes. "Vers une meilleure estimation des stocks de carbone dans les forêts exploitées à Diptérocarpées de Bornéo." Thesis, Paris, AgroParisTech, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018AGPT0008/document.
Full textTropical forests are a major reservoir of biodiversity and carbon (C), playing a pivotal role in global ecosystem function and climate regulation. However, most of the tropical forests, especially Bornean forests in Southeast Asia, are under intense pressure and threatened by anthropogenic activities such as logging, mining industry, agriculture and conversion to industrial plantation. In 2010, the area of production forests in Borneo was 26.8 million ha (approx. 36% of the total land area of Borneo) including 18 million ha (approx. 24%) of logged forests. Production forests are thus emerging as a dominant land-use, playing a crucial role in trading-off provision of goods and maintenance of ecosystem services, such as C and biodiversity retention.Selective logging is known to reduce both above- and below-ground biomass through the removal of a few large trees, while increasing deadwood stocks through collateral damages. By creating large gaps in the canopy, microclimates in the understory and on the forest floor change locally speeding up the decomposition of litter and organic matter. The extent of incidental damages, canopy openness, as well as the speed of C recovery, was shown to be primarily related to logging intensity. However, empirical evaluations of the long-term effect of logging intensity on C balance in production forests remain rare.The present thesis aims to assess the long-term effect of logging intensity on C sequestration in a north Bornean Dipterocarp forests (Malinau District, North Kalimantan) logged in 1999/2000. Five main C pools, namely above-ground (AGC) and below-ground (BGC) carbon in living trees, deadwood, litter, and soil organic carbon (SOC) were estimated along a logging intensity gradient (ranging from 0 to 57% of initial biomass removed).Our result showed that total C stocks 16 years after logging, ranged from 218-554 Mg C ha-1 with an average of 314 Mg C ha-1. A difference of 95 Mg C ha-1 was found between low logging intensity (<2.1% of initial biomass lost) and high logging intensity (>19%). Most C (approx. 77%) was found in living trees, followed by soil (15%), deadwood (6%), and a minor fraction in litter (1%). The imprint of logging intensity was still detectable 16 years after logging, and logging intensity thus was the main driver explaining the reduction of AGC>20, BGC>20, deadwood, and total C stocks and an increase in deadwood. Solely, logging intensity explained 61%, 63%, 38%, and 48% of variations of AGC>20, BGC>20, deadwood, and total C stocks, respectively. Logging intensity also significantly reduced SOC stocks in the upper 30 cm layer. For total SOC stocks (0-100 cm), the negative influence of logging intensity was still perceptible, being significant in conjunction with other variables.Our results quantify the long-term effect of logging on forest C stocks, especially on AGC and deadwood. High logging intensity (50% reduction of initial biomass) reduced total C stocks by 27%. AGC recovery was lower in high logging intensity plots, suggesting lowered forest resilience to logging. Our study showed that maintaining logging intensity, below 20% of the initial biomass, limit the long-term effect of logging on AGC and deadwood stocks
Koffi, Kouamé Guillaume. "Etude de la variabilité génétique et de la phylogéographie de Santiria trimera (Burseraceae): implications pour une conservation durable des forêts humides d'Afrique." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/210035.
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Toro, Perez Catalina. "La biodiversité tropicale, entre gouvernance globale et réalités locales : le cas de la politique de protection de la biodiversité en Colombie." Paris, Institut d'études politiques, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008IEPP0052.
Full textIn the early 90s, when the forum of the Earth Summit in Rio took place, tropical countries like Brazil, Colombia, Mexico, Côte d'Ivoire, India, China, were presented as "The Hots Spots": the richest and most threatened areas of biological and cultural diversity of the planet. The loss of tropical biodiversity, as a common concern of humanity will gradually emerge as one of the most widespread consensus in the Forum of the Community of global environmental policy: Three-quarters of the world population use medicines and benefit agricultural development related to the exploitation of tropical plants. However, genetic research in tropical countries is restricted because of the existent mechanisms of control they impose to avoid access to natural resources and traditional knowledge. A principle is then referred to a global resource intervention, necessary and useful for scientific research, and management in the common interest of all. A set of ideas, institutions and interest groups will shape a new system of genetic resources defined in terms of access, property rights and free trade in the tropical countries. The evolution of the political protection of common property under the principle of non-appropriation to a global trade system of genes will become one of the major issues of the global governance of tropical biodiversity. The purpose of this research is to show how the process and re-transmission of biodiversity, as a "common concern of mankind" change ideas, power structures and institutions of nature conservation in the global system and how it is reflected in "tropical" countries, like Colombia
Despinoy, Marc. "Potentiel de la télédétection haute résolution spatiale et spectrale en milieu intertropical : une approche transdisciplinaire à partir d'expériences aéroportées à la Réunion et en Guyane française." La Réunion, 2000. http://elgebar.univ-reunion.fr/login?url=http://thesesenligne.univ.run/00_14_despinoy.pdf.
Full textJabot, Franck. "Marches aléatoires en forêt tropicale : contribution à la théorie de la biodiversité." Toulouse 3, 2009. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/641/.
Full textTropical forests contain a huge diversity of trees, even at small spatial scales. This diversity challenges the idea that, in given environmental conditions, one species should be better suited to this particular environment and progressively exclude all other species. Ecologists have proposed various hypotheses to explain diversity maintenance. One element prevents the test of these hypotheses: the lack of robust methods to link available theories and knowledge on tropical forests to field data, so as to compare different hypotheses. This thesis thus aims at developing more efficient tests of coexistence mechanisms. It is shown that environment filters tree communities at both the regional and local scales. This rejects, for the first time rigorously, the neutrality hypothesis, which aims at explaining species local coexistence in assuming their functional equivalence. This finding stimulates the development of a new dynamical model describing environmental filtering on the basis of species characteristics, such as functional traits. Applications to field data are discussed. Finally, evolutionary relationships among coexisting species contain potentially useful information on their ability to coexist. In this vein, it is shown how to integrate these evolutionary relationships in the test of the neutral theory of biodiversity. The dynamical models studied during this thesis are called, in mathematical terms, random walks. They have been mainly studied here thanks to a statistical technique called Approximate Bayesian Computation, which opens new perspectives for the study of dynamical models in ecology
Nlend, V. Georges Boniface. "Analyse sociologique des causes de la marginalisation des communautés locales et examen des conditions et conséquences de leur capacitation dans la gouvernance forestière au Cameroun." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/33430.
Full textMaréchaux, Isabelle. "Individual-based modelling of tropical forests : role of biodiversity and responses to drought." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016TOU30244/document.
Full textA great part of uncertainties in our current understanding and projections of the carbon cycle lies in the vegetation compartment. The problem of biodiversity representation in vegetation models has long been an impediment to a detailed understanding of ecosystem processes. The high biodiversity of tropical forests, their disproportionate role in global biogeochemical cycles, together with their vulnerability to direct and indirect anthropogenic perturbations, amplify the relevance of this research challenge. In particular, the predicted increase in drought intensity and frequency in the tropics may impact forest structure and composition, as already observed in natural and artificial experiments. This thesis explores how new advances in modelling and ecophysiology should help improve our understanding of these processes in the future. In the first chapter, I describe an individual-based and spatially-explicit forest growth simulator, TROLL, that integrates recent advances in plant physiology. Processes are linked to species-specific functional traits parameterized for an Amazonian tropical rainforest. This model is used to simulate a forest regeneration, which is validated against observations in French Guiana. Model sensitivity is assessed for a number of key global parameters. Finally, we test the influence of varying the species richness and composition on ecosystem properties. Tropical forest response to drought is not well understood, and this hampers attempts to model these processes. In chapters 2 to 5 I aimed at documenting drought-tolerance and its diversity in an Amazonian forest. A rapid method of determination of a leaf drought tolerance trait, the leaf water potential at turgor loss point (ptlp), was validated and applied to a range of plant species. We established the first community-wide assessment of drought tolerance in an Amazonian forest. These results inform on the drivers and determinants of leaf drought tolerance, across tree species and lianas, tree size, successional stages, light exposition, and seasons. Variability in ptlp among species indicates the potential for a range of species responses to drought within Amazonian forest communities. This is further confirmed by direct monitoring of whole-plant water use on diverse canopy trees during a marked dry season. Finally, I discuss the implications of these results to increase the dialogue between the vegetation modeling community and ecology, to enhance model's predictive ability, and to inform policy choices
Jaouen, Gaëlle. "Etude des stratégies biomécaniques de croissance des jeunes arbres en peuplement hétérogène tropical humide." Phd thesis, Université Henri Poincaré - Nancy I, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00272100.
Full textBréchet, Laëtitia. "Contribution à l'étude de la variabilité spatiale des composantes du bilan de carbone d'un sol de forêt tropicale humide (Paracou, Guyane française)." Thesis, Nancy 1, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009NAN10105/document.
Full textThe aim of this study was to define the spatial variability of the C balance components of the soil in a tropical rain forest. This work was conducted in French Guiana in the Guyaflux experimental forest and in a close plantation of monospecific plots. Two approaches were used in this investigation. The first one aimed to analyze the effects of the environmental factors (i.e. soil texture, soil moisture or forest structure) on the spatial and interspecific variability in several components in situ. Among these components, the root biomass, the fine roots (Ø < 2 mm) production and the soil respiration (Rsol) measurements underlined a large spatial variability within plot. At this scale, there was a significant empirical relationship between the tree basal area and soil respiration. Interspecific variations in fine root elongation and decomposition rate have been jointly estimated for five and eight tropical tree species, respectively. The second approach classified the factors according to the magnitude of their effects on spatial variability of Rsol. Rsol is derived from both heterotrophic respiration by microorganisms (Rh) that decompose ground surface organic matter and autotrophic respiration by roots (Ra). Datasets from two years experiments of Rsol were used to evaluate the performance of semi-mechanistic model on the Guyaflux site. A soil organic matter model, CENTURY, simulating Rh component was coupled with the McCree model, which simulates the Ra of Rsol. The results of a parametric sensitivity analysis on the different predictions proved that the litter quality (e.g. lignin content) and the soil moisture were the two main factors responsible for the spatial variation of the CO2 flux on the soil. In this study, we showed that the use of simulation models linked to experimental field results is a promising approach to understand the impact of the biotic and abiotic factors on the processes deeply complex in tropical forest
Couic, Ewan. "Interactions microorganismes - mercure - composante du sol : des outils pour l'évaluation de la qualité de la restauration écologique des sites miniers aurifères en Guyane française." Thesis, Paris Est, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PESC1150/document.
Full textFor more than 150 years, gold mining in French Guiana has disrupted the landscape by causing massive deforestation of mining concessions. The consequences are multiple, both for the environment and human health. Indeed, for decades the use of mercury in the extraction process has led to pollution of aquatic systems, contaminating the food chain. In order to ensure that gold mining is carried out in a sustainable development perspective, the Mining Code has imposed an obligation since 1998 to rehabilitate the sites operated. Several revegetation methods using different plant species have been adopted to accelerate ecological succession. However, quality control of ecological restoration is difficult to implement and it is necessary to have reliable and inexpensive bio-geo-indication tools to estimate the recovery of the functionalities of anthropized ecosystems and assess the risk of mobility of toxic metallic elements.In this context, the objectives of this thesis work were to evaluate the quality of ecological restoration of mining sites in French Guiana through a characterization of microbial activities, the functioning of biogeochemical cycles of major elements (C,N,P) and the dynamics of mercury. The originality of this work lies in the evaluation over time and space of the interactions between vegetation cover - physico-chemical properties of the soil - microbial activities - mercury speciation after revegetation and making it a diagnostic tool for the success of this restoration. To this end, several sampling campaigns were carried out in French Guiana on a panel of rehabilitated mining sites, with different types of vegetation cover. Soil samples were taken from replanted sites with fabaceous species (A. mangium and C. racemosa), and from non-restored sites. We then evaluated the main functionalities of the microbial communities of these sites through the use of several soil quality bio-markers. In order to estimate the fate of mercury, measurements of total mercury as well as operational and environmental specimens were carried out. This thesis work revealed a positive effect of revegetation on the density and activities of soil microbial communities. Sites restored with fabaceous species have thus shown microbial biomass, macro-element mineralization rates (C,N,P), and catabolic diversity significantly higher than sites that have not been restored. The associations of fabaceous plants show more conclusive results than the use of monoculture in terms of microbial functionalities. While the activities of aerobic microorganisms have been impacted by the return of vegetation, our results confirm that restoration influences the activities of anaerobic microbial communities. Indeed, work on iron-reducing (IRB) and sulfate-reducing (SRB) bacterial communities shows varying activities between revegetation modalities. These differences are related to the physical and chemical properties of the soil and the nature and density of the vegetation cover. BFR communities are more active on rehabilitated sites while SRB communities are more active on poorly restored sites. These differences in activities have consequences on mercury mobility and methylation. Our work also shows that while mercury in re-vegetated sites is associated with stable phases of the soil, including iron oxides, in non-restored sites it is in soluble forms that can potentially be mobilized in the water network, bioavailable and assimilated by organisms in the food chain.In conclusion, the interdisciplinary approach proposed in this work made it possible to identify certain fundamental microbial ecological processes that impact the recovery of the functionalities of degraded mining ecosystems. This work provides an original, applied and promising tool for assessing the quality of ecological restoration that may be of interest to decision-makers responsible for the rehabilitation of mining sites in French Guiana