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Ndzengu, Nkululeko Christopher. "A comparative analysis of aspects of criminal and civil forfeitures: suggestions for South African asset forfeiture law reform." Thesis, Nelson Mandela University, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/14267.
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In order for the proceeds of unlawful activities to be completely dislodged from the criminals’ hands, the latter should be effectively deterred from allowing their assets to be used to execute or facilitate the commission of offences. When properly exacted, in the interests of justice and within the existing constitutional framework, the legal process known as asset forfeiture should ensure that crime never pays. Asset forfeiture refers to both criminal forfeiture, which is conviction based following the United Kingdom asset forfeiture regime and civil forfeiture, which is non-conviction based following the United States of America one.2 Chapter 5 provisions of the Prevention of Organised Crime Act3 (hereafter POCA) provides for court, Basdeo M – Search, Seizure and Asset Forfeiture in the South African Criminal Justice System: Drawing a Balance between Public Utility and Constitutional Rights (2013) LLD, University of South Africa in Chapter 5 where a comprehensive comparative study of SA POCA and United States of America’s asset forfeiture and origin is undertaken. 3 Act 121 of applications for a restraint, confiscation and realisation for the recovery of proceeds of unlawful activities. The restraint is invoked when a suspect is to be charged or has been charged or prosecuted, there are reasonable grounds to believe that a conviction may follow and that a confiscation order may be made. Chapter 6 provisions of POCA provide for court applications for preservation and forfeiture order targeting both the proceeds of unlawful activities and removal from public circulation of instruments or assets used in the commission of offences where the guilt of the wrongdoer is not relevant. POCA has a Schedule with 34 items setting out examples of offences in relation to which civil forfeiture may be invoked. When the State discharges this noble professed task in the name of public safety, security and crime combating, legal challenges arise. This is more so within a constitutional democratic context where both individual and property rights are enshrined and protected. This study deals with some of these challenges. To the mind of a legal researcher, the law of asset forfeiture is, in this process, moulded and developed. South Africa (a developing country), Canada and New Zealand (developed countries in the north and southern hemispheres) have constitutional democracies. They also have asset forfeiture regimes, which attracted the attention of the researcher. The question is: can the developing country learn some best practices from the developed countries in this particular field? It would be interesting to establish this and the level of development of this field in the three countries under study. South Africa, with no federal government, has nine Provinces, single asset forfeiture legislation5 (combining both criminal forfeiture i.e. restraint, confiscation and realisation applications and civil forfeiture i.e. preservation and forfeiture applications), and a criminal statute6 applicable to all such Provinces. It also has, like Canada and New Zealand, pockets of asset forfeiture provisions embedded in various statutes. There is only one asset forfeiture office under the umbrella of the National Prosecuting Authority.7 It has branches8 in the Provinces, invoking the provisions of POCA, since 1999. It is not part of the police department. The researcher joined the South African Port Elizabeth branch in March 2003, Bloemfontein, Kimberly and Mmabatho branches from 2010 to 2011, July 2012 onwards in the Port Elizabeth and has practical experience in this regard. The Prevention of Organised Crime Act 121 of 1998. The Namibian POCA 29 of 2004 is almost a replica of the South African POCA except that the former makes express recognition of the victims of the underlying victims. The Criminal Procedure Act, 51 of 1977 (as amended). The Asset Forfeiture Unit (AFU) with its Head Office situated in Pretoria under the umbrella of the National Prosecution Authority, which Raylene Keightley in Young S Civil Forfeiture of Criminal Property Legal Measures for Targeting the Proceeds of Crime (2009) Cheltenham Edward Elgar Publishing, Inc.: Northampton, MA at 94 calls a specialist implementation agency. In Pretoria, Johannesburg, Cape Town, Port Elizabeth, East London, Durban, Bloemfontein, Kimberley, Mmabatho, Mpumalanga and Limpopo. It comprises of eleven Provinces to which the Criminal Code of Canada, the Controlled Drugs and Substances Act 1996 and a host of other statutes apply. Eight of the eleven Provinces have their own and distinct primary stand-alone asset forfeiture statutes introducing civil forfeiture10 as more fully explained in Chapter 2 of this study.
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Gebremeskel, Saba Hailu. "A case for civil forfeiture in Ethiopia." University of the Western Cape, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/4408.
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Magister Legum - LLMThis research paper aims to clarify and argue the need for Ethiopia to include civil forfeiture in its assets forfeiture legal framework. It will analyse the existing domestic assets forfeiture laws and international instruments on assets forfeiture. It will show how the new Anti-Money Laundering and Terrorist Financing Proclamation and the other anti-corruption laws deal with assets forfeiture in general and civil forfeiture in particular. For a number of reasons, Ethiopian law enforcement is struggling to investigate crimes such as money laundering and corruption to obtain convictions.
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Tuncer, Hakki. "Civil Asset Forfeiture in the Fight Against Drugs (Policy Analysis)." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2002. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc3204/.
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Even if the main criminals of an organization are incarcerated, they will be replaced by others who would continue illegal activities, unless their financial assets are removed. Thus, civil forfeiture intends to dismantle the economic infrastructure of drug trafficking networks. Civil forfeiture considers the property as guilty, rather than the owner, and it may exist even if there is not a criminal action. Therefore, it is claimed that police agencies have chosen easy targets, such as wealthy drug users rather than major drug traffickers. Consequently, it has been particularly challenged on the basis of the Excessive Fines, Double Jeopardy, and Due Process Clauses. The use of criminal forfeiture instead of civil forfeiture and the elimination of the equitable sharing provision are considered to be the primary solutions.
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Larkin, Philip M. "The rule of forfeiture and social security law." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.268387.
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Kelsey, Eli Benjamin. "Freedom and Forfeiture: Responding to Galen Strawson's Basic Argument." Digital Archive @ GSU, 2008. http://digitalarchive.gsu.edu/philosophy_theses/46.
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Galen Strawson’s Basic Argument is an attempt to prove that no agent can meet the demands for true moral responsibility. The Basic Argument proceeds on the assumption that, in order for an agent to be truly morally responsible for her actions, she must be truly responsible for her reasons for performing those actions, which Strawson contends is impossible since it requires an infinite regress of truly responsible decisions to have the reasons one has. In my thesis, I take issue with the Basic Argument. I argue that, contrary to Strawson’s claims, the Basic Argument is not persuasive to those who reject that one’s reasons cause one’s actions. For those who are willing to overlook this shortcoming, I then argue that it is possible for an agent to evade the threat of infinite regress, particularly in situations where two simultaneous choices (at least partially) explain each other.
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Fourie, Moira. "The constitutionality of forfeiture of property / by M. Fourie." Thesis, North-West University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/3710.
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Die hoeksteen van 'n oop en demokratiese samelewing is verskans in die Handves van Menseregte, gebaseer op menswaardigheid, gelyke beskerming en vryheid. 'n Verpligting word op die staat geplaas om dienooreenkomstig hierdie regte te respekteer, beskerm en te bevorder. Die eiendomsklousule word beskou as een van die belangrikste fundamentele regte wat beskerming geniet. Artikel 25(1) van die Grondwet van die Republiek van Suid Afrika, 1996 (hierna verwys as die Grondwef) bepaal dat niemand mag, behalwe ingevolge 'n algemene regsvoorskrif, van eiendom ontneem word nie. Vervolgens bepaal dit ook dat geen regsvoorskrif arbitrere ontneming van eiendom mag veroorloof nie. 'n Eienaar se reg op eiendom is egter nie absoluut nie en kan beperk word deur daargestelde wetgewing wat inmenging vanaf staatsowerhede noodsaak en regverdig. Daar rus dus 'n verpligting op wetsgehoorsame eienaars en besitters van eiendom in 'n konstitusionele staat om hulle eiendom op 'n verantwoordelike wyse te bestuur en te beheer, en word dienooreenkomstig ontmoedig om dit nie vir kriminele doeleindes aan te wend nie.
Die Wet op die Voorkoming van Georganiseerde Misdaad 121 van 1998 vorm die basis van 'n program van die Suid Afrikaanse regering om die kommerwekkende toename in georganiseerde misdaad, geldwassery en die aktiwiteite van kriminele sindikate aan te spreek. Gemeenregtelike en ander strafregtelike maatstawwe blyk 'n onvoldoende afskrikmiddel te wees om hierdie probleem susksesvol te bekamp. Die hoe-profiel misdaadsindikate en oortreders slaag dikwels daarin om die onwettige opbrengste van misdaad te verskuil, selfs al word hulle voor die gereg gedaag en skuldig bevind. Hierdie besonder ernstige verskynsel word as 'n bedreiging beskou vir ons land se demokrasie en ekonomie. Die Wet maak voorsiening vir besondere hoe boetes, asook beslagleggings- en verbeurdverklaringsbevele van enige eiendom wat "'n middel tot 'n misdaad" daarstel, insluitende enige voordele en bates wat bekom is deur onwettige aktiwiteite. Hierdie studie noodsaak 'n kritiese analise en ondersoek na die grondwetlikheid van hierdie bevele wat moontlik aanleiding kan gee tot die aantasting van sekere gevestigde konstitusionele regte en veral die reg om nie arbitrer van eiendom ontneem te word nie. As gevolg van die sivielregterlike aard van hierdie bevele kan ook geargumenteer word dat die betrokke oortreder se grondwetlike reg op 'n regverdige en billike verhoor geskend kan word. Van besondere belang is Hoofstuk 6 wat bepaal dat 'n skuldigbevinding nie 'n voorvereiste is vir die bekragtiging van so 'n bevel nie.
Die vraag ontstaan dan ook of die interpretasie en toepassing van die Wet deur die howe in gevalle waar individue betrokke was by misdaad wat nie direk verband hou met georganiseerde misdaad nie, nie ook neerkom op 'n skending van die eiendomsklousule nie. In hierdie gevalle was daar dan ook wel gepaste alternatiewe strafregterlike maatreels beskikbaar wat as voldoende afskrikmiddel kon dien. Klem word ook gel§ op die impak van sulke bevele op onskuldige eienaars, derdes en kinders, en die beskerming wat die Wet bied. Alhoewel deurgaans beklemtoon word dat die strawwe soos vervat in die Wet nie gemik is op die eienaar nie maar op die (skuldige) eiendom wat gebruik is in misdaad, bestaan die moontlikheid dat hierdie bevele neerkom op buitensporige en selfs dubbele strafmaatreels wat uiteraard grondwetlik aanvegbaar kan wees.Thesis (LL.M.)--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2009.
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Strömstedt, Björn. "Algorithm aversion in scenarios with acquisition and forfeiture framing." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Filosofiska fakulteten, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-177160.
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Humankind is becoming increasingly dependent on algorithms in their everyday life. Algorithmic decision support has existed since the entrance of computers but are becoming more sophisticated with elements of Articial Intelligence (AI). Though many decision support systems outperform humans in many areas, e.g. in forecasting task, the willingness to trust and use algorithmic decision support is lower than in a corresponding human. Many factors have been investigated to why this algorithm aversion exists but there is a gap in research about the eects of scenario characteristics. Results provided by this study showed that people prefer recommendations from a human expert over algorithmic decision support. This was also re ected in the self-perceived likelihood of keeping a choice when the decision support recommended the other option, where the likelihood was lower for the group with human expert as the decision support. The results also showed that the decision supports, regardless of type, are more trusted by the user in an acquisition framed scenario than in a forfeiture framed. However, very limited support was found for the hypothesized interaction between decision support and scenario type, where it was expected that algorithm aversion would be stronger for forfeiture than acquisition scenarios. Moreover, the results showed that, independent of the experimental manipulations, participants with a positive general attitude towards AI had higher trust in algorithmic decision support. Together, these new results may be valuable for future research into algorithm aversion but must also to be extended and replicated using dierent scenarios and situations.
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Kelsey, E. Benjamin. "Freedom and forfeiture responding to Galen Strawson's basic argument /." unrestricted, 2008. http://etd.gsu.edu/theses/available/etd-08152008-154026/.
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Thesis (M.A.)--Georgia State University, 2008.Title from file title page. Eddy Nahmias, committee chair; Sebastian Rand, Timothy O'Keefe, committee members. Electronic text (58 p.) : digital, PDF file. Description based on contents viewed October 8, 2008. Includes bibliographical references (p. 58).
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Bogere, Philippa. "Civil recovery of corruptly acquired assets in Uganda." University of the Western Cape, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/4439.
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Opedayo, Okubule Bukola. "Civil recovery of corruptly-acquired assets : a legal roadmap for Nigeria." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2010. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=gen8Srv25Nme4_2208_1307098827.
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The aim of this research paper is to examine the legal framework for the recovery of corruptly-acquired assets, with particular emphasis on the Nigerian situation. Its primary focus is a detailed examination of the legal mechanisms for the recovery of such assets in the context of international asset recovery. Despite the success of the Nigerian government in recovering the Abacha loot,8 siphoning off of public funds by public office holders continues, and charges of fraud persist against top bank executives alleged to have converted depositors&rsquo
funds fraudulently. The prevailing criminal or conviction-based forfeiture mechanism in Nigeria appears inadequate to deal effectively with these situations. The need to enhance capacity through the adoption of civil or non-conviction based forfeiture laws therefore becomes imperative.
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Makhanu, Titus Barasa. "Recovering the Proceeds of Corruption: Why Kenya Should Foreground Civil Forfeiture." University of the Western Cape, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/8212.
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Magister Legum - LLMToday corruption is a major concern for most countries.1 Civil forfeiture of the proceeds of corruption has been embraced as a key strategy by many states in recovering public funds lost through corruption.2 It may be defined as a remedial statutory device designed to recover the proceeds of a crime as well as its instrumentalities.3 Originally, asset recovery regimes adopted by most states were predominantly criminal forfeiture. This mode of forfeiture is preceded by a conviction, after which the state takes possession of the proceeds of the crime from a convicted individual.4 Its proceedings are in personam and the standard of proof is proof beyond a reasonable doubt. Thus, actual forfeiture only takes place after the issue of a conviction order. As a consequence, it is always lengthy and often results in delayed realisation of the proceeds of crime. 5 The inherent weaknesses of criminal forfeiture gave birth to the idea of developing a civil forfeiture system.6 This mode is different from the former in that its proceedings are in rem. Hence the standard of proof is proof on a balance of probabilities and a conviction order is not required.7
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Anderson, Robert A. "Civil asset forfeiture analyzed through a constructionist and conflict theory framework /." Available to subscribers only, 2008. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1594493051&sid=2&Fmt=2&clientId=1509&RQT=309&VName=PQD.
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Wainwright, Alexandra Lilian. "The Social Construction of Civil Asset Forfeiture as a Social Problem in the UnitedStates: A Sociological Analysis of Legislation and Cultural Commentary SurroundingCivil Asset Forfeiture Throughout United States History." Ohio University Honors Tutorial College / OhioLINK, 2020. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ouhonors1587658240812723.
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Xue, Dong. "A general study of the extraterritoriality of criminal forfeiture law, Canada and China." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape9/PQDD_0023/MQ51513.pdf.
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Neuberger, Julius. "Der wettbewerbsrechtliche Gewinnabschöpfungsanspruch im europäischen Rechtsvergleich /." Tübingen : Mohr Siebeck, 2006. http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&doc_number=015027218&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA.
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Neuberg, Rachel. "How are Unpopular Policies Made Popular? Obfuscatory Rhetoric in Civil Asset Forfeiture Policy Positions." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2018. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/scripps_theses/1099.
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Though Nixon did not coin the phrase “war on drugs” until the early 1970s, strong anti drug positions were already popular with elected officials and law enforcement. The 1973 creation of the Drug Enforcement Agency was impetus for a significant increase in drug-related incarceration, though a more significant increase of drug-related incarceration occurred in the 1980s alongside the birth of private, for-profit prisons. The end of the 20th century saw the conception of a national sentiment that drugs were the biggest security concern to the American people. The budget allocated to fight the war on drugs increased to the billions, much of which was distributed to police departments to aid them in catching drug users and/or dealers. The United States’ government’s proclamation of a war on drugs and their subsequent policy reforms occurred simultaneously to a significant increase in civil asset forfeiture--likely attributed to the heightened anti-drug sentiment
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Phillipo, Jean. "The asset forfeiture regime in Malawi and its implications for the combating of money laundering." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/5294.
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Doctor Legum - LLDThe international legal framework on money laundering encourages states to put in place effective systems for the identification, freezing, seizure and forfeiture of proceeds and instrumentalities of crime. While the international legal framework obligates countries to adopt conviction-based forfeiture (criminal forfeiture), it only encourages them to consider adopting non-conviction based asset forfeiture (civil forfeiture). This has led to a situation where countries, such as Malawi, adopt only criminal forfeiture and not civil forfeiture. This study analyses the efficiency of the existing Malawian criminal forfeiture regime in curbing and preventing the proliferation of underlying profit-generating crimes and money laundering. This thesis contends, in part, that some countries have not adopted civil forfeiture because there is no international obligation to do so. It argues that the fact that states are not obligated to adopt civil forfeiture by international legal frameworks and national arrangements undermines the deterrent aim of the anti-money laundering and asset forfeiture systems in combating economic crimes. Some justify the casual approach to civil forfeiture by arguing that its implementation harbours the danger of violating human rights and constitutional guarantees. This thesis, however, advocates for the adoption of civil forfeiture within the limits of John Locke’s social contract theory, which guides states on how they can pursue policies and implement laws without limiting the rights of their people arbitrarily.
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FINOCCHIARO, STEFANO. "CONFISCA DI PREVENZIONE E CIVIL FORFEITURE. VERSO UN NUOVO MODELLO DI 'CONFISCA CIVILE' DELLA RICCHEZZA ILLECITA." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/2434/548698.
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Il presente lavoro si propone l’obiettivo di studiare l’istituto della confisca misura di prevenzione di cui al d.lgs. n. 159/2011, offrendone una qualificazione in termini civilistici che conduca a una rivisitazione della disciplina ad oggi vigente. L’elaborato prende le mosse da un’indagine sulla genesi e sull’evoluzione storica dell’istituto, a cui segue un’analisi dell’attuale assetto normativo e dei suoi principali problemi applicativi e interpretativi. Il lavoro si focalizza quindi sul problema della qualificazione della natura giuridica di questa confisca, ripercorrendo e sistematizzando le tesi assunte dalla dottrina e dalla giurisprudenza italiane, nonché esaminando il diritto vivente europeo, dell’Unione europea e della CEDU. Con un simile approccio viene anche studiata la civil forfeiture dell’ordinamento degli Stati Uniti d’America, individuando nella relativa giurisprudenza della Corte Suprema spunti preziosi per l’individuazione dei criteri distintivi della natura della confisca italiana. Tale natura, in definitiva, non è parsa essere né propriamente “preventiva”, né tantomeno “punitiva”, entrambe le definizioni risultando – per varie ragioni – insoddisfacenti e incoerenti rispetto all’effettiva finalità della confisca in esame, che è quella di neutralizzare, cioè azzerare, l’incremento patrimoniale generatosi in modo illecito. La confisca dovrebbe cioè ricondurre il patrimonio della persona nelle condizioni in cui si sarebbe trovato qualora la condotta illecita, e il lucro da essa discendente, non si fosse verificato. La natura dell’istituto risulta dunque “civile”, in quanto rispondente a logiche essenzialmente privatistiche, quali i modi di acquisto della proprietà e il divieto generale di ingiustificato arricchimento. Di tale nuovo modello di confisca – in un’ottica de iure condendo – vengono infine delineate le caratteristiche essenziali della disciplina applicativa (quale azione dello Stato-attore nei confronti del privato-convenuto) e del relativo statuto costituzionale e convenzionale (quello in materia di tutela della proprietà: in particolare, artt. 41, 42 Cost. e 1 Prot. add. Cedu), sottolineandone le potenziali ricadute positive non solo in termini di efficienza nel contrasto della criminalità, ma anche di rispetto dei diritti fondamentali della persona.The work aims at studying a particular kind of confiscation, called “confisca di prevenzione”, ruled by the Legislative Decree n. 159/2011, proposing a qualification of it as a civil measure in order to revise the current legislation. The dissertation starts from the analysis of the origins and evolution of this confiscation, then examines the current legal framework and the main issues related to its application and interpretation. The work thus focuses on the question of the qualification of the nature of the measure, going through the theories developed by Italian scholars and the Italian case law, also studying the European Union Law and the European Convention of Human Rights. By such a method the dissertation deals also with the civil forfeiture of the United States and the related case-law by the American Supreme Court, that offers important hints in order to detect the criteria identifying the nature of the Italian confisca di prevenzione. Indeed its nature, ultimately, does not seems to be “preventive” or “punitive”, since both these qualifications do not fit with the real goal of this confiscation, i.e. the neutralization, the resetting, of the illicit store of wealth. The measure should lead back the asset of the person to the situation in which he/she would have been if the unlawful conduct were not committed. The nature of the confiscation is therefore “civil”, since it is governed by private law rules, including the ways to legally acquire property and the general prohibition of unlawful enrichment. Finally, using a de iure condendo approach, the work drafts the main features ruling the application of this civil confiscation (the action of the State against the owner) and the guarantees, set by the Italian Constitution and the European Convention (articles 41, 42 Const. and article 1 of Protocol n.1 of ECHR), pointing out its potential benefits both on the efficiency of this tool and on the protection of the fundamental human rights.
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Juicy, Gavin Winston Bill. "Confiscation orders in terms of the prevention of Organised Crime Act." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/750.
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The Prevention of Organised Crime Act brought major changes to the South African criminal law context. Through the Act, major confiscatory provisions were established. The Act does not only target convicted criminals, but also any person who is in possession of tainted property that was used in the commission of offences. Civil forfeiture is the most widely used procedure in forfeiture proceedings. In the dissertation the effectiveness of criminal and civil confiscation is outlined. The historical development of confiscation and forfeiture provisions in South African is discussed with reference to the common law, legislation and international instruments and how international developments have influenced local development. This treatise consist of an overview of the confiscation provisions in the Prevention of Organised Act 121 of 1998 as one of the measures the South African legislature put in place to deal with organised crime. Since the Prevention of Organised Crime Act was passed, the courts have given meaning to what is an instrumentality of an offence and the proceeds of unlawful activities as a measure to counter organised crime. This treatise refers to those cases given the definition of an instrumentality of an offence and the proceeds of unlawful activities. For the purpose of effectively dealing with organised crime, this treatise contains a discussion on the effectiveness of criminal and civil confiscation procedure. The justification for asset forfeiture is outlined.
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Diwa, Zainabu Mango. "Managing the proceeds of crime : an assessment of the policies of Tanzania, South Africa and Nigeria." University of the Western Cape, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/5469.
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Philosophiae Doctor - PhDThis study assesses the policies for managing recovered proceeds of crime in three countries, namely, Tanzania, South Africa and Nigeria. It considers the role and relevance of asset management in the asset recovery regimes of the three countries. Managing the proceeds of crime divides into two stages: the pre-confiscation stage and the post-confiscation stage. International best practices (IBPs) in asset management have been employed as a yardstick for the assessment. On the face of it, asset management is complementary to asset recovery policy. The management of preserved and recovered assets maintains their value and enables states to apply the assets to other policy objectives after the finalisation of the recovery process. From this perspective, proper asset management arguably lies at the heart of asset recovery policy. Asset recovery as a policy is concerned with the pursuit of two objectives, namely, combating crime and correcting the harm caused by crime. These objectives are encapsulated in two prominent principles: the principle that crime should not pay and the principle of corrective justice. Thus, asset management policy, as an element of asset recovery policy, needs to express these two principles and address their corresponding policy objectives. A number of challenges face the asset management institutions (AMIs) in the three designated states. They fall into two categories: policy challenges and legal challenges. The main policy challenge pertains to unbalanced or skewed policy objectives. Tanzania and Nigeria, in particular, give too much consideration to combating crime and too little to correcting the harm caused by crime to the community. These policy objectives need to be balanced by the states taking seriously the principle of corrective justice as fundamental to asset management policy. In this connection, compensation to victims, funding of institutions dealing with the victims of crime, funding of public good projects and funding of law enforcement agencies are available as ways of addressing the harm caused by the offence and showing commitment to ensuring that nobody suffers loss as a result of crime. Despite the existence and implementation of a proper asset management regime, certain factors affect the value of the preserved and recovered assets negatively. They include enforcement of certain rights in favour of the defendant, such as payment of legal, living and business expenses from the preserved assets, and certain asset recovery procedures, such as plea bargaining, non-conviction based asset recovery and administrative asset recovery. Proper legal controls are required in order to reduce the impact of such factors upon the value of preserved and recovered assets. The study concludes with a focus on the asset management regime of Tanzania. Various recommendations are offered towards the attainment of a Tanzanian regime structured in terms of balanced policy objectives. The recommendations cover three aspects: the general coverage of the law, the functioning of AMIs and the legal control of the factors that were identified as affecting the value of assets during the recovery process.
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Ndzengu, Nkululeko Christopher. "The war againts organised crime: a critical assessment of South African asset forfeiture law and its impact on redress for victims of crime." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/905.
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This research will be undertaken in the field of both criminal and civil law with particular focus on international interventions in the fight against organized criminal activities, assets forfeitsure in South Africa in general and its treatment of victims of the underlying forfeitsure crimes ("the victims") in assert forfeitsure, more specifically.
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Meade, John. "Forfeiture and due process, an analysis of the Proceeds of Crime Act, 1996 and its effect on the presumption of innocence in Irish law." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp04/mq22866.pdf.
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Crawley, Shaun Edward. "The difference in how UAE and EW law controls Gharar (risk) and so Riba in a construction contract in the Emirate of Dubai, UAE." Thesis, Robert Gordon University, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10059/2453.
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This research critically analyses and compares how the United Arab Emirates (UAE)1 Law and English and Welsh (EW) Law regulates obligations in a contract, for a thing that is to come into existence in the future, namely a construction contract. Uncertainty/speculation as to how an obligation is to be performed in UAE Law is termed gharar. The word that is synonymous with this terminology in EW Law is “risk”. The extent of gharar or ‘risk’ (these terms are used on an interchangeable basis in this thesis) in an obligation plays a fundamental role in the profitability of a construction contract. Where losses become unacceptable, particularly for the Contractor, a dispute will arise. These circumstances may be in conflict with UAE Law, which obligates parties to a contract to ensure circulation of wealth by maintaining the anticipated profit to be made from a contract. This analysis also reviews how the level of gharar or ‘risk’ can be increased by operation of two types of provision that are included in standard forms of construction contract such as the International Federation of Consulting Engineers, Geneva, Switzerland (FIDIC) Conditions of Contract for Construction for Building and Engineering Works Designed by the Employer 1st Ed. 1999 (FIDIC99). The first is a provision that releases the Employer from liability where the Contractor does not give timely notice of an Employer’s act of prevention. The second is a provision giving the Employer a discretion to act in an opportunistic manner, and exempt or limit his liability. It considers how FIDIC99 should be applied to control gharar or ‘risk’ in a positive way. It also identifies similarities between how UAE Law controls gharar and that of the notion of parties’ reasonable expectations in contract Law (herein referred to as parties’ expectations), and how relational contracts operate to ensure parties achieve their expectations.
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Helm, Johanna, and Catharina Swartz. "Besittningsskyddets balansering mellan hyresgäst och hyresvärd." Thesis, Malmö högskola, Fakulteten för kultur och samhälle (KS), 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-21341.
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Examensarbetets titel - Besittningsskyddets balansering mellan hyresgäst och hyresvärd.Inlämningsdatum - 2017-05-18.Kurs - FF321F Fastighetsvetenskap: examensarbete.Författare - Johanna Helm, Catharina Swartz.Handledare - Peter Gottschalk.Nyckelord - Besittningsskydd, hyresgäst, hyresvärd, förverkandegrunder,hyresrätt, rättsfallSyfte - Syftet med studien är att analysera besittningsskyddet och se omdet är i behov av att balanseras om.Metod - Vi har valt att använda en rättsdogmatisk metod till denna studiedå den är bäst lämpad. Vi har bland annat studerat och fastställtgällande rätt, men även historien bakom besittningsskyddetsuppkomst. Detta gjordes genom att studera rättskälleläran sominnefattar lagar, propositioner, offentliga utredningar, rättspraxisoch doktrin.Gällande rätt - Vi har valt att fokusera på besittningsskyddets förverkandegrunderobetald hyra, vanvård av bostad, brottslig verksamhet samt olovligöverlåtelse. Vi har studerat rättsfall och domslut kring dessa.Analys och slutsats - Vi har kommit fram till att besittningsskyddet borde omformulerasnär det kommer till obetald hyra och vanvård av bostad. Det hadeäven varit bra om det förtydligats inom brottslig verksamhet då detär många rekvisit som ska uppfyllas.Title - The balancing of the security of tenure between the tenant and thelandlord.Date - of submission 2017-05-18.Course - FF321F Real Estate Science: Degree Thesis.Authors - Johanna Helm, Catharina Swartz.Advisor - Peter Gottschalk.Key words - Security of tenure, tenant, landlord, forfeiture of property, tenancy,case.Purpose - The purpose of this study is to analyze the security of tenure andsee if it needs re-balancing.Methodology - For this paper we have chosen the legal method, because it is bestsuited for the purpose. We have studied and concluded the lawregarding the security of tenure and its history. We did this bystudying sources of the law, which are: the law, government bills,case law and doctrine.The Law - We chose to focus on the security of tenure´s forfeiture of propertyunpaid rent/part of rent, mismanagement of the apartment, criminalactivity and illegal transfer of tenant.Conclusion - We concluded that the security of tenure should be rewritten whenit comes to unpaid rent and mismanagement of the apartment. Wealso think it would be good if the necessary conditions for criminalactivity would be clarified.
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Mokgathong, Tyron Oshima. "The fragmented approach to confiscating dirty assets in Botswana." University of the Western Cape, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/6382.
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Magister Legum - LLM (Criminal Justice and Procedure)In the early 1990s Botswana faced rising levels of grand corruption and economic crimes in general. The laws could not cope with the high incidence of economic criminality, especially as regards the confiscation of dirty assets. At the time, the government relied solely on laws regulating the forfeiture of prohibited property and instruments of crime, given that there were no laws authorising the confiscation of proceeds of crime. The drivers of the said forfeiture laws are the Director of Public Prosecutions (DPP), the Botswana Police Service (BPS) and the Botswana Unified Revenue Service (BURS). Parliament then enacted the Proceeds of Serious Crime Act No. 19 of 1990 (PSCA). The PSCA was a three-pronged tool in that it introduced the offence of money-laundering, enhanced investigative powers, and authorised conviction-based confiscation of proceeds of crime. The DPP was tasked with conducting criminal prosecutions and applying for confiscation orders. The BPS was mandated to conduct financial investigations.
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Ferrari, Morgane. "Crime organisé russe : origines et perspectives." Thesis, Université Côte d'Azur (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017AZUR0023.
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Devenu clef de lecture des enjeux internationaux dans le nouveau désordre mondial, le crime organisé transnational concurrence l’État par ses propres moyens de coercition et investit la sphère publique de telle manière que, dans certaines régions du monde, son influence est indispensable pour remporter une élection ou un marché public. Il va même jusqu’à agir au détriment des engagements des États en matière de préservation de l’environnement ou du patrimoine, de politique urbaine ou de non-prolifération des armes de destruction massive. Dans quelle mesure les changements géopolitiques et les mutations juridiques en ex-URSS ont eu des conséquences sur la nature et l’évolution du crime organisé russe postsoviétique ? Anciennement garants des traditions carcérales, la nouvelle génération des Voleurs dans la loi (Vory v zakone) s’est largement développée durant la transition démocratique avant d’investir durablement les États occidentaux, au point qu’Interpol qualifie cette organisation de « grave menace pour le développement économique ». D’une part, seront étudiés la « sous-culture criminelle russophone » bien spécifique, la typologie et la structure des groupes criminels russes, ainsi que le contexte juridique de leur développement en Russie et en Géorgie. D’autre part, sera analysée l’évolution en Europe occidentale de cette criminalité russophone, davantage qualifiable « d’association de type mafieux » par ses liens politiques et ses activités économiques « légalisées ». L’étude des réponses juridiques de différentes législations sur le blanchiment de capitaux établit que la confiscation élargie sur le modèle italien reste le principal instrument de lutte efficaceFrom disruptive element to key factor of international stakes in the new world disorder, transnational organized crime competes with the State with its own coercive means and invests in public sector in a way it becomes inevitable in some parts of the world to win an election or obtain a procurement contract, often in spite of international agreements on environmental preservation, protection of holdings or town planning or even non-proliferation of weapons of mass-destruction. To what extent did the geopolitical and legal changes and their consequences in the ex-USSR impact the nature and evolution of post-soviet organized crime? Formerly guardians of the prison criminal traditions, the new generation of Thieves in Law (Vory v zakone) has developed throughout the democratic transition and expanded in Western Europe to such extent Interpol considers it a tremendous threat to economic development, international security and Russian democratic institutions. The first part will study the indigenous Russian-speaking criminal prison “culture” and give an analyzed overview of the structure of current types of Russian criminal groups and the legal context that led to their development in Russia and Georgia throughout the democratic transition. On the second hand, I will study the expansion in Western Europe of Russian-speaking criminality which can be qualified as “association of mafia-type” (cf. Art. 416bis of the Italian Criminal Code) because of its political links and its “legalized” profits. Forfeiture and seizure on the Italian legal model remain the most effective instrument as established from the study of different legislations against money laundering
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Kouhaiz, Sami. "Les obligations de faire en droit des sociétés." Thesis, Paris 1, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA01D024.
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Cette thèse propose de découvrir les apports du droit des sociétés à la théorie générale de l'obligation de faire et de déterminer le rôle qu'elles occupent dans ce domaine du droit. A cette fin, des analyses sont consacrées à l'identification des obligations juridiques de faire parmi les différents types de contraintes pesant sur l'activité des personnes. L'étude présente ensuite une typologie des principales obligations des dirigeants et des associés. Après la détermination de l'objet des obligations de faire, il est entrepris un examen des façons d'accomplir les obligations de faire. A cet égard, les délégations constituent un mode d'exécution naturel, car elles permettent de « faire faire» au sein des entreprises. Par ailleurs, le contrôle de la manière d'exécuter l'obligation de faire constitue une étape décisive en vue de libérer le débiteur. Pour apprécier les façons de faire, les standards et le droit souple jouent un rôle important pour séparer les bonnes pratiques des mauvais procédés d'exécution. Par la suite, les réponses du droit à l'inexécution des obligations de faire sont examinées. Il s'agit alors d'analyser les difficultés résultant des obligations de faire à l'égard des responsabilités civile et pénale. Pour pallier ces difficultés, le législateur a cherché à renouveler les sanctions en recourant à la déchéance, aux injonctions de faire, au mandat ad hoc ou la stigmatisation publique. Les mérites de ces nouvelles façons de faire sont appréciés. Enfin, cette thèse défend l'idée que le régime de l'exécution forcée doit être adapté aux sociétés, car les personnes morales n'agissent pas comme les personnes physiquesObligation to do refers to the Roman classification of obligations: dare, facere, nonfacere, and praestare. The debtor of an obligation to do has to perform a task of any kind such as intellectual and legal services or labour works. This thesis intends to develop a legal analysis of directors' and shareholders' duties in corporate law with a specific interest for obligations to do. For instance, it focuses on duty of care, internai control, compliance or cooperation with legal auditors. Regarding shareholders' obligations, it highlights the duties of controlling shareholders - whether contractual or legal - collaterals, sweat equities, and other various cornmitments subscribed as they purchase or sale shares. This thesis also deals with how corporations, directors, and shareholders perform their obligations. In this regard, it shows that directors divide up tasks through delegations for their corporation to comply with its liabilities as well as performing their own duties. Moreover, this study reviews guidance provided by soft law and how can judges use it - through standards - to decide whether an obligation has been properly completed or not. Furthermore, it investigates the efficiency of remedies in case of the debtor's non-performance. Along with a critical examination of civil and criminal liability, this thesis assesses new forms of remedies and their merits such as injunction to do, forfeiture, and shaming
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Schmauß, Maximilian. "Der Gewinnabschöpfungsanspruch von Verbänden in der Neufassung des 10 des Gesetzes gegen den unlauteren Wettbewerb (UWG) /." Baden-Baden : Nomos, 2007. http://www.gbv.de/dms/zbw/543316343.pdf.
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Truglia, Giusy. "Les moyens procéduraux de lutte contre la criminalité organisée en France et en Italie." Thesis, Aix-Marseille 3, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011AIX32088.
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Depuis plusieurs années déjà, un phénomène particulièrement dangereux se répand et s’étend désormais partout, suscitant des inquiétudes au sein de la société : la criminalité organisée. Pour l’endiguer et pour garantir la protection des personnes, on a essayé d’employer une politique de prévention des crimes. A cette fin, de nombreux procédés législatifs ont été adoptés au niveau national et international. La communauté européenne et internationale est intervenue plusieurs fois dans la lutte contre la criminalité organisée, à partir du Traité de Maastricht, d’Amsterdam, du Conseil de Tampere jusqu’au récent Traité de Lisbonne. Ces traités ont permis l’adoption d’importantes mesures pour lutter contre la criminalité organisée. Il est également possible de relever que la Convention des Nations Unies contre la criminalité transnationale organisée et la Convention du 29 mai 2000 ont eu un apport non négligeable. Des accords bilatéraux ont été adoptés par la France et l’Italie pour combattre plus efficacement ce péril et cette plaie qui infecte des points vitaux de la société (par exemple l’Administration Publique et les banques, dont le contrôle est nécessaire pour le blanchiment). La France, avec l’adoption de la loi Perben II du 9 mars 2004 portant adaptation de la justice aux évolutions de la criminalité et l’Italie avec les « paquets sécurité » de 2009 et 2010, ont employé beaucoup de moyens pour réduire et limiter le champ d’action de ces criminels. Un rôle fondamental a été celui des collaborateurs de justice que avec leurs aveux, en échange de réductions de peine, ont dévoilé la structure et la hiérarchie des associations criminelles permettant aux autorités compétentes de mieux les comprendre, de repérer les associés, et en nombreux cas de les détruire. Il faut souligner qu’une mesure efficace a été la confiscation des biens cumulés par les malfaiteurs (bien meubles et immeubles, c’est-à dire des dépôts bancaires, investissements financiers, propriétés, terrains, maisons) et leur utilisation de la part de l’administration publique à des fins sociales à l’avantage de toute la communauté (écoles, édifices publics et hôpitaux). La confiscation du bien, en fait, empêche la criminalité organisée d’en disposer et d’en tirer des revenus, mine sa structure et son pouvoir. Parallèlement, elle donne confiance aux populations souvent tourmentées et effrayées (pensons par exemple au racket imposé aux commerçants et aux entreprises de constructions, d’exploitation agricole), et alimente l’espoir d’une possible libération. La lutte contre les organisations criminelles est longue et difficile, mais si elle est mené avec détermination sur plusieurs fronts, avec la collaboration et la coordination des moyens répressifs des États et de leurs gouvernements, les succès ne pourront pas manquerFor quite a few years now, a particularly dangerous and unsettling phenomenon has been spreading and extending in various degrees throughout all the regions, and that phenomenon is organized crime. In order to check (limit) its spread and guarantee the protection of the population, a crime prevention policy has been imposed. To such an end, numerous legislative provisions have been adopted on both the national and international level. The European and international community have repeatedly intervened in the last years to fight against organized crime, beginning with the Treaty of Maastricht, the Council of Tampere, up to the recent Essay in Lisbon. These treaties have allowed for the adoption of important measures to fight against organized crime, and one should not overlook the Convention of the United Nations and the Convention of May 29, 2000 (in doing the same). Bilateral accords have been stipulated from both France and Italy to more effectively oppose this danger and social evil that threatens with infecting, if it has not already done so, the organs of modern societies (for example; Public Administration, banks (the control of which is necessary in order to recycle dirty money). France, with the approval of the Perben II Law of March 9, 2004 intended to bring up to date the tools of justice in order to make them more incisive in relationship to the evolution of criminality. Italy has done the same thing with the “safety packets” of 2009 and 2010. Furthermore, these two countries have employed many resources in order to try to reduce and limit criminality’s field of action. A fundamental role was carried out by those who collaborated with the judicial system who, by their confessions in exchange for reduced punishment, have disclosed the structure and the hierarchy of criminal associations allowing the authorities involved to better understand, individualize their affiliates (i.e. members) and, in numerous cases, to dismantle them. By contrast, a very effective measure has been and still is the confiscation of goods accumulated by (those) in organized crime (real and financial goods, that is, banking deposits, financial investments, property, land, houses) and their re-use by Public Administration for the social well-being and to the advantage of the entire community (schools, public buildings, hospitals). The forfeiture of such goods, in fact, deprives the criminal underworld the lifeblood and profits that it draws from them; it mines the structure its power, contemporaneously providing safety to the people who are often oppressed and intimidated (one needs only to think about the extortions imposed on shopkeepers, construction and agricultural enterprises) and heightens their hope of a possible liberation from the above. The struggles against criminal organizations is long and difficult, but if it is conducted with determination on more fronts, with the collaboration and the coordination of the repressive apparatuses of nations and their governments, success cannot fail
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Frasson, Vanessa. "Les clauses de fin de contrat." Thesis, Lyon 3, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LYO30062/document.
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Les clauses de fin de contrat illustrent l’importance de la liberté contractuelle. La pratique s’est emparée de cette période de l’« après-Contrat » sous le contrôle de la jurisprudence, dans le relatif désintérêt du législateur.Les fins du contrat sont diverses. La fin peut être retardée par le biais de la prorogation du contrat. La fin peut être prématurée : elle peut être une fin brutale et définitive par le biais de la clause résolutoire, la continuité de ce qui était par l’arrivée du terme extinctif, ou encore la venue de quelque chose de nouveau par le biais d’une clause de caducité. La fin peut n’être qu’un passage vers un autre contrat par le biais de la reconduction. Il en ressort un flou théorique nécessitant une construction juridique. Il peut être proposé de scinder le temps de l’après-Contrat en trois temps. Le premier temps, les parties satisfaites de leur relation vont chercher à la faire perdurer. Les clauses de fin de contrat ont alors pour finalité la préservation de la pérennité du lien contractuel entre les parties. La deuxième période porte sur les modes d’extinction du contrat. La sortie de la relation contractuelle est devenue un enjeu important nécessitant le recours à différents mécanismes juridiques tels que la clause de dédit, la condition résolutoire ou encore la clause résolutoire.La troisième période peut être désignée comme la période de liquidation du passé contractuel comprenant deux séries de clauses : celles liquidant le passé contractuel (notamment la clause de non-Concurrence et la clause de confidentialité) et celle s’intéressant à l’avenir post-Contractuel. La fin du contrat doit être distinguée de la clôture de la relation contractuelle désignant la cessation de toutes les obligations post-Contractuelles et de leurs conséquences. Ainsi loin d’être secondaires, ces clauses de fin de contrat composant la période de l’après-Contrat sont fondamentales pour toute relation d’affaires continueEnd-Of-Contract clauses illustrate the significance of contractual freedom. Practice took hold of this “post-Contractual” period under the control of established precedents, in the relative disinterest of lawmakers.The types of contractual ends are diverse. The end may be delayed by means of prolongation of the contract. The end may come prematurely: it may come suddenly and definitively by means of a termination clause, the continuity of that which was by the arrival of the extinctive term, or the arrival of something new by means of a sunset clause. The end may only be a passage to another contract by means of renewal. This results in a lack of theoretical clarity that requires a legal structure. It may be proposed to divide the post-Contractual period into three parts. In the first part, parties satisfied with their relationship will seek to have it continue. The end-Of-Contract clauses thus serve the purpose of preserving the durability of the contractual bond between the parties. The second part involves the manner of termination the contract. Closing the contractual relationship has become an important matter that requires resorting to different legal mechanisms such as the forfeiture clause, the termination condition or the termination clause.The third part may be referred to as the period of liquidation of the contractual past including two series of clauses: those liquidating the contractual past (notably the clause of non-Competition and the clause of confidentiality) and those concerning the post-Contractual future. The end of the contract must be distinguished from the close of the contractual relationship designating the cessation of all post-Contractual obligations and their consequences. Thus, far from being secondary, these end-Of-Contract clauses affecting the post-Contractual period are fundamental for any ongoing business relationship
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Lin, Wan-Sheng, and 林萬生. "Administrative penalty;forfeiture;punishment standards." Thesis, 2010. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/19910058127488871346.
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碩士國立中正大學
法律所
98
The administrative forfeiture is the action to deprive of the right of property from citizen, and remove to public legal person. The property have following: 1 The tools. for example the excavator for legally stack sand and rock. 2.The goods. for example the good of smuggled. 3.The un-legal goods have been hold by citizen, that will harm the public welfare conspicuously. According to the 1’st and 2’nd items, the purpose of the action is to intimidate criminal issue by punishment. And the 3’th case not only punish the un-legal owner, but also to prevent any crime happen. It will violate the property right of citizen cause punishment standards, even the administrative forfeiture have above function. The should be deliberate between public welfare and citizen’s right.Especially the forfeiture target is belong to the un-crime citizen. The study of proper for constitution in administrative forfeiture with Administrative Penalty Act connect with other law、and the connecting between forfeiture and property right、the establish of Administrative Penalty Act、the timing of process right、 the temporary right of protecting, hope can be reference.
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Krane, Joshua. "Forfeited: Civil Forfeiture and the Canadian Constitution." Thesis, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1807/25734.
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The enactment of civil asset forfeiture legislation by Alberta and Ontario in the
fall of 2001, followed by the passage of similar legislation in five other provinces,
has signalled a dramatic change in the way Canadian constitutional law ought to
be understood. This thesis builds on American legal scholarship by highlighting
how deficiencies in Canada’s constitutional law could create space for more invasive
civil forfeiture statutes. Following a historical overview of forfeiture law in
Canada, the thesis (i) examines how the Supreme Court of Canada mischaracterized
this legislation as a matter of property and civil rights; (ii) considers whether
the doctrine of federal paramountcy should have rendered the legislation inoperable
and the consequences of the failure by the Court to do so; and (iii) evaluates iiithe
impact of the absence of an entrenched property right in the constitution, in
regard to this matter.
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Wu, Tien-Yun, and 吳天雲. "The Problem and Future of Assets Forfeiture." Thesis, 2011. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/99295911750711520012.
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博士輔仁大學
法律學研究所
99
The issues of assets forfeiture have historic origins from long time ago both in domestic and abroad. In recent years, countries are keenly engaged in eradicating the economical incentives of obtaining huge illicit profits from criminal activities through establishing international conventions and domestic legislations in order to combat the crimes by way of confiscating the proceeds of crime. According to the provisions of the Criminal Code of this country, assets forfeiture is one of the accessory punishments. It is all regarded as the nature of criminal punishment and security measures in both of theories or practices, even more recently regarded as “similar to the restitution of improper benefit claim”. Those three ideas have different explanations to assets forfeiture regime and sanction boundaries. This thesis therefore tries firstly to analyze the nature of assets forfeiture in order to clarify the boundaries, and secondly to explain the recent legislations of confiscating proceeds of crime in this country being expanded from a concrete material to intangible property interests and the third party beyond the offenders in order to effectively confiscate the proceeds of crimes. Moreover, assets forfeiture has three controversy viewpoints in practical operation, including whether: 1) should be net cost; 2) should be joint and several liability; 3) the timing to indemnify substitute assets. In general, this thesis is based on the exploration and review to the nature of assets forfeiture for clarifying the related controversy issues of legislation and practical operation.
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Yang, Szu-Tien, and 楊思恬. "Forfeiture by Wrongdoing - Lessons From American Law." Thesis, 2013. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/46574230565908765942.
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Wang, Yung-Han, and 王永瀚. "The Conflict between Asset Forfeiture and The Right To Counsel." Thesis, 2018. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/2tx5jm.
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碩士國立臺灣大學
科際整合法律學研究所
106
When it comes to the basis of public interests, the government is allowed to restrict certain human rights that are granted by the constitution. Therefore, finding a constitutionality way to limit the power of government is an important issue that all countries are facing. Asset forfeiture is one of the powers that might violate a defendant ’s right to counsel. Asset forfeiture is an act, which the government forcibly relocates certain offender’s or third parties’ property rights to their own. At the same time, a defendant needs a lawyer to assist him with the legal proceedings when facing prosecutor’s charges. Unfortunately when the court confiscated a defendant’s property, it is most likely that he doesn’t have enough assets left to hire an attorney. In short, asset forfeiture violates the defendant’s right to counsel, which is granted by the constitution. However, asset forfeiture has its legal basis, and meanwhile defendant’s right to counsel is also granted by the constitution and shouldn’t be violated. Therefore, this paper analyzes the theoretical basis and the connotation of right to counsel and asset forfeiture according to Taiwan’s law, the interpretation of the judges, and scholars’ opinions. Then integrate the opinions of the Supreme Court of the United States when in comes to the conflict between asset forfeiture and the right to counsel. This paper tries to find a standard between the two legitimacy rights, asset forfeiture and the right to counsel.
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Şuman, Silvia. "The international mechanisms relating to mutual assistance in the field of information exchange and civil forfeiture." Thesis, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/3411.
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Magister Legum - LLMSeveral international instruments relating to the forfeiture of assets derived through unlawful means have been developed in the last decade. These relate to both civil and criminal forfeiture proceedings. Nevertheless, the processes of tracing the assets and having them forfeit to the State present formidable obstacles to justice authorities enforcers around the world. The fact of the matter is that the advent of the internet has made it easier for money launderers to camouflage the nature and the physical locality of their ill-got gains. This has made it all the more necessary for states and financial institutions to co-operate more closely in hitting the criminals where it hurts most – their pockets. However, the international structures that provide for mutual legal assistance procedures are drafted in broad terms or in guideline-form. Most of the books and journal articles dealing with money laundering devote scant attention to this very important aspect of combating transnational economic criminality. In most of the literature, this topic is simply avoided. This paper, which confines itself to civil recovery proceedings, strives to determine first, what international mechanisms are available for obtaining information located abroad that could be used for domestic civil forfeiture, and second, to identify some of the most intractable problems encountered by justice authorities in their attempts to attach property situated abroad. The idea is to identify the principal point of discordance, and to suggest ways in which the international instruments governing civil forfeiture could be amended so as to make them more user friendly.
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TSENG, YANG-LING, and 曾揚嶺. "The Study of Third-Party Claims in Criminal Assets Forfeiture Proceedings." Thesis, 2015. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/67629101494177566105.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立臺北大學
法律學系一般生組
103
Because of the object of punishment is limited in the defendant, most of the criminals in property crime, such as economic crimes, financial crimes and corruption, tries to hide their property and benefit by transferring to a third party in and outside of the country. Seizing and confiscating proceeds of crime becomes more and more difficult to judicial authority since proceeds of crime have pasted to the “innocent third-party” who seems like to obtain the asset legally. Therefore, international conventions and legislators nationwide, such as Germany, Japan and United States, enact forfeiture laws to allow the seizure and confiscation of third-party’s property in criminal offense. In Taiwan, Money Laundering Control Act, Act Governing Food Safety and Sanitation and Draft Amendment to the Criminal Code allow the subject to forfeiture can be the property belonged to a person other than the defendant, thereby aiming to deprive criminal offenders of proceeds of crime completely. Hence, in addition to extending the subject to asset forfeiture in criminal justice, fighting of property crime, seizing and confiscating proceeds of crime and returning forfeited assets to crime victims, the demands of criminal justice must be balanced better with the right of property of innocent third parties. In order to follow due process and to protect basic human rights, it is necessary to construct the system of ”Third-Party Claims in criminal Assets Forfeiture Proceedings” in harmony with the principle of forfeiture in Taiwan. The methodologies adopted in this thesis are literature review, case study and comparative research method. Chapter1: The Introduction. Chapter2: The Discussion of confiscation of third-party’s property in Taiwan. Chapter3: The Observation of foreign legislative examples on confiscation of third-party’s property. Chapter4: The Proposal of amending “Third-Party Claims in Criminal Assets Forfeiture Proceedings” in Taiwan. Chapter5: Conclusion and Recommendation. In conclusion, the study suggests amending the code of criminal procedure regarding to the system of “Third-Party Claims in Criminal Assets Forfeiture proceedings”, including due process and the proceeding of remedies, and thereby to conform to procedural justice. Keywords: forfeiture, proceeds of crime, third-party’s property, third-party claims, due process, procedural protections.
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Soko, Cassandra. "An evaluation of Zambia’s asset recovery laws." 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/3875.
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Magister Legum - LLMContrary to Common perception, corruption is not all that ails Africa. It is only a component of the multifaceted economic criminality that leads to illicit capital flight from developing states and those undergoing political transition. The siphoning away of economic resources has a devastating impact on such countries, both economically and socially. This leads to an erosion of public confidence in government departments and in the administration of justice generally. The clandestine nature of economic criminality makes it particularly hard to prosecute. There has thus been an international consensus that asset recovery would be the most apt mode of deterrence and reparation. Having its genesis in the 1989 Vienna convention, asset recovery has now become a useful tool with which developing countries can recoup some of the assets plundered by criminals. The United Nations Convention against corruption has also made it possible for states to recover stolen assets by way of non--‐criminal or non--‐conviction—based procedures. The main challenge for developing states is to make international treaties part of their national law. The democratization of former dictatorial states, especially those in Africa, also means that whatever international norms are domesticated in national legislation, should be in line with the tenets of their respective democratic constitutions, thus making them legally irreproachable. This paper evaluates Zambia’s Forfeiture of proceeds of crime Act. It discusses Zambia’s asset recovery provisions against the backdrop of international benchmarks and the laws of a few other countries that also have asset recovery laws. The paper concludes with a set of recommendations.
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Wu, Yu Ying, and 吳玉英. "A study of the regulation about the non-forfeiture value of life insurance." Thesis, 1993. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/18626894600824936649.
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Rosiak, Piotr. "Problematyka przepadku przedmiotu świadczenia niegodziwego na rzecz Skarbu Państwa." Phd thesis, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11320/3747.
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Rozprawa doktorska zatytułowana „Problematyka przepadku przedmiotu świadczenia niegodziwego na rzecz Skarbu Państwa” traktuje o instytucji cywilnoprawnej uregulowanej w art. 412 k.c. Celem pracy doktorskiej jest, w części teoretycznej, pokazanie, jak funkcjonuje instytucja przepadku świadczenia niegodziwego w obecnym kształcie. Zwrócono tu uwagę na problemy z definiowaniem i interpretacją jakie pojawiają w toku wykładni i stosowania w praktyce art. 412 k.c. oraz jak są lub mogą być one rozwiązane. Ukazano również, jak instytucja ta wyglądałaby, gdyby przedmiotem przepadku nie było samo świadczenie niegodziwe, a roszczenie o wydanie wzbogacenia przysporzonego, w zamian za dokonanie czynu niegodziwego lub w celu niegodziwym. Celem pracy w części empirycznej jest natomiast określenie charakteru instytucji przepadku świadczenia niegodziwego, celu w jakim jest stosowana oraz funkcji, jakie pełni. Służy temu przeprowadzenie szczegółowej analizy postępowań sądowych, w których art. 412 k.c. był podstawą wyrokowania.
Główna hipoteza badawcza pracy dotyczy funkcjonowania instytucji przepadku. Na podstawie art. 412 k.c. nie ma możliwości orzeczenia przepadku świadczenia niegodziwego z uwagi na niewłaściwe definiowanie jego przedmiotu oraz błędną wykładnię przesłanek koniecznych do jego zastosowania. W związku z powyższym, zaistniała konieczność zmiany podstaw tej instytucji, które czynią przedmiotem przepadku roszczenie o wydanie wzbogacenia. Drugą hipotezą badawczą, która z kolei odnosi się do części empirycznej pracy, jest stricte karne pojmowanie charakteru instytucji przepadku, celu, w jakim jest stosowana i funkcji, jakie pełni. Weryfikacja tej hipotezy wymagała przeprowadzenia badania akt spraw sądowych i prokuratorskich.The doctoral dissertation entitled "Issues forfeiture provision of wicked subject to the State" is about civil law institutions regulated by article 412 of the Civil Code. The aim of the dissertation is, in the theoretical part, show how the institution forfeiture provision of wicked functions in their current form. Shown problems with defining and interpretation that arise in the course of the interpretation and practical application of article 412 of the Civil Code and how they are or they can be solved. Also shown how this institution would look if it was not subject of same provision wicked to forfeiture, but a claim for the issue of enrichment achieved, in return for a wicked act or to wicked. The aim of the doctoral dissertation in the empirical part is, however, define the nature of the institution forfeiture provision of wicked, the purpose for which it is used and functions that fully. This is achieved by a detailed analysis of court proceedings in which article 412 of the Civil Code was the basis for sentencing. The main hypothesis of the research work concerns the functioning of the institutions forfeiture. On the basis of article 412 of the Civil Code it is not possible confiscation of wicked benefits due to incorrect definition of its subject matter and the incorrect interpretation of the conditions necessary for it use. Therefore, it was necessary to change the foundations of the institution that makes the subject of forfeiture claim for the issue of enrichment. The second research hypothesis, which in turn refers to the part of the empirical work is understanding the criminal nature of the forfeiture institutions, the purpose for which it is used and functions that fully. The verification of this hypothesis required a study of case files of judicial and prosecutorial.
Wydział Prawa. Katedra Prawa Cywilnego.
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Chen, Chao-nan, and 陳昭男. "On the penalty of deprivation of property interests-To forfeiture、collection、recovery、satisfaction as the center." Thesis, 2009. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/75505596651568128161.
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碩士國防大學國防管理學院
法律研究所
97
Our country law obtained subscribes regarding the crime has the confiscation, to pursue drafts, retrieves and so on methods. Does for the crime author sits enjoys possibility of the crime income，But our country confiscates the question which the system still had many may discuss。This article reorganizes about the confiscation theory and the practice opinion, and carries on the thorough discussion regarding several point of contention，And systems of because of national and so on US, Japan, Germany，The hope discovers suits our country national condition the perfect system。 This article besides in the reference domestic related literature, the periodical as well as the practice the legal precedent makes the analysis, and deliberates American, Japanese, the German literature, the periodical and so on to conduct the research。Whether there is studies the present system to obstruct it is difficult to place of the line in the practice operation, compares again with various countries' confiscation system, enables to achieve gets rid of the bad and retains the good the effect, strengthens our country to resist result of the criminality。
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Silva, Pedro Miguel Oliveira. "O Sistema Legal Português de Apreensão de Vantagens de Origem Ilícita e o Crescimento dos Mecanismos de Confisco Sem Condenação Penal." Master's thesis, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10316/97527.
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Dissertação de Mestrado em Direito apresentada à Faculdade de DireitoA presente dissertação é elaborada tendo em perspetiva compreender se a introdução no nosso ordenamento jurídico de mecanismos de confisco não dependentes de condenação penal, da índole do confisco civil, in rem, seria algo benéfico, logrando-se com essas novas ferramentas uma ainda maior demonstração, aos criminosos e à sociedade geral, de que a prática de ilícitos não é forma legítima de enriquecimento.Para tal desiderato é essencial aferir se o sistema legal português de apreensão de vantagens de origem ilícita apresenta lacunas, o que implica necessariamente um estudo sobre o aludido sistema de recuperação de proventos de origem ilícita e de todos os seus institutos. Neste sentido, numa fase inicial, a presente dissertação visa proceder a uma análise detalhada dos mecanismos ablatórios portugueses, entre os quais se contam o confisco clássico dos produtos e vantagens, instituto previsto no art. 110º do CP, a perda alargada (portuguesa), prevista na Lei n.º 5/2002, a perda de bens de terceiros, regulada no art. 111º do CP e a substituição da perda da própria coisa pela perda do seu valor, instituto presente nos arts. 109º, n.º 3 e 110º, n.º 4 do CP.Seguidamente, são discriminadas as vantagens e enunciadas as desvantagens apontadas pela doutrina e jurisprudência a este tipo de confisco não dependente de condenação, o que abarcará sempre uma auscultação das potenciais violações às garantias dos cidadãos.Feita essa análise, quer das potencias lacunas do nosso ordenamento jurídico, quer das potenciais benesses de mecanismos de confisco não dependentes de condenação da índole daquele que será analisado no presente estudo, estaremos mais apetrechados para concluir sobre o mérito de uma possível introdução do confisco civil, in rem, no nosso ordenamento jurídico.Finalmente, para efeitos de completude do estudo, é realizado um breve exame aos principais ordenamentos jurídicos que adotam robustas formas de confisco não dependente de condenação, aonde se destacam os ordenamentos dos E.U.A., Reino Unido e Itália. Na mesma senda – completude do estudo – é também descrita sumariamente a posição do TEDH a propósito da matéria em apreço.
The present dissertation is built to understand whether the introduction in our legal system of non-conviction based confiscation, like a civil asset forfeiture would be something beneficial, achieving with these new tools an even greater demonstration, to criminals and society, that the practice of illegal activities is not a legitimate way to enrich.For this purpose, it is essential to assess whether the Portuguese confiscation system has loopholes, which necessarily implies a study on the aforementioned Portuguese system of asset forfeiture.In this sense, at an early stage, this dissertation aims to carry out a detailed analysis of Portuguese ablative mechanisms, including the classic confiscation of proceeds of crime, regulated in article 110.º of the Portuguese criminal code, the Portuguese extended confiscation, regulated in Law No. 5/2002, third party confiscation, regulated in article 111.º of the Portuguese criminal code and confiscation of value or equivalent, regulated in the articles 109.º, no. 3 and 110.º, no. 4 of the Portuguese criminal code. After that, the advantages and disadvantages pointed out by doctrine and jurisprudence to this type of non-conviction based confiscation are detailed, which will always include an assessment of potential violations to human rights law. After this analysis, both of the potential loopholes in our legal system and the potential benefits of non-conviction based confiscation mechanisms of the kind analysed in this study, we will be better equipped to conclude on the merits of a possible introduction of civil asset forfeiture in the Portuguese legal system.Finally, for the completeness of the study, we make a brief examination of the main legal systems that adopt robust forms of non-conviction based confiscation, in which the U.S.A., United Kingdom and Italy systems stand out. On the same path - completeness of the study - the position of the ECtHR regarding the matter in question is also summarily carried out.
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Baloyi, Rhulani Portia. "An evaluation of money laundering investigation at the Financial and Asset Forfeiture Investigation Unit of the South African Police Service in Pretoria." Diss., 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/26907.
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This study evaluated money laundering investigation conducted at the Financial and Asset Forfeiture Investigation (FAFI) Unit of the Directorate for Priority Crime Investigation (DPCI) in Pretoria. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews conducted with financial and asset forfeiture investigators attached to the DPCI who are responsible for investigating money laundering. From the results of this study, it became apparent that participants experience a number of challenges in the investigation of money laundering. This study makes recommendations that could empower investigators at the FAFI of the DPCI with enhanced skills and knowledge to effectively investigate cases of money laundering.Criminology and Security Science
M.A. (Criminal Justice--Forensic Investigation)
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Huang, Chin-Ying, and 黃智鶯. "A Study of the Procedural Protection and Remedies of DispositionInjunction on Money Laundering Control Act--with Review of Rules of Forfeiture and Seizure." Thesis, 2011. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/14209159342705412935.
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碩士中原大學
財經法律研究所
99
The Money Laundering Control Act of Taiwan was amended with the regulation of “disposition injunction”. The amendment achieves remarkable effect for preventing money laundering and tracking significant crimes. On the other hand, it may also arouse the issues of violating property and human rights. This thesis aims to explore whether there are sufficient protection and remedies during disposition injunction procedure in Taiwan. Does the anti-money-laundering task take our property and human rights seriously? Although the international conventions and consensuses mostly put emphasis on depriving the proceeds of crime and freezing assets in fighting the money laundering crimes, they did also realize that there could be infringements upon relative rights. They often declared that the member states should provide sufficient procedural protection and remedies. In the cases of United States, Britain, Germany and Japan, there are legislations to provide such protection and remedies for the prohibited, and even for the third persons. Comparing to that, Taiwan seems to have more problems in due process dealing with the injunction. Disposition junction is a new design for Taiwan. But in the very nature, it could be considered as a special type of property seizure or forfeiture. So we would look into the established systems of seizure or forfeiture, to see if there are rules or designs that could put to use in injunction cases. Unfortunately, the established systems got their own problems, and sometimes, even worse. In finding our way out, we take regulations of United States as a model. So we spend some effort in observing the U.S. system in detail, which includes so called criminal forfeiture as well as the civil forfeiture regulations. According to our research, with reference to procedural protection, we have some suggestions to make: (1) amending the notification rules, (2) phased requirements of disposition period, (3) providing alternative measures to disposition injunction, (4) allowing the third person to have the right to claim, and (5) remedies should be heard. Moreover, the problems of seizure and forfeiture should be also reformed to justify the procedural of deprivation and restriction on property rights in Taiwan.
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Jurečková, Eva. "Majetkové tresty v českém trestním právu." Master's thesis, 2016. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-347419.
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The diploma thesis examines the property penalties in the Czech legislation and in terms of their legal provisions, but also the application of the practice. Its aim is to criminal penalties, which the perpetrators bring harm to their property interests, define, describe the conditions for their storage and performance and also to characterize development in their store, and even in terms of statistical data. Finally, the author aims to point out the options, which would in practice have brought a higher level of use of the property penalties. In the work are also included selected aspects of property records abroad with the intention to draw inspiration, where there are these kinds of punishments the normal alternative to unconditional imprisonment. The work deals with the definition of punishment, its purpose, the position in the system of penalties, followed by a chapter on the historical punishment of offenders. The largest part of the work consists of an analysis of individual securities sentencing - confiscation of proparty, financial penalty, forfeiture of things - and the protective measures - detainer. For each of these institutes are described the conditions for their storage and performance. The following are the chapter on property sanctions for legal persons, the measures relating to...
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Mussequejua, Miguel José. "O crime de branqueamento de capitais, um contributo para sua análise." Doctoral thesis, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/1822/75698.
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Tese de doutoramento em Ciências Jurídicas PúblicasO processo de globalização, acompanhado pelos continuados avanços que a sociedade pós-moderna tem conhecido concomitantes riscos de diversa índole, dos quais avultam os atinentes ao mundo financeiro onde o acesso a fundos e outras formas de património são cada vez mais fáceis devido aos vários mecanismos à disposição das sociedades. É neste contexto que, com a pretensão de obter vantagens económicas ilícitas, se encontram os sujeitos do crime de branqueamento de capitais que progressivamente, de forma quase viral, atingem maioria das sociedades. Embora com origens pouco remotas, as práticas de branqueamento de capitais assentes em modelos conhecidos universalmente, com uma tendência mutacional inerente, não deixam de se basear em caracteres que a ordem jurídica identificou e prosseguiu com sua criminalização, limitando desse modo o desenvolvimento de empreitadas criminais com ganhos económicos. Neste sentido, a defesa dos sistemas económicos por parte dos diversos Estados foi gizada visando não permitir ou impedir que o crime compense. Para tanto, foram criados diversos mecanismos jurídicos com propriedade ou potencialidade para obstar tal objectivo, onde se destaca o figurino jurídico-legal do branqueamento de capitais. O branqueamento de capitais funcionará, portanto, como um cerco jurídico penal no qual se quedam os agentes da criminalidade reditícia. Trata-se, contudo, de uma realidade jurídica bastante complexa que exige uma permanente intercomunicação de diversos institutos e instituições jurídicas, destacando-se o aparato normativo das diversas convenções internacionais vigentes nos diversos continentes e universalmente, bem como no regime jurídico estabelecido pela legislação nacional de cada um dos países. Destaca-se, naturalmente, o interesse demonstrado por cada país através da construção normativa estabelecida internamente. Mostrando a forma circular do ambiente jurídico penal anti branqueamento, constata-se a montante uma larga base de infracções penais identificadas, das quais, no seu leito, decorre a filtração das condutas que consubstanciam o crime de branqueamento de capitais e, a jusante, a barreira final baseada na moderna figura do confisco de bens decorrentes da actividade criminosa. É este o quadro de análise que a presente pesquisa percorre, trazendo os diversos elementos que auxiliam a melhor compreender o crime de branqueamento capitais, sem descurar as experiências normativas internacionais e com especial destaque para as realidades portuguesa e moçambicana.
Globalization process, along with the continuous advances the postmodern society has known with concurrent risks of diverse nature, of which are prominent those related to the financial world where access to funds and other forms of assets are increasingly easy due to the various mechanisms available to societies. It is in this context where, with the pretension of obtaining illicit economic advantages, there are individuals of money laundering crime that progressively and almost virally affect most of the societies. Although with little remote origins, money laundering practices based on universally known models with an inherent mutational tendency are nevertheless based on characters that the legal system has identified and continued to criminalize, thereby limiting the development of profitable criminal endeavours. Therefore, the defence of economic systems by the different States has been designed to prevent crime from paying off. To this end, several legal mechanisms have been created with ownership or potential to prevent such an objective, in which the legal framework of money laundering stands out. Money laundering will, therefore, function as a criminal juridical encirclement in which the agents of redemptive crime fall. It is, however, a very complex legal reality that requires a permanent intercommunication of several legal institutes and institutions, highlighting the normative apparatus of the various international conventions in force in the different continents and worldwide, as well as in the legal regime established by the national legislation of each country. one of the countries. Naturally, the interest shown by each country stands out through the normative construction established internally. Showing the circular shape of the anti-money laundering criminal environment, it is noticeable a wide base of identified criminal offenses upstream, of which, in its layer, it’s found the filtering of the conducts that substantiate the crime of money laundering and, downstream, the final barrier based on the modern figure of the forfeiture of assets resulting from such criminal activity. This is the analysis framework that this research goes through, bringing the various elements that help to better understand the crime of money laundering, without neglecting international normative experiences and with special emphasis on the Portuguese and Mozambican realities.
Universidade Zambeze
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Diwa, Zainabu Mango. "Managing the proceeds of crime: a critical analysis of the Tanzanian legal framework." 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/3279.
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Mahon, Denise. "The Influence of Civil Remedies and Proceeds of Crime Grant Programs on Canadian Streetscape Camera Surveillance Systems: Lessons from Six Cities in Ontario." Thesis, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1828/5365.
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This thesis explores the influences of provincial grant programs on Canadian streetscape camera systems. Using qualitative interviews (N=32) and document analysis, the study explores the policymaking processes and outcomes of six Ontario cities that have engaged with the Civil Remedies and Proceeds of Crime grants. Grant programs have not only provided the financial support to facilitate the establishment or expansion of camera systems, but they have also encouraged particular patterns of implementation, design and operation of Canadian streetscape systems through the processes and conditions of the grant program, as well as through the encouragement of regional networking, policy learning and policy diffusion via policy tourism. While the Civil Remedies and Proceeds of Crime grants have influenced some similarities in streetscape camera systems, variation exists, particularly concerning privacy policies, due to idiosyncratic interpretation and adoption of diffused policies and an ambiguous and unclear privacy protection framework.Graduate
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dennymah@uvic.ca
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Pereira, Patrícia Alexandra Mendes. "Crédito documentário." Master's thesis, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10362/15690.
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Neradová, Kateřina. "Trest smrti a vzdání se práva na život spácháním zvlášť závažného trestného činu." Master's thesis, 2015. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-339866.
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The aim of this thesis is to define, what is the position of right to life in the system of protection of human rights and whether is the death penalty a justifiable institute in international human rights law. The thesis focuses on the death penalty and its history in connection with the right to life as an inherent human right. It explores the conventions, protocols and resolutions that are related to the matter. The thesis is divided into seven chapters, whereas first of them is introduction, where the author asks questions about vindicability of the capital punishment. That is followed by a brief history of the death penalty and explanation of the purpose of the punishment. Following chapter looks into a view of international society on the death penalty, summing up views of international governmental organizations, as well as non- governmental. Fundamental part of the thesis is a chapter disserting on the right to life, its history, where we can find right to life in international law, interpretation of right to life and case law. Last chapter deals with an issue of a crime as an act of forfeiting the right to life. The analysis consists of criticizing the conclusions made in the course of the thesis and propositions of further possibilities.