Journal articles: 'Forging, Low-carbon steel, Stainless steel'

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Wen, Xin Li, Jian Peng Gao, and Yuan Guo La. "Common Defect Analysis for Large Section Special Steel Forging." Materials Science Forum 898 (June 2017): 1208–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.898.1208.

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In order to Figure the common defect in large section special steel forging and find the solution, systematic study was carried out on hundreds of large section special steel forgings in a domestic famous steel mill. The steels included: low-carbon steel Q345D/E, medium-carbon steel 27SiMn, high-carbon steel GCr15SiMn, stainless steel 20Cr13. Both the amount and type of all the defect in the above steel were calculated and analyzed. The results showed that the common defects of the steel were slags, inclusions, loose (cavity) and inner cracks. The evolution of the cavity in the ingot during forging process was simulated by a numerical simulation software Deform-3D. The inner cracks in Q345D/E and 27SiMn initiated after A→F+P transformation The cracks in GCr15SiMn formed after the precipitation of net-like proeutectoid carbides. The cracks in 20Cr13 formed after the precipitation of net-like carbides. The internal cause of the cracks was relevant to composition segregation and internal stress in the forging. The external cause was connected with effect of slow cooling. Based on the above study, a set of new process was proposed and put into industrial application, with the result that the qualified ratio of flaw inspection in the above steel mill was improved from 20% to above 87%.

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Azlan, Mohd Azwir, Andy Anak Buja, Sia Chee Kiong, Nik Hisyamudin Muhd Nor, and Jalil Azlis-Sani. "Decision Making of Screw Manufacturing for the Best Environmental and Economic Combination by Using AHP." Applied Mechanics and Materials 465-466 (December 2013): 1065–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.465-466.1065.

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This study is an approach to investigate the viable impacts of screw manufacturing. At the same time, choose the suitable material and selected manufacturing process of screw by considering environmental aspects without sacrificing the economic aspect. It is important to the organisation to improve the environmental aspect. Therefore in this study, the decision making was focused on economic aspects to produce the synergy results between economic and environmental impact. The parameters involved were types of material and manufacturing process of screw which using the available data of environmental and production volume. The two different manufacturing approaches being evaluated were machining and forging process. The types of material concerned for forging process encompassed low carbon steel, alloy steel stainless steel, and aluminium alloy. On the other hand, for machining process, the material being considered in screw manufacturing were cast iron, low carbon steel, alloy steel, stainless steel and aluminium alloy. The information of environmental impacts that generated from SolidWorks Sustainability tool and screw production cost were calculate using Manufacturing cost model, both information was used in Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) analysis to obtain local priority of economic and environmental impacts. Then, the ranking of both global and local priorities from economic impact and environmental impacts had enabled the determination of appropriate material used for those selected screw manufacturing process. As result, low carbon steel was chosen for forging process whereas cast iron was excelled in machining process, at the same time, stainless steel was not suggested to be used in both two processes.

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Strobl, Susanne, Roland Haubner, and Wolfgang Scheiblechner. "New Steel Combinations Produced by the Damascus Technique." Advanced Engineering Forum 27 (April 2018): 14–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/aef.27.14.

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Multilayered forged steel plates, which combine the properties of diverse steel qualities, are referred to as Damascus steels. Since the 3rd century AD blades and weapons have been produced by the Damascus technique in Europe. In this work four different steel combinations were investigated. Combining Fe with carbon steel C60 resulted in a ferritic-pearlitic microstructure. By forging two heat-treatable steels C40 and C60 martensite with an inhomogeneous carbon distribution was formed. Combining Fe with an austenitic stainless steel showed ferrite and austenite with grain boundary carbides and segregation bands. The last combination of two cold working steels K110 and K600 led to a complex microstructure with martensite, retained austenite and two special types of carbides. After metallographic preparation and using of different etchants the various microstructures were characterized by light optical microscopy and confirmed by Vicker ́s microhardness measurements. Of high interest are the interfaces and the quality of the weld between the individual steel layers. In some regions oxidation and carbon diffusion were observed.

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Purwanto, Helmy. "Interface Structure in Friction Welded Joints between Stainless Steel 304 and Mild Carbon Steel." Journal of Chemical Process and Material Technology 1, no. 1 (January 27, 2022): 8. http://dx.doi.org/10.36499/jcpmt.v1i1.5881.

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Friction welding is a solid-state welding process using heat generated through friction. Dissimilar materials can be joined properly with friction welding. This study is a continuation of the previous study and aimed to determine the interface structure occurred on stainless steel and carbon steel joints. Stainless steel 304 and mild carbon steel are joined with this method at 2000 rpm rotation for 15 seconds and forging time of 5 seconds with a pressure of 5 MPa. The results of a micro-observation using a scanning electron microscope show good bonding in the interface area. The carbon steel is more welded to the stainless steel in the periphery than in the center. The spectrum results of Energy Dispersive X-Ray of the interface show Fe, C and Cr elements content. This is what causes the strong welding bond.

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Kiong, Sia Chee, Loo Yee Lee, Siaw Hua Chong, Mohd Azwir Azlan, and Nik Hisyamudin Muhd Nor. "Decision Making with the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) for Material Selection in Screw Manufacturing for Minimizing Environmental Impacts." Applied Mechanics and Materials 315 (April 2013): 57–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.315.57.

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This study is an approach to investigate the environmental impact of screw manufacturing and to choose suitable material for selected screw-making processes for the best performance with minimum environmental impact. The parameters involved were types of material and screw-making process using the environmental data available in Asia region. The two different manufacturing approaches being evaluated were machining and forging. The types of material considered were low carbon steel, stainless steel, titanium alloy and aluminium alloy. As for machining process, the materials being considered in screw manufacturing were low carbon steel, stainless steel, titanium alloy, aluminium alloy, magnesium alloy and cast iron. The information of environmental impact are generated by SolidWorks. Sustainability tool was used in the formation of pair-wise comparison matrices for Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP). Then, the ranking of global priorities had enabled the determination of appropriate material to be used for those selected screw manufacturing process. As a result, aluminium alloy was found to give minimum environmental impact for forging process whereas cast iron was found to excel in machining process. At the same time, titanium alloy was not suggested to be used in either process.

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Raj, A., B. Goswami, S. B. Kumar, and A. K. Ray. "Forge and Heat-treatments in Microalloyed Steels – A Review." High Temperature Materials and Processes 32, no. 6 (December 1, 2013): 517–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/htmp-2012-0178.

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AbstractImproved designs, mostly for lightweight component manufacturer, have been made for improvement of forging and heat-treatment techniques. Low temperature precipitation strengthening and resistance to austenite grain size coarsening at reheat temperature for forging have been property improvement technique in these microalloyed steels. Studies of peak strain and flow stress at 1123–1423 K have shown increase in peak strain, peak stress and increment in mean flow stress in austenite phases in presence of vanadium. Partial vanadium alloying (1 part V substitute for 2 parts Mo) by substituting molybdenum has improved hardenability properties of conventional steels. Ultrafine grained steels have shown strain hardening effects from severe deformation by equal channel angular pressing (ECAP) followed by annealing. The strain induced precipitation of nano-metric sizes have pinned dislocations for strain hardening. Estimation of remaining life for reactor components have been done by simulated experiments under similar conditions as the service exposure. Vanadium in ferritic stainless steel has shown competitive performance, e.g. chloride environment. This has shown equivalent effects like nickel. In welding of microalloyed steel inter-critical grain coarsened heat affected zone (IC GC HAZ) has martensite austenite (M-A) blisters to yield poorest toughness.

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Wang, Jing Cai, Laurent Langlois, Muhammad Rafiq, Régis Bigot, and Hao Lu. "Experimental & Numerical Study of the Hot Upsetting of Weld Cladded Billets." Key Engineering Materials 554-557 (June 2013): 287–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.554-557.287.

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The presented work is dedicated to studying the forgeability of bimaterial cladded workpiece. Hot upsetting tests of cylindrical low carbon steel (C15) billets weld cladded (MIG) by stainless steel (SS316L) are experimentally and numerically studied. Upsetting tests with different upsetting ratios are performed in different tribology conditions at 1050°C which is within the better forgeability temperature range of both substrate and cladding materials[ ]. Slab model and finite-element simulation are conducted to parametrically study the potential forgeability of the bimaterial cladded workpiece. The viscoplastic law is adopted to model the friction at the die/billet interface. The friction condition at the die/billet interface has a great impact on the final material distribution, forging effort and cracking occurrence. With Latham and Cockcroft Criterion, the possibility and potential position of cracks could be predicted.

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Wang, Zhenhua, and Yong Wang. "Hot-Deformation Behavior of High-Nitrogen Austenitic Stainless Steel under Continuous Cooling: Physical Simulation of Surface Microstructure Evolution of Superheavy Forgings during Hot Forging." Materials 12, no. 7 (April 10, 2019): 1175. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12071175.

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Superheavy forgings are increasingly used in the nuclear industry. The strain rate is extremely low during hot forging due to the huge size of the superheavy forging; in fact, the surface temperature of the forging decreases obviously during each deformation step. Hot-deformation behavior differs from that of isothermal deformation. In this study, 18Mn18Cr0.6N steel was selected as a model material. Hot-compression tests were conducted using a Gleeble 3800 simulator at a strain rate of 10−4 s−1 and continuous cooling rates of 0.0125 Ks−1 and 0.025 Ks−1. The microstructure was observed using electron backscatter diffraction analysis and transmission electron microscopy. The flow stress increased with increasing strain: the higher the cooling rate, the higher was the hardening rate. Continuous cooling inhibited dynamic recrystallization by delaying its nucleation. The subgrain/cell size increased linearly with increasing final temperature of deformation in the temperature range 1273 to 1448 K. An intense <001> texture formed in 0.8-strained specimens and the matrix exhibited a low Taylor factor orientation. Most dislocations were separately distributed in subgrains and did not entangle with each other or with the subgrain boundary. Dislocation arrays transferred easily through boundaries and dislocation accumulation at boundaries was weak. This study contributes to understanding the hot-forging process of superheavy forgings.

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Coors, Timm, Mohamad Yusuf Faqiri, Felix Saure, Christoph Kahra, Christoph Büdenbender, Julius Peddinghaus, Vannila Prasanthan, et al. "Investigations on Additively Manufactured Stainless Bearings." Coatings 12, no. 11 (November 8, 2022): 1699. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings12111699.

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Additive manufacturing with multi-material design offers great possibilities for lightweight and function-integrated components. A process chain was developed in which hybrid steel–steel-components with high fatigue strength were produced. For this, a material combination of stainless powder material Rockit® (0.52 wt.% C, 0.9% Si, 14% Cr, 0.4% Mo, 1.8% Ni, 1.2% V, bal. Fe) cladded onto ASTM A572 mild steel by plasma arc powder deposition welding was investigated. Extensive material characterization has shown that defect-free claddings can be produced by carefully adjusting the welding process. With a tailored heat treatment strategy and machining of the semi-finished products, bearing washers for a thrust cylindrical roller bearing were produced. These washers showed a longer fatigue life than previously produced bearing washers with AISI 52100 bearing steel as cladding. It was also remarkable that the service life with the Rockit® cladding material was longer than that of conventional monolithic AISI 52100 washers. This was reached through a favourable microstructure with finely distributed vanadium and chromium carbides in a martensitic matrix as well as the presence of compressive residual stresses, which are largely retained even after testing. The potential for further enhancement of the cladding performance through Tailored Forming was investigated in compression and forging tests and was found to be limited due to low forming capacity of the material.

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Farahat, Ahmed Ismail Zaky, Osama Hamed, Ahmed El-Sisi, and Mohamed Hawash. "Effect of hot forging and Mn content on austenitic stainless steel containing high carbon." Materials Science and Engineering: A 530 (December 2011): 98–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2011.09.049.

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Wang, Yanjie, Xuru Hou, Lin Zhao, Yun Peng, Chengyong Ma, and Hongbo Li. "Microstructure and Properties of 304 Stainless Steel Specimen Manufactured by Cold Metal Transfer + Pulse Composite Arc Additive." Science of Advanced Materials 13, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 152–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/sam.2021.3876.

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304 stainless steel test block was fabricated by continuous melting wire with CMT and pulse mixed mode, and the path of additive manufacturing is layered slice S-shaped. The relationship between microstructure and properties of the specimen was investigated by microscope, SEM, EBSD, XRD, tensile, impact and electrochemical experiments. The results show that molding between weld and weld is very good, and the microstructure is mainly Austenite, Ferrite and a little of σ, and there are three kinds of Ferrite morphology: cellular, wormlike and lath. σ phase precipitates easily in regions with high ferrite content and is distributed at the boundary between austenite and ferrite. The specimen has good low temperature toughness. The microscopic fracture surface is mainly dimple, and the precipitates in the fracture surface are mainly fine carbide particles. The tensile strength of the additive manufacturing 304 specimen is higher than the forged specimen, and the type of fracture is ductile fracture. The electrochemical analysis of 304 stainless steel specimens and forgings shows that CMT and pulse arc additive manufacturing specimen has excellent corrosion resistance and its corrosion current is slightly lower than the forging.

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Ziętala, Michał, Tomasz Durejko, Robert Panowicz, and Marcin Konarzewski. "Microstructure Evolution of 316L Steel Prepared with the Use of Additive and Conventional Methods and Subjected to Dynamic Loads: A Comparative Study." Materials 13, no. 21 (October 31, 2020): 4893. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13214893.

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The mechanical properties and microstructure evolution caused by dynamic loads of 316L stainless steel, fabricated using the Laser Engineered Net Shaping (LENS) technique and hot forging method were studied. Full-density samples, without cracks made of 316L stainless steel alloy powder by using the LENS technique, are characterized by an untypical bi-modal microstructure consisting of macro-grains, which form sub-grains with a similar crystallographic orientation. Wrought stainless steel 316L has an initial equiaxed and one-phase structure, which is formed by austenite grains. The electron backscattered diffraction (EBSD) technique was used to illustrate changes in the microstructure of SS316L after it was subjected to dynamic loads, and it was revealed that for both samples, the grain refinement increases as the deformation rate increases. However, in the case of SS316L samples made by LENS, the share of low-angle boundaries (sub-grains) decreases, and the share of high-angle boundaries (grains of austenite) increases. Dynamically deformed wrought SS316L is characterized by the reverse trend: a decrease in the share of high-angle boundaries and an increase in the share of low-angle boundaries. Moreover, additively manufactured SS316L is characterized by lower plastic flow stresses compared with hot-forged steel, which is caused by the finer microstructure of wrought samples relative to that of additive samples. In the case of additively manufactured 316L steel samples subjected to a dynamic load, plastic deformation occurs predominantly through dislocation slip, in contrast to the wrought samples, in which the dominant mechanism of deformation is twinning, which is favored by a high deformation speed and low stacking fault energy (SFE) for austenite.

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Belyakov, Andrey, Kaneaki Tsuzaki, Yoshisato Kimura, and Yoshinao Mishima. "Recovery in 15%Cr Ferritic Stainless Steel after Large Strain Deformation." Materials Science Forum 558-559 (October 2007): 119–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.558-559.119.

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15%Cr ferritic stainless steel was machined in rectangular samples and then processed by multiple forging to a total cumulative strain of 7.2 at an ambient temperature. The large strain deformation resulted in almost equiaxed submicrocrystalline structure with a mean grain/subgrain size of 230 nm and about 2.2×1014 m-2 dislocation density in grain/subgrain interiors. The annealing at a relatively low temperature of 500oC did not lead to any discontinuous recrystallizations. The grain/subgrain size and the interior dislocation density slightly changed to 240 nm and 2.1×1014 m-2, respectively, after annealing for 30 min, while the Vickers hardness decreased from 3140 MPa in the as-processed state to 2900 MPa. This annealing softening was attributed to remarkable release (by 50%) of internal stresses, which are associated with a non-equilibrium character of strain-induced grain/subgrain boundaries.

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Karlsson, Patrik, Anders Gåård, Pavel Krakhmalev, and Johanna Berhe-Larsson. "Influence of Tool Steel Hard Phase Orientation and Shape on Galling." Advanced Materials Research 966-967 (June 2014): 249–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.966-967.249.

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Conventionally manufactured cold work tool steel is often used in sheet metal forming as die material. Due to the forging process, the as-cast network structure of carbides is broken into elongated particles. Depending on the tool cross-section, the orientation and shape of carbides in the active tool surface is different. In the present research, the influence of tool steel hard phase orientation and shape on galling was investigated. D2 type tool steel was cut in three different orientations and tested in lubricated sliding conditions against AISI 304 austenitic stainless steel. Tests were performed using a Slider-On-Flat-Surface and galling was detected by changes in friction and post-test microscopy. The lubricant was Castrol FST8 using 5 g/m2 sheet material. Results showed a strong correlation between sliding distance to galling and tool steel hard phase orientation and shape at low loads, whereas high load contact resulted in early galling in all cases. Material transfer was observed mainly to the tool steel matrix. The worst performance was observed for specimens cut so that the tool steel hard phase, M7C3 carbides in the D2 steel, were oriented along the sliding direction, which resulted in longer open tool matrix areas contacting the sheet material.

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Tikhonova, Marina, Andrey Belyakov, and Rustam Kaibyshev. "Static Grain Growth in an Austenitic Stainless Steel Subjected to Intense Plastic Straining." Materials Science Forum 783-786 (May 2014): 1021–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.783-786.1021.

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The post-dynamic recrystallization of an ultrafine grained 304-type austenitic stainless steel was studied during annealing at 800 and 1000°C for 7.5 to 480 minutes. The initial ultrafine grained microstructures have been developed by continuous dynamic recrystallization during isothermal multidirectional forging to a total strain of ∼4 at temperatures ranging from 500 to 800°C. The post-dynamic recrystallization involves a rapid softening at early stage of annealing followed by a sluggish decrease of hardness upon further annealing. A transient recrystallization at early annealing stage results in somewhat heterogeneous microstructures in the samples subjected to previous deformation at relatively low temperatures of 500-600°C. This structural heterogeneity disappears with increasing the annealing time. Commonly, the post-dynamic recrystallization behavior can be considered as a kind of continuous recrystallization.

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Byun, Jong Bok, Hyun Joon Lee, Jong Bok Park, Il Dong Seo, and Man Soo Joun. "Fully Coupled Finite Element Analysis of an Automatic Multi-Stage Cold Forging Process." Solid State Phenomena 311 (October 2020): 88–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.311.88.

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In this paper, non-isothermal analysis of an automatic multi-stage cold forging process of a ball-stud is conducted using a new material model which is a closed form function of strain, temperature and strain rate covering low and warm temperatures for high-strength stainless steel SUS304. An assembled die structural analysis scheme is employed for revealing the detailed die stresses, which is of great importance for process and die design for metal forming of the materials with high strengths. Die elastic deformation is dealt with to predict final geometries of material with higher accuracy. A complete analysis model is proposed to be used for optimal design of process and die designs in automatic multi-stage cold forging of high-strength materials.

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Wang, Zhenhua, Wenyuan Ma, and Chengming Wang. "Effect of Strain Rate on Hot Ductility of a Duplex Stainless Steel." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2019 (August 5, 2019): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/6810326.

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Duplex stainless steels (DSSs) often have bad hot workability. In this study, specimens of 2205 DSS were hot tensioned over a strain rate range from 0.005 s–1 to 50 s–1 to examine the hot ductility. The crack morphology was observed, and the dependence of hot ductility on the strain rate was analyzed. From 0.005 s–1 to 0.5 s–1, both the total elongation and the reduction in area increased with the strain rate. The reduction in area exhibited a small decrease when the strain rate was greater than 0.5 s–1. More than 85% of cracks formed between the ferrite and austenite, and no less than 70% of crack tips propagated between the ferrite and austenite. When the strain rate was increased from 0.005 s–1 to 0.5 s–1, dynamic recrystallization was promoted in the austenite, and the number fraction of low-angle grain boundaries in the ferrite was improved. The higher strain rate reduced the difference between ferrite and austenite in hardness, which improved the hot ductility. For 2205 DDS, the suggested strain rate is 0.5 s–1 and above to avoid surface and edge cracking during hot forging or hot rolling. The findings will be of value for the understanding of hot ductility of DSSs and other dual-phase alloys.

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Xie, Gan-lin, An He, Hai-long Zhang, Gen-qi Wang, and Xi-tao Wang. "A physically based dynamic recrystallization model considering orientation effects for a nitrogen alloyed ultralow carbon stainless steel during hot forging." Journal of Iron and Steel Research International 23, no. 4 (April 2016): 364–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1006-706x(16)30058-9.

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Lin, Yu Ting, Jing Hui Wang, Chih Hao Lin, Tseng Jen Cheng, and Chien Fa Huang. "Development of Precision Flange Forming Die for Sheet Metal." Key Engineering Materials 626 (August 2014): 27–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.626.27.

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With the rapid development of mechanical manufacturing technology and numerous demands of different technique products and the applied industry, commercial products trend miniature and precision. In order to satisfy the demands of miniature and precision components, the precision forming technology which takes advantages of high mass production, low costs and stable quality is proposed. This paper develops the precision flange forming die for sheet metal. In the paper, the SUS304 stainless steel was adopted to enhance the structural rigidity. The hollow flange sheet is manufactured by precision forming processes. The forming height, the sheet thickness and the other geometry parameters are considered and the technologies of hole-flanging forming, pressing and forging are applied in this study. The CAE (Computer-Aid Engineering) simulation tool is adopted as a reference to analyze the feasibility of the proposed forming processes. Both simulated and manufactured results show that the proposed precision forming technique can be a reliable process for the production of precision hollow flange sheet.

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Lijewski, M., V. Leshynsky, H. Wisniewska-Weinert, J. Sulej-Chojnacka, and T. Rybak. "Iron and Bronze Powdered Based Materials for Bearings with Surface Modified with Solid Lubricant Nanoparticles." Archives of Metallurgy and Materials 59, no. 1 (March 1, 2014): 253–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/amm-2014-0041.

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Abstract In the recent years, a growth of demand for various types of self-lubricating elements of machines has been observed. A lot of parts are manufactured with the use of a powder metallurgy method. The Metal Forming Institute (INOP) in Poznan developed a modern technology, designed and made a tool for compaction of powdered parts with complex shapes and high density. The technology is being realised with a large scale equipment, which performs the forging and sizing of the sintered performs. The present work describes development of manufacturing technology and determination of mechanical and tribological properties of nanocomposites for self-lubricating bearings with a very low friction coefficient. It is envisaged to use particulate materials which consist of nano-and microparticles of solid lubricant. The study conducted aims at definition of a relationship between the microstructure and tribological properties of materials modified with solid lubricant MoS2 nanoparticles dispersed in a technological oil. INOP’s technology of nanoparticles manufacturing by RCT method (Rolling Cleavage Technology) results in that top layer of the porous bearing is modified with the nanoparticles. These layers are characterised by a low friction coefficient and considerably longer period of use. It should be noted that the stainless steel and bronze powders materials used have a good corrosion resistance. Production of the sintered bearings will disseminate the market especially in automotive and aircraft industries.

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Ghali, Saeed. "Low carbon high nitrogen stainless steel." International Conference on Applied Mechanics and Mechanical Engineering 14, no. 14 (May 1, 2010): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.21608/amme.2010.37676.

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Ghali, Saeed N. "Low Carbon High Nitrogen Low Nickel Stainless Steel." steel research international 84, no. 5 (October 29, 2012): 450–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/srin.201200152.

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Ariyanto, Nugroho Pratomo, Andy Parulian Siregar, Hanifah Widiastuti, Wowo Rossbandrio, Aulia Fajrin, and Cahyo Budi Nugroho. "Pengujian Kekerasan dan Struktur Mikro Sambungan Low-Carbon Steel dan Austenitic Stainless Steel." Jurnal Teknologi dan Riset Terapan (JATRA) 4, no. 1 (June 30, 2022): 40–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.30871/jatra.v4i1.4111.

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Pengelasan antara stainless steel dan carbon steel rentan terhadap tegangan sisa karena perbedaan koefisien muai. Properti tahan karat dan properti mekanik sambungan juga dapat terpengaruh oleh sensitisasi stainless steel yang menghasilkan presipitasi chromium carbide dan difusi karbon pada daerah heat-affected zone carbon steel. Pengaruh post-weld heat treatment pada sambungan stainless steel 316 dan AISI 1018 dengan filler metal 309L terhadap kekerasan dan struktur mikro menjadi tujuan penelitian ini. Nilai kekerasan sambungan mengalami penurunan seiring dengan peningkatan temperatur post-weld heat treatment pada rentang 400-700℃. Struktur mikro heat affected zone juga berubah dengan dominasi butiran ferrite yang mengalami grain growth.

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SHINAGAWA, Kazunari, Takashi ISHIKAWA, and Yuzo HOSOI. "Compressive Flow Stress Characteristics of Carbon Steels and Stainless Steels during Cold Forging." Tetsu-to-Hagane 75, no. 11 (1989): 2067–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.2355/tetsutohagane1955.75.11_2067.

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Pinedo, Carlos Eduardo, and André Paulo Tschiptschin. "Low temperature plasma carburizing of AISI 316L austenitic stainless steel and AISI F51 duplex stainless steel." Rem: Revista Escola de Minas 66, no. 2 (June 2013): 209–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0370-44672013000200011.

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In this work an austenitic AISI 316L and a duplex AISI F51 (EN 1.4462) stainless steel were DC-Plasma carburized at 480ºC, using CH4 as carbon carrier gas. For the austenitic AISI 316L stainless steel, low temperature plasma carburizing induced a strong carbon supersaturation in the austenitic lattice and the formation of carbon expanded austenite (γC) without any precipitation of carbides. The hardness of the carburized AISI 316L steel reached a maximum of 1000 HV due to ∼13 at% carbon supersaturation and expansion of the FCC lattice. For the duplex stainless steel AISI F51, the austenitic grains transformed to carbon expanded austenite (γC), the ferritic grains transformed to carbon expanded ferrite (αC) and M23C6 type carbides precipitated in the nitrided case. Hardness of the carburized case of the F51 duplex steel reached 1600 HV due to the combined effects of austenite and ferrite lattice expansion with a fine and dispersed precipitation of M23C6 carbides.

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Barannikova, Svetlana, and Yulia Li. "Kinetics of deformation bands in a low-carbon steel – stainless steel bimetal." Metalurgija 60, no. 1-2 (November 2020): 59–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.31044/0543-5846-2021-60-59-62.

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Kolařík, Ladislav, Miroslav Sahul, Marie Kolaříková, Martin Sahul, and Milan Turňa. "Resistance Spot Welding of Low Carbon Steel to Austenitic CrNi Stainless Steel." Advanced Materials Research 875-877 (February 2014): 1499–502. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.875-877.1499.

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The contribution deals with resistance spot welding of low carbon steel to austenitic CrNi stainless steel. The thickness of welded dissimilar steels was 2 mm. DeltaSpot welding gun with process tape was utilized for welding of the above-mentioned combination of steels. Resistance spot welds were produced under different welding currents. The welding currents used were 7 kA, 7.5 kA and 8 kA, respectively. Optical microscopy, microhardness measurement across the weld joint and EDX analysis across the weld joint interface were used to evaluate the quality of resistance spot welds of dissimilar steels.

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Nip, K. H., L. Gardner, C. M. Davies, and A. Y. Elghazouli. "Extremely low cycle fatigue tests on structural carbon steel and stainless steel." Journal of Constructional Steel Research 66, no. 1 (January 2010): 96–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcsr.2009.08.004.

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Karvats'kii, L. M., R. K. Melekhov, G. V. Chumalo, and V. V. Shvets'. "The scope for replacing stainless-steel valve bodies by low-carbon steel." Soviet Materials Science 27, no. 6 (1992): 607–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00732116.

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30

Govardhan, D., A. C. S. Kumar, K. G. K. Murti, and G. Madhusudhan Reddy. "Characterization of austenitic stainless steel friction surfaced deposit over low carbon steel." Materials & Design (1980-2015) 36 (April 2012): 206–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2011.07.040.

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31

Soleymani, V., and B. Eghbali. "Grain Refinement in a Low Carbon Steel Through Multidirectional Forging." Journal of Iron and Steel Research International 19, no. 10 (October 2012): 74–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1006-706x(12)60155-1.

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32

Ollilainen, V., and E. Hocksell. "New Low-Carbon Steel for Hot, Warm, or Cold Forging." Advanced Engineering Materials 2, no. 5 (May 2000): 261–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1527-2648(200005)2:5<261::aid-adem261>3.0.co;2-9.

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33

Hu, Dao Chun, and Lei Wang. "Cold Forging Process Analysis and Precision Progressive Die for Cam of Low-Carbon Steel." Applied Mechanics and Materials 44-47 (December 2010): 2733–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.44-47.2733.

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This paper analyzes the forming process methods of cam in CPU socket to control its open and close. The whole process is pierce, notch, the first forging forming, the second pierce(the second pilot hole), the second forging forming(sizing), impact forging forming, and trimming. The punch shape design of the first forging forming is simulated by finite element analysis. The optimized punch profile radius 0.50mm and punch size Φ10.60mm are available. Cold forging of precision progressive die is put forward. The second pierce pilot hole that newly designed is applied, which relief the deformation of pilot holes caused by severe metal flow. Compared with the traditional single operation dies, the precision progressive die based on cold forging process were proved through the practical production to be high economical efficiency, which could be the references for developing the cold forging process of producing the similar produsts.

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34

Silveira, Antonio Carlos de Figueiredo, William Lemos Bevilaqua, Vinicius Waechter Dias, Pedro José de Castro, Jeremy Epp, and Alexandre da Silva Rocha. "Influence of Hot Forging Parameters on a Low Carbon Continuous Cooling Bainitic Steel Microstructure." Metals 10, no. 5 (May 6, 2020): 601. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met10050601.

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Thermomechanical processing of low carbon bainitic steels is used to obtain a bainitic microstructure with good strength and toughness by continuous cooling after forging without the need of further heat treating, hence reducing manufacturing costs. However, hot forging parameters can significantly influence the microstructure in the forged material. A series of heat treating and forging experiments was carried out to analyze the effect of austenitizing time and temperature on the grain growth and the effect of forging temperature on the Prior Austenite Grain Size (PAGS) and continuously cooled microstructure. The forged microstructures were characterized by optical microscopy, microhardness tests, and X-ray diffraction. The results indicate that at 1200 °C austenitizing temperature abnormal grain growth takes place. Forging temperature significantly affects the PAGS and the subsequently formed microstructure. At high forging temperature (1200 °C), an almost fully bainitic microstructure was obtained. As the forging temperature was reduced to 1100 and 1000 °C, the PAGS refined, while the polygonal ferrite faction increased and the amount of retained austenite decreased. Further evaluations showed that a decrease in the forging temperature results in a higher carbon concentration in solution in the retained austenite leading to a stabilization effect.

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35

Duan, Zhen Kai, and Rui Wang. "Research of the Stainless Steel-Concrete-Carbon Steel Circular Concrete-Filled Double Skin Steel Tubes under Axial Compression." Advanced Materials Research 1065-1069 (December 2014): 1349–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1065-1069.1349.

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Concrete-Filled Steel Tube with high capacity, good ductility and toughness, convenient construction, good fire resistance and other advantages. Currently[1] . Concrete-Filled Steel Tube structure has been widely used in the basic components and the overall structure of behavioral research has made many achievements. There are many advantages of concrete pipe above, but it also has fatal flaws, Stainless steel steel that is the difference[2]. The stainless steel has a beautiful appearance, durability, corrosion resistance, low maintenance costs, good fire resistance and other advantages. New stainless steel pipe concrete structure has both ordinary steel concrete good mechanical properties and excellent durability of stainless steel, can be widely used in buildings and bridges of the marine environment as well as some of the high durability and aesthetic requirements important building structures. Based on the outer stainless steel hollow sandwich - the carbon steel pipe shaft of light pressure test concrete results of load and displacement of the structure, variation of load and strain, and the impact of the empty heart of these parameters.

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TANAKA, Tsuneshichi, Yusuke FUKUCHI, and Masashi TERAYAMA. "Fatigue Crack Propagation Behaviors of Multilayered Low Carbon Steel-stainless Steel Composite Plates." Bulletin of JSME 29, no. 250 (1986): 1081–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsme1958.29.1081.

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37

Yang, Tung Sheng, Chun Wang, Li Xiu Liu, and Shuen Huei Yao. "Servo Forging Technology and Mold Development of the Pulley of AISI-1010 Low Carbon Steel." Materials Science Forum 917 (March 2018): 257–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.917.257.

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Aimed at AISI-1010 low carbon steel pulley components, a finite element method-based metal forming simulation software of DEFORM 3D was used to simulate and analyze the near net forging process for the low carbon steel pulley, and to design forging molds. This technology was used in the pulley tooth forging in conjunction with the servo press-based servo motion curve technology. First, the cold forging process of the pulley preform forging and the near net forging were simulated. Also, the applications of the pulse wave servo motion curve in the pulley tooth forging was simulated, which was compared with the traditional motion curve-based forging forming, where the comparisons focused on the maximum forming force and maximum equivalent stress. The results indicated that the maximum forming force and the maximum equivalent stress of the punch caused by the pulse wave servo motion curve was smaller than caused by the traditional motion curve.

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38

Agilan, M., T. Venkateswran, D. Sivakumar, and Bhanu Pant. "Plasma Ion Nitriding of Low Carbon Stainless Maraging Steel." Materials Science Forum 830-831 (September 2015): 675–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.830-831.675.

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Low carbon stainless maraging steel (0.03%C-12%Cr-10Ni-0.6Mo-0.2Ti) is being used widely for various components of the aerospace engines. To improve the wear resistance of the steel various surface hardening processes are being utilized to improve the surface hardness above 900HV. In this present research, plasma nitriding was carried out at two different temperatures of 450 °C and 475 °C for the holding duration of 10 hrs. Temperature of the nitrding process was ensured below the ageing temperature (500 °C) of the steel to avoid lowering of mechanical properties. Effect of plasma nitriding parameters on the surface hardness, case depth, microstructure and phases present in the nitrided layer were investigated in detail using microhardness analysis across the nitrided layer, X-ray diffraction (XRD), optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). It was observed that increase in nitriding temperature increased the surface hardness and case depth. In addition, the presence of Fe3N and Fe4N phases in the nitrided layer were observed using X-ray diffraction technique.

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39

Pound, BG, MH Abdurrahman, MP Glucina, GA Wright, and RM Sharp. "The Corrosion of Carbon Steel and Stainless Steel in Simulated Geothermal Media." Australian Journal of Chemistry 38, no. 8 (1985): 1133. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ch9851133.

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The corrosion rates of low-carbon steel, and 304, 316 and 410/420 stainless steels in simulated geothermal media containing hydrogen sulfide have been measured by means of the polarization resistance technique. Good agreement was found between weight-loss and polarization resistance measurements of the corrosion rate for all the metals tested. Carbon steel formed a non-adherent film of mackinawite (Fe1 + xS). The lack of protection afforded to the steel by the film resulted in an approximately constant corrosion rate. The stainless steels also exhibited corrosion rates that were independent of time. However, the 410 and 420 alloys formed an adherent film consisting mainly of troilite ( FeS ) which provided only limited passivity. In contrast, the 304 and 316 alloys appeared to be essentially protected by a passive film which did not seem to involve an iron sulfide phase. However, all the stainless steels, particularly the 410 and 420 alloys, showed pitting, which indicated that some breakdown of the passive films occurred.

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40

An, Lin Chao, and Xue Li Cheng. "Study on the Strain Hardening Exponent N under the Ultrasonic Action and Establishment of Constitutive Equation." Key Engineering Materials 621 (August 2014): 82–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.621.82.

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The relationship between N and strain hardening exponent curve are obtained by the tensile test of the stainless steel, low carbon steel, medium manganese steel under the ultrasonic action, it is concluded that hardening exponent n of low carbon steel is constant; Hardening exponent N stainless steel has a certain relation with the strain, show the parabolic variation; Strain index N and strain of high manganese steel is linear change. Establish the constitutive equation of low carbon steel under normal and ultrasonic frequency, This equation provides a theoretical basis for the tensile test of low carbon steel, provided with guiding significance and reference value for the application of low carbon steel in engineering practice.

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41

Zhao, Yang, Jiahao Zheng, Liqing Chen, and Xianghua Liu. "Static Recrystallization Behavior of Low-Carbon Nb-V-Microalloyed Forging Steel." Metals 12, no. 10 (October 17, 2022): 1745. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met12101745.

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Static recrystallization is a method of tailoring the microstructure and mechanical properties of steels, which is important for microalloyed forging steels as the hot deformation process significantly affects their mechanical properties. In this paper, the static recrystallization behavior of a low-carbon Nb-V-microalloyed forging steel was investigated by double-pass hot compression tests at deformation temperature of 800–1100 °C and interruption time of 1–1000 s. The static recrystallization fractions were determined using the 2% offset method. The static recrystallization activation energy and the static recrystallization critical temperature (SRCT) of the experimental steel were determined. When the deformation temperature was higher than the SRCT, the recrystallization fraction curve conformed to the Avrami equation. When the deformation temperature was below the SRCT, the recrystallization curve appeared to plateau, which was caused by strain-induced precipitation. Before and after the plateau, the static recrystallization kinetics still obeyed the Avrami equation.

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42

Nguyen, Tien Duong. "Residual Stress and Deformation of Butt-Welded Joint of Low Carbon Steel to Stainless Steel." Journal of Science and Technology - Technical Universities 30.7, no. 146 (November 2020): 6–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.51316/30.7.2.

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This paper investigates and determines residual stress and deformation of butt welded joint between two plates of low carbon steel and stainless steel. Based on the theoretical basis of the virtual force method [1-3], this study has constructed the formulas to calculate the residual stress and deformation in fusion welding of two dissimilar materials for butt joint and single-pass weld. The residual stresses and deformations in the butt-welded joint of two plates of 5 mm thickness, beveled edge, single-pass weld between low carbon steel and stainless steel are determined and compared to show the difference of residual stress and deformation in each plate. These results are also compared with the butt welded joint of two low carbon steel plates.

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43

Li, Zhuang. "Controlled rolling and cooling process for low carbon cold forging steel." Journal of Wuhan University of Technology-Mater. Sci. Ed. 25, no. 1 (February 2010): 89–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11595-010-1089-5.

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44

de Visser-Týnová, Eva, Stephen W. Swanton, Stephen J. Williams, Marcel P. Stijkel, Alison J. Walker, and Robert L. Otlet. "14C release from irradiated stainless steel." Radiocarbon 60, no. 6 (November 22, 2018): 1671–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/rdc.2018.134.

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ABSTRACTRadiocarbon (14C or carbon-14, half-life 5730 yr) is a key radionuclide in the assessment of the safety of a geological disposal facility (GDF) for radioactive waste. In particular, the radiological impact of gaseous carbon-14 bearing species has been recognized as a potential issue. Irradiated steels are one of the main sources of carbon-14 in the United Kingdom’s radioactive waste inventory. However, there is considerable uncertainty about the chemical form(s) in which the carbon-14 will be released. The objective of the work was to measure the rate and speciation of carbon-14 release from irradiated 316L(N) stainless steel on leaching under high-pH anoxic conditions, representative of a cement-based near field for low-heat generating wastes. Periodic measurements of carbon-14 releases to both the gas phase and to solution were made in duplicate experiments over a period of up to 417 days. An initial fast release of carbon-14 from the surface of the steel is observed during the first week of leaching, followed by a drop in the rate of release at longer times. Carbon-14 is released primarily to the solution phase with differing fractions released to the gas phase in the two experiments: about 1% of the total release in one and 6% in the other. The predominant dissolved carbon-14 releases are in inorganic form (as 14C-carbonate) but also include organic species. The predominant gas-phase species are hydrocarbons with a smaller fraction of 14CO (which may include some volatile oxygen-containing carbon-species). The experiments are continuing, with final sampling and termination planned after leaching for a total of two years.

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45

Mahmood, Nawzad J., Ahmed A. Hussein, Aysha Sh Hasan, and Obed M. Ali. "Comparative Study on the Elongation of Low-Carbon Steel and Stainless Steel at Different Creep Temperatures." Annales de Chimie - Science des Matériaux 46, no. 5 (December 14, 2022): 247–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.18280/acsm.460503.

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Creep at high temperature leads to gradual deformation under constant loads. In this paper, a comparative study of the fatigue effect of stainless steel and low carbon steel was made, whereby each sample had a constant weight of 24 kg and the experiments on elongation were performed at temperatures 660℃, 700℃, and 740℃ at a constant time of 10 minutes for each experiment. It was found that the highest elongation rate found to be 0.76% for stainless steel metal at a temperature of 740℃. On the other hand, the amount of elongation for low-carbon steel metal at the same temperature found to be 1.9%. This difference in the amount of elongation observed due to the difference in the microstructure of the two metals. The hardness test showed that the maximum value for stainless steel specimens found to be 225 BHN at 660℃, while for low carbon steel specimens 106BHN at 660℃.

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46

Hashimito, Yoshio, Kaname Hasuka, Shigeru Minamino, and Kazumitsu Shinohara. "Development of a New Low Carbon Low Alloy Steel Suited to be Clad with Stainless Steel." ISIJ International 31, no. 7 (1991): 706–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.2355/isijinternational.31.706.

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47

Caligulu, Ugur, Mustafa Taskin, Haluk Kejanli, and Ayhan Orhan. "Interface characterization of CO2 laser welded austenitic stainless steel and low carbon steel couple." Industrial Lubrication and Tribology 64, no. 4 (June 15, 2012): 196–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/00368791211232744.

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48

Ohkawa, Chie, and Isao Ohkawa. "Notch effect on torsional fatigue of austenitic stainless steel: Comparison with low carbon steel." Engineering Fracture Mechanics 78, no. 8 (May 2011): 1577–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.engfracmech.2011.01.015.

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49

Nam, Dae Geun, Chang Yong Choi, Jae Ho Jang, Young Do Park, and Nam Hyun Kang. "PEM Fuel Cell Separator with Thermally Nitrided Low Carbon Steel." Materials Science Forum 654-656 (June 2010): 1823–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.654-656.1823.

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The separator is one of the most important parts in PEM fuel cells. Stainless steels are widely used as separator for its good mechanical properties and mass production. However, for a good chemical compatibility, stainless steels need to have high chromium content or surface treatment, which makes separator high cost. Low cost of separator is important for commercial use. In this study, conventional low carbon steel is used as base metal of separator. Low carbon steel is low at cost, but has poor chemical properties for separator. For a good corrosion resistance, low carbon steel needs to be surface treated. To make a uniform surface treated layer on low carbon steel, chromium is conventionally electroplated on the steel and thermally nitrided. Surface treated low carbon steel is investigated using microstructure and element analysis tools. Interfacial contact resistance and polarization test is applied for the properties of fuel cell separator. The results show that chromium nitrided layer uniformly formed on low carbon steel. And the surface treated steel showed a good corrosion resistance as a separator.

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Khdir, Younis K., Salim A. Kako, and Ramadhan H. Gardi. "Study of Welding Dissimilar Metals – Low-carbon Steel AISI 1018 and Austenitic Stainless Steel AISI 304." Polytechnic Journal 10, no. 1 (June 30, 2020): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.25156/ptj.v10n1y2020.pp1-5.

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The aim of this study is to investigate the influence of different heat inputs on mechanical properties and microstructure of dissimilar electrical arc welded austenitic stainless steel AISI 304 and low-carbon steel (CS) joints. The mechanical properties of welded austenitic stainless steel type AISI 304 and low-CS are studied. Five different heat inputs 0.5, 0.9, 1.41, 2, and 2.5 KJ/min were applied to investigate the microstructure of the welded zone and mechanical properties. The results showed that the efficiency of the joints and tensile strength increased with increasing heat inputs, while excess heat input reduces the efficiency. Furthermore, changes in microstructure with excess heat input cause failure at the heat-affected zone.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Forging, Low-carbon steel, Stainless steel'

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