Relevant bibliographies by topics / Fork lightning

Contents

  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Fork lightning'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 5 June 2025
Last updated: 1 August 2025

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Journal articles on the topic "Fork lightning"

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N., Asrina Ramlee, A. Ahmad N., A. Baharudin Z., and R. Mohamed A. "High-Speed video observations on fork lightning events in Malaysia." Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 19, no. 3 (2022): 1620–25. https://doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v19.i3.pp1620-1625.

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Malaysia is one of the countries with the highest lightning strikes incidence in the world. Yet, Malaysians are still taking a proper lightning protection indifferent manner. This might be due to lack of knowledge on lightning characteristics. Therefore, this study presents an unusual lightning phenomenon with multiple grounding points that might cause a disastrous event, called fork lightning. Three different patterns of fork lightning mechanism were successfully recorded by using high speed camera with 2800 frame per second. Temporal analysis of the lightning progress had been conducted on t
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Ramlee, Nor Asrina Binti, N. A. Ahmad, Z. A. Baharudin, and A. R. Mohamed. "High-speed video observations on fork lightning events in Malaysia." Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 19, no. 3 (2020): 1620. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v19.i3.pp1620-1625.

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Malaysia is one of the countries with the highest lightning strikes incidence in the world. Yet, Malaysians are still taking a proper lightning protection indifferent manner. This might be due to lack of knowledge on lightning characteristics in Malaysia. Therefore, this study presents an unusual lightning phenomenon with multiple grounding points that might cause a disastrous event, called fork lightning. Between November and December 2018, there were three different patterns of fork lightning mechanism successfully recorded by using high speed camera with 2800 frame per second. Temporal anal
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Gao, Wang, Shi, Wu, and Takagi. "Characterization of Multitermination CG Flashes Using a 3D Lightning Mapping System (FALMA)." Atmosphere 10, no. 10 (2019): 625. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos10100625.

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We characterized 205 multiple-termination negative cloud-to-ground (CG) lightning flashes that were imaged by the Fast Antenna Lightning Mapping Array (FALMA) in Japan during the summer of 2017. The parameters we used included termination number, termination distance, fork height, return stroke (RS) number, the interval between the first RS of each termination, the shortest time difference between the strokes at different terminations, and the first RS intensities separated by termination occurrence orders. It was found that the multiple-termination flashes (MTFs) had a termination number rang
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Kohler, Michelle. "The Apparatus of the Dark: Emily Dickinson and the Epistemology of Metaphor." Nineteenth-Century Literature 67, no. 1 (2012): 58–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/ncl.2012.67.1.58.

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This essay argues that Emily Dickinson’s poetry intervenes in the broad cultural assessment of epistemology provoked by the evolutionary debates of the 1860s. While scholars have begun to explore the thematic correspondences between Dickinson’s poetry and some aspects of this cultural conversation, this essay examines the ways in which her intervention occurs at the level of poetic form and is in fact profoundly dependent upon form. Specifically, it analyzes a set of her poems from the early 1860s through the early 1870s in which she uses the dual structure of metaphor to elicit a way of think
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Larsen, Guðrún, Maria H. Janebo, and Magnús Tumi Gudmundsson. "The explosive basaltic Katla eruption in 1918, south Iceland I: Course of events, tephra fall and flood routes." Jökull 71, no. 71 (2021): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.33799/jokull2021.71.001.

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The 23-day long eruption of the ice-covered Katla volcano in 1918 began on October 12 and was over by November 4. Seismicity preceding and accompanying the onset had already started by 11:30 on October 12, while the eruption broke through the glacier around 3 PM. The plume rose to 14–15 km on the first day. The eruption caused widespread tephra fall, accompanied by lightning and thunder. Tephra fall from the intense first phase (October 12–14) was reported from Höfn, 200 km east of Katla, Reykjavík, 150 km to the west and Akureyri, 240 km to the north. The initial phase was followed by more sp
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Laux, Monika, Hailiang Lv, Martin H. Entling, et al. "Native pedunculate oaks support more biodiversity than non-native oaks, but non-native oaks are healthier than native oaks: A study on street and park trees of a city." Science of The Total Environment 853 (June 7, 2022): 158603. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14818163.

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(Uploaded by Plazi for the Bat Literature Project) Trees in cities provide multiple ecosystem services. However, simultaneously ensuring healthy trees with high habitat diversity can be challenging in a harsh urban environment. We compared health, microhabitats, and bat activities between native (Quercus robur L.) and non-native (Quercus rubra L.) oaks growing in different urban habitats (street vs. park) in Karlsruhe, southwestern Germany. We randomly selected 167 oak trees with a diameter at breast height (DBH) >20 cm across the city from Urban Tree Registrar. We performed tree health ass
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Radovanovic, Milan, Vesna Marjanovic, and Nedeljko Todorovic. "Thunder and lightning in folk beliefs in Belgrade and its surroundings." Zbornik Matice srpske za drustvene nauke, no. 149 (2014): 929–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/zmsdn1449929r.

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Transmission of folk traditions and beliefs related to lightning strikes, the appearance of lightning, lightning in the sky, etc., as far as we know, has not been noted in our literature in terms of foundation on the real, observed data. In order to determine how much the traditions related to the mentioned phenomena are based on the reasonable grounds, the analysis of the occurrence of thunder and lightning was carried out for the period 1975-2009 for the Meteorological Observatory in Belgrade. The results should be taken conditionally, because the relatively limited space they refer to, as w
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Keul, Alexander G., Maria M. Freller, Romana Himmelbauer, Bettina Holzer, and Barbara Isak. "Lightning Knowledge and Folk Beliefs in Austria." Journal of Lightning Research 1, no. 1 (2009): 28–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1652803400901010028.

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Wang, Ying, Wei He, Zhen Zhu Zhou, and Chun Dan Zhu. "Analysis on the Lightning Current Model." Advanced Materials Research 588-589 (November 2012): 450–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.588-589.450.

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Through the analysis of characteristic of lightning currents, this paper expounded the lightning current wave-form and the primary parameters of it. The previous lightning current models contain only two parameters, wave tail time constant and the peak current value, which is imperfection. In order to solve this problem, a new lightning current model with the additional parameters such as lightning channel radius and velocity of the return stroke was proposed. On the basis of lightning current parameters and wave-form characteristic, we compared the new lightning current model with the double
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Guo, Silin, Zhongpeng Li, Chuliang Zhou, and Ye Tian. "Proposal for experimentally observing expectant ball lightning." Chinese Optics Letters 19, no. 8 (2021): 083201. http://dx.doi.org/10.3788/col202119.083201.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Fork lightning"

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Constable, Michael. "Design guidelines for lightning protection of PV systems." Thesis, Constable, Michael (2013) Design guidelines for lightning protection of PV systems. Other thesis, Murdoch University, 2013. https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/21669/.

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Lightning is a powerful and potentially destructive force of nature; failure to include appropriate measures in the design and construction of buildings can have severe consequences. The electrical and physical forces released during a lightning strike can result in serious damage to structures, electrical infrastructure and the sensitive electronic components used in computers, media devices and electronic systems that have become crucial to the modern existence. Developments in electronics technology have resulted in the increased proliferation of PV systems and devices that incorporate
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Muller, Eric C. "Climate analysis of lightning launch commit criteria for Kennedy Space Center and Cape Canaveral Air Force Station." Thesis, Monterey, California : Naval Postgraduate School, 2010. http://edocs.nps.edu/npspubs/scholarly/theses/2010/Mar/10Mar%5FMuller.pdf.

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Thesis (M.S. in Meteorology)--Naval Postgraduate School, March 2010.<br>Thesis Advisor(s): Murphree, Tom ; Jordan, Mary S. "March 2010." Description based on title screen as viewed on April 23, 2010. Author(s) subject terms: Cape Canaveral Air Force Station, Climate Analysis, Climate Variations, Climatology, Kennedy Space Center, Lightning Launch Commit Criteria, Lightning Probability, Long-range Forecasting, National Lightning Detection Network, Reanalysis, Space Vehicle Launch, Teleconnections, Triggered Lightning Includes bibliographical references (p. 103-109). Also available in print.
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Lo, Pape Momar. "A simplified model for lightning exposure of wind turbines." Thesis, McGill University, 2009. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=40787.

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Reliability requirements of wind turbines become more important as the share of wind energy in the global energy balance continues to grow. Lightning protection of wind turbines has therefore become an issue of great importance considering the location and size of modern wind turbines. Analysis of lightning performance of wind turbines includes both lightning exposure and lightning response once a turbine is actually struck. In Chapter 1, lightning exposure and protection of wind turbines is introduced from a technical and field point of view, and common methods of analysis are mentioned.
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Mata, Angel G. "Interaction of lightning with power distribution lines 2001 and 2002 experiments at the international center for lightning research and testing (iclrt) /." [Gainesville, Fla.] : University of Florida, 2003. http://purl.fcla.edu/fcla/etd/UFE0001141.

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Liu, Zhongjian. "Investigation of low frequency electromagnetic waves for long-range lightning location." Thesis, University of Bath, 2017. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.760951.

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Lightning is the strongest natural electromagnetic radiation source, emitting electromagnetic energy in the frequency range from ~4 Hz to ~300 MHz or more. The location of lightning is calculated based on the received electromagnetic waves. The received electromagnetic waves, or lightning sferics, propagate from the lightning radiation source to the receiver along the ground path and reflections by the ionosphere named sky waves. Particularly for a long-baseline (>400 km) lightning receiver array, the received electromagnetic waves are usually a mixture of the ground wave and sky waves, which
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Mastrolembo, Giuseppe. "Understanding and optimising parameters for lightning strike testing of CFRP materials." Thesis, Cardiff University, 2017. http://orca.cf.ac.uk/113125/.

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In this thesis experimental tests and numerical simulations were carried out on the effects of the grounding system on CFRP test samples for the aerospace industry. The grounding system was assessed as one of the parts that can contribute to increasing the cost effectiveness of the sample and the relative test campaign. A numerical investigation was performed to understand the current distribution within anisotropic CFRP laminates. The influence of the grounding system and the interlaminar impedance on the current distribution were studied using parametric simulations and the results were comp
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Krämer, Sebastian Gerhard Maxim. "Ferrimagnetic fiber optic sensor system for lightning detection on wind turbines." Aachen Shaker, 2008. http://d-nb.info/991820983/04.

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Sweers, G. James. "Methodology for the design assurance of aricraft lightning protection systems continued airworthiness." Thesis, Cranfield University, 2010. http://dspace.lib.cranfield.ac.uk/handle/1826/6455.

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This thesis describes a new approach to lightning protection components design by incorporating the use of multiple data sources, aircraft environmental threats models and component characteristics to determine if the component design meets the continued airworthiness requirements. This innovative aircraft lightning protection component design methodology examines critical component characteristics and evaluates these characteristics for long term survivability given known environmental design data. Use of in-service data, test data, material sciences and detailed component construction produc
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Wiid, P. Gideon. "Lightning protection and radio frequency interference mitigation for the Karoo Array Telescope." Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/4009.

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Thesis (PhD (Electrical and Electronic Engineering))--University of Stellenbosch, 2010.<br>ENGLISH ABSTRACT: South Africa and Australia are now the two remaining countries bidding for the Square Kilometre Array (SKA), the biggest and most sensitive project ever undertaken in radio astronomy. The South African SKA is demonstrating its technology capabilities through the Karoo Array Telescope (KAT or MeerKAT). The development of KAT is taking place in stages to optimise design and minimise risks at each stage. An array of seven 12 m antennas will be complete by the end of 2009, called KAT-
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Mouratidis, Theodore. "Aircraft charging using ion emission for lightning strike mitigation : an experimental study." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2019. https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/122708.

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Thesis: S.M., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2019<br>Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.<br>Includes bibliographical references (pages 96-97).<br>Lighting strikes are a problem for aircraft flying in large external electric fields. In most cases, the strike is triggered by the aircraft; as it flies through an electric field, it becomes polarized, and on areas with small radius of curvature, the electric field is magnified. This can result in bidirectional leaders which extend from opposite polarity aircraft extremities. These can connect to
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Books on the topic "Fork lightning"

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McTell, Ralph. Summer lightning: Autobiography, volume two. Amber Waves, 2002.

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Riordan, Rick. The lightning thief. Thorndike Press, 2005.

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Riordan, Rick. The lightning thief. Hyperion Books for Children, 2005.

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Riordan, Rick. The lightning thief. Miramax Books/Hyperion Books for Children, 2005.

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Terence, Rudolph, Electro Magnetic Applications Inc, Langley Research Center, and United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Scientific and Technical Information Division., eds. Interpretation of F106B and CV580 in-flight lightning data and form factor determination. National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Office of Management, Scientific and Technical Information Division, 1989.

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Crow, Sherry. Library lightning: A functional approach to library skills. Book Lures, Inc., 1990.

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Riordan, Rick. Percy Jackson and the Lightning Thief. Penguin, 2008.

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Riordan, Rick. The Percy Jackson and the Olympians, Book One: Lightning Thief Deluxe Edition. Hyperion Book CH, 2009.

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Gorbachev, Valeri. Catty Jane, who hated the rain. Boyds Mills Press, 2012.

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Sandler, Corey. Official Sega Genesis and Game Gear strategies, 3RD Edition. Bantam Books, 1992.

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Book chapters on the topic "Fork lightning"

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Rohli, Robert V., and Chunyan Li. "Lightning." In Meteorology for Coastal Scientists. Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-73093-2_25.

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Gustafson, Robert J., and and Mark T. Morgan. "LIGHTNING AND LIGHTNING PROTECTION." In Fundamentals of Electricity for Agriculture, 3rd Edition. American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/2013.17774.

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Boerner, Herbert. "The Search for Photographic Evidence." In Ball Lightning. Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-20783-0_3.

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Frydenlund, Marvin M. "Conducting Lightning Current." In Lightning Protection for People and Property. Springer US, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-6548-8_10.

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Frydenlund, Marvin M. "Lightning-Induced Surges." In Lightning Protection for People and Property. Springer US, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-6548-8_12.

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Frydenlund, Marvin M. "The Lightning Flash." In Lightning Protection for People and Property. Springer US, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-6548-8_4.

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Frydenlund, Marvin M. "Lightning Risk Assessment." In Lightning Protection for People and Property. Springer US, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-6548-8_7.

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Weinmeister, Philip. "Lightning Bolt for Communities." In Practical Guide to Salesforce Communities. Apress, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4842-3609-3_13.

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Frydenlund, Marvin M. "Lightning: Myth and Superstition." In Lightning Protection for People and Property. Springer US, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-6548-8_1.

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Frydenlund, Marvin M. "Lightning Fires and Destruction." In Lightning Protection for People and Property. Springer US, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-6548-8_6.

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Conference papers on the topic "Fork lightning"

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Pikas, Joseph (Joe), and William Shoaf. "Weather – Outside Force Threat “Lightning” to Pipelines and Coatings." In CORROSION 2010. NACE International, 2010. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2010-10058.

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Abstract Pipeline Hazardous Material Safety Administration (PHMSA) regulators require that pipelines with external coatings for which the threat of weather related conditions such as lightning can be assessed by External Corrosion Direct Assessment (ECDA), In Line Inspection (ILI), hydrostatic testing, or other methods to assure integrity of the pipeline system. Removing this particular threat of outside force by lightning is required but seldom accomplished. However, this threat which requires the need for sufficient historical data on number or density of lightning strikes, condition of coat
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Hendricks, Mark, Tobias Braun, Anshul Jain, and Samir Shankar. "Influences of Lighting Strikes on Pipelines." In CONFERENCE 2025. AMPP, 2025. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2025-00384.

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Since pipelines are widely distributed and highly net-worked, they are often influenced by interference voltages from various sources such as parallel high-voltage lines, traction power supply systems, earth fault currents and lightning effects. Lightning strikes pose a significant risk to pipelines that run both above and below ground. The extremely high temperatures and electrical currents generated by a lightning strike can cause structural damage to pipelines. This damage can lead to environmental pollution and significant economic losses. In addition, lightning strikes can compromise the
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Kokkinos, Nikolaos, Dimitriou Andreas, Charalambos A. Charalambous, Kioupis Nikolaos, and Manolis Theagenis. "AC and Transient Risk Assessment for Buried Pipelines." In CORROSION 2019. NACE International, 2019. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2019-13551.

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Abstract This paper provides a brief analysis on the cause of a reported gas leakage incident that happened on the high pressure Gas Transmission System of Greece. The conditions and scenarios investigated in the paper are limited to the impact of a direct lightning strike to some adjacent tree/bush or a direct lightning strike, over or near the respective pipeline branch, to the earth. The paper particularly discusses the conditions that have caused the reported incident and a dedicated risk assessment tool that is currently being developed. The risk assessment tool provides the probability t
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Liebscher, Andreas, Gregory Rizza, and Wudhidham Prachumsri. "Rotorcraft Fastener Electrical Contact Analysis for Optimal Carbon Fiber Composite Lightning Strike Protection." In Vertical Flight Society 73rd Annual Forum & Technology Display. The Vertical Flight Society, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4050/f-0073-2017-12158.

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In this paper we investigate the importance of electrical contact efficiency between fasteners and skin-level expanded metal mesh and how it influences lightning current energy transport. Since carbon fiber reinforced polymer composites (CFRPs) are electrically anisotropic and typically exhibit relatively low conductivities which are directionally distinct, aerospace manufacturers frequently use metallic foil layers or an expanded metal mesh on outer surfaces of composite structures for lightning strike protection. Due to irregular topology and associated micro-texture of machined holes in com
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Tachick, Henry, and Marvin Morris. "Gradient Control Mat Safety Considerations in Pipeline Applications." In CORROSION 2005. NACE International, 2005. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2005-05617.

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Abstract Gradient control mats are installed to protect workers from potentially hazardous voltages on a pipeline. Such voltages may be due to lightning and AC power system faults. The function of a gradient control mat is to limit the step potential between a worker’s feet to a safe voltage level while standing on the mat and to limit the touch potential to a safe voltage level while standing on the mat and touching an above ground section of pipeline. Potentials due to lightning are significantly more difficult to limit to safe levels than the potentials generated by power frequency faults,
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Gaugelhofer, Lucas, Jonas John, Manfred Hajek, and Likay Yavrucuk. "Lightning Strike Experiments and Their Direct Effects on Flax Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Panels for Rotorcraft Components." In Vertical Flight Society 80th Annual Forum & Technology Display. The Vertical Flight Society, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.4050/f-0080-2024-1307.

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This paper experimentally investigates direct effects of lightning strikes on flax fiber-reinforced polymers. Highcurrent artificial lightning strikes are conducted on coupon level to evaluate thermo-mechanical damage and to quantify the sufficiency of copper wire mesh as lightning strike protection (LSP). The dataset shall also serve for verification of prospected numerical simulation. The natural fiber flax, as a sustainable source of composite reinforcement, has been demonstrated to be suitable for semi-structural parts of rotorcraft. However, its low electrical and thermal conductivity req
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Warner, Jay. "Using DC Decouplers to Maximize Isolation of Cathodically Protected Structures." In MECC 2023. AMPP, 2023. https://doi.org/10.5006/mecc2023-19878.

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Abstract Pipelines and storage tanks are commonly bonded to electrical earthing systems to reduce the effects of unwanted AC voltage and lightning on the structure. These connections to earth provide a potential path for cathodic protection (CP) current to flow from the anode bed back to the rectifier. Thus, in addition to protecting the structure, the CP system protects the earthing system and everything else to which it is electrically bonded. In many such cases, CP systems are not able to maintain adequate potentials for corrosion control. The solution is to install DC decouplers in series
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Feridani, Mikaeil Mayeli, Rodrigue Tonga Naha, Oumayma Dekhil, Fatma Najjar, and Kaiwen Zhang. "Attention to Lightning Change: Utilizing BERTs to Detect Bitcoin Change Address with Lightning Network Information." In 2024 6th Conference on Blockchain Research & Applications for Innovative Networks and Services (BRAINS). IEEE, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/brains63024.2024.10732429.

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Anto, P. F., and R. Dutta. "Failure Investigation for a Gas Line in a Multi Steady and Transient Stray Current Region." In CORROSION 1993. NACE International, 1993. https://doi.org/10.5006/c1993-93558.

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Abstract Frequent gas leakage due to external corrosion has been observed on an underground protected gas pipeline within one &amp; half years after commissioning. Both on-site examination &amp; failure analysis at laboratory have been carried out. Present study depicts technical details of transient/steady state stray current sources, AC switching &amp; lightning surges, distorted anodic gradient and foreign anode bed proximity effects.
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Thilagam, T., Anees Fathima M, Varsha V, Janani P, Priyadarshini A, and Sariga B. "Medicinal Plant Identification Using CNN and Pytorch Lightning." In 2024 International Conference on Smart Technologies for Sustainable Development Goals (ICSTSDG). IEEE, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1109/icstsdg61998.2024.11026602.

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Reports on the topic "Fork lightning"

1

Roussel-Dupre, R., M. Buchwald, and A. Gurevich. New mechanism for lightning initiation. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/380319.

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Ong, M. Lightning Protection for Explosive Facilities. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/15004650.

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JHA, Anil. Prakop Alert - Mobile App. International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD), 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.53055/icimod.1043.

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Prakop Alert offers real-time weather and flood forecasts. This free app provides detailed information in Nepali and English on rainfall, temperature, wind, lightning, and streamflow for rivers in Nepal. This app is available to download on the Android Play Store.
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Bjornson, Brian M., William R. Schaub, and Jr. Lightning Climatology for Eglin AFB, Forida,. Defense Technical Information Center, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada305686.

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Schaub, William R., and Jr. Lightning Climatology for Nellis AFB, Nevada. Defense Technical Information Center, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada315322.

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Schaub, William R., and Jr. Lightning Climatology for Maxwell AFB, Alabama. Defense Technical Information Center, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada315323.

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Schaub, William R., and Jr. Lightning Climatology for Holloman AFB, New Mexico. Defense Technical Information Center, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada315324.

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Inan, Umran. A Holographic Array for Ionospheric Lightning (HAIL) Research. Defense Technical Information Center, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada628522.

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Bruning, Eric, Amanda Back, Sonja Behnke, et al. A Roadmap for a Lightning Modeling Grand Challenge. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 2025. https://doi.org/10.2172/2514417.

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Clancy, T., M. Ong, and C. Brown. Lightning Protection System for HE Facilities at LLNL - Certification Template. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/890612.

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