Relevant bibliographies by topics / Formability Limit

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers

Academic literature on the topic 'Formability Limit'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 9 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Formability Limit"

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Fracz, W., F. Stachowicz, T. Trzepieciński, and T. Pieją. "Forming Limit Diagram of the AMS 5599 Sheet Metal." Archives of Metallurgy and Materials 58, no. 4 (December 1, 2013): 1213–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/amm-2013-0153.

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Abstract Formability of sheet metal is dependent on the mechanical properties. Some materials form better than others - moreover, a material that has the best formability for one stamping may behave very poorly in a stamping of another configuration. For these reasons, extensive test programs are often carried out in an attempt to correlate material formability with value of some mechanical properties. The formability of sheet metal has frequently been expressed by the value of strain hardening exponent and plastic anisotropy ratio. The stress-strain and hardening behaviour of a material is very important in determining its resistance to plastic instability. However experimental studies of formability of various materials have revealed basic differences in behaviour, such as the ”brass-type” and the ”steel-type”, exhibiting respectively, zero and positive dependence of forming limit on the strain ratio. In this study mechanical properties and the Forming Limit Diagram of the AMS 5599 sheet metal were determined using uniaxial tensile test and Marciniak’s flat bottomed punch test respectively. Different methods were used for the FLD calculation - results of these calculations were compared with experimental results
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Christiansen, Peter, Mikkel RB Jensen, and Grethe Winther. "A sheet metal necking formability diagram for nonlinear strain paths." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part L: Journal of Materials: Design and Applications 233, no. 7 (November 6, 2017): 1287–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1464420717739644.

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A new procedure for drawing forming limit curves is suggested. The theoretical basis for computing the forming limit curve due to diffuse necking, for nonlinear strain paths, is derived. The theoretically determined forming limit curve is compared with experimentally determined forming limits for both linear and bilinear strain paths. Reasonable agreement is observed. The procedure can also be utilized for nonlinear strain paths in general.
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Wang, Ling Yun, Zhi Wen Lu, and Ya Zhong Zhao. "The Experimental Research on the Formability of Stamping of Magnesium Alloy AZ31B Sheets." Materials Science Forum 546-549 (May 2007): 275–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.546-549.275.

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In this paper, the basic formability of stamping of magnesium-alloy AZ31B sheet has been studied through experiments. The stamping formability of magnesium-alloy AZ31B sheet, such as the conical cup value, bending formability, deep drawing formability, formability of hole expanding, forming limit has been studied by simulating processing experiments. The formability of stamping supplies the basic reference data for the stamping processing. It is also found that the formability of stamping of magnesium-alloy AZ31B sheets is poor at room temperature and is excellent at intermediate and high temperatures.
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Özcan, Elvin, and Adem Bakkaloğlu. "Formability of automotive steels using forming limit diagrams." Materials Testing 58, no. 10 (October 4, 2016): 860–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.3139/120.110934.

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Bonora, N., G. Testa, G. Iannitti, A. Ruggiero, and D. Gentile. "Prediction of the formability limit using damage mechanics." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1063 (July 2018): 012066. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1063/1/012066.

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6

Vijayananth, S., V. Jayaseelan, and G. Shivasubbramanian. "Formability Analysis of AA6061 Sheet in T6 Condition." Applied Mechanics and Materials 766-767 (June 2015): 416–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.766-767.416.

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Formability of a material is defined as its ability to deform into desired shape without being fracture. There will always be a need for formability tests, a larger number of tests have been used in an effort to measure the formability of sheet materials. Aluminium Alloy 6061 is a magnesium and silicon alloy of aluminium. It is also called as marine material as it has high corrosion resistance to seawater. In this paper Formability test of AA6061 sheet is done by Forming Limit Diagram (FLD) Analysis. FLD or Forming Limit Curve (FLC) for the forming processes of AA6061 sheets is obtained by Experimental method and FEM. Experimental method involves Deep drawing test of the sheet and ANSYS software is used for FEM.
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Reddy, A. Chennakesava. "Evaluation of Formability Limit Diagrams of Arsenic Brass (70/30) Using Finite Element Analysis." International Journal Of Mechanical Engineering And Information Technology 05, no. 06 (June 30, 2017): 1651–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.18535/ijmeit/v5i6.03.

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Schalk-Kitting, Daniela, Wolfgang Weiß, Bettina Suhr, and Michael Koplenig. "Curvature Based Forming Limit Prediction of High-Strength Steel Components with Superimposed Stretching and Bending in the Deep Drawing Process." Key Engineering Materials 651-653 (July 2015): 181–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.651-653.181.

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The state of deformation in deep drawing operations is characterized by superimposed stretching and bending (i.e. stretch-bending). Bending effects, especially for Advanced High Strength Steels (AHSS) are known to influence the material formability. Traditional formability measures such as the Forming Limit Curve (FLC) fail to reliably predict stretch-bending formability. Consequently, to ensure an efficient and economical use of AHSS in the industrial application, current research work is focusing on the reliable numerical prediction of stretch-bending formability of AHSS sheets.Within this work, a phenomenological concept to predict the forming limit (e.g. the onset of necking) in deep drawing processes taking bending effects into account is presented. The proposed concept is based on curvature-dependent (i.e. regarding the principle curvatures κ1 and κ2 of the stretch-bend (convex) sheet surface) forming limit surfaces representing the probability of failure and is calibrated with experimental results from stretch-bending tests and conventional forming test such as a Nakazima test. The results of the phenomenological forming limit criterion are promising and show a more accurate prediction of the drawing depth at failure than the conventional FLC approach. The method contributes also to a probabilistic view on the forming limit of deep drawing parts.
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Zhao, Qi Wen, and Lian Fa Yang. "Methods for Obtaining Forming Limit Diagrams of Material Defects." Materials Science Forum 878 (November 2016): 8–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.878.8.

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Forming limit is one of the important indexes to evaluate the formability of materials. In a variety of methods of evaluating the formability of materials, the forming limit diagram (FLD) is the most intuitive and effective, and the most widely used. There are many methods to obtain the forming limit diagram. This paper mainly introduces the methods for obtaining the forming limit diagram of the material defects, and material defects are classified into three categories: geometric defects, defects in organization structure and material constitutive defects, and the methods for obtaining forming limit diagram based on these three kinds of defects is analyzed and summarized.
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HEO, SEONG-CHAN, TAE-WAN KU, JEONG KIM, BEOM-SOO KANG, and WOO-JIN SONG. "APPLICATION OF FORMING LIMIT CRITERIA BASED ON PLASTIC INSTABILITY CONDITION TO METAL FORMING PROCESS." International Journal of Modern Physics B 22, no. 31n32 (December 30, 2008): 5680–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979208051005.

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Metal forming processes such as hydroforming and sheet metal forming using tubular material and thin sheet metal have been widely used in lots of industrial fields for manufacturing of various parts that could be equipped with mechanical products. However, it is not easy to design sequential processes properly because there are various design variables that affect formability of the parts. Therefore preliminary evaluation of formability for the given process should be carried out to minimize time consumption and development cost. With the advances in finite element analysis technique over the decades, the formability evaluation using numerical simulation has been conducted in view of strain distribution and final shape. In this paper, the application of forming limit criteria is carried out for the tube hydroforming and sheet metal forming processes using theoretical background based on plastic instability conditions. Consequently, it is confirmed that the local necking and diffuse necking criteria of sheet are suitable for formability evaluation of both hydroforming and sheet metal forming processes.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Formability Limit"

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Shuaib, Nasr AbdelRahman. "AN INVESTIGATION OF SIZE EFFECTS ON THIN SHEET FORMABILITY FOR MICROFORMING APPLICATIONS." UKnowledge, 2008. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/gradschool_diss/680.

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The increasing demand for powerful miniaturized products for all industrial applications has prompted the industry to develop new and innovative manufacturing processes to fabricate miniature parts. One of the major challenges facing the industry is the dynamic market which requires continuous improvements in design and fabrication techniques. This means providing products with complex features while sustaining high functionality. As a result, microfabrication has gained a wide interest as the technology of the future, where tabletop machine systems exist. Microforming processes have the capability of achieving mass production while minimizing material waste. Microforming techniques can produce net-shape products with intricacy in fewer steps than most conventional microfabrication processes. Despite the potential advantages, the industrial utilization of microforming technology is limited. The deformation and failure modes of materials during microforming is not yet well understood and varies significantly from the behavior of materials in conventional forming operations. In order to advance the microforming technology and enable the effective fabrication of microparts, more studies on the deformation and failure of materials during microforming are needed. In this research work, an effort to advance the current status of microforming processes for technologies of modern day essentials, is presented. The main contribution from this research is the development of a novel method for characterizing thin sheet formability by introducing a micro-mechanical bulge-forming setup. Various aspects of analyzing microscale formability, in the form of limiting strains and applied forces, along with addressing the well known size effects on miniaturization, were considered through the newly developed method. A high temperature testing method of microformed thin sheets was also developed. The aim of high temperature microforming is to study the material behavior of microformed thin sheets at elevated temperatures and to explore the capability of the known enhancement in formability at the macroscale level. The focus of this work was to develop a better understanding of tool-sheet metal interactions in microforming applications. This new knowledge would provide a predictive capability that will eliminate the current time-consuming and empirical techniques that, and this in turn would be expected to significantly lower the overall manufacturing cost and improve product quality.
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Kocak, Ozgur. "Analysis Of The Formability Of Metals." Master's thesis, METU, 2003. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/1178714/index.pdf.

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Workpieces during cold forging fail basically due to ductile fracture. Ductile fracture can be predicted by damage models. In this study, various damage models such as Cockcroft &
Latham, McClintock, Freudenthal, Rice &
Tracy, Oyane, Ayada, Brozzo are investigated for their applicability to three workpiece materials: bearing steel (100Cr6), stainless steel (X5CrNiMo1810) and brass (CuZn39). The damage material parameters have been obtained by various tests such as tensile, standard compression, ring compression, compression with flanges and conical compression tests. The characterization has been assisted by finite element simulation of the various tests. It has been shown that the available damage models can predict the location of failure satisfactorily but are no able to predict the onset of failure quantitatively. Keywords: Formability Limit, Failure Criteria, Cold Forming, Surface Cracks, Finite Element Analysis
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Shouler, Daniel Reginald. "Expanded forming limit testing for sheet forming processes." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2011. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.609473.

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Nolan, Ross Andrew. "Microstructure formability relationships in new generation high strength aluminium automotive alloys." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2015. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/microstructure-formability-relationships-in-new-generation-high-strength-aluminium-automotive-alloys(726d2c33-f190-44b1-8ab8-854e69dc5ec4).html.

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The desire to reduce weight in automotive products is driven by a need to improve efficiency. As such, to allow further weight reduction, higher performance aluminium alloys are in demand for sheet metal body structures. Due to their high strength to weight ratio 7xxx alloys are seen as an ideal candidate for this, however their use to date has been limited by poor formability. Previous work indicated that by moving to high temperatures (>350°C) or by using a soft temper (W), good formability could be achieved but the samples required further heat treatment post-forming. This work explored the warm forming temperature range to improve formability whilst developing the required properties during processing. The performance of a 7xxx candidate alloy, 7021, has been assessed in stretching and drawing operations, both at room temperature and over the elevated temperature range of 150-250°C. The microstructure and other properties of the alloy were investigated in W, T4 and T6 tempers, before and after testing, through a range of techniques, including DSC, DMTA, SEM, EBSD and TEM.In the T4 temper, UTS and proof stress increased with temperature up to 190°C, due to dynamic precipitation. Increasing temperature only provided a modest increase in strain to failure for both the T4 and T6 temper. Cup height was not significantly improved in the warm forming temperature range during Erichsen cup testing. By deep drawing at 250°C it was possible to fully draw a cup (with an LDR of 2.2) in both the T4 and T6 temper of 7021, with both tempers having comparable post-forming hardness. This indicates that at 250°C the starting condition has no impact on drawability. Although full drawability is achieved at 250°C the final product would require further heat treatment if it were to replace 6016. However, by deep drawing 7021-T4 at 190°C, a fully formed cup was produced with a hardness between that of the T4 and T6 temper. The microstructure of the formed cup showed no grain boundary precipitation and a fine distribution of the strengthening phase η', suggesting there is a dynamic effect on the precipitation during deep drawing at this temperature. In conclusion, the work has shown that warm forming does not significantly improve stretching behaviour of 7021, but by using warm forming temperatures deep drawing is improved.
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Aljoša, Ivanišević. "Monotoni procesi deformisanja pri hladnom zapreminskom oblikovanju i njihova primena za određivanje dijagrama granične deformabilnosti." Phd thesis, Univerzitet u Novom Sadu, Fakultet tehničkih nauka u Novom Sadu, 2018. https://www.cris.uns.ac.rs/record.jsf?recordId=107413&source=NDLTD&language=en.

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Istraživanja prikazana u disertaciji imala su za cilj razvoj monotonih modela deformisanja u cilju njihove primene za određivanje dijagrama granične deformabilnosti. Kombinacijom različitih geometrija uzoraka, geometrije alata i triboloških uslova razvijeni su monotoni modeli deformisanja koji su promenjeni za određivanje dijagrama granične deformabilnosti.
Research presented in this dissertation was conducted in order to develop monotonic forming processes suitable for determination of forming limit diagram. Combining different geometries of billets as well as tools and friction conditions monotonic models are developed and applied for determination of forming limit diagram.
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Jahn, Axel. "Umformbarkeit laserinduktionsgeschweißter Strukturen aus höherfesten Stahlfeinblechen." Doctoral thesis, Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2011. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-qucosa-73795.

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Konventionelles Laserstrahlschweißen von Halbzeugen aus höherfesten Stahlfeinblechen führt zum drastischen Verlust an Umformbarkeit im Schweißnahtbereich. Durch integrierte induktive Erwärmung können der Temperaturverlauf beim Schweißen modifiziert, die Verbindungseigenschaften beeinflusst und die Umformbarkeit verbessert werden. Die Zusammenhänge zwischen Prozessparametern und mechanischen Verbindungseigenschaften werden beschrieben und Anwendungspotenziale aufgezeigt.
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Song, Xiao. "Identification of forming limits of sheet metals with an in-plane biaxial tensile test." Thesis, Rennes, INSA, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018ISAR0002/document.

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Les procédés de mise en forme des tôles minces sont largement utilisés dans l'industrie. L’utilisation optimale des alliages légers ou des aciers à haute résistance, propices à des économies d’énergie dans le domaine des transports, nécessite une connaissance approfondie de leurs limites de formabilité. Classiquement, la formabilité d’une tôle est caractérisée par l’apparition d’une striction localisée. Cependant, pour des chargements spécifiques (chemins de déformation complexes ...), la rupture caractérise la formabilité du matériau, la courbe limite de formage à rupture (CLFR) plutôt que celle à striction (CLFS) doit alors être considérée. Pour identifier la CLFS et la CLFR pour des chemins de déformation linéaires et non-linéaires, les méthodes conventionnelles requièrent différents dispositifs expérimentaux et différentes formes d'éprouvette pour atteindre une large gamme de chemins de déformation. L'essai de traction biaxiale, associé à une éprouvette cruciforme, est possible pour la réaliser. De plus, le changement de chemin est activé au cours de l’essai, sans déchargement. Le premier objectif de cette étude est de montrer que l'essai de traction biaxiale, associé à une forme unique d'éprouvette cruciforme, permet de tracer la CLFS et la CLFR pour plusieurs chemins de déformation, qu’ils soient linéaires ou non-linéaires. En premier lieu, des essais ont été réalisés sur des tôles d’alliage d’aluminium 5086 (épaisseur initiale de 4 mm) à partir d’une forme d’éprouvette déjà proposée au laboratoire. Une nouvelle forme d'éprouvette cruciforme a été proposée pour des tôles moins épaisses (2 mm), plus répandues. Cet éprouvette a été validée pour étudier la formabilité d’un acier dual phase DP600 pour plusieurs chemins de déformation. Le deuxième objectif est de discuter la validité de critères classiques de rupture ductile. Pour les deux matériaux, un critère a finalement été identifié pour prédire assez précisément les résultats expérimentaux
Sheet metal forming is very common in industry for producing various components. The optimal use of light alloys or high strength steels in transportation for energy economy, requires in-depth analysis of their formability. Usually, the formability of sheet metal is controlled by the onset of localized necking. However, under specific loadings (complex strain paths...), fracture characterizes the formability and the forming limit curve at fracture (FLCF) instead of the forming limit curve at necking (FLCN) should be considered. For identifying FLCN and FLCF under linear and non-linear strain paths, conventional methods require different experimental devices and geometrical specifications of specimen to cover a wide range of strain paths. However, using the in-plane biaxial tensile test with just one shape of cruciform is sufficient for that, even changes of strain path without unloading can be made during the test. The first objective of this study is to show that the in-plane biaxial tensile test with a single type of cruciform specimen permits to investigate the FLCN and FLCF of sheet metals under different linear and non-linear strain paths. Firstly, the forming limit strains at fracture of AA5086 sheet (t=4 mm) under linear and non-linear strain paths have been characterized, by testing an existed dedicated cruciform specimen. Thinner sheet metals are often used in industry, so a new shape of cruciform specimen with an original thickness of 2 mm was proposed. This specimen is successfully used to investigate the formability of DP600 sheet under linear and two types of non-linear strain paths. The second objective is to discuss the validity of commonly used ductile fracture criteria to predict the onset of fracture. Some ductile fracture criteria were used to produce numerical FLCFs for AA5086 and DP600 sheet. Finally, for the two tested materials, it is possible to find a criterion to predict the experimental FLCFs for either linear or non-linear strain paths
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Jahn, Axel. "Umformbarkeit laserinduktionsgeschweißter Strukturen aus höherfesten Stahlfeinblechen." Doctoral thesis, Fraunhofer Institut für Werkstoff- und Strahltechnik, 2010. https://tud.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A25673.

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Konventionelles Laserstrahlschweißen von Halbzeugen aus höherfesten Stahlfeinblechen führt zum drastischen Verlust an Umformbarkeit im Schweißnahtbereich. Durch integrierte induktive Erwärmung können der Temperaturverlauf beim Schweißen modifiziert, die Verbindungseigenschaften beeinflusst und die Umformbarkeit verbessert werden. Die Zusammenhänge zwischen Prozessparametern und mechanischen Verbindungseigenschaften werden beschrieben und Anwendungspotenziale aufgezeigt.
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9

Jedidi, Mohamed Yassine. "Vers une meilleure prédiction des limites de formabilité des matériaux polycristallins à structure hexagonale." Thesis, Paris, HESAM, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020HESAE029.

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Cette thèse a pour objectif d’étudier la ductilité des matériaux à structure cristallographique hexagonale qui sont couramment utilisés dans différents secteurs de l’industrie, telles que les industries aéronautique et aérospatiale. Après compréhension de la physique des différents mécanismes de plasticité, tels que le glissement et le maclage, plusieurs modèles de comportement sont identifiés et enrichis pour décrire d’une manière pertinente le comportement mécanique des matériaux à structure hexagonale, à savoir l’alliage de titane et l’alliage de magnésium. Ces modèles sont intégrés numériquement en développant des schémas numériques assurant à la fois la robustesse et la fiabilité de l’intégration temporelle. Ils sont ensuite couplés aux critères d’instabilités plastiques suivants : bifurcation générale, imperfection initiale de Marciniak-Kuczynski, bifurcation de Rice et critère par perturbation linéaire. L’effet de plusieurs phénomènes et paramètres mécaniques sur la prédiction de la ductilité est particulièrement analysé. Les résultats numériques, en termes de limites de formabilité, sont comparés avec des résultats expérimentaux. Après leurs validations, les différents outils numériques développés dans le cadre de cette thèse peuvent être utilisés comme outil d’aide à l'optimisation des procédés de mise en forme des matériaux à structure hexagonale
The aim of this thesis is to study the ductility of hexagonal close packed (HCP) materials, which are being increasingly used in a wide range of engineering applications (aircraft and aerospace industries). After the step of the understanding of the physical phenomena and the different mechanisms that contribute to the plastic deformation (plastic slip, twinning…), a set of constitutive frameworks are selected from the literature and improved. These different frameworks are numerically integrated by implementing numerical schemes ensuring the accuracy and the robustness of the time integration. The adopted models are then coupled with several plastic instability criteria: general bifurcation, initial imperfection approach of Marciniak-Kuczynski, Rice bifurcation theory, and linear perturbation method. The effect of some phenomena and mechanical parameters on the predicted ductility limits are particularly studied. The results obtained by phenomenological models are compared to various experimental results. Once fully developed, assessed and validated, the numerical tools based on the above-described modeling can be advantageously used to help in the optimization of mechanical properties (crystallographic texture…) in order to improve the formability of HCP materials
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Jansen, Yann. "Modélisation et optimisation du processus de formage de pièces en zinc." Thesis, Paris, ENMP, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013ENMP0055.

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Le but de cette étude est de prédire la rupture de tôles en alliage de Zinc via des simulations par éléments finis. Pour ce faire, la caractérisation du comportement mécanique a été fait grâce à des essais de traction sur différentes nuances et orientation. Ces essais ont fait ressortir une grande anisotropie ainsi qu'un grande sensibilité à la vitesse de déformation et à la température. L'ensemble de ces données expérimentales est modélisé avec une loi de comportement de Norton Hoff et le critère de plasticité de Hill48. De plus la formabilité ainsi que son anisotropie ont été caractérisées avec des essais de traction, de traction plane et de gonflage hydraulique. Une grande anisotropie de formabilité, inédite dans la littérature, est observée. Celle-ci est modélisée via différents modèles de rupture issus de la littérature où que nous avons développés spécifiquement pour les alliages de Zinc. Enfin un modèle de rupture en contrainte, paraissant le plus adéquat pour la prédiction de la formabilité, a été choisi. Il a été ensuite implémenté dans le logiciel Forge2009®. Des essais académiques mais aussi industriels de mise en forme ont été simulé par le logiciel Forge2009® et ont donné de bonnes modélisations du comportement mécanique des tôles en alliage de Zinc ainsi que de bonnes prédictions de sa rupture
The aim of this study is to predict the rupture of Zinc alloy sheets by the mean of Finite Element Method simulations. The mechanical behaviour of the material has been tested by tensile tests for several directions and for several Zinc grades. The materials show a high anisotropic mechanical response and high strain rate and temperature sensitivity. This set of experimental data has been modelled by the mean of the Norton Hoff law and the Hill 48 plastic criterion. Moreover, the formability has been tested by tensile and plane strain tests, and also hydraulic bulge tests. A high anisotropic formability, unseen in the literature, has been observed. This formability is modelled with different rupture criteria coming from the literature or specifically developed for the Zinc alloy study. A stress criterion model has been chosen to predict the formability. This criterion has been implemented into Forge2009® software. Academic and industrial forming processes have been simulated with Forge2009® and lead to an accurate description of the mechanical behaviour and the rupture localisation
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Books on the topic "Formability Limit"

1

Emmens, Wilko C. Formability: A Review of Parameters and Processes that Control, Limit or Enhance the Formability of Sheet Metal. Berlin, Heidelberg: Wilko C. Emmens, 2011.

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-J, Bunge H., Po hlandt K, and Tekkaya A. E, eds. Formability of Metallic Materials: Plastic Anisotropy, Formability Testing, Forming Limits. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2000.

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Emmens, Wilko C. Formability: A Review of Parameters and Processes that Control, Limit or Enhance the Formability of Sheet Metal. Springer, 2011.

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(Editor), R. H. Wagoner, K. S. Chan (Editor), and S. P. Keeler (Editor), eds. Forming Limit Diagrams: Concepts, Methods, and Applications. Tms, 1989.

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H, Wagoner R., Chan K. S, and Keeler S. P, eds. Forming limit diagrams: Concepts, methods, and applications : a reference book on the available experimental and analytical methods for determination of forming limit diagrams. Warrendale, Pa: TMS, 1989.

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Bunge, H. J., K. Pöhlandt, and A. E. Tekkaya. Formability of Metallic Materials: Plastic Anisotropy, Formability Testing, Forming Limits (Engineering Materials). Springer, 2001.

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Book chapters on the topic "Formability Limit"

1

Emmens, Wilko C. "The Forming Limit Curve." In Formability, 15–24. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-21904-7_5.

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Bui, Quang-Hien, Reza Bihamta, Michel Guillot, Guillaume D'Amours, Ahmed Rahem, and Mario Fafard. "A New Method for the Determination of Formability Limit in the Tube Drawing Process." In Supplemental Proceedings, 271–78. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118062173.ch34.

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Basak, Shamik, Kaushik Bandyopadhyay, Sushanta Kumar Panda, and Partha Saha. "Prediction of Formability of Bi-axial Pre-strained Dual Phase Steel Sheets Using Stress-Based Forming Limit Diagram." In Advances in Material Forming and Joining, 167–92. New Delhi: Springer India, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-81-322-2355-9_8.

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Banabic, D. "Forming Limits of Sheet Metal." In Formability of Metallic Materials, 173–214. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-04013-3_5.

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Pöhlandt, Klaus. "Determining the Limits of Formability." In Materials Testing for the Metal Forming Industry, 124–50. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-50241-5_5.

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Chiappini, G., L. M. Mattucci, M. El Mehtedi, and M. Sasso. "Identification of Plastic Behaviour and Formability Limits of Aluminium Alloys at High Temperature." In Advancement of Optical Methods in Experimental Mechanics, Volume 3, 233–41. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-41600-7_31.

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Schmiedt, M., J. M. Schlosser, R. Schneider, W. Rimkus, and D. K. Harrison. "An investigation of the Formability Behaviour of High Strength Aluminium Alloys Using Different Heat Assisted Forming Processes." In Advances in Transdisciplinary Engineering. IOS Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/atde210055.

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The usage of ultra-high strength aluminium alloys (EN AW-7000 series) offers a great weight saving potential due to the high rigidity and specific strength values. Various heat assisted forming technologies have been developed in order to improve the limited formability at room temperature and thus to be able to increase the geometrical complexity of such sheet metal parts. In this study the forming behaviour of EN AW-7021 sheet metal alloy is described as a function of the forming process and the corresponding temperature profile. The forming limit curves (FLCs) are obtained by experimental Nakajima tests using the Warmforming, Hotforming, extended Hotforming and W-Temper process route. For this purpose, a Nakajima testing tool is designed according to ISO 12004 standard which allows operating temperatures of up to 200 °C.
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Neale, K. W. "LIMITS TO SHEET METAL FORMABILITY AND THE PREDICTION OF WRINKLING FAILURES." In Mechanical Behaviour of Materials V, 177–82. Elsevier, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-08-034912-1.50025-4.

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Sing, W. M., and K. P. Rao. "SHEET METAL FORMABILITY LIMITS USING HILL'S CRITERION AND SEGMENTWISE LINEARISATION BASED ON TENSILE DATA." In Advances in Engineering Plasticity and its Applications, 1069–76. Elsevier, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-444-89991-0.50146-3.

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Kobayashi, Shiro, Soo-Ik Oh, and Taylan Altan. "Metal-Forming Processes." In Metal Forming and the Finite-Element Method. Oxford University Press, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195044027.003.0005.

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In metal forming, an initially simple part—a billet or sheet blank, for example—is plastically deformed between tools (or dies) to obtain the desired final configuration. Thus, a simple part geometry is transformed into a complex one, in a process whereby the tools “store” the desired geometry and impart pressure on the deforming material through the tool-material interface. The physical phenomena constituting a forming operation are difficult to express with quantitative relationships. The metal flow, the friction at the tool-material interface, the heat generation and transfer during plastic flow, and the relationships between microstructure/properties and process conditions are difficult to predict and analyze. Often, in producing discrete parts, several forming operations (preforming) are required to transform the initial “simple” geometry into a “complex” geometry, without causing material failure or degrading material properties. Consequently, the most significant objective of any method of analysis is to assist the forming engineer in the design of forming and/or preforming sequences. For a given operation (preforming or finish-forming), such design essentially consists of (1) establishing the kinematic relationships (shape, velocities, strain-rates, strains) between the deformed and undeformed part, i.e., predicting metal flow; (2) establishing the limits of formability or producibility, i.e., determining whether it is possible to form the part without surface or internal defects; and (3) predicting the forces and stresses necessary to execute the forming operation so that tooling and equipment can be designed or selected. For the understanding and quantitative design and optimization of metal-forming operations it is useful (a) to consider a metal forming process as a system and (b) to classify these processes in a systematic way. A metal-forming system comprises all the input variables relating the billet or blank (geometry and material), the tooling (geometry and material), the conditions at the tool-material interface, the mechanics of plastic deformation, the equipment used, the characteristics of the final product, and finally the plant environment in which the process is being conducted. Such a system is illustrated in Fig. 2.1, using impression die forging as an example.
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Conference papers on the topic "Formability Limit"

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Zadpoor, Amir A., Jos Sinke, and Rinze Benedictus. "Prediction of Limit Strains in Limiting Dome Height Formability Test." In 10TH ESAFORM CONFERENCE ON MATERIAL FORMING. AIP, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2729521.

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El Domiaty, Aly, Abdel-Hamid I. Mourad, and Abdel-Hakim Bouzid. "A Proposed Generalized Model for Forming Limit Diagram." In ASME 2015 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2015-45990.

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One of the most significant approaches for predicting formability is the use of forming limit diagrams (FLDs). The development of the generalized model integrates other models. The first model is based on Von-Misses yield criterion (traditionally used for isotropic material) and power law constitutive equation considering the strain hardening exponent. The second model is also based on Von-Misses yield criterion but uses a power law constitutive equation that considers the effect of strain rate sensitivity factor. The third model is based on the modified Hill’s yield criterion (for anisotropic materials) and a power law constitutive equation that considers the strain hardening exponent. The current developed model is a generalized model which is formulated on the basis of the modified Hill yield criterion and a power law constitutive equation considering the effect of strain rate. A new controlling parameter (γ) for the limit strains was exploited. This parameter presents the rate of change of strain rate with respect to strain. As γ increases the level of the FLD raises indicating a better formability of the material.
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Hussain, G., L. Gao, Wang Hui, and N. U. Dar. "A Fundamental Investigation on the Formability of a Commercially-Pure Titanium Sheet-Metal in the Incremental Forming and Stamping Processes." In ASME 2007 International Manufacturing Science and Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/msec2007-31138.

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In the present study, a basic comparison between the cold formability of a commercially-pure Titanium (CP Ti) sheet in the single-point incremental forming (SPIF) and stamping processes is presented. An attempt was made to evaluate the SPIF formability by employing two tests. In the first test, parts having continuously varying wall angles were formed. While in the second test, parts having fixed wall angles were formed. The stamping formability was determined by conducting the limiting dome height (LDH) test. It is concluded that the forming limit curve (FLC) in SPIF is located much higher than the stamping FLC, even higher than the fracture limit curve in stamping. Moreover, the SPIF formability shows dependence on the test employed.
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He, Ji, Z. Cedric Xia, Shuhui Li, and Danielle Zeng. "M–K Analysis of Forming Limit Diagram Under Stretch-Bending." In ASME 2012 International Manufacturing Science and Engineering Conference collocated with the 40th North American Manufacturing Research Conference and in participation with the International Conference on Tribology Materials and Processing. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/msec2012-7401.

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Since the Forming limit diagram (FLD) was introduced and developed by Keeler etc. about four decades ago, it has been intensively studied by researchers and engineers. Most work has been focused on the in-plane deformation which is considered as the dominant mode of the most forming processes. However the effect of out-of-plane deformation modes especially bending effect becomes important in accurate prediction of formability when thick sheet metal and smaller forming radii are encountered. Recent work on experiment research of stretch-bending induced FLD (BFLD) shows that it gives higher formability than conventional forming limit. In this paper, bending effect through the sheet metal thickness on right-hand side of FLD is studied. The Marciniak-Kuczynski (M-K) analysis is extended to include bending and models based on both flow theory and deformation theory are proposed. The radial return method is adopted as the frame to calculate the stress states from given strain and deformation history. The effect of bending and unbending process on the Right-Hand-Side FLD is investigated and compared. The obtained results show that the bending process slightly decreases the sheet metal formability on right-hand side in flow theory based model which is a discrepancy with the prediction of deformation theory based BFLD model. The insight gained from new proposed FLD prediction model in this paper provides an understanding of how the bending process effects on the FLD. This is important for the further research to reconsider the problems of how the bending effect evolves in forming process to enhance the conventional FLD and how to get a perfectly true theoretical explanation for this phenomenon.
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Memon, Shabbir, Obaidur Rahman Mohammed, D. V. Suresh Koppisetty, and Hamid M. Lankarani. "Optimizing Material Parameters for Better Formability of DQ Steel Pipe." In ASME 2019 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2019-10602.

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Abstract As Pipelines are subjected to bursting failure, the prediction of the burst capacities of corroded pipelines is of significant relevance to the pipeline industry. The Single mode deformation processes, most commonly used in laboratory evaluations like tensile test, may not realistically predict formability performance. Therefore, limit strains tests that use multiple deformation stages would better simulate actual material performance hence bulge test is widely used in pipeline industry for analyzing formability. The tube bulge test is an advanced testing material in which the tube is placed in a die cavity and is sealed from both the ends, the water is injected from the hole inside the sealing punch and hydraulic pressure is increased and the tube gets deformed at the center. The objective of this work is to utilize Taguchi coupled finite element computational methodology to determine the optimum material parameters to attain better formability without necking-splitting failure. To evaluate the dependence of the slope of the forming limit diagram on the material parameters, the simulation under various combinations of strain-hardening exponent (n), plastic strain ratio (r) and thickness of tube (t) is carried out and using thickness gradient criterion, the occurrence of necking i. e. forming limit strains during tube bulging is examined. By observing the optimum condition obtained for maximum plain strain it is concluded that higher the n, r and t more the limit strains will be. It is also observed that among n, r and t, n is the most prominent factor contributing on limit strains followed by r and t. The verification of optimum process parameters obtained through Taguchi technique is carried out using additive model and it is found that the observed value is well in agreement with the predicted value, the extra validation simulation is carried out to validate the Taguchi results.
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Huang, Y., J. Huang, and J. Cao. "Experimental Study on the Mechanical Property and Forming Limit of Magnesium Sheet at Elevated Temperatures." In ASME 2009 International Manufacturing Science and Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/msec2009-84383.

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Magnesium alloy sheet has received increasing attention in automotive and aerospace industries. It is widely recognized that magnesium sheet has a poor formability at room temperature. While at elevated temperature, its formability can be dramatically improved. Most of work in the field has been working with the magnesium sheet after annealed around 350°C. In this paper, the as-received commercial magnesium sheet (AZ31B-H24) with thickness of 2mm has been experimentally studied without any special heat treatment. Uniaxial tensile tests at room temperature and elevated temperature were first conducted to have a better understanding of the material properties of magnesium sheet (AZ31B-H24). Then, limit dome height (LDH) tests were conducted to capture forming limits of magnesium sheet (AZ31B-H24) at elevated temperatures. An optical method has been introduced to obtain the stress-strain curve at elevated temperatures. Experimental results of the LDH tests were presented.
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Saxena, Krishna Kumar, Jyoti Mukhopadhyay, and K. V. Ramesh. "Formability Characterization of Aluminum Lithium Alloys Used in Spacecraft Industry." In ASME 2014 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2014-39176.

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Aluminum-Lithium (Al-Li) alloys launched in 1982 have gained a widespread focus in aerospace industry due to their unique combination of high elastic modulus and decreased density. As these alloys are under intensive development stage; various research agencies particularly those of defense, space and aviation, etc are still pursuing research regarding the behavior of these alloys. Since Al-Li alloys are used in aviation, their formability characterization is essential. Hence it is important to study the Forming Limit Diagram (FLD) which predicts the limit strains that can be imposed safely during forming. This paper focuses on the experimental strategies used in constructing the FLD of Al-Li alloys and to study the effect of punch velocity, strain hardening exponent and temperature on the level of FLD.
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Volk, Wolfram, and Joungsik Suh. "Prediction of formability for non-linear deformation history using generalized forming limit concept (GFLC)." In NUMISHEET 2014: The 9th International Conference and Workshop on Numerical Simulation of 3D Sheet Metal Forming Processes: Part A Benchmark Problems and Results and Part B General Papers. AIP, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4850035.

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Memon, Shabbir, Obaidur Rahman Mohammed, and Hamid M. Lankarani. "Effect of Pre-Bending on Formability of DQ Steel and Al 5182." In ASME 2018 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2018-87321.

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The effect of the pre-bending operation on ductility can be significant in determining the limit strains of the final product. The strain path experienced in straight tube bulging is significantly different from that of elbow (tube with pre-bending), leading to a reduction in bulge height. The Tube bending introduces strain gradient both along the tube and across the tube. In this work the effect of pre-bending on limit strains during tube bulging process is predicted — and the results are compared to the limit strains of bulged tubes without pre-bending. The Finite Element (FE) model of the bending operation is developed which utilizes an explicit dynamic finite element formulation. The PAMSTAMP 2G code is used to perform the numerical pre-bend (and bulging) simulations. Tension side of bend tube axial strain is found to be positive and hoop strain as negative and vice versa along the compression side. During the bulging, the neck usually develops perpendicular to major strain direction. During bend tube bulge test with fixed expansion and axial feed expansion of bend tubes, in both cases the crack is found to be in the axial direction.
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Chen, Kuo-Kuang. "Formability of Steel Tubes in Corner Fill Hydroforming." In ASME 2006 International Manufacturing Science and Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/msec2006-21036.

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Corner fill is a benchmark test intended to gain knowledge of tube hydroforming and to evaluate hydroforming parameters. The tests are used to compare steel grades, tube thickness and lubricants in tube hydroforming in this paper. The performance of the above variables were assessed by the final corner radius, radial displacement, burst pressure, burst location and thickness variations attained at burst. The formability of the tubes were indicated by the final corner radius and radial displacement attained at burst. The tests were simulated by finite element analysis using the measured coefficients of friction and mechanical parameters of the steel tubes. It was found that the pressure-expansion relations can be accurately predicted. However, burst pressures predicted by forming limit diagram and plastic strain criterion are too low for the AKDQ steel tubes compared to the experimental results. The discrepancy is due to the fact that the burst criteria used are not developed for tube hydroforming in a die where the radial stress and shear deformation can not be neglected. The need of better prediction methods is addressed.
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