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Journal articles on the topic 'Formability Limit'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 9 February 2022

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1

Fracz, W., F. Stachowicz, T. Trzepieciński, and T. Pieją. "Forming Limit Diagram of the AMS 5599 Sheet Metal." Archives of Metallurgy and Materials 58, no. 4 (December 1, 2013): 1213–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/amm-2013-0153.

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Abstract Formability of sheet metal is dependent on the mechanical properties. Some materials form better than others - moreover, a material that has the best formability for one stamping may behave very poorly in a stamping of another configuration. For these reasons, extensive test programs are often carried out in an attempt to correlate material formability with value of some mechanical properties. The formability of sheet metal has frequently been expressed by the value of strain hardening exponent and plastic anisotropy ratio. The stress-strain and hardening behaviour of a material is very important in determining its resistance to plastic instability. However experimental studies of formability of various materials have revealed basic differences in behaviour, such as the ”brass-type” and the ”steel-type”, exhibiting respectively, zero and positive dependence of forming limit on the strain ratio. In this study mechanical properties and the Forming Limit Diagram of the AMS 5599 sheet metal were determined using uniaxial tensile test and Marciniak’s flat bottomed punch test respectively. Different methods were used for the FLD calculation - results of these calculations were compared with experimental results

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2

Christiansen, Peter, Mikkel RB Jensen, and Grethe Winther. "A sheet metal necking formability diagram for nonlinear strain paths." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part L: Journal of Materials: Design and Applications 233, no. 7 (November 6, 2017): 1287–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1464420717739644.

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A new procedure for drawing forming limit curves is suggested. The theoretical basis for computing the forming limit curve due to diffuse necking, for nonlinear strain paths, is derived. The theoretically determined forming limit curve is compared with experimentally determined forming limits for both linear and bilinear strain paths. Reasonable agreement is observed. The procedure can also be utilized for nonlinear strain paths in general.

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3

Wang, Ling Yun, Zhi Wen Lu, and Ya Zhong Zhao. "The Experimental Research on the Formability of Stamping of Magnesium Alloy AZ31B Sheets." Materials Science Forum 546-549 (May 2007): 275–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.546-549.275.

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In this paper, the basic formability of stamping of magnesium-alloy AZ31B sheet has been studied through experiments. The stamping formability of magnesium-alloy AZ31B sheet, such as the conical cup value, bending formability, deep drawing formability, formability of hole expanding, forming limit has been studied by simulating processing experiments. The formability of stamping supplies the basic reference data for the stamping processing. It is also found that the formability of stamping of magnesium-alloy AZ31B sheets is poor at room temperature and is excellent at intermediate and high temperatures.

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4

Özcan, Elvin, and Adem Bakkaloğlu. "Formability of automotive steels using forming limit diagrams." Materials Testing 58, no. 10 (October 4, 2016): 860–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.3139/120.110934.

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5

Bonora, N., G. Testa, G. Iannitti, A. Ruggiero, and D. Gentile. "Prediction of the formability limit using damage mechanics." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1063 (July 2018): 012066. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1063/1/012066.

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6

Vijayananth, S., V. Jayaseelan, and G. Shivasubbramanian. "Formability Analysis of AA6061 Sheet in T6 Condition." Applied Mechanics and Materials 766-767 (June 2015): 416–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.766-767.416.

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Formability of a material is defined as its ability to deform into desired shape without being fracture. There will always be a need for formability tests, a larger number of tests have been used in an effort to measure the formability of sheet materials. Aluminium Alloy 6061 is a magnesium and silicon alloy of aluminium. It is also called as marine material as it has high corrosion resistance to seawater. In this paper Formability test of AA6061 sheet is done by Forming Limit Diagram (FLD) Analysis. FLD or Forming Limit Curve (FLC) for the forming processes of AA6061 sheets is obtained by Experimental method and FEM. Experimental method involves Deep drawing test of the sheet and ANSYS software is used for FEM.

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7

Reddy, A. Chennakesava. "Evaluation of Formability Limit Diagrams of Arsenic Brass (70/30) Using Finite Element Analysis." International Journal Of Mechanical Engineering And Information Technology 05, no. 06 (June 30, 2017): 1651–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.18535/ijmeit/v5i6.03.

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8

Schalk-Kitting, Daniela, Wolfgang Weiß, Bettina Suhr, and Michael Koplenig. "Curvature Based Forming Limit Prediction of High-Strength Steel Components with Superimposed Stretching and Bending in the Deep Drawing Process." Key Engineering Materials 651-653 (July 2015): 181–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.651-653.181.

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The state of deformation in deep drawing operations is characterized by superimposed stretching and bending (i.e. stretch-bending). Bending effects, especially for Advanced High Strength Steels (AHSS) are known to influence the material formability. Traditional formability measures such as the Forming Limit Curve (FLC) fail to reliably predict stretch-bending formability. Consequently, to ensure an efficient and economical use of AHSS in the industrial application, current research work is focusing on the reliable numerical prediction of stretch-bending formability of AHSS sheets.Within this work, a phenomenological concept to predict the forming limit (e.g. the onset of necking) in deep drawing processes taking bending effects into account is presented. The proposed concept is based on curvature-dependent (i.e. regarding the principle curvatures κ1 and κ2 of the stretch-bend (convex) sheet surface) forming limit surfaces representing the probability of failure and is calibrated with experimental results from stretch-bending tests and conventional forming test such as a Nakazima test. The results of the phenomenological forming limit criterion are promising and show a more accurate prediction of the drawing depth at failure than the conventional FLC approach. The method contributes also to a probabilistic view on the forming limit of deep drawing parts.

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9

Zhao, Qi Wen, and Lian Fa Yang. "Methods for Obtaining Forming Limit Diagrams of Material Defects." Materials Science Forum 878 (November 2016): 8–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.878.8.

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Forming limit is one of the important indexes to evaluate the formability of materials. In a variety of methods of evaluating the formability of materials, the forming limit diagram (FLD) is the most intuitive and effective, and the most widely used. There are many methods to obtain the forming limit diagram. This paper mainly introduces the methods for obtaining the forming limit diagram of the material defects, and material defects are classified into three categories: geometric defects, defects in organization structure and material constitutive defects, and the methods for obtaining forming limit diagram based on these three kinds of defects is analyzed and summarized.

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10

HEO, SEONG-CHAN, TAE-WAN KU, JEONG KIM, BEOM-SOO KANG, and WOO-JIN SONG. "APPLICATION OF FORMING LIMIT CRITERIA BASED ON PLASTIC INSTABILITY CONDITION TO METAL FORMING PROCESS." International Journal of Modern Physics B 22, no. 31n32 (December 30, 2008): 5680–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979208051005.

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Metal forming processes such as hydroforming and sheet metal forming using tubular material and thin sheet metal have been widely used in lots of industrial fields for manufacturing of various parts that could be equipped with mechanical products. However, it is not easy to design sequential processes properly because there are various design variables that affect formability of the parts. Therefore preliminary evaluation of formability for the given process should be carried out to minimize time consumption and development cost. With the advances in finite element analysis technique over the decades, the formability evaluation using numerical simulation has been conducted in view of strain distribution and final shape. In this paper, the application of forming limit criteria is carried out for the tube hydroforming and sheet metal forming processes using theoretical background based on plastic instability conditions. Consequently, it is confirmed that the local necking and diffuse necking criteria of sheet are suitable for formability evaluation of both hydroforming and sheet metal forming processes.

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11

Mao, Xian Chang, and Ming Guang Wang. "Forming Limit of Magnesium Alloy Sheet in Hydromechanical Deep Drawing." Advanced Materials Research 482-484 (February 2012): 2086–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.482-484.2086.

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The experimental research on the hydromechanical deep drawing of AZ31B magnesium alloy sheet was conducted in this paper. The deformation behaviors and the influence of internal pressure on its formability are investigated, moreover, the fracture behaviors of the obtained workpieces are discussed. The experimental results show that the formability of AZ31B magnesium alloy sheet in hydromechanical deep drawing is poorer than that in mechanical deep drawing at room temperature because the internal pressure fails to work effectively due to the weak plastic deformation capacity and the premature fracture of the kind alloy.

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12

Mohamed, Mohamed, Sherif Elatriby, Zhusheng Shi, and Jian Guo Lin. "Prediction of Forming Limit Diagram for AA5754 Using Artificial Neural Network Modelling." Key Engineering Materials 716 (October 2016): 770–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.716.770.

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Warm stamping techniques have been employed to solve the formability problem in forming aluminium alloy panels. The formability of sheet metal is a crucial measure of its ability for forming complex-shaped panel components and is often evaluated by forming limit diagram (FLD). Although the forming limit is a simple tool to predict the formability of material, determining FLD experimentally at warm/hot forming condition is quite difficult. This paper presents the artificial neural network (ANN) modelling of the process based on experimental results (different temperature, 20°C-300°C and different forming rates, 5-300 mm.s-1) is introduced to predict FLDs. It is shown that the ANN can predict the FLDs at extreme conditions, which are out of the defined boundaries for training the ANN. According to comparisons, there is a good agreement between experimental and neural network results

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13

Vysochinskiy, Dmitry, Terence Coudert, Odd Sture Hopperstad, Odd Geir Lademo, and Aase Reyes. "Experimental Detection of the Onset of Local Necking in an Aluminium Sheet." Materials Science Forum 794-796 (June 2014): 590–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.794-796.590.

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Forming limit diagrams (FLDs) are widely used to assess metal sheet formability. Experimental FLDs are obtained by performing formability tests and determining failure strains. The standard method for detection of forming limits is based on the spatial distribution of the strains and requires formation of a single local neck. Some aluminium alloys, such as AA6016, have a tendency to form multiple strain localizations in formability tests, which can be interpreted as multiple local necks. Thus, use of the standard method is questionable for these aluminium alloys. The present paper presents an alternative, digital-image-correlation-based method for experimental detection of the onset of local necking in an aluminium sheet. The method is based on monitoring the sheet-thickness evolution, and is developed to be user independent and resistant to noise in the measurements. The method can be used in combination with different types of formability tests. The main requirement is that digital image correlation is used for strain measurements. Here, the method is initially tested on uniaxial tension tests of AA6016 aluminium alloy sheets and then extended to formability tests.

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14

Hussain, Ghulam, Gao Lin, Nasir Hayat, Nameem Ullah Dar, and Asif Iqbal. "New Methodologies for the Determination of Precise Forming Limit Curve in Single Point Incremental Forming Process." Advanced Materials Research 97-101 (March 2010): 126–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.97-101.126.

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Straight groove test is a widely-used formability test in Single Point Incremental Forming (SPIF). This test does not cover all the forming aspects of SPIF process, however. In order to ascertain its legitimacy, two new tests covering necessary SPIF aspects are devised. The FLC of an aluminum sheet is determined using the newly proposed and straight groove tests. It is found that the straight groove test shows much lower formability than the new tests. Therefore, the employment of newly devised test(s) is proposed for the determination of precise formability limits.

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15

Fundenberger, J. J., M. J. Philippe, C. Esling, P. Lequeu, and B. Chenal. "Calculation of Yield Surfaces and Determination of Forming Limit Diagrams of Aluminium Alloys." Textures and Microstructures 21, no. 2-3 (January 1, 1993): 93–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/tsm.21.93.

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In order to point out the influence of the crystallographic texture on the formability of 2 aluminium alloys, the orientation distribution function (ODF) will be carried out using the series expansion method. Combining the ODF with a Taylor plastic deformation model we are able to calculate the yield loci and to predict the plastic strain ratio which is of high interest in the formability.

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16

Forcellese, Archimede, Mohamad El Mehtedi, M. Simoncini, and S. Spigarelli. "Formability and Microstructure of AZ31 Magnesium Alloy Sheets." Key Engineering Materials 344 (July 2007): 31–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.344.31.

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The formability of AZ31 magnesium alloy sheets has been investigated in the temperature range varying from 200 to 300°C. Forming limit diagrams have been obtained by performing Nakazima-based tests. The different straining conditions have been investigated using sheet blanks with several length to width ratios. The forming limit curves have been related to the microstructural evolution occurring during deformation. The forming limit diagrams have shown a remarkable increase in formability with temperature that could be related to the occurrence of full dynamic recrystallization at 300°C.

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17

Sodamuk, Sawad, Vichit Buakeaw, Suparerk Sirivadin, and Suwat Jirathearanat. "C-6 Formability Prediction of The Automotive Parts Using Forming Limit Diagrams(Session: Forming II)." Proceedings of the Asian Symposium on Materials and Processing 2006 (2006): 53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmeasmp.2006.53.

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18

MANABE, Ken-ichi, and Hisashi NISHIMURA. "Improvement of formability limit conical reducing of circular tubes." Transactions of the Japan Society of Mechanical Engineers Series C 51, no. 463 (1985): 641–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/kikaic.51.641.

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19

BUAKAEW, V., S. SODAMUK, S. SIRIVEDIN, and S. JIRATHEARANAT. "Formability Prediction of Automotive Parts Using Forming Limit Diagrams." Journal of Solid Mechanics and Materials Engineering 1, no. 5 (2007): 691–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jmmp.1.691.

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20

Zhang, Feifei, Jieshi Chen, and Jun Chen. "Forming limit prediction for two-stage aluminum alloy sheet forming process considering the effect of normal stress." Engineering Computations 33, no. 4 (June 13, 2016): 1192–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ec-07-2015-0185.

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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to analyze theoretically the influence of normal stress on the formability of aluminum alloy sheets in non-linear strain paths. Design/methodology/approach – Four loading modes of non-linear strain paths are investigated in detail to consider the effect of normal stress on formability of aluminum alloy sheets. Findings – Results show that the influence of normal stress in the first stage can be ignored. However, the normal stress in the second stage enhances the formability of aluminum alloy sheets obviously. Besides, the normal stress in the second stage is found to have larger effect on forming limit stress than that in the first stage. Research limitations/implications – Maybe more experiment data should be obtained to support the theoretical findings. Originality/value – This current study provides a better understanding of normal stress effect on the formability of aluminum alloy sheets in non-linear strain paths. Since the reacting stage of normal stress play important roles in normal stress effect on the formability of aluminum alloy sheets, the insight obtained in this paper will help to judge the instability of aluminum alloy sheets in complex forming processes with normal stress reacting on the sheet or tube.

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21

Kumar, Gautam, and Kuntal Maji. "Formability of AA7075 Sheet in Single Point Incremental Forming." International Journal of Manufacturing, Materials, and Mechanical Engineering 11, no. 2 (April 2021): 40–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijmmme.2021040103.

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This article presents formability analysis of aluminium alloy 7075 thin sheets in single point incremental forming (SPIF) through prediction of forming limit curve (FLC) and maximum formable wall angle. Deformation instability method based on tool-sheet contact and non-contact zones in incremental forming was used for the prediction of limit strains for plane strain and equi-biaxial stretching strain path. FLC of the material was also determined experimentally, after measuring limit strains for deformed sheet through groove test for the process. Further, maximum forming wall angle of the material was determined for deformed sheet in a square pyramid shape. The theoretical limit strains predicted by deformation instability approach were compared to the experimental values. Theoretically, calculated limit strains were observed to be higher for plane strain path but approximately close for equi-biaxial strain path compared to experimental limit strains. The maximum formable wall was found to be 55˚ for the material in the process.

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22

Sato, Yutaka S., A. Sasaki, A. Sugimoto, A. Honda, and Hiroyuki Kokawa. "Enhancement of Formability in Magnesium Alloy AZ31B via Friction Stir Processing." Materials Science Forum 539-543 (March 2007): 3775–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.539-543.3775.

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Mg alloy has a poor formability at room temperature because of lack of the active slip systems, but the grain refinement improves its ductility. Friction stir processing (FSP) can create homogeneous microstructure consisting of fine grains in Mg alloys, thus it would be expected that FSP enhances the formability of Mg alloys. In this study, multi-pass FSP was applied to Mg alloy AZ31B, and then formability of FSPed alloy was evaluated. Multi-pass FSP produced the fine recrystallized grains in Mg alloy. The stir zone exhibited larger fracture limit major strains than the base material under uniaxial tension and plane strain deformation, and these values increased with decreasing grain size. The stir zone having grain size of 2.9 μm showed the fracture limit major strains which are roughly as same as those of an annealed pure Al. The present study suggests that FSP is an effective method to enhance the formability of Mg alloys.

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23

Rajeshkannan, Ananthanarayanan, and Sumesh Narayan. "Forming Limit Analysis of Molybdenum Reinforced Carbon Steels." Key Engineering Materials 777 (August 2018): 306–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.777.306.

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The occurrence of ductile fracture during the plastic deformation of powder metallurgy materials is adverse and damaging and the prediction of fracture is very important in the early stages as early modifications will prevent failure. This will tend to save a lot of money and forming limit studies in many metal forming processes is up most important. Forming limit analysis on the cold forged molybdenum reinforced carbon steels were carried out in this work. In this study two key strain hardening parameters are used to study the formability characteristics. This analysis is effectively used for design of powder metallurgy parts and most importantly the die design as repressing needs to be employed before pores appear as cracks on the free surface. The cold forging was carried out on Fe-0.8%C, Fe-0.8%C-1%Mo, Fe-0.8%C-1.5%Mo and Fe-0.8%C-2.0%Mo and the formability behavior of the same is presented.

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24

Hu, Qi, Xi Feng Li, and Jun Chen. "Forming Limit Evaluation with Perturbation Approach Considering Through-Thickness Normal Stress." Key Engineering Materials 794 (February 2019): 48–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.794.48.

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To predict material’s formability in the hydroforming processes, the plane stress assumption would be invalid. The instability perturbation approach proposed by Hu et al. [1] is extended with the through-thickness normal stress by combining Hill’48 and Hosford’s yield criteria. The influences of through-thickness normal stress on the predicted forming limit strains in the forms of traditional Forming Limit Diagram (FLD) and equivalent plastic strain (EPS) based FLD (epFLD) are investigated. The results show that forming limit curves (FLCs) in both forms of FLD enhance with increasing through-thickness normal stress under proportional and non-proportional loadings. This new model can be utilized to study the effects of fluid pressure on the formability of orthotropic thin sheets.

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25

Werber, Alexandra, Mathias Liewald, Winfried Nester, Martin Grünbaum, Klaus Wiegand, Jörg Simon, Jürgen Timm, Corrado Bassi, and Walter Hotz. "Influence of Different Pre-Stretching Modes on the Forming Limit Diagram of AA6014." Key Engineering Materials 504-506 (February 2012): 71–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.504-506.71.

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In order to evaluate the formability of sheet materials forming limit diagrams (FLD) are recorded which represent the values of major and minor strain when necking occurs. FLDs are recorded based on the assumption that exclusively linear strain paths occur. In real forming parts, however, particularly in those with complex shapes, predominantly non-linear strain paths occur which reduce the accuracy of the failure prediction according to a conventional FLD. For this reason forming limits after loading with non-linear strain paths have to be investigated. In this contribution a systematic analysis of the forming limits of a conventional AA6014 alloy after loading with non-linear strain paths is presented. This material is pre-stretched in uniaxial, plane strain and biaxial direction up to several levels before performing Nakajima experiments in order to determine FLDs. During the pre-stretching process as well as during the Nakajima experiment the strain distribution can be measured online very precisely with the optical deformation measurement systems GOM Aramis or VIALUX. The gained curves are compared to the FLD of the as-received material. The results prove a significant influence of the pre-stretching condition on the forming limits of the used aluminum alloy. For a low pre-stretching in uniaxial as well as in biaxial direction the FLDs show a slightly reduced formability while after higher pre-stretching levels the forming limit can be improved such as for biaxial loading after uniaxial pre-stretching. The formability after pre-stretching in plane strain direction was changed. Also, a shift of the FLD depending on the direction of pre-stretching can be observed.

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26

Saju, Tinu P. "Experimental Investigation on Formability of Cryorolled and Room Temperature Rolled AA 6061 Sheet Metal with 50% and 75% Thickness Reduction." Applied Mechanics and Materials 592-594 (July 2014): 302–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.592-594.302.

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This paper deals with the formability of AA 6061 sheet metal. The forming limit diagram of precipitation hardenable Al–Mg–Si alloy namely AA 6061 was evaluated for sheets rolled at two different temperature media namely room temperature and cryogenic temperature. The sheets were subjected to solutionising, rolling either in room temperature or cryogenic temperature with 50% or 75% reduction and short annealing before forming operation. The forming limit diagrams of the rolled sheets were plotted together to obtain a clear idea about their comparative formability.

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27

Ress, D. W. A., and R. K. Power. "Orientation and formability of orthotropic sheet metals." Journal of Strain Analysis for Engineering Design 32, no. 1 (January 1, 1997): 61–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/0309324971513229.

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This paper examines the formability of automotive sheet metals: CR steels and 6000 series aluminium-magnesium alloys. Necking strains are used to determine the forming limits; i.e. a diffuse instability condition is reached under in-plane biaxial stressing. The theory admits material anisotropy, work-hardening and sheet orientation under any ratio of applied principal stresses. It has been programmed to accept orientations between the principal stress axes and the sheets' rolling direction in 15° increments between 0° and 90°. The ratio between the principal stresses may vary between 0 and ± 1. The input data required are the width-thickness strain ratios ( r values) in directions 0°, 45° and 90° to the roll and the Hollomon hardening exponent ( n value). The output is presented in four diagrams: the critical subtangent-stress ratio and plots between three combinations of the limiting principal engineering strains: (a) two in-plane strains, (b) major in-plane strain versus thickness strain and (c) minor in-plane strain versus thickness strain. Each diagram shows the influence of rotating the principal stress axes in increments of 15° to the roll. The forming limit diagram of type (a) gives the traditional presentation of a forming limit diagram (FLD). This FLD may be established experimentally from the strain in a surface grid lying around splits. In practice, a few production panels may be gridded for die-tryout and to examine a change in material. The alternative FLDs, types (b) and (c), are proposed to provide quality control with the increasing use of ultrasonics to monitor thickness of pressed panels. An example of type (b) is determined experimentally for CR1 steel.

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28

Yang, Lianfa, Daofu Tang, and Yulin He. "Describing tube formability during pulsating hydroforming using forming limit diagrams." Journal of Strain Analysis for Engineering Design 52, no. 4 (April 11, 2017): 249–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0309324717703511.

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Pulsating hydroforming is a novel forming technique that applies pulsating hydraulic pressure to deform tubular materials. Larger expansions and more uniform wall thicknesses in tubes have reportedly been achieved using this technique. However, periodic oscillations of hydraulic pressure acting on the tubes during pulsating hydroforming make the tube deformation behaviour and formability unpredictable. Forming limit diagrams, which consist of two forming limit curves in a major–minor strain coordinate system, are widely used to indicate the formability of sheet materials in plastic deformation. The comparable use of forming limit diagrams to indicate the formability of tubular materials under the pulsating action of hydroforming has not been previously established. In this study, pulsating and non-pulsating hydro-bulging experiments were performed on SS304 stainless steel tubes. Under distinct tension–compression and tension–tension strain states with and without active axial feeding, the forming limit curves for the deformed tubes were constructed based on the experimental data. The effects of various hydraulic pressure pulsating parameters, including pulsating amplitude and frequency, on the forming limit curves were analysed and compared. The experimental results showed that each of the forming limit curves under pulsating hydro-bulging was higher than the forming limit curves under non-pulsating hydro-bulging, thereby confirming the influence of the pulsating parameters. In general, the height of the forming limit curves increased as the pulsating amplitude and frequency increased, largely independent of the tension–compression and tension–tension states. Overall, the results showed that the proposed method for determining the forming limit curves (and the subsequent forming limit diagram) for tubes during pulsating hydro-bulging is feasible.

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29

Lee, Young Seon, Jung Hwan Lee, M. Y. Lee, Young Hoon Moon, and T. Ishikawa. "Formability of Al6061 Extruded Tube in Warm Hydroforming." Key Engineering Materials 340-341 (June 2007): 599–604. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.340-341.599.

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Formability of tube in elevated temperature is essential data to design the warm hydroforming process parameters, such as tube diameter, forming temperature and die geometries. Since the quantitative data of forming limit can be used to predict the failure on forming process, formability data available on the FE analysis is one of the very important information for the optimum design. In this study, the effect of heat treatment conditions and deformation temperature on the formability was investigated for the warm hydroforming of Al6061 tube. Full annealing and T6-treatment are applied for the heat treatment of Al6061 tubes. To evaluate the hydroformability, uni-axial tensile test and bulge test were performed at temperature ranges between room temperature and 300oC. The measured flow stresses were used as input parameters for the simulation of warm hydroforming process. The damage value and strain variation during hydroforming are analysed by FEM. A forming limit based on the ductile fracture criteria has been proposed by combining the results of experimental and FE analysis for the estimation of formability and optimization of warm hydroforming process.

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30

Pellegrini, Daniele, J. Lechler, Andrea Ghiotti, Stefania Bruschi, and Marion Merklein. "Interlaboratory Comparison of Forming Limit Curves for Hot Stamping of High Strength Steels." Key Engineering Materials 410-411 (March 2009): 297–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.410-411.297.

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The paper presents the approaches followed by two labs – LFT at the University of Erlangen-Nuremberg (Germany) and DIMEG at University of Padua (Italy) – in evaluating formability limits of 22MnB5 sheets when processed under hot stamping conditions. Details about the two testing apparatuses and the testing procedures are outlined, and the results in terms of Forming Limit Curves FLC compared and critically commented.

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31

Liu, Jian Guang, and Qing Yuan Meng. "Left-Side of the Forming Limit Diagram (FLD) under Superimposed Double-Sided Pressure." Advanced Materials Research 472-475 (February 2012): 653–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.472-475.653.

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Over the past decades, many kinds of double-sided pressure forming processes have been proposed to improve the formability of lightweight materials which exhibit distinctly poor forming capability. In the present study, the effects of double-sided pressure on the deformation behavior of AA5052-O aluminum alloy sheet metal under tension-compression deformation state are studied numerically using the finite element method based on the Gurson damage model. It is demonstrated that superimposed double-sided pressure significantly increases the left-side of the forming limit diagram and the formability increase value is sensitive to the strain path.

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Liu, Wen, Shui Sheng Xie, Ji Qiang Li, and Xu Ding. "Study on Formability of Tailor Welded Blanks Based on Numerical Simulation." Materials Science Forum 704-705 (December 2011): 45–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.704-705.45.

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The strength ratio, thickness ration of blanks and the microstructure of weld seam play important role in the formability of tailor welded blanks (TWB). With numeric simulation technology in different conditions such as different thickness and different strength combination of TWB’s materials, the forming limit depth (FLD) of tailor welded blanks is analyzed. The affect of the thickness ratio and strength ratio on forming limit depth is investigated, the laws influencing the formability of TWB square box are summarized, and approaches are presented to increase the FLD. The results of simulation and practice indicate that reducing the difference of the thickness ratio, choosing lower strength material for thicker blank, and adopting right heat treatment can improve the forming limit depth. Keywords: Tailor Welded Blanks; Forming Limit Depth; Thickness Ratio; Strength Ratio

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Feng, Fei, Jianjun Li, Rongchuang Chen, Peng Yuan, Hongliang Su, Qixian Zhang, Pan Huang, and Zhizhen Zheng. "Effect of Die Geometry on the Formability of 5052 Aluminum Alloy in Electromagnetic Impaction Deformation." Materials 11, no. 8 (August 8, 2018): 1379. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma11081379.

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The formability of aluminum alloy sheet in electromagnetic impaction deformation has attracted the attention of numerous researchers for the past decades. However, the influences of die geometry and high-speed impaction electromagnetic deformation on formability have not been well established, thereby resulting in the formability of the sheet not being developed fully. In this study, the influence of die geometry on the formability of 5052 aluminum alloy in electromagnetic deformation was investigated by comparing the formability of 5052 aluminum alloys formed using a hemispherical die and a cylindrical die. The intriguing finding is that the formability of the 5052 aluminum alloy formed using a cylindrical die is considerably higher than that formed using a hemispherical die. Therefore, die geometry significantly influences the formability of 5052 aluminum alloy. The influence of die geometry on the formability of 5052 aluminum alloy in high-speed impaction electromagnetic deformation was explained in terms of strain rate, pressure stress, and stress state. This investigation enhances insight into the interaction between sheets and dies, and provides a reference for the studying influence of dies on the forming limit of sheets in high-speed impaction deformation.

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Kulas, Mary Anne, Paul E. Krajewski, John R. Bradley, and Eric M. Taleff. "Forming Limit Diagrams for AA5083 under SPF and QPF Conditions." Materials Science Forum 551-552 (July 2007): 129–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.551-552.129.

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Forming Limit Diagrams (FLD’s) for AA5083 aluminum sheet were established under both Superplastic Forming (SPF) and Quick Plastic Forming (QPF) conditions. SPF conditions consisted of a strain rate of 0.0001/s at 500°C, while QPF conditions consisted of a strain rate of 0.01/s at 450°C. The forming limit diagrams were generated using uniaxial tension, biaxial bulge, and plane strain bulge testing. Forming limits were defined using two criteria: (1) macroscopic fracture and (2) greater than 2% cavitation. Very little difference was observed between the plane strain limits in the SPF and QPF conditions indicating comparable formability between the two processes with a commercial grade AA5083 material.

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RAO, B. V. S. "Determination Of Formability Of Bimetallic Sheet Using Forming Limit Diagram." Materials Today: Proceedings 18 (2019): 2787–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.07.144.

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Yamaguchi, Ryo, Tetsuhide Shimizu, and Ming Yang. "Influence of Servo Motion on Forming Limit of Thin Metallic Foils Using Micro Bulge Test." Key Engineering Materials 716 (October 2016): 208–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.716.208.

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The demand of microforming is increasing as one of the economical production methods for small metallic parts. However, the formability of metallic foils decreases with decreasing ratio of thickness to grain size. In the present study, a process combining step motion and ultrasonic vibration is proposed to enhance the formability by stress relaxation. To investigate the effect of stress relaxation on forming limit of metallic foils in different stress states, micro bulge tests were carried out. The material used was brass foils with a thickness of 0.03, 0.05 and 0.08 mm. For calculating the strains of the deformed specimens, a pattern of dots with a diameter and a pitch of 50 and 60 μm was fabricated on the surface of the specimens by photolithography. The results of micro bulge tests showed that the forming limit increases by the stress relaxation regardless of stress states, except for the foil with a thickness of 0.03 mm. The possibility of enhancing the formability of metallic foils by stress relaxation was experimentally demonstrated.

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Chen, Xian Feng, Zhong Qi Yu, and Shu Hui Li. "Study on the Formability and its Geometric Factors of Seamed Tube Hydroforming." Advanced Materials Research 314-316 (August 2011): 733–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.314-316.733.

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Forming limit curve (FLC) is an important tool for assessing formability of steel metal. It is commonly obtained from experiment, theoretical calculation and finite element method (FEM) simulation. In this study, the FLC of a seamed tube hydroforming is established by combining the failure criterion of strain increment ratio and FEM simulation. The numerical method is verified by tube bulge tests. Then the sensitivity studies are carried out to evaluate the effect of the geometrical features of seamed tube on its formability by numerical approach. Results show that the changes of the formability with the geometrical features of a seamed tube.

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Kao, A. S., H. A. Kuhn, W. A. Spitzig, and O. Richmond. "Influence of Superimposed Hydrostatic Pressure on Bending Fracture and Formability of a Low Carbon Steel Containing Globular Sulfides." Journal of Engineering Materials and Technology 112, no. 1 (January 1, 1990): 26–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2903182.

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Bend tests under superimposed hydrostatic pressure were carried out on a low carbon steel containing globular sulfide inclusions to investigate the variation of ductile fracture and forming limits due to supression of void growth. Results show that increasing pressure enhances formability, as expressed by increasing intercept and decreasing slope of the forming limit line, due to a pressure-induced transition in fracture mechanism. A continuum mechanical model based on the growth and coalescence of voids under applied pressure is proposed that explains the experimental results and predicts the fracture limit under actual metalforming conditions.

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Xia, Qin Xiang, Jin Chuan Long, Fei Du, and Gang Feng Xiao. "Research on Single Pass Deep Drawing Spinning Formability of Cup-Shaped Parts." Materials Science Forum 920 (April 2018): 77–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.920.77.

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The deep drawing spinning (DDS) formability of metal material refers to the ability to produce an opened hollow part with a circular blank through DDS without fracture or wrinkling defect. The cup-shaped parts of DP600 were selected as the research object, the coefficient m=d/D0 was put forward as the evaluation index of DDS formability, and the minimum coefficient without the occurrences of wrinkle and fracture is defined as the limit DDS coefficient mlim. The single pass DDS formability of cup-shaped parts was investigated experimentally and the influences of blank thickness, roller feed rate and roller fillet radius on the DDS formability were discussed in detail. The results show that the DDS coefficient decreases with the increasing of blank thickness; fracture or wrinkling occurs easily when the roller feed rate is excessively large or excessively small; the large roller fillet radius is helpful to improve the DDS formability of metal material.

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40

Kwame, J. S., E. Yakushina, and P. Blackwell. "Effect of Edge Conditions on the Formability of Commercially Pure Titanium Sheet (Grade 2) at Room Temperature." MATEC Web of Conferences 321 (2020): 04027. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/202032104027.

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Titanium and its alloys are difficult to form, particularly at room temperature, due to their crystallographic structure and limited availability of slip systems. Such limited formability could be exacerbated by virtue of the technique used to cut the sheet. Forming limit diagrams will not necessarily recognize such effects, which can lead to failures during forming trials. An example of a situation where this could be demonstrated is in sheet with pre-fabricated holes. This work used a hemispherical punch to stretch in-plane a 20mm diameter hole prepared with laser, EDM and AWJ cutting techniques in order to quantify the edge formability of the material. It was identified that, the edge surface conditions have a major impact on the edge formability of the material. The edges of the material prepared with EDM showed very high formability tendencies compared with AWJ and laser cutting. The work proposed an alternative characterization method that could be adopted for edge formability assessment.

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Kumar, Pavan, and Puneet Tandon. "Process capabilities of commercially pure titanium grade 2 formed through warm incremental sheet forming." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part B: Journal of Engineering Manufacture 235, no. 11 (February 21, 2021): 1779–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954405421995669.

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Commercially pure titanium (CP-Ti) Grade-2 has many applications due to its good weldability, strength, ductility, formability, and superior corrosion resistance. Although, CP-Ti Grade-2 can be formed at room temperature, however, it has lower ductility at room temperature. Therefore, heat treatment or thermal activation is required to increase its ductility and formability. In this paper, the process capabilities of CP-Ti Grade-2 to form the components through warm incremental sheet forming (ISF) has been investigated. To identify the optimal temperature at which CP-Ti Grade-2 sheets can be incrementally formed, straight groove tests were performed experimentally at various temperatures. Two geometries, namely, varying wall angle truncated cone, and constant wall angle truncated cone were used as test cases to evaluate the formability of CP-Ti Grade-2, in terms of limiting wall angle. The formability was also assessed through forming limit diagram obtained by Finite Element (FE) simulation. With forming limit damage criterion, fracture in the formed component was predicted with FE simulation using Abaqus Explicit software. To assess the process capabilities of CP-Ti Grade-2 sheet formed through warm ISF, thickness distribution, forming forces, geometrical accuracy, and surface roughness were analyzed through both FE simulation and experimental work.

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Venkatachalam, G., J. Nishanth, M. Mukesh, and D. S. Pavan Kumar. "Investigations on Influence of Geometric Parameters in Drawing of Perforated Sheet Metals." Applied Mechanics and Materials 852 (September 2016): 229–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.852.229.

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Forming Limit Diagram (FLD) is a resourceful tool to study the formability of sheet metals. Research on the formability of Perforated Sheet Metal is growing over the years as perforated sheet metal finds its applications in various fields. But finding FLD of perforated sheet metals is complex due to the presence of holes. Also, the hole size, shape and pattern, ligament ratio, thickness of the blank, percentage of open area influence the formability of a perforated sheet metal.In the present scenario, various simulation softwares have made the process of plotting FLD much easier, saving time and money. This paper is an attempt to predict the formability of mild steel perforated sheet metal through simulation software package LS Dyna. Also, Parametric analysis is performed to determine the influence of geometric parameters on the drawability of the perforated sheet metal.

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Wang, Jin, Li Hua Li, Bao Ping Wang, and Hu Sen Jiang. "Study on Formability of TRIP Steel in Incremental Sheet Forming." Advanced Materials Research 634-638 (January 2013): 2881–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.634-638.2881.

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The formability of a TRIP590 steel with 0.67mm thick in incremental sheet forming (ISF) was investigated. A variable angle cone, which opening diameter and generatrix radius are 100mm, and initial angle is 35 °, was formed until the specimen cracked. The depth at the intersection point of the actual wall thickness and theoretical wall thickness of the cone was measured, and the forming limit angle of the TRIP590 steel was got and about 66.5 °. Additionally, an arc groove and a cross arc groove were formed. Through measuring changes of the grids printed on the surface of the tested sheet, the forming limit diagram of the TRIP590 steel in ISF was obtained. The forming limit angle and diagram obtained can be used in designing the production process and numerical simulation of forming the TRIP steel.

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Hou, Bo, Emin Semih Perdahcıoğlu, A. H. van den Boogaard, and Daniela Kitting. "Study on Instability and Forming Limit of Sheet Metal under Stretch-Bending." Key Engineering Materials 611-612 (May 2014): 84–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.611-612.84.

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Under stretch-bending conditions, a significant tensile stress gradient through sheet thickness is induced, especially for a small punch radius. The traditional instability theories were developed assuming a uniform tensile stress / strain distribution through thickness; hence, may lead to unreliable prediction of stretch-bending formability. In this study, the instability behavior of sheet metal under stretch-bending is analyzed via FE-simulation of an Angular Stretch-Bend Test (ASBT). In order to reflect the influence of bending, contact normal stress etc., solid elements are used in the simulation. Three deformation stages are identified: (a). stable deformation; (b). strain localization through sheet thickness; (c). localized necking. Based on the instability characteristics, a localized necking criterion is proposed for predicting forming limits of sheet metal under stretch-bending. By combining the proposed criterion and solid element simulation, good agreement between numerical and experimental results is indicated. This work provides a new approach for predicting stretch-bend formability with sufficient accuracy and convenience.

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SAFDARIAN, R. "Stress based forming limit diagram for formability characterization of 6061 aluminum." Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China 26, no. 9 (September 2016): 2433–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1003-6326(16)64350-9.

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46

Goud, R. Raman, K. Eswar Prasad, and Swades Kumar Singh. "Formability Limit Diagrams of Extra-deep-drawing Steel at Elevated Temperatures." Procedia Materials Science 6 (2014): 123–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mspro.2014.07.014.

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47

Zhong, Hao, and Ling Fei Cao. "Effect of Alloy Composition and Pre-Ageing on the Stretch Formability of 6xxx Automotive Sheet Alloys." Materials Science Forum 941 (December 2018): 955–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.941.955.

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In this study, the effect of Mg/Si ratio, Cu content and/or pre-ageing treatment (e.g. 100 °C for 2 h and/or 200 °C for 20 s) on the stretch formability of 6xxx alloys was investigated through their influence on the work hardening and strain-rate hardening behaviour using tensile testing and forming limit diagram tests. The results showed that a high Mg/Si ratio, a low Cu content and/or the employment of pre-ageing could deteriorate the stretch formability due to the decrease in work hardening and/or strain rate hardening capabilities. Moreover, the stretch formability was observed to have an opposite correlation with the paint-bake response of the alloys studied.

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48

Bohn, M. L., S. G. Xu, K. J. Weinmann, C. C. Chen, and A. Chandra. "Improving Formability in Sheet Metal Stamping With Active Drawbead Technology." Journal of Engineering Materials and Technology 123, no. 4 (July 24, 2000): 504–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1395577.

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Aluminum is expected to gain popularity as material for the bodies of the next generation of lighter and more fuel-efficient vehicles. However, its lower formability compared with that of steel tends to create considerable problems. A controllable restraining force caused by adjusting the penetration of drawbeads can improve the formability. This paper describes the effects of temporal variations in drawbead penetration on the strain distribution in a symmetric stamped part. Comparison of the results of numerical simulations with the corresponding experimental results shows that the predictions of strain distribution on the panel are in very good agreement. Furthermore, forming limit diagram analysis indicates that the active drawbead concept is beneficial to the formability of AA 6111-T4.

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Swaminathan, K., P. P. Date, and K. A. Padmanabhan. "Room Temperature Formability and Fracture Behavior of a High Strength AI-Zn-Mg Alloy." Journal of Engineering Materials and Technology 113, no. 2 (April 1, 1991): 236–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2903398.

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The formability and fracture behavior of a high strength, aluminum alloy made to (French) specification AFNOR 7020 is reported. The formability study included the evaluation of the room temperature forming limit diagram (FLD) of the material in the T4 temper and an analysis of the strain distribution profiles obtained in punch stretching that involved different stress states. The fracture surfaces were examined by scanning electron microscopy and a correlation between the forming and fracture behavior could be obtained.

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Satheeshkumar, V., and R. Ganesh Narayanan. "Influence of Pre-Generated Infinite Adhesive Defects on the Forming Behaviour of Adhesive Bonded Steel Sheets." Advanced Materials Research 939 (May 2014): 328–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.939.328.

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In the present investigation, the forming behaviour of adhesive bonded sheets with the pre-generated infinite defects in the adhesive layer is studied. The infinite defects are generated with different orientations like longitudinal, transverse and at an angle of 45°. The base sheet materials used are deep drawing quality steel and SS 316L sheets, and two part epoxy adhesive is used for bonding the base sheet materials. The formability is quantified by monitoring the load-extension behaviour, and limit strain, evaluated through tensile tests and in-plane plane strain (IPPS) formability tests. It is observed that there is a significant decrease in formability because of the presence of infinite defects in the adhesive layer. While comparing the formability of adhesive bonded blanks with respect to different orientations, transversely oriented defect shows more reduction than 45° and longitudinal cases. There is not much difference between the transversely oriented and 45° oriented infinite defects in tensile tests, whereas in the IPPS formability test results, there is no considerable difference between 45° and longitudinally oriented defect.

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