Journal articles: 'Formability'

1

Karthik, V., R. J. Comstock, D. L. Hershberger, and R. H. Wagoner. "Variability of sheet formability and formability testing." Journal of Materials Processing Technology 121, no. 2-3 (February 2002): 350–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-0136(01)01219-5.

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Wang, Ling Yun, Zhi Wen Lu, and Ya Zhong Zhao. "The Experimental Research on the Formability of Stamping of Magnesium Alloy AZ31B Sheets." Materials Science Forum 546-549 (May 2007): 275–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.546-549.275.

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In this paper, the basic formability of stamping of magnesium-alloy AZ31B sheet has been studied through experiments. The stamping formability of magnesium-alloy AZ31B sheet, such as the conical cup value, bending formability, deep drawing formability, formability of hole expanding, forming limit has been studied by simulating processing experiments. The formability of stamping supplies the basic reference data for the stamping processing. It is also found that the formability of stamping of magnesium-alloy AZ31B sheets is poor at room temperature and is excellent at intermediate and high temperatures.

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RUSSELL, DAVID L. "APPROXIMATE BOUNDARY FORMABILITY WITH VOLUME ACTUATION." Mathematical Models and Methods in Applied Sciences 08, no. 07 (November 1998): 1243–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218202598000573.

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We study the approximate formability of the boundary of a two-dimensional isotropic elastic medium with the use of uniform volume actuation in the interior of that medium. We show that care is required in the selection of formability criteria to ensure that formability corresponds with common sense notions of "shape control". Finally, we analyze what we define as approximate normal boundary formability in the case of a rectangular and a triangular region, showing that such formability does not obtain in the first instance but, with some smoothness assumptions, does obtain in the second.

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Tagore, G. R. N., G. Venkateswarlu, and M. J. Davidson. "Formability Studies of Friction Stir Processed Mg AZ31 Alloy in Plane-Strain Stretch Forming." Applied Mechanics and Materials 325-326 (June 2013): 16–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.325-326.16.

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Magnesium alloys exhibit poor formability at room temperature because of their hexagonal close packed (hcp) structure. The grain refinement can improve its ductility and formability. Friction stir processing (FSP) is an emerging solid state surface modification technique that can produce homogeneous microstructure with fine-grains in a single pass. The effect of friction stir processing variables that can affect tensile strength and formability of magnesium AZ 31B alloy are studied. The formability of friction stir processed sheet was studied by limiting dome height (LDH) test in plane-strain deformation condition. The results indicate that the tensile properties and formability are improved by friction stir processing. The objective of the present work is to establish randomisation of texture to increase work hardening exponent by favourably orienting a large number of grains (texture) in AZ31 alloy to improve its stretch formability by promoting additional straining in thickness direction. Keywords: Friction stir processing, LDH, Formability, etc.

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5

Feng, Fei, Jianjun Li, Rongchuang Chen, Peng Yuan, Hongliang Su, Qixian Zhang, Pan Huang, and Zhizhen Zheng. "Effect of Die Geometry on the Formability of 5052 Aluminum Alloy in Electromagnetic Impaction Deformation." Materials 11, no. 8 (August 8, 2018): 1379. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma11081379.

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The formability of aluminum alloy sheet in electromagnetic impaction deformation has attracted the attention of numerous researchers for the past decades. However, the influences of die geometry and high-speed impaction electromagnetic deformation on formability have not been well established, thereby resulting in the formability of the sheet not being developed fully. In this study, the influence of die geometry on the formability of 5052 aluminum alloy in electromagnetic deformation was investigated by comparing the formability of 5052 aluminum alloys formed using a hemispherical die and a cylindrical die. The intriguing finding is that the formability of the 5052 aluminum alloy formed using a cylindrical die is considerably higher than that formed using a hemispherical die. Therefore, die geometry significantly influences the formability of 5052 aluminum alloy. The influence of die geometry on the formability of 5052 aluminum alloy in high-speed impaction electromagnetic deformation was explained in terms of strain rate, pressure stress, and stress state. This investigation enhances insight into the interaction between sheets and dies, and provides a reference for the studying influence of dies on the forming limit of sheets in high-speed impaction deformation.

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Lee, Yong-Hee, Jung-Hun Lee, and Hyun-Joong Kim. "Synthesis and formability of long alkyl chain of polyester for automotive pre-coated metals." Pigment & Resin Technology 46, no. 1 (January 3, 2017): 71–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/prt-01-2016-0003.

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Purpose Formability is an important property of automotive pre-coated metals (PCMs). The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of long alkyl chains of polycarbonatediol to control the formability of polyester coatings. Design/methodology/approach Polyester resins with long alkyl chains were synthesized using different contents of polycarbonatediol. These resins were characterised by gel permeation chromatography (GPC), 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) and fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). The polyester coatings were characterised according to their viscoelastic behaviour, formability, flexibility and anti-corrosion property. Findings The tensile strength of PCM should be larger than 5.6 MPa of the compressive stress at a strain of 23.4 per cent to overcome the harsh condition of deep drawing. To analyse the formability, Fε (forming coefficient based on strain) and FU (forming coefficient based on strain energy) were calculated. When Fε and FU were larger than 1, the polyester coatings exhibited good formability. Research limitations/implications Long alkyl chains of polycarbonatediol gave flexibility and good formability to the polyester coatings. Practical implications There are two conditions that lead to the good formability of PCM. One is tensile strength and the other is forming coefficients based on strain and strain energy. Originality/value Long alkyl chains of polyester were a major factor to improve flexibility and formability. Thus, to have good formability, the tensile strength of PCM should be larger than 5.6 MPa, and the forming coefficients should be larger than 1.

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Xue, Song, and Jie Zhou. "Study on the Differential Thickness Ratio Effect on Formability of TWB Based on Numeric Simulation." Advanced Materials Research 97-101 (March 2010): 231–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.97-101.231.

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The differential thickness ratio of blanks plays an important role on the formability of TWB. The formability of TWB square cup is analyzed by numeric simulation in differential thickness ratio. The laws influencing the formability of TWB square cup are summarized, that the formability of TWB goes worse when the differential thickness ratio increased and it was applied in the production of the center pillar of car door.

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Ma, Xin Wu, Fang Wang, and Guo Qun Zhao. "The Limiting Dome Height Tests and Formability of Magnesium Alloy Sheet AZ31B." Applied Mechanics and Materials 302 (February 2013): 140–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.302.140.

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The assembly of the limiting dome height tests is developed to evaluate the formability of the magnesium alloy sheet AZ31B. The influence of forming conditions on the formability of AZ31B sheet is investigated by limiting dome height tests. The limiting bulging coefficient is used to represent the formability of AZ31B sheet in the tests. The sheet thickness, forming temperature, punch speed and lubrication are taken as influence factors in the tests. The experimental results show that the sheet of thickness 0.6mm has better formability and the proper forming temperature is about 200~250°C for AZ31B sheet. The low punch speed and good lubrication can also improve the formability of AZ31B sheet.

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9

Yang, Lian Fa, and Feng Jun Chen. "Investigation on the Formability of a Tube in Pulsating Hydroforming." Materials Science Forum 628-629 (August 2009): 617–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.628-629.617.

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Based on the finite element simulation of tube-hydroforming process with pulsating internal pressure, the influence of the pressure increment p and the time increment t of the pulsating pressure upon the formability of a tube have been investigated by analyzing and comparing the four formability indicators such as thickness distribution, die-filling ability, wall thickness uniformity and potential fracturing. A new indicator f is proposed to estimate the formability of a tube on the basis of the finite element analysis (FEA). The results show that: the indicator f can reasonably reflect the combination formability of a tube in hydroforming including the die-filling ability, the wall-thickness uniformity and the deformation reliability; the p and t values have different influence on the four formability indicators as mentioned above; the smaller the p and t values or the more the internal pressure pulsates during the forming process, the better the combination formability of the tube would be.

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10

Tomáš, Miroslav, Juliy Martyn Kulya, Vladimír Kokarda, and Emil Evin. "Porovnanie charakteristík tvárniteľnosti vysokopevných dvojfázových ocelí skúškou ťahom a LDH skúškou." Technológ 15, no. 3 (2023): 10–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.26552/tech.c.2023.3.1.

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The paper deals with the issue of formability evaluation of high-strength dual phase steels DP800 and DP1000 with a thickness of 1.6 mm. These steels are used for automotive body deformation zones. The material formability was evaluated by tensile testing with evaluation of mechanical properties, normal anisotropy ratio and strain hardening exponent. The process formability of steels was evaluated by LDH test, which is used for different deformation states modelled by the specimen width. The results of the LDH parameter achieved were correlated with the measured material formability parameters.

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11

Sadeghi, Abbas, Ernst Kozeschnik, and Farid R. Biglari. "Investigation of the Formability of Cryogenic Rolled AA6061 and Its Improvement Using Artificial Aging Treatment." Journal of Manufacturing and Materials Processing 7, no. 2 (February 27, 2023): 54. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmmp7020054.

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Cryogenic rolling is one of the essential severe plastic deformation processes to manufacture high-strength aluminum sheets with excellent formability limits. The present work characterizes the formability of AA6061 for cryogenic rolling before and after artificial aging. Nakajima method based on ISO standard is used to measure formability. Samples are aged in the range of 100 °C to 150 °C. Artificial aging at 150 °C is found to be the optimum temperature for achieving a good combination of strength and formability. Over the course of artificial aging, strength improved up to 40%, where the original value of 250 MPa for cryo-rolled condition increased to 350 MPa after 50 h of aging at 150 °C, and the formability of the cryo-rolled sample improved especially for multi-axial forming condition.

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12

Zhang, Cun Sheng, Guo Qun Zhao, Hao Chen, and Lionel Leotoing. "Numerical Investigation of Temperature and Forming Rate Effect on AA5086 Warm Formability." Materials Science Forum 675-677 (February 2011): 607–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.675-677.607.

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The poor formability of aluminum alloy at room temperature limits its use in some products with complex shapes, hence the warm forming process is intended to overcome this problem by using an elevated temperature. Now, the warm formability of AA5086 has not previously been well investigated in the literatures, especially at a rapid forming rate. In this paper, a numerical method has been developed to investigate the warm formability of an AA5086 sheet. Firstly, the dynamic tensile test was carried out under different forming temperatures and forming rates to identify an appropriate constitutive law for the sheet. The inverse analysis was performed to identify the parameter values in the constitutive law. Then based on the commercial finite element program ABAQUS, the Marciniak test was simulated to evaluate the sheet formability of by implementing a user-defined material subroutine UHARD. The effects of forming temperature and forming rate on sheet formability were investigated and it is shown that the formability of AA5086 seems to be insensitive to the forming temperature and forming rate.

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13

Yi, Liang, Lian Fa Yang, and Chen Guo. "Formability of AZ31B Magnesium Alloy Sheet in Hydro-Bugling by Pulsating Hydraulic Pressure." Advanced Materials Research 295-297 (July 2011): 1699–704. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.295-297.1699.

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The formability of the magnesium alloy sheets is poor at room temperature even though the magnesium alloy sheets are attractive because of their excellent characteristics. Hydro-forming technology, especially the pulsating hydro-forming, may be a way to improve the formability. Finite element simulations have been conducted to investigate the formability of AZ31B magnesium alloy sheet in hydro-bugling by pulsating hydraulic pressure. The influence of linear pressure, pulsating pressure and pulsating frequency on the maximum bulging height and minimum wall thickness of the formed parts have been analyzed. The research results show that the formability of AZ31B magnesium alloy sheet can be improved dramatically by pulsating hydro-forming. And enough bugling height can be obtained by lesser forming hydraulic pressure. The AZ31B sheet has an excellent performance in formability when the pulsating frequency is properly selected.

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14

Chang, Ying, Jiarui Zhang, Shuo Han, Xiaodong Li, and Shuzhou Yu. "Influence of Cutting Process on the Flanging Formability of the Cut Edge for DP980 Steel." Metals 13, no. 5 (May 14, 2023): 948. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met13050948.

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Flanging is a key process in the forming of automobile parts and is influenced by the cutting process before it. In this paper, a set of self-designed tools is adopted. The flanging height and flanging radius are specified as the indexes to investigate the influence of the cutting process on the flanging formability of DP980 steel. Microstructure, microhardness, and tensile properties are tested to evaluate the formability of cut edges. The results show that the flanging formability is positively correlated with an increase in flanging height and a decrease in flanging radius. The flanging formability of six cut edges can be ranked as: LC-L > LC-H > WEDM-HS > WEDM-LS > CNC milling > WJC. In the LC process, acicular martensite is formed and the microhardness of the cut edge significantly increases, with a heat-affected zone of about 150 μm. More and larger microvoids are found on the edge of WEDM-LS than WEDM-HS, which reduces the formability to a certain extent. Plastic deformation of the edges is the reason for the decrease in the formability of CNC milling. For WJC, the formation of irregular edge damage and the generation of burrs are the main reasons for the unstable performance. This research is helpful in guiding the selection of the cutting process, and it may contribute to a high part formability for DP980 steel.

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15

Frydrych, Iwona, and Małgorzata Matusiak. "Influence of structure and finishing of woven fabrics on their formability." International Journal of Clothing Science and Technology 27, no. 3 (June 1, 2015): 447–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijcst-07-2014-0085.

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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to investigate the relationship between the formability of cotton and cotton/polyester woven fabrics and their selected properties: weft density, weave and a way of finishing. It shows how the mentioned properties influence fabric formability and analyze a statistical significance of investigated relationships. Design/methodology/approach – In paper two groups of cotton and cotton/polyester woven fabrics of different structure and a way of finishing have been measured in the range of their basic structural properties as well as bending rigidity and initial Young’s modulus. Formability of investigated fabrics has been calculated on the basis of bending rigidity and initial Young’s modulus. Next, ANOVA has been performed in order to analyze the relationships between the weft density, weave and a way of finishing of woven fabrics and their formability. Findings – The paper shows that all selected properties of woven fabrics significantly influence their formability as well as that there is statistically significant interaction between mentioned independent factors. It provides empirical results confirming that the influence of raw material composition of investigated cotton and cotton/polyester woven fabrics on the formability of fabrics is statistically insignificant. Research limitations/implications – Results of investigations can be applied for cotton and cotton-like woven fabrics. Practical implications – The paper includes implications for woven fabric engineering from the point of view of achieving the expected fabric formability. Social implications – The results enables the choice of appropriate fabric for the given clothing. Originality/value – This paper fulfills an identified need to study how the formability of woven fabrics can be shaped by an appropriate selection of their structure and a way of finishing.

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Ghafoor, S., Y. L. Li, G. L. Zhao, and F. Y. Li. "Improving the formability during ultrasonic-assisted multi-stage incremental sheet forming." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1270, no. 1 (December 1, 2022): 012002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1270/1/012002.

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Multi-stage sheet forming is an encouraging technique to obtain complex geometries by change of the design of intermediate stages. Due to the occurrence of stepped feature during multi-stage forming, the final geometry shape is affected and the formability is deteriorated. To eliminate fracture and enhance formability, ultrasonic assistance is integrated with the multi-stage sheet forming process. The present work aims to investigate the effect of ultrasonic-vibrations (UV) on formability and thickness evolution using two multi-stage strategies through experiments. A frequency of 29 kHz and an amplitude of 10 μm are taken for the ultrasonic-assisted incremental forming process. Firstly, two distinct strategies are compared by experiments. Secondly, thorough investigation of formability experiments is performed by applying the UV at only one or two stages instead of the complete multi-stage forming process. The results show that formability of the part is increased while applying UV at intermediate stages. Similarly, it is confirmed that UV is more advantageous during latter stage of experiment. This work provides an effective strategy to improve the formability of the incremental sheet forming process by using the ultrasonic vibrations in a smart way.

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Afzeri, M. S. Shahdan, and H. Shah Qasim. "Effect of Addendum Parameters to the Formability of Aluminum AL 6303." Advanced Materials Research 264-265 (June 2011): 206–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.264-265.206.

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Procedure of die design is mostly based on iterative try and error to obtain final design with good stamping formability. The stamping formability of sheet metal part is possible to be improved by adding addendum features at die model. In this paper discusses the effect of drawbars toward the formability of stamping process of aluminum AL6063. Effect of addendum size is evaluated Finite Element Simulation to prevent wrinkling and tearing. Simulation model is constructed by designing a simple die, punch and binder using variety drawbar diameters. The model further evaluated using LS-Dyna software interfaced by forming tool of LS-Prepost. Formability of the model is evaluated through yield stress, major strain and minor strain data. From the result of evaluation obtained that without draw beat, major/minor strain is above FLD while the formability is improved by applying 5 mm draw bead diameter.

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18

Lee, Chang Gil, Sung Joon Kim, Heung Nam Han, and Kwan Soo Chung. "Formability and Mechanical Property of Aluminum Sheets Locally Surface-Modified by the Concept of Surface Friction Joining." Advanced Materials Research 26-28 (October 2007): 401–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.26-28.401.

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Formability and mechanical property of Al sheets whose surface was locally modified by the concept of SFJ (Surface Friction Joining) were analyzed. It is noteworthy that the formability of the surface-modified sheets is greatly improved compared with as-received sheets. The formability is improved as the tool diameter is increased. It is found that more plastic deformation is accommodated at modified region during LDH test.

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19

SAKAMOTO, Hidetoshi, Olivier FOURNIER, and Kousuke KAWABATA. "A21 Mg-Alloy Formability in Deep Drawing." Proceedings of Conference of Kyushu Branch 2007.60 (2007): 9–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmekyushu.2007.60.9.

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20

Xia, Qin Xiang, Jin Chuan Long, Fei Du, and Gang Feng Xiao. "Research on Single Pass Deep Drawing Spinning Formability of Cup-Shaped Parts." Materials Science Forum 920 (April 2018): 77–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.920.77.

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The deep drawing spinning (DDS) formability of metal material refers to the ability to produce an opened hollow part with a circular blank through DDS without fracture or wrinkling defect. The cup-shaped parts of DP600 were selected as the research object, the coefficient m=d/D0 was put forward as the evaluation index of DDS formability, and the minimum coefficient without the occurrences of wrinkle and fracture is defined as the limit DDS coefficient mlim. The single pass DDS formability of cup-shaped parts was investigated experimentally and the influences of blank thickness, roller feed rate and roller fillet radius on the DDS formability were discussed in detail. The results show that the DDS coefficient decreases with the increasing of blank thickness; fracture or wrinkling occurs easily when the roller feed rate is excessively large or excessively small; the large roller fillet radius is helpful to improve the DDS formability of metal material.

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21

Kumar, Anoop, Balasunder, T. Raghu, and S. Rajesham. "Influences of Temperature of Thermo Mechanical Working on Hardness of Titanium Alloy." Advanced Materials Research 585 (November 2012): 381–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.585.381.

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High specific strength metals with high formability are paramount requirement for maximizing productivity of structural components, aircraft panels & engine components in Automotive & aerospace industry. The material must be suitably processed for better strength & more formability. The formability depends upon several factors one of which is grain size. Finer the grain size better is the formability. In the present study the influence of temperature of thermo-mechanical treatment (TMT) on the microstructure of titanium ally Titan 31 in order to identify suitable TMT to refine the grain size has been investigated.The material was subjected to hot rolling at different temperatures in the range 800°C -900°C. Subsequently the material was subjected to annealing as well as normalizing heat treatments. Grain size and hardness measurements were carried out to identify suitable TMT. The study revealed that rolling at 800°C followed by annealing at the same temperature resulted finer grain size and low hardness that are conducive for better formability.

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22

Kwame, J. S., E. Yakushina, and P. Blackwell. "Effect of Edge Conditions on the Formability of Commercially Pure Titanium Sheet (Grade 2) at Room Temperature." MATEC Web of Conferences 321 (2020): 04027. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/202032104027.

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Titanium and its alloys are difficult to form, particularly at room temperature, due to their crystallographic structure and limited availability of slip systems. Such limited formability could be exacerbated by virtue of the technique used to cut the sheet. Forming limit diagrams will not necessarily recognize such effects, which can lead to failures during forming trials. An example of a situation where this could be demonstrated is in sheet with pre-fabricated holes. This work used a hemispherical punch to stretch in-plane a 20mm diameter hole prepared with laser, EDM and AWJ cutting techniques in order to quantify the edge formability of the material. It was identified that, the edge surface conditions have a major impact on the edge formability of the material. The edges of the material prepared with EDM showed very high formability tendencies compared with AWJ and laser cutting. The work proposed an alternative characterization method that could be adopted for edge formability assessment.

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23

Anderson, Melissa, Javad Gholipour, Florent Bridier, Philippe Bocher, Mohammad Jahazi, Jean Savoie, and Priti Wanjara. "IMPROVING THE FORMABILITY OF STAINLESS STEEL 321 THROUGH MULTISTEP DEFORMATION FOR HYDROFORMING APPLICATIONS." Transactions of the Canadian Society for Mechanical Engineering 37, no. 1 (March 2013): 39–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/tcsme-2013-0003.

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Tube hydroforming (THF) is a well established process in the automotive industry and its application is being extended to the aerospace for manufacturing complex geometries. However, most of the alloys used in aerospace are high in strength and low in formability, which renders the application of THF more challenging. The objective of this paper is to present a method to increase the formability of an austenitic stainless steel. A multistep forming process was simulated through interrupted uniaxial tensile testing experiments to study the influence of the latter process on formability. The tensile test was divided into several deformation steps with a stress relief heat treatment after each forming step. The results indicated that the application of intermediate heat treatments considerably increased the formability of the stainless steel 321 alloy (SS321). Microstructure evolution as a function of deformation or heat treatment parameters was also investigated and revealed the formation of strain-induced martensite after the first deformation and heat treatment cycle without any deleterious effect on formability enhancement.

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Kumar, Mukesh, Satish V. Kailas, and R. Ganesh Narayanan. "In-Plane Plane-Strain Formability Investigation of Friction Stir Welded Sheets Made of Dissimilar Aluminium Alloys." Applied Mechanics and Materials 446-447 (November 2013): 301–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.446-447.301.

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In the present work, the influence of shoulder diameter, traverse speed, and rotational speed on the formability of friction stir welded sheets made between sheets of AA6061T6 and AA5052H32 Al alloys has been studied. In-Plane Plane-Strain formability tests are conducted for this purpose. It is understood from the results that the formability of welded sheets can be improved by optimizing the welding and tool parameters. A larger shoulder diameter, higher traverse speed, and lower rotational speed are favorable for improved formability, and strain hardening exponent of weld region. This is due to the fact that the heat input and subsequent microstructure evolved depends on the heat input, which depends on the welding parameters.

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Kumar, Manoj, Georg Kirov, Florian Grabner, and Ermal Mukeli. "Sheet Forming Processes for AW-7xxx Alloys: Relevant Process Parameters." Materials Science Forum 879 (November 2016): 1036–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.879.1036.

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High strength AW-7xxx sheet alloys are promising candidates to manufacture crash relevant parts, but their limited formability at room temperature presents a major challenge. Formability is controlled through heating rate, heat treatment temperature and time, quenching rate, forming temperature and strain rate. In the literature retrogression forming, W-temper forming, warm forming and hot stamping processes have been proposed to improve the formability of AW-7xxx alloys. Of these the greatest improvement in formability comes from W-temper forming and hot stamping. Considering the similarity to the conventional forming processes of cold stamping for aluminium and hot stamping for steel, the W-temper forming and hot stamping of aluminium are promising for AW-7xxx alloys.

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Hussain, Ghulam, Nasir Hayat, and Lin Gao. "Role of Material Properties in Improving Sheet Formability in SPIF Process." Advanced Materials Research 139-141 (October 2010): 600–604. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.139-141.600.

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Single point incremental forming (SPIF) is a novel sheet metal forming process. Owing to unique deformation mechanism, this process improves the sheet formability as compared to the conventional stamping process. In the current paper, the mechanical properties and spifability (i.e. formability in SPIF) of a wide range of materials were tested. The mechanical properties were mainly determined through tensile testing and the spifability was evaluated using Varying Wall Angle Conical Frustum (VWACF) test. Each mechanical property was drawn against the improvement in sheet formability (i.e. difference of spifability and stampability) and the sole most influential property was identified. It was found that the improvement in formability increases with the increasing of true thickness strain at tensile fracture.

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Yeshiwas, Zeradam, and A. Krishniah. "Numerical Simulations and Experimental Studies on the Formability of Drawing Quality Steel in Single Point Incremental Forming." Journal of Mechanical Engineering 18, no. 1 (January 15, 2021): 137–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.24191/jmeche.v18i1.15170.

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Based on numerical simulation and experimental studies the process parameter optimization on the formability using a 1 mm thickness Drawing Quality Steel(CR2) in Single Point Incremental Forming (SPIF)was studied. The sample shape chosen was the hayperbolic cone and fabricated using different parameter leveles. A model of numeric simulation was developed in ABAQUS explicit and then experimentally verified using a CNC milling machine. The influence of three significant control factors, namely tool radius, feeding rate, and step depth on the formability was studied. Optimization of process parameters was conducted using the L9 Taguchi orthogonal array. For optimal formability, to assess the optimum combination of process parameters, a signal noise (S/N) ratio was used. The percentage contribution of the method parameters to formability was determined by the Study of Variance (ANOVA). The findings of the study indicated that the depth of the step followed by feed rate and tool radius, was the dominant factor influencing formability. Furthermore, a good agreement (<8% error) between the numerical simulation and experimental study was seen. The study based on the Taguchi configuration of the study shows that at a feed rate (A2) 1000 mm/min, with tool radius (B1) 8 mm, and with step depth (C2) 0.8 mm, the optimal conditions for maximum formability were achieved.

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Huang, Guang Sheng, Wei Xu, Guang Jie Huang, Hong Cheng Li, and Fu Sheng Pan. "New Method for Improving Formability of AZ31B Magnesium Alloy Sheets." Materials Science Forum 610-613 (January 2009): 737–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.610-613.737.

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The magnesium alloy sheets have poor plasticity and formability due to their strong (0002) basal texture. In this paper a new method, repeatedly unidirectional bending (RUB), was used to improve formability of the magnesium alloy sheets. The samples were deformed repeatedly by the unidirectional bending at room temperature and annealed. Firstly, RUB route which is the most infection to formability was investigated. There were two RUB route, single surface RUB and reserve surface RUB. The result showed that better formability can be obtained by the reserve surface RUB. Focused on the development of formability of magnesium alloy sheet, the technological parameters, such as RUB passes, radius of support, annealing temperature and holding time, were determined by orthogonal experiment,and hence the optimal RUB process was acquired. Mechanical property of the samples before and after RUB were characterized and compared. After RUB, (0002) basal textural component of cold rolled magnesium alloy sheet was weakened and σb, σ0.2 decreased obviously. The Erichsen values can be considerably enhanced from 3.53mm to around 6.0mm through RUB.The samples were deformed repeatedly by the unidirectional bending at room temperature and annealed. Firstly, RUB route which is the most infection to formability was investigated. There were two RUB route, single surface RUB and

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Lian, Changwei, Chao Niu, and Fei Han. "Applicability of the formability evaluation method for advanced high strength steels." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1307, no. 1 (May 1, 2024): 012014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1307/1/012014.

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Abstract The use of high strength and ultra-high strength steels has become the main technical solution for reducing vehicle weight and improving safety. It is more complicated to evaluate the formability of advanced high strength steels with different microstructure and deformation characteristics. In this paper, the applicability of existing formability evaluation methods for advanced high strength steels has been verified by experiment and theoretical analysis. The experiment and data analysis of conventional formability evaluation methods, such as strain hardening index, forming limit curve and hole expansion ratio, were carried out on advanced high strength steels, such as dual-phase steel, complex-phase steel, quenched and tempered steel and dual-phase steel with high formability, which are widely used in automotive industry. It is found that due to the complex work hardening characteristics of advanced high strength steels, the work hardening homogenization and forming limit cannot be characterized by a single work hardening index or forming limit diagram, and the standard hole expansion method cannot reflect the quality sensitivity of the formed edge. A new formability evaluation index is proposed and discussed, which can be used to more accurately compare the formability of advanced high strength steels and provide a reference for material evaluation and part selection.

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Ramakrishnan, Tharmaraj, Joseph Davidson Maharajan, and Jeremiah Raveendran. "A Review on Formability and Damage Behavior of Powder Metallurgy Composites during Upsetting." Journal of Testing and Evaluation 52, no. 4 (July 1, 2024): 2568–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1520/jte20230692.

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Abstract Formability is the measure of deformity a workpiece can endure from the created stresses inside the substance before the crack event. The investigation of the formability of powder metallurgy (PM) parts plays an essential role in the metalworking industries because of their needs in engineering applications to examine the end product’s performance. In the upsetting of PM materials, the formability depends on various factors such as preform relative density, percentages of reinforcement added in the material, size of particles, the geometry of the preforms, and friction between the workpiece and the die because of their changes in the mechanical and physical properties. Also, in the compression of PM samples, the damage/fracture occurs in the outer region of the components because of a higher amount of stresses and pores that could affect the damage limit of the material. Hence, the formability and damage analysis of PM components is critical for the industrial engineer to understand the significance of the variables that could help design a suitable application process. In this regard, this review focuses on the basics of PM technique, and upsetting process, formability, and damage characteristics of PM materials and methods to improve the formability and fracture behavior of PM components in the upsetting process are stated clearly.

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Prilutsky, V. A. "FORMABILITY SHAPE TURNING OPERATIONS." Izvestiya of Samara Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences 22, no. 3 (2020): 145–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.37313/1990-5378-2020-22-3-145-147.

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Kusuda, Hisashi, Toshiyuki Takasago, and Fumiaki Natsumi. "Formability of tailored blanks." Journal of Materials Processing Technology 71, no. 1 (November 1997): 134–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-0136(97)00159-3.

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Li, Chonghe, Kitty Chi Kwan Soh, and Ping Wu. "Formability of ABO3 perovskites." Journal of Alloys and Compounds 372, no. 1-2 (June 2004): 40–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2003.10.017.

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Talyan, V., R. H. Wagoner, and J. K. Lee. "Formability of stainless steel." Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A 29, no. 8 (August 1998): 2161–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11661-998-0041-1.

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Vijayananth, S., V. Jayaseelan, and G. Shivasubbramanian. "Formability Analysis of AA6061 Sheet in T6 Condition." Applied Mechanics and Materials 766-767 (June 2015): 416–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.766-767.416.

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Formability of a material is defined as its ability to deform into desired shape without being fracture. There will always be a need for formability tests, a larger number of tests have been used in an effort to measure the formability of sheet materials. Aluminium Alloy 6061 is a magnesium and silicon alloy of aluminium. It is also called as marine material as it has high corrosion resistance to seawater. In this paper Formability test of AA6061 sheet is done by Forming Limit Diagram (FLD) Analysis. FLD or Forming Limit Curve (FLC) for the forming processes of AA6061 sheets is obtained by Experimental method and FEM. Experimental method involves Deep drawing test of the sheet and ANSYS software is used for FEM.

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Ezazshahabi, Nazanin, Fatemeh Mousazadegan, Siamak Saharkhiz, and Masoud Latifi. "Determining Formability Function of Worsted Woven Fabrics in Terms of Fabric Direction." Journal of Engineered Fibers and Fabrics 10, no. 2 (June 2015): 155892501501000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/155892501501000201.

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Formability is a characteristic which determines fabric behavior during garment manufacturing and wear. It depends on fabric properties such as weave type, fabric density, warp and weft yarn twist, bending rigidity, and fabric tensile behavior, while tolerating small load values. It should be noted that this property changes with fabric direction and is not constant. In this research, fabric formability was investigated for worsted woven fabrics by evaluating this property in various fabric directions. It was concluded that fabric formability could be expressed as a Gaussian function of sample orientation in the warp direction. By studying several weave structures with different weft densities, the effect of firmness on fabric formability was clarified, which lead to better interpretation of fabric adaptability to the applied deformations.

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Torizuka, Shiro, and Eijiro Muramatsu. "High Strength Microscrew with Ultrafine Grained Structure." Materials Science Forum 783-786 (May 2014): 2695–700. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.783-786.2695.

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While uniform elongation is a measure of ductility of the material, reduction in area in tensile tests is also an important measure of ductility. It was found that the reduction in area - tensile strength balance is far better than the conventional ferrite+pearlite steels and even superior to martensitic and bainitic steels. Formability of ultrafine-grained steel is examined by applying to form a M1.7 micro screw using these ultrafine-grained steels. Screws are formed through the process of cold heading and rolling. Relationship between cold heading, rolling, uniform elongation and reduction in area are investigated to clarify the formability of ultrafine-grained steels. Low-carbon ultrafine-grained steel has excellent cold headability and favorable rolling properties, i.e., excellent formability. Reduction in area is a measure to determine formability on cold heading. Ultrafine grained steel wire with length of several hundred meter were developed with the technology of warm continuous multi-directional rolling. This wire also have a good formability which can form microscrews. High strength microscrew with ultrafine grained structure was obtained.

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Vysochinskiy, Dmitry, Terence Coudert, Odd Sture Hopperstad, Odd Geir Lademo, and Aase Reyes. "Experimental Detection of the Onset of Local Necking in an Aluminium Sheet." Materials Science Forum 794-796 (June 2014): 590–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.794-796.590.

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Forming limit diagrams (FLDs) are widely used to assess metal sheet formability. Experimental FLDs are obtained by performing formability tests and determining failure strains. The standard method for detection of forming limits is based on the spatial distribution of the strains and requires formation of a single local neck. Some aluminium alloys, such as AA6016, have a tendency to form multiple strain localizations in formability tests, which can be interpreted as multiple local necks. Thus, use of the standard method is questionable for these aluminium alloys. The present paper presents an alternative, digital-image-correlation-based method for experimental detection of the onset of local necking in an aluminium sheet. The method is based on monitoring the sheet-thickness evolution, and is developed to be user independent and resistant to noise in the measurements. The method can be used in combination with different types of formability tests. The main requirement is that digital image correlation is used for strain measurements. Here, the method is initially tested on uniaxial tension tests of AA6016 aluminium alloy sheets and then extended to formability tests.

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Fracz, W., F. Stachowicz, T. Trzepieciński, and T. Pieją. "Forming Limit Diagram of the AMS 5599 Sheet Metal." Archives of Metallurgy and Materials 58, no. 4 (December 1, 2013): 1213–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/amm-2013-0153.

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Abstract Formability of sheet metal is dependent on the mechanical properties. Some materials form better than others - moreover, a material that has the best formability for one stamping may behave very poorly in a stamping of another configuration. For these reasons, extensive test programs are often carried out in an attempt to correlate material formability with value of some mechanical properties. The formability of sheet metal has frequently been expressed by the value of strain hardening exponent and plastic anisotropy ratio. The stress-strain and hardening behaviour of a material is very important in determining its resistance to plastic instability. However experimental studies of formability of various materials have revealed basic differences in behaviour, such as the ”brass-type” and the ”steel-type”, exhibiting respectively, zero and positive dependence of forming limit on the strain ratio. In this study mechanical properties and the Forming Limit Diagram of the AMS 5599 sheet metal were determined using uniaxial tensile test and Marciniak’s flat bottomed punch test respectively. Different methods were used for the FLD calculation - results of these calculations were compared with experimental results

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Bruschi, Stefania, Andrea Ghiotti, and Francesco Michieletto. "Formability Characteristics of AA5083 Sheets under Hot Forming Conditions." Key Engineering Materials 549 (April 2013): 356–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.549.356.

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The production of aluminum alloy components through sheet forming processes conducted at elevated temperatures is gaining more and more interest as it gives raise to the possibility of a significant enhancement of the metal formability characteristics, compared to room temperature forming. Aluminum alloy AA5083 blanks, which present a limited formability at room temperature, are usually formed through superplastic forming at elevated temperature: however, this processing route is too slow to be applicable for large batch production, typical for instance of the automotive industry. The paper is aimed at exploring the formability characteristics of the AA5083 when deformed at elevated temperature, but in a range of strain rates higher than those usually applicable in superplastic forming. To this aim, uni-axial tensile tests were carried out, in order to record the material formability characteristics as a function of temperature and strain rate, and to correlate them with the developed microstructural features. It is shown that it is possible to work at higher strain rates, still preserving a significant formability, even without using a conventional fine-grained superplastic alloy.

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Satheeshkumar, V., and R. Ganesh Narayanan. "Influence of Pre-Generated Infinite Adhesive Defects on the Forming Behaviour of Adhesive Bonded Steel Sheets." Advanced Materials Research 939 (May 2014): 328–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.939.328.

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In the present investigation, the forming behaviour of adhesive bonded sheets with the pre-generated infinite defects in the adhesive layer is studied. The infinite defects are generated with different orientations like longitudinal, transverse and at an angle of 45°. The base sheet materials used are deep drawing quality steel and SS 316L sheets, and two part epoxy adhesive is used for bonding the base sheet materials. The formability is quantified by monitoring the load-extension behaviour, and limit strain, evaluated through tensile tests and in-plane plane strain (IPPS) formability tests. It is observed that there is a significant decrease in formability because of the presence of infinite defects in the adhesive layer. While comparing the formability of adhesive bonded blanks with respect to different orientations, transversely oriented defect shows more reduction than 45° and longitudinal cases. There is not much difference between the transversely oriented and 45° oriented infinite defects in tensile tests, whereas in the IPPS formability test results, there is no considerable difference between 45° and longitudinally oriented defect.

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Masood Chaudry, Umer, Tae Hoo Kim, Sang Duck Park, Ye Sik Kim, Kotiba Hamad, and Jung-Gu Kim. "On the High Formability of AZ31-0.5Ca Magnesium Alloy." Materials 11, no. 11 (November 7, 2018): 2201. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma11112201.

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In this work, we investigated the effect of Ca on the formability of the AZ31 Mg alloy. For this purpose, the microstructure, texture, mechanical properties and formability of AZ31 Mg alloy samples containing 0.5 wt. % Ca (AZ31-0.5Ca) were studied. For comparison, the performance of Ca-Free AZ31 alloy samples with similar grain size was also investigated. In addition, formability of this alloy was reached at a high punch speed. The results of this work showed that the addition of 0.5 wt. % Ca can enhance the formability of the AZ31 alloy, which was three times greater than that of the Ca-Free AZ31 alloy. The improved formability was attributed to the formation of (Mg,Al)2Ca particles (~1 μm), which, in turn, contribute to reducing the intensity of the strong basal texture during the primary processing of the alloy. The in-grain misorientation axis analysis determined by electron back-scattered diffraction and critical resolved shear stress calculations carried out by the viscoplastic self-consistent model showed that the non-basal slip systems could be activated in the AZ31-0.5Ca alloy.

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Yang, Mingshun, Lang Bai, Yan Li, and Qilong Yuan. "Influences of Vibration Parameters on Formability of 1060 Aluminum Sheet Processed by Ultrasonic Vibration-Assisted Single Point Incremental Forming." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2019 (April 1, 2019): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/8405438.

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With increasing design complexities of thin-walled parts, the requirement of enhanced formability has impeded the development of the single point incremental forming (SPIF) process. In the present research, the ultrasonic vibration-assisted single point incremental forming (UV-SPIF) method was introduced to increase the formability of sheet metals. AL1060 aluminum alloy was adopted as the experimental material, and a truncated cone part was considered as the research object. The simulation model of UV-SPIF was established to analyze the distribution of plastic strains in the formed part. A forming angle was selected as the measuring index of formability of the aluminum sheet, and the influences of different vibration parameters on formability were evaluated. An experimental platform was devised to verify the accuracy of the obtained simulation results. It was found that ultrasonic vibration effectively improved the forming limit of the sheet. When the amplitude was 6 µm and the frequency was 25 kHz, the sheet yielded the best formability with the largest forming angle of 67 degrees.

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Xu, Jiang Min, and Chuan Lin Hu. "Impact of Weld Locations of TWBs of Different Thickness Ratios on Dissimilar Steels on its Bulging Formability." Key Engineering Materials 744 (July 2017): 233–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.744.233.

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This study aimed to analyze the impact of the weld location of TWBs of different thickness ratios on dissimilar steels, particularly on its height, which is known as the rigid hemispherical punch bulging formability. Laser welding was conducted on St12 (0.8 mm) and St16 (1.2 mm) samples using three different width ratios (1:2, 1:1, and 2:1). Then, the microstructure and microhardness of the TWBs and welded joints were tested. Finally, a rigid hemispherical punch bulging formability test was conducted to obtain the bulging formability of the TWBs for the study. Further, the results were compared to the bulging formability of the parent metal. The results show that the microstructure of welds contain all types of ferrites, bainites and lath martensites. The hardness on both sides of the weld is different, and it appears to be an asymmetric distribution. The hardness of the weld seam and heat-affected zone is much higher than the parent metal. The limit dome of the TWBs is lower for each side of the parent metal. When the weld location is parallel to the direction of the principal strain, the bulging formability of TWBs of different thickness ratios is much better. Under certain combinations of material and thickness, the thicker the plate is, the better the bulging formability of the different thickness TWBs is.

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Ko, Dae-Cheol, Dae-Hoon Ko, Jae-Hong Kim, and Joon-Hong Park. "Development of a partition panel of an Al6061 sheet metal part for the improvement of formability and mechanical properties by hot forming quenching." Advances in Mechanical Engineering 9, no. 2 (February 2017): 168781401769121. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1687814017691213.

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In this study, the hot forming quenching process was investigated to improve the deficiencies that arise in materials subjected to conventional cold stamping, such as low formability and undesirable mechanical properties. The hot forming quenching process was mainly discussed in terms of formability and mechanical properties in this study and was first evaluated by preliminary tests. To examine formability, an evaluation was conducted using hot-tensile and hemispherical-dome stretching tests at temperatures of 350°C and 450°C, respectively. In addition, the mechanical properties of the formed part were predicted using quench factor analysis, which was based on the cooling temperature during the die quenching process. These preliminary test results were then used to predict the formability and hardness of the partition panel of an automotive part, where the analytical results indicated high performance of the hot forming quenching process, in contrast to conventional forming. Finally, the hot forming quenching experiment of the partition panel was carried out to validate the predicted results and the obtained formability and hardness values were compared with conventional forming at room temperature using T4 and T6 heat-treated sheets. The analytical and experimental results indicate that the hot forming quenching process is a very effective method for obtaining desirable formability and mechanical properties in the forming of aluminum sheets.

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Prasad, Kali, Aishwary Gupta, Hariharan Krishnaswamy, Uday Chakkingal, Dilip K. Banerjee, and Myoung-Gyu Lee. "Does friction contribute to formability improvement using servo press?" Friction 11, no. 5 (January 6, 2023): 820–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40544-022-0698-2.

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AbstractServo press forming machines are advanced forming systems that are capable of imparting interrupted punch motion, resulting in enhanced room temperature formability. The exact mechanism of the formability improvement is not yet established. The contribution of interrupted motion in the ductility improvement has been studied through stress relaxation phenomena in uniaxial tensile (UT) tests. However, the reason for improved formability observed when employing servo press is complicated due to the additional contribution from frictional effects. In the present work, an attempt is made to decouple the friction effect on formability improvement numerically. The improved formability is studied using a hole expansion test (HET). The limit of forming during hole expansion is modeled using the Hosford-Coulomb (HC) damage criteria, which is implemented as a user subroutine in a commercial explicit finite element (FE) software. Only the contribution of stress relaxation is accounted for in the evolution of the damage variable during interrupted loading. Therefore, the difference between simulation and experimental hole expansion ratio (HER) can be used to decouple the friction effect from the overall formability improvement during hole expansion. The improvement in HER due to stress relaxation and friction effect is different. The study showed that the model effectively captures the hole expansion deformation process in both monotonic and interrupted loading conditions. Compared to stress relaxation, friction effect played a major role during interrupted HET.

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Balaji, Viswanadhapalli, Elavala Naga Sai Reddy, Makam Adithya, Mallu Venkata Ganga Prasanna Kumar Reddy, and Nagaraju Krishna Chythanya. "Experimental Study and Neural Network Model to Predict Formability of Magnesium Alloy AZ31B." E3S Web of Conferences 552 (2024): 01067. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202455201067.

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Magnesium alloy is an emerging smart metal used in various industries like automotive and aerospace industry, due to their lightweight and excellent strength-to-weight ratio. Formability, a critical factor in manufacturing processes, determines the alloy’s ability to undergo deformation without fracture or defects. Fuel economy and environmental conservatives are the key desirable factors in selection of magnesium alloy sheets. Magnesium alloy sheets have low formability at room temperature due to their hexagonal closed-packed microstructures. As the magnesium’s formability at room temperature is considerably low, stretch forming tests are conducted at moderate temperatures. For this purpose, commercially available AZ31B magnesium alloy sheet of 1.1mm thickness has been used and tested at room temperature, 25 degree to within medium temperatures range and at a higher strain rate of 0.01/s. The main objective of an experimental study to predict the formability of magnesium alloy sheets is to gather data through controlled tests and measurements. This data and Forming Limit Diagram (FLD) can be used to analyse the formability of material, it defines failure criteria. On the other hand, using a neural network to predict formability involves training the network on the collected experimental data. Once trained, the neural network can predict the formability of new magnesium alloy sheets based on their characteristics, offering a faster and potentially more accurate prediction method compared to traditional models. This work explores into the realm of regression modelling utilizing neural networks, a powerful subset of machine learning techniques. It begins with a discussion on the setup of machine learning models, emphasizing the crucial steps involved in data preprocessing, model selection, and evaluation.

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Chen, Wan-Ling, and Rong-Shean Lee. "Novel Aging Warm-Forming Process of Al-Zn-Mg Aluminum Alloy Sheets and Influence of Precipitate Characteristics on Warm Formability." Metals 14, no. 8 (July 24, 2024): 844. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met14080844.

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Concurrently improving the formability and post-formed strength of Al-Zn-Mg alloy sheets is crucial for producing high-strength parts with complex shapes. A novel process of aging warm-forming (AWF) to form solution heat-treated and water-quenched aluminum alloy sheets is proposed in this paper. The as-quenched AA 7075 sheet was first pre-aged and then formed at the desired temperature. The automotive paint–bake process was then utilized as the second aging step to achieve the target strength of the formed part. Additionally, the post-formed strength and warm formability of specimens under the AWF process conditions, as well as the warm-forming of various heat-treated Al-Zn-Mg alloy sheets proposed in previous studies, were compared through tensile and limit dome height tests. Precipitate characteristics of specimens subjected to different warm-forming process conditions were examined to understand their impact on warm formability. The warm formability of Al-Zn-Mg alloy sheets was significantly enhanced, and the post-formed strength achieved was more than 90% of the strength of as-received AA 7075-T6 sheets under the AWF process condition. The results demonstrated the feasibility of this novel AWF process to manufacture Al-Zn-Mg alloy stamped parts for improved spring-back, formability, and good overall post-formed strength. The results also indicate that microstructural characteristics in Al-Zn-Mg alloy sheets under different warm-forming process conditions have a noticeable influence on warm formability and final mechanical properties.

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Torizuka, Shiro, Eijiro Muramastu, and S. V. S. Narayana Murty. "Ultrafine Grained Steel Wire and its Formability." Materials Science Forum 710 (January 2012): 19–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.710.19.

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While uniform elongation is a measure of ductility of the material, reduction in area in tensile tests is also an important measure of ductility. Ultrafine-grained steels with different carbon contents from ultralow carbon to high carbon were produced through warm caliber rolling. It was found that the reduction in area- tensile strength balance is far better than the conventional ferrite+pearlite steels and even superior to martensite steels for all materials. Formability of ultrafine-grained steel is examined by applying to form a M 1.7 micro screw using these ultrafine-grained steels. Screws are formed through the process of cold heading and rolling. Relationship between cold heading, rolling, uniform elongation and reduction in area are investigated to clarify the formability of ultrafine-grained steels. Low-carbon ultrafine-grained steel has excellent cold headability and favorable rolling properties, i.e., excellent formability. Reduction in area is a measure to determine formability on cold heading. Ultrafine grained steel wire with length of several hundred meter were developed with the technology of warm continuous multi-directional rolling. This wire also have a good formability which can form microscrews.

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Tian, Ni, Gang Zhao, Liang Zuo, and Chun Ming Liu. "Formability and Correlation between Formability Indices of Al-0.9Mg-1.0Si-0.7Cu-0.6Mn Alloy for Automotive Body Sheets." Materials Science Forum 638-642 (January 2010): 356–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.638-642.356.

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The texture, the formability and the correlation between formability indices of Al-0.9Mg- 1.0Si-0.7Cu-0.6Mn alloy for automotive body sheets subjected to solid solution, T4, annealing treatment and artificial aging at 443k for different time were investigated by orientation distribution functions(ODF) analysis, tensile and cupping test, FLD measurement and regression analysis method. The results showed that the textures of cold rolled alloy sheets consist mainly of copper and brass orientations, which are transformed into the texture mainly containing {001}<310> orientation after recrystallization, and aging treatment has little influence on the recrystallization texture. The formability of alloy sheets subjected to solid solution, T4 and annealing treatment is similar, however, the formability was observably deteriorated after aging at 443k. The correlation between uniform elongation δu and FLD0 is the most remarkable in all the given formability indices, the correlation between strain-hardening exponent n and the FLD0 take second place, while there is no correlation between plastic strain ratio r and FLD0. The correlation between reduction of area ψ and cupping value IE is distinct, while ψ and IE have little correlation with FLD0.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Formability'

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