Relevant bibliographies by topics / Formal and informal communications

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Formal and informal communications'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 1 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Formal and informal communications"

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Sterk, Helen M. "Formal and Informal Feminist Rhetorics." Review of Communication 8, no. 2 (April 2008): 178–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15358590701656221.

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Johnson, J. D., W. A. Donohue, C. K. Atkin, and S. Johnson. "Differences Between Formal and Informal Communication Channels." Journal of Business Communication 31, no. 2 (April 1, 1994): 111–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002194369403100202.

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Pankowska, Malgorzata B. "MOOCs as Supplement of Informal Education." International Journal of E-Adoption 9, no. 1 (January 2017): 10–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijea.2017010102.

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The contribution covers discussion on informal university learning, which is a part of heutagogy. In the paper, the university learning is considered as autopoietic organization development as well as development of business organization strongly dependent on external knowledge resources. In general, university education space covers formal, informal, and non-formal learning. Nowadays, informal learning has an excellent opportunity for development, because of Web 2.0 ideas and solutions. In the paper, the architecture of informal learning environment is visualized in ArchiMate 4.0 beta version language. The main goal of the paper is to present informal learning architecture as supplement to the formal learning. The MOOCs (massive open online courses) are included in the architecture model for informal learning support.
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Güngör, Ayşegül Sağkaya, Dursun Yener, and Mertcan Taşçıoğlu. "Wanna Be a Friend on Social Media?" International Journal of Online Marketing 11, no. 3 (July 2021): 64–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijom.2021070105.

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As the volume of consumer-brand interactions is increasing in the social media setting, it becomes essential to understand how to foster relationships to create favorable attitudes towards the brand, stimulate sales, and enable consumers to forward the brand name to others. In this regard, this research focuses on the effect of communication style (formal vs. informal) that should be used for products that have different levels of self-expression (high vs. low) in social media communications. An experiment was conducted with 384 participants. The results indicated that consumers prefer informal communication regardless of the self-expression level of the product in social media. Investigating the interaction effects, the authors demonstrated that highly self-expressive products favorably stimulate word-of-mouth intention in case of formal communication. However, it is the informal communication that stimulates purchase and word-of-mouth intentions and brand attitudes when the product is low self-expressive in nature.
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Rudin, H. "An informal overview of formal protocol specification." IEEE Communications Magazine 23, no. 3 (March 1985): 46–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mcom.1985.1092527.

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Cooper, Thomas W. "Communication and ethics: The informal and formal curricula." Journal of Mass Media Ethics 2, no. 1 (September 1986): 71–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08900528609358283.

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Weedman, Judith. "Informal and formal channels in boundary-spanning communication." Journal of the American Society for Information Science 43, no. 3 (April 1992): 257–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1097-4571(199204)43:3<257::aid-asi8>3.0.co;2-k.

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Bayne, Karen, John Moore, and Simon Fielke. "Structural and relational support for innovation – formal versus informal knowledge exchange mechanisms in forest-sector learning." Forestry Chronicle 92, no. 04 (December 2016): 432–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc2016-078.

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In order to drive forest sector productivity, an emphasis has been placed on effectively transferring science knowledge to technical foresters. Having a communications plan and engaging the right stakeholders early can induce a rich learning environment that strengthens context, knowhow and ensures mechanisms are in place for knowledge to be transferred. Formalized structures such as reports and seminars have evolved to improve the science transfer process, but it appears that the key success factor in enhancing uptake and learning may require an environment that encourages relationship building, particularly trust building between parties in developing informal and formal relationships. Informal interactions, though not often acknowledged in business, foster the conditions conducive to good knowledge exchange – co-ordination, co-operation and communication. Enhancing conditions in which these three aspects grow can lead to increased social capital, changed paradigms and reduced business costs due to sharing of knowledge and resources. We posit a conceptual framework describing the role of formal and informal knowledge exchange mechanisms and introduce research innovation clusters as a means to promote forest sector engagement and informal relational support for learning.
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Acuto, Michele, Cecilia Dinardi, and Colin Marx. "Transcending (in)formal urbanism." Urban Studies 56, no. 3 (January 8, 2019): 475–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0042098018810602.

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In this introduction to the special issue ‘Transcending (in)formal urbanism’ we outline the important place that informal urbanism has acquired in urban theorising, and an agenda to further this standing towards an even more explicit role in defining how we research cities. We note how informality has frequently been perceived as the formal’s ‘other’ implying a necessary ‘othering’ of informality that creates dualisms between formal and informal, a localised informal and a globalising formal, or an informal resistance and a formal neoliberal control, that this special issue seeks to challenge. The introduction, and the issue, aim to prompt a dialogue across a diversity of disciplinary approaches still rarely in communication, with the goal of going beyond (‘transcending’) the othering of informality for the benefit of a more inclusive urban theory contribution. The introduction suggests three related steps that could help with transcending dualisms in the understanding of informality: first, to transcend the disciplinary boundaries that limit informal urbanism to the study of housing or the labour market; second, to transcend the way in which informality is understood as separate from the domain of the formal (processes, institutions, mechanisms); and, third, to transcend the way in which informality is so tightly held in relation to understandings of neoliberalism. Challenging where the confines of urban studies might be, we argue for informality to better serve and broaden the community of urban research towards a more global urban theorising, starting from situated experiences and including cross-disciplinary experimentation.
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CHEN-BURGER, YUN-HEH, DAVID ROBERTSON, and JUSSI STADER. "FORMAL SUPPORT FOR AN INFORMAL BUSINESS MODELLING METHOD." International Journal of Software Engineering and Knowledge Engineering 10, no. 01 (February 2000): 49–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218194000000055.

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Business modelling methods are popular but, since they operate primarily in the early stages of software lifecycles, most are informal. This paper describes how we have used a conventional formal notation (first order predicate logic) in combination with automated support tools to replicate the key components of an established, informal, business modelling method: IBM's Business System Development Method (BSDM). We describe the knowledge which we represent formally at each stage in the method and explain how the move from informal to formal representation allows us to provide guidance and consistency checking during the development lifecycle of the model. It also allows us to extend the original method to a model execution phase which is not described in the original informal method. The role of the formal notation in this case is not to provide a formal semantics for BSDM but to provide a framework for sharing the information supplied at different modelling stages and which we can supplement with simple forms of automated analysis.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Formal and informal communications"

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Svensson, Tina. "Behovet av en genomtänkt kommunikationsstruktur- en studie av ett projektorienterat företag." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för teknikvetenskap (SCI), 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-93442.

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Every organization goes through the same lifecycle. Through every step in the transformation to a better organization the communication structure changes. In this report there are examples of the communicational disadvantages that is connected to the communicational structure.By choosing to not have a formal communicational design, the manager takes a risk in spreading the information, the interaction, the control and the balance in creativity and constraint.This case organizations problem is that some parts of the organization has made more progress in the communicational structure than other parts. In this case the Collectivity structure has met the Formalized structure.Tha structural differences has came to affect the way of sharing information and it has become a situation where the information about the products is not stored in a safe way from a quality point of view. There is a gap between the two different ways of communicate.In this report I have created a model to identify problems in the communication structure. This is a tool to study the rest of the organization. This model is general and may be used on any organization.
En organisation genomgår olika livscykler. Genom varje steg i utvecklingen förändras organisationens kommunikationsstruktur. I den här rapporten finns exempel på de kommunikativa brister som uppkommit på grund av brister i den kommunikativa strukturen.Genom att inte ha en kommunikationsdesign för den formella kommunikationen utsätter ledningen organisationen för risker i informationsspridning, interaktion, kontroll och balans.Den studerade organisationen har kommit obalans genom att vissa avdelningar har kommit längre i sitt arbete med att formalisera och strukturera sitt arbete, medan andra avdelningar inte har haft samma strukturella utveckling. Interaktionen mellan dessa avdelningar har därför blivit en kommunikativ kulturkrock, där den Kollektiviserade strukturen möter den Formaliserade strukturen.De strukturella skillnaderna genomsyrar även avdelningarnas arbetssätt och innebär en brist ur kvalitetssynpunkt, då de båda strukturerna inte är överlappande.I rapporten har även en modell för att identifiera kommunikativa brister framtagits, för att caseföretaget ska kunna arbeta vidare med andra delar av organisationen och utreda sin kommunikativa struktur ytterligare. Modellen är av allmän karaktär och kan appliceras på en godtycklig organisation.
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Janeliūnaitė, Milda. "Vidinė įmonių komunikacija: kreipinių į bendradarbius ir jų įvardijimų formos." Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2014. http://vddb.library.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2014~D_20140130_113709-49059.

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Magistro baigiamojo darbo objektas – vidinė įmonių komunikacija – kreipiniai ir įvardijimo žodžiai, vartojami įmonių darbuotojų. Darbo tikslas – ištirti vidinę Vilniaus ir Kauno miestų įmonių komunikaciją formalumo ir neformalumo aspektu analizuojant darbuotojų vartojamus kreipinius ir įvardijimus. Darbo problema yra ta, kad sunku rasti būdą, kaip tiriant vidinę įmonių komunikaciją nustatyti jos formalumą. Šiame darbe formaliąją ir neformaliąją vidinę įmonių komunikaciją siūloma tirti analizuojant kreipinius ir įvardijimus. Gauta informacija apie vartojamus kreipinius ir įvardijimus bei bendravimą lemiančius socialinius veiksnius, aplinką gali padėti apskritai tiriant vidinę įmonių komunikaciją, darbuotojų tarpusavio santykius ar pasitenkinimą. Darbą sudaro trys dalys. Pirmojoje dalyje analizuojama mokslinė literatūra, aptariama vidinės komunikacijos ir kreipinio bei įvardijimo žodžio sampratos taip pat distancinio ir kontaktinio mandagumo strategija, kuria ir remiamasi darbe. Plačiau aptariamas žodinis ir nežodinis bendravimas, formalioji ir neformalioji komunikacija. Analizuojami veiksniai, darantys įtaką bendravimui ir pateikiamas kreipinių skirstymas į formalius ir neformalius. Antrojoje dalyje pateikiami detalūs tyrimo rezultatai, dauguma jų iliustruojami diagramomis. Tyrimo rezultatai analizuojami remiantis pirmojoje dalyje pateikta teorine medžiaga. Trečią dalį sudaro apibendrintos išvados ir įžvalgos, kaip būtų galima panaudoti tyrimo metu gautą informaciją. Aprašoma... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]
The subject of this master thesis is internal corporate communication - salutations to colleagues and the naming forms used in business. The objective of the thesis is to research Vilnius and Kaunas inner corporate communication in formality and informality aspect by analyzing salutations to colleagues and the naming forms. The main problem is that it is difficult to find a way to investigate internal corporate communication and to determine its formality. In this paper, formal and informal internal corporate communication is researched by analyzing salutations to colleagues and the naming forms. All salutations and naming forms are analyzed along with the social and economic context in which communication occurs. The results of this research can help in further researches of internal communication, employee relationships and satisfaction. The paper consists of three parts. The first part analyzes the scientific literature, and discusses the conceptions of internal communication, salutation and naming words, as well as the concept of distance and contact politeness strategy. Furthermore, the differences of verbal and non-verbal communication, formal and informal communication are discussed. Finally the factors that influence the communication are evaluated. The second part presents the detailed results of the study, the majority of them are illustrated by diagrams. The results are analyzed on the basis of previously stated theoretical material. The third part summarizes... [to full text]
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Perez, Katia. "A Rádio-peão no ar Um estudo sobre a comunicação informal e a comunicação formal face a face no ambiente organizacional." Universidade Metodista de São Paulo, 2010. http://tede.metodista.br/jspui/handle/tede/913.

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Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-03T12:31:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Katia Perez.pdf: 1252060 bytes, checksum: 206ad077341f3b413fa28fc6381ba825 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-04-20
Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico
The organizational grapevine has been studied since the World War II in the United States. In Brazil, this communication process has gained prominence in late 1970 with the labor movements looking for democratic forms of communication during the military regime. The formal face-to-face communication began to be practiced in organizations in the mid-1990s with the arrival of new models of international business management. Based on the study of both grapevine and formal face-to-face communication, by bibliographic research and in-depth interviews with academics and professionals from different fields of knowledge, it was possible to describe their histories, attributes and roles in organizations nowadays, and how these two forms of face-to-face communication (formal and informal) interact with each other, according to personal or organizational interests.(AU)
A rádio-peão é estudada nos Estados Unidos desde o período pós II Guerra Mundial. No Brasil, este processo comunicacional ganhou relevância no final da década de 1970 com os movimentos operários que buscavam formas democráticas de diálogo, durante o regime militar. Já a comunicação formal face a face começou a ser praticada nas organizações brasileiras em meados dos anos 1990, com a chegada de novos modelos internacionais de gestão empresarial. Ao estudar estes dois formatos de comunicação, através de pesquisas bibliográfica e documental e entrevistas semi-abertas com acadêmicos e profissionais de mercado de diferentes áreas de conhecimento e atuação, foi possível um aprofundamento acerca de suas histórias, atributos e papéis desempenhados hoje, nas organizações, além de como essas formas de comunicação face a face (formal e informal) interagem entre si, de acordo com interesses pessoais ou organizacionais.(AU)
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Tassin, Rolline Estelle Ndjike. "TRANSITING FROM THE INFORMAL TO FORMAL BUSINESS: MOTIVES, CHALLENGES AND THE COPING MECHANISMS OF SELECTED TRANSITED BUSINESSES IN THE BLOEMFONTEIN AREA." Thesis, Bloemfontein: Central University of Technology, Free State, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11462/235.

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Thesis (M. Tech. (Business Administration)) -- Central University of Technology, Free State, 2014
This exploratory study seeks to contribute to the theoretical and empirical understanding of the transition of small businesses from the informal to the formal sector. It builds on the role of the informal sector as “engines” for economic and socio-cultural development. Using selected businesses in the Mangaung area of the Free State province as case studies, this study investigates the motives for transition of informal businesses to the formal sector in South Africa, challenges encountered in the process of formalisation and the coping strategies relied upon to deal with challenges encountered in the process of formalisation. Key indicators were identified from the literature and were further developed for investigation. A qualitative approach was used for the collection of data from selected transited businesses in the Bloemfontein area using semi-structured interviews. Findings from the study suggest that the decision by small business owners to formalise is motivated by their desire to grow and expand their businesses; access to proper banking services; and to access government contracts and tenders. The results also reveal that the quest for growth is however hindered by long queues endured by business applicants during the process of formalisation; lack of adequate and relevant information on the process of formalisation; coupled with the lack of government support for informal businesses’ transitioning to the formal sector. Findings further revealed that adequate information on the process of formalisation and self-trust are key coping mechanisms needed by small business owners to successfully progress/ transit to the formal sector. Based on these findings, the study recommends that government both provincial and national play a more proactive role in regulating the informal economy by creating an environment conducive for their growth and development, and facilitating their transition to the formal sector. Informal small business owners also must be provided with information on the process of formalisation and of the existing government structures put in place to support businesses in their transition phase.
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Nascimento, Iara Marques do. "A comunicação interna e a construção da identidade organizacional – compreendendo percepções e processos por meio da Viação Progresso e Turismo S/A." Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora (UFJF), 2011. https://repositorio.ufjf.br/jspui/handle/ufjf/2645.

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CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
A proposta da dissertação é compreender a importância da comunicação interna nos processos de construção e reconstrução de sentidos e significados adequados as necessidades das organizações, levando em consideração os objetivos estratégicos da mesma. Observa-se a pertinência da hipótese de que a comunicação interna é capaz de colocar em circulação e articular sentidos que fomentam a realidade organizacional. Este processo é observado a partir da percepção dos funcionários da Viação Progresso em relação à construção da identidade organizacional. Parte-se do pressuposto teórico de que os processos comunicacionais constituem-se por meio de relacionamentos e interações, sendo percebidos enquanto fenômenos simbólicos e discursivos. Neste sentido, trabalha-se com o interacionismo simbólico, o construtivismo e o pensamento complexo, e leva-se em conta elementos como participação e cultura organizacional para a articulação dos processos. No percurso, são destacadas as redes formais de comunicação, com as interações face a face, e as redes informais, com as redes sociais de comunicação informal, mais especificamente a rádio peão. Por meio das metodologias de análise de conteúdo e da utilização de pressupostos da análise de discurso e texto, busca-se compreender a percepção dos funcionários sobre a comunicação interna e elabora-se uma possibilidade de leitura da mesma enquanto processo relacional e discursivo.
The purpose of this dissertation is to understand the importance of internal communication in the processes of construction and reconstruction of meanings appropriate to the needs of organizations, taking into account the strategic objectives of same. It is observed the relevance of the hypothesis that internal communication is able to put into circulation and articulate meanings that promotes the organizational reality. This process is seen from the perception of employees Viação Progresso relating to the construction of organizational identity. It started from the theoretical assumption that communication processes are constituted through relationships and interactions, and perceived as symbolic and discursive phenomena. In this sense, it works with symbolic interactionism, constructivism and complex thought, and takes into account factors such as participation and organizational culture to articulate the processes. On the way, is highlighted the formal networks of communication, with face to face interactions, and informal networks, with social networks of informal communication, specifically the rádio peão. Through the methodologies of content analysis and use of assumptions of discourse analysis and text, seeks to understand the perception of employees on the internal communication and prepare a chance to read the same process as relational and discursive.
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Lazenby, William Lee. "Informal and formal channels of communication preferred and used in the adoption of ranching practices by livestock producers in the state of Nuevo Leon of northeastern Mexico." Texas A&M University, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/2510.

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This descriptive research was undertaken to investigate the preferred channels of communication used in the adoption of livestock production practices by ranchers in the northeastern Mexican state of Nuevo Le??n. The study builds on previous research by Freund (1999). Freund??s study concluded that ranchers in Nuevo Le??n preferred the Uni??n Ganadera as their primary source. However, the producers indicated some communication preferences that resulted in the Uni??n adjusting some of their efforts to reach out to their membership. This study was designed to revisit those livestock producers to investigate what changes had occurred in their preferences for communication since the Freund (1999) study. This research was conducted in the state of Nuevo Le??n, Mexico. The methodology used was a survey employing a questionnaire to collect data. The convenience sample consisted of 273 active members of the Uni??n Ganadera Regional de Nuevo Le??n (UGRNL) who attended regularly scheduled association functions. A principal objective of the research was to describe the communication infrastructure used in the state of Nuevo Le??n by UGRNL livestock producers. Another objective of the research was to describe preferred formal and informal channels of communication that livestock producers use to get information about ranching practices. Yet another objective was to describe what UGRNL livestock producers use as primary sources of information when choosing to adopt or reject agricultural practices, as well as investigating what secondary and feedback channels they prefer. Another objective was to determine which husbandry practices UGRNL livestock producers want more information about. Finally, an emphasis of the study was on what communication channels smaller stakeholders prefer, because the Uni??n wants to use that information to improve its diffusion of technology to that particular group of producers.
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Brantås, Niclas. "Bland kockrockar och rock-kockar - En retorisk analys av svenska matlagningsprogram." Thesis, Stockholm University, Department of Journalism, Media and Communication (JMK), 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-40714.

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Aim: The purpose of this paper is to see if there has been a change over time in the performance and in the spoken word of the Swedish cooking programs. By testing the theory of intimization on the cooking programs I get the opportunity to see if the border between the private and the public have become clearer or more difficult to notice, and if the new language, the informal language as intimization entails, has been used in Swedish cooking programs since the 70s until today, or if there´s ever been a formal language in Swedish programs? Method/Material: I'm using a rhetorical approach that includes a three-step analysis. Analysing the context, means to persuade and performance. The empirical material I intend to analyze is Swedish cooking programs from the 70s until today, 2010. I´ve chosen a program from each decade except the 2000s, where I´ve chosen two, depending on the overwhelming amount of Swedish cooking programs during that decade. Main Results: The language and performance in the Swedish cooking programs are becoming more informal and in some cases extreme. There are still formal cooking programs, but today's open society is better built for the informal programs than it was before.

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Nery, Marcos de Abreu. "O uso das tecnologias digitais da internet na educação superior. representações docentes - entre o formal e o informal, as marcas da presença do possível." Universidade de São Paulo, 2016. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/48/48134/tde-15082016-121559/.

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A literatura da última década tem revelado a existência de tensões e conflitos, no uso das Tecnologias Digitais de Informação e Comunicação da Internet TDIC por docentes na Educação Superior, que vêm dificultando a adoção do uso dessas tecnologias por eles em seu cotidiano de ensino. A tese que se apresenta resulta de um estudo de caso, realizado em uma Instituição de Ensino Superior: a IES-P, no qual se investigou as representações de seus docentes sobre o uso educacional das TDIC pela perspectiva da Antropologia Dialética de Henry Lefebvre. Essa investigação buscou responder a seguinte questão: Qual seria a natureza das tensões e conflitos no uso educacional das TDIC que predominariam nessas representações? Teve-se como objetivo verificar quais seriam as implicações dessa natureza sobre a relação que se estabelece entre os propósitos e práticas educacionais desenvolvidos pelos docentes. Esse estudo desenvolveu-se em duas fases. Na primeira, aplicou-se um questionário que foi respondido por 62 dos 439 docentes da IES-P, com o objetivo de identificar, descrever e caracterizar o cenário da pesquisa e o perfil dos participantes. Na segunda fase, realizou-se uma entrevista semi-estruturada com 12 docentes participantes da primeira fase, sendo seus dados submetidos à análise de conteúdo com o objetivo oferecer subsídios para a análise das representações desses docentes sobre o uso das TDIC. Os resultados dessa pesquisa revelaram a predominância de uma dupla natureza para essas tensões e conflitos. Apoiando-se em autores como Bruno Latour e Pierre Lévy, chegou-se a uma proposição que explica essa dupla natureza como resultado da coexistência de dois domínios do uso educacional das TDIC: o sociotécnico e o socioeducacional, sendo que neles, atores sociais desses dois domínios associaram-se e interagiram uns com os outros estabelecendo inter-relações entre aspectos que identificam as ações entre eles nesses domínios, que podem ser tanto de tensão e conflito como de articulação e integração. O que se verificou como um dos resultados mais relevantes deste estudo foi que existiram representações, situadas no domínio socioeducacional e em contextos de uso das TDIC abertos na Internet, em que as inter-relações entre atributos da educação formal e informal ocorreram de forma articulada e integrada para um grupo de professores que transformaram seus propósitos e práticas educacionais ao apropriarem-se dessas tecnologias. Desse resultado, concluiu-se que a margem do que se encontrou como representações dominantes, que tendem a reproduzir formas de uso das TDIC programadas por uma cotidianidade, encontraram-se representações que revelaram marcas da presença de uma possível transformação efetiva de propósitos e práticas educacionais desenvolvidos por docentes na Educação Superior atendendo a demandas emergentes da sociedade por mudanças na relação com o saber na atualidade
Literature from last decade has disclosed the existence of tensions and conflicts in the use of Digital Information and Communication Technologies (DICTs) from internet by higher education teachers, which have been preventing them from adopting those Technologies in their everyday practice. The thesis that follows presents the results of a case study carried out in a Higher Education Institution: HEU-P, in which the teachers representations about the educational use of DICTs are investigated based on Henri Lefebvre dialectic anthropological theory. It is an attempt to answer the following question: what would be the nature of the tensions and conflicts in the use of educational DICTs that prevailed in those representations? The aim is to check which would be their implications on the relationships that are established between the educational purposes and practices developed by teachers. This study is developed in two parts. In the first, a questionnaire was applied to and answered by 62 of the 439 teachers from HEI-P. The aim was to identify, describe and characterize research scenario and participants profiles. In the second part, a semi-structured interview was carried out with 12 teachers from the first part, their data undergoing content analysis in order to get information for the analysis of their representation on the use of the DICTs. The results of this research reveal the predominance of a two-faced nature for those tensions and conflicts. According to Bruno Latour and Pierre Lévy, it is possible to infer a proposition that explains the two-faced nature because of the coexistence of two domains of the educational use of the DICTs: the socio-technical and the socio-educational. In both of the domains, the social actors got together and interacted, establishing interrelations among aspects that identify actions between them in those domains, which can be either of tension and conflict or of articulation and integration. What was observed as one of the most relevant results of this study was that for a group of teachers, who transformed their educational purposes and practices when they took hold of those technologies, there were representations, located in the socio-educational domain and in contexts of use of open DICTs from internet, in which the interrelations between attributes of formal and informal education occurred in an articulated and integrated way. The conclusion from this result is that, besides the most important representations, which tend to reproduce usages of DICTs programmed by an everydayness, there were representations that revealed clues of the presence of a possible effective transformation of educational purposes and practices developed by teachers of higher education answering society\'s emerging demands for changes in relation with todays knowledges.
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Begovic, Ajla, Oliviera Paula de, and Maria Schürer. "Learning by Talking : Comprehending and Analysing the Pupils’ Thoughts and Experiences about Speaking English for Second Language Acquisition." Thesis, Högskolan i Borås, Institutionen för Pedagogik, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hb:diva-19236.

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The aim of this study is to find out the pupils’ thoughts and experiences about speakingEnglish for second language acquisition in upper secondary school. We want to establish thatoral communication is an important factor towards fulfilling the criteria to strive for indeveloping the pupils’ knowledge and skills in language learning according to the Curriculumfor Compulsory School System (Skolverket, 2006) and the Syllabus for the English Subject(Skolverket, 2001).The background presents theoretical approaches in second language acquisition, such asVygostskij’s, Piaget’s and Krashen’s theories of language acquisition. Communicativecompetence, affective factors, strategies and speech-codes used in the learning process havealso been briefly described in this study.The methods used for collecting data were observations and interviews, with a qualitativesurvey and hermeneutic approach in focus. The research took place in three different schoolsin a municipality in southwest of Sweden. For the observations, there were 71 pupilsparticipating in this study and 37 pupils wanted to collaborate for the interviews. No teacheror school workers were involved or participated in the observations or interviews. We wantedto keep the pupils’ point of view about how they use verbal language skills in English to gainknowledge about the target language.
Uppsatsnivå: C
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Gulin, Elin, and Johanna Lundkvist. "Ledarskapets betydelse för arbetsmiljön : En fråga om kommunikation." Thesis, Högskolan i Borås, Akademin för textil, teknik och ekonomi, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hb:diva-15281.

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Antalet sjukskrivna medarbetare inom våra svenska organisationer ökar årligen till följd av stressrelaterade sjukdomar. Den rådande problematiken orsakar höga kostnader för bådemedarbetaren, organisationen och samhället i stort. Att vända den oroväckande trenden är således av stor vikt för alla inblandade parter. Många tidigare studier har visat att de sjukskrivningar som beror på psykiska åkommor har orsakats av en bristande arbetsmiljö. Det är arbetsgivaren som ställs ytterst ansvarig för arbetsmiljön inom en organisation, och hur arbetet för en hållbar arbetsmiljö ska utföras regleras av lagar och föreskrifter. Arbetsgivarenkan med hjälp av ohälsoförebyggande och hälsofrämjande insatser förbättra arbetsmiljön och på så vis sänka sjukskrivningstalen. I den här studien har vi undersökt hur en organisation och dess chefer genom den interna kommunikationen kan verka för en god arbetsmiljö. För att studera hur en organisation arbetar med dessa frågor har vi genomfört semistrukturerade intervjuer med både medarbetare och chefer på ett kommunalt fastighetsbolag i Göteborg. Som teoretiskt stöd har modeller och teorier om kommunikation, formell och informell information samt beslutsprocessen använts, för att skapa en bredare förståelse för det inomorganisatoriska arbetsmiljöarbetet. I studiens resultat framkommer det att respondenterna inom den studerade organisationen betraktar den interna kommunikationen som central i arbetet för en förbättrad arbetsmiljö. Det är av stor vikt att den interna dialogen är väl fungerande både vertikalt och horisontellt, för att den information som förmedlas mellan olika parter ska nå alla relevanta delar i organisationen. En god kommunikation är således av stor betydelse för att all information skatas tillvara och ligga till grund för beslut kring arbetsmiljörelaterade frågor. Inom det studerade bolaget ligger främst formell information, så som arbetsmiljöronder, medarbetarsamtal och–enkäter, till grund för de beslut som fattas. Informell information som kommer cheferna tillhanda genom mer spontana samtal, och som anses vara av rik karaktär, har inom organisationen en tendens att gå förlorad i ett tidigt skede i beslutsprocessen. I studien diskuteras chefens roll i att kunna samla in och behandla information både av formell och informell karaktär, för att det material som ligger till grund för beslut ska vara så rikt som möjligt. De beslut som har sin grund i all information som inkommit från medarbetarna har goda förutsättningar för att påverka organisationens arbetsmiljö i en positiv riktning.
The number of employees that are absent due to sick leave in Swedish organizations increases annually as a result of stress-related illnesses. The current problem gives rise to high costs for the employee, the organization and society at large. To reverse this worrying trend is therefore of great importance to all parties involved. Previous studies have shown that an unsustainable work environment causes mental illness which in turn leads to sick leave. It is the employer who is ultimately responsible for the work environment within an organization, and how the work for a sustainable work environment is to be performed is governed by laws and regulations. The employer can improve the work environment through ill health prevention and health promotion efforts, which decrease sick leave rates. In this study we have investigated how an organization and its managers through internal communication can work for a sustainable work environment. To study how an organization works on these issues, we have conducted semi-structured interviews with both employees and managers at a municipal property company in Gothenburg. As theoretical support models and theories of communication, formal and informal information as well as the decision making process have been used to create a broader understanding of how the organization is working to develop a sustainable work environment. The findings show that the respondents in the studied organization consider internal communication as central to improving the work environment. It is of the utmost importance that the internal dialogue is well-functioning both vertically and horizontally, so that the information communicated between different parties will reach all relevant parts of the organization. A well-functioning communication is therefore of great importance for managing the decision-making process. Within the studied company formal information, such as work environment inspections, employee appraisals and employee surveys, is the primary source that decisions are based on. Informal information that managers receive through spontaneous conversations, that are considered to be of a rich character, has a tendency to disappear at an early stage in the decision-making process. The study discusses the managers’ role in collecting and processing both formal and informal information, in order to make well-founded decisions. Decisions based on all the information received from employees have a higher likelihood of influencing the organization's work environment in a positive direction. This paper is written in Swedish.
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Books on the topic "Formal and informal communications"

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Informal lectures on formal semantics. Albany, N.Y: State University of New York Press, 1989.

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Ramaswami, N. Diglossia: Formal and informal Tamil. Mysore: Central Institute of Indian Languages, 1997.

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Ebner, Daniel. Formal and Informal Strategic Planning. Wiesbaden: Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-04502-9.

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American Bar Association. Committee on Professional Ethics. and American Bar Association. Standing Committee on Ethics and Professional Responsibility., eds. Formal and informal ethics opinions: Formal opinions 316-348, informal opinions 1285-1495. [Chicago, Ill.]: Standing Committee on Ethics and Professional Responsibility, American Bar Association, 1985.

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Trentin, Guglielmo, and Stefania Bocconi. Wiki supporting formal and informal learning. Hauppauge, N.Y: Nova Science Publishers, 2012.

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Ashraf, Mohammad. Formal and Informal Social Safety Nets. New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137388742.

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Gupta, Anil K. Women and formal and informal science. Ahmedabad: Indian Institute of Management, 2005.

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H, Zarit Steven, Pearlin Leonard I. 1924-, and Schaie K. Warner 1928-, eds. Caregiving systems: Informal and formal helpers. Hillsdale, N.J: L. Erlbaum Associates, 1993.

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Viitanen, Tarja K. Informal and formal care in Europe. Bonn, Germany: IZA, 2007.

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Sillince, John A. A. Some formal properties of informal logic. Sheffield: Sheffield University, School ofManagement, 1995.

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Book chapters on the topic "Formal and informal communications"

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Kačerauskas, Tomas, and Algis Mickūnas. "The Formal and Informal Logic of Communication." In In Between Communication Theories Through One Hundred Questions, 51–72. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-41106-0_3.

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Oliveira, Luciana, and Álvaro Figueira. "Social Network Analytics in Formal and Informal Learning Environments with EduBridge Social." In Communications in Computer and Information Science, 296–316. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-63184-4_16.

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Gubanov, Dmitry. "A Study of Formal and Informal Relations of Russian-Speaking Facebook Users." In Communications in Computer and Information Science, 85–90. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-12580-0_8.

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Plakitsi, Katerina. "Rethinking the Role of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) in Science Education." In Activity Theory in Formal and Informal Science Education, 57–81. Rotterdam: SensePublishers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-6091-317-4_4.

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Pryima, Serhii M., Oksana V. Strokan, Julia V. Rogushina, Anatoly Ya Gladun, Dmitro V. Lubko, and Vira M. Malkina. "Ontological Analysis of Outcomes of Non-formal and Informal Learning for Agro-Advisory System AdvisOnt." In Communications in Computer and Information Science, 3–17. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-62015-8_1.

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Ruskulis, Otto. "6. Facilitating information dissemination and exchange through formal and informal networking." In Communicating for Development, 64–77. Rugby, Warwickshire, United Kingdom: Practical Action Publishing, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.3362/9781780441054.006.

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Stocklmayer, Susan M. "Communicating Science." In Navigating the Changing Landscape of Formal and Informal Science Learning Opportunities, 69–86. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-89761-5_5.

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Drakaki, Maria A. "Connections with the Cultural Heritage in Formal and Informal Learning: The Case of an Interactive Visual Game of School Life Museum in Chania." In Communications in Computer and Information Science, 329–36. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-12957-6_23.

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Ritzen, Magda, Anne McDougall, Mike Kendall, Alexander Karapadis, Barbara Bamberger, Hannelore Dekeyser, Gina Reyes, and Julia Walsh. "Real Life Learning: The Developing Importance of Formal and Informal Professional Communities of Practice." In Information and Communication Technologies and Real-Life Learning, 269–75. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/0-387-25997-x_30.

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Yelland, Nicola. "Learning in school and out: Formal and informal experiences with computer games in mathematical contexts." In IFIP Advances in Information and Communication Technology, 3–12. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-35668-6_1.

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Conference papers on the topic "Formal and informal communications"

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Zhang, Hai-yan. "Competition and corporation between formal and informal rural finance." In 2011 International Conference on Electronics, Communications and Control (ICECC). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icecc.2011.6068093.

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Hossain, Md Akbar, and Sayan Kumar Ray. "A Technology Assisted Framework for Medical Emergencies Involving Formal and Informal Caregivers." In 2018 IEEE Intl Conf on Parallel & Distributed Processing with Applications, Ubiquitous Computing & Communications, Big Data & Cloud Computing, Social Computing & Networking, Sustainable Computing & Communications (ISPA/IUCC/BDCloud/SocialCom/SustainCom). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/bdcloud.2018.00159.

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Zlodi, G., and Z. Miklosevic. "Mediated heritage learning in formal and informal contexts: Antiquity CyberEd." In 2014 37th International Convention on Information and Communication Technology, Electronics and Microelectronics (MIPRO). IEEE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mipro.2014.6859660.

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Shchipitsina, Larisa. "Is It the Same Country? Representation of Cambodia on Official Tourist Sites and in Tourists’ Comments." In GLOCAL Conference on Asian Linguistic Anthropology 2019. The GLOCAL Unit, SOAS University of London, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.47298/cala2019.8-3.

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This paper explores how a certain country is described on official tourist sites whose main aim is to achieve more tourists (formal communication sources) and in informal tourists comments, who want to exchange their opinions. It shows that the difference in aims impacts the construction of country image as a set of different items reflecting real aspects of a certain country. The semantic and contextual analyses of Russian and German formal and informal tourism related sources shows the predominance of cognitive items (compared with affective ones) in both sources types, but cultural items colored positively prevail in formal sources (and thus an elaborated image is developed) whereas different cognitive and affective items are common for informal sources.
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Balkovic, M., G. Dambic, and Z. Jancic. "Model of information system for recognition of non-formal and informal learning in higher education." In 2015 38th International Convention on Information and Communication Technology, Electronics and Microelectronics (MIPRO). IEEE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mipro.2015.7160357.

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Hendrawaty, Ernie, Kevin Joan, and Dimas Adzie. "The Role of Information Communication Technology (ICT) in Shifting Informal MSMES to Formal MSMES in Indonesia: The Initial Trigger Model." In Proceedings of the First International Conference of Economics, Business & Entrepreneurship, ICEBE 2020, 1st October 2020, Tangerang, Indonesia. EAI, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4108/eai.1-10-2020.2305615.

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Dabeva, Tania, and Georgina Lukanova. "FEATURES OF CONNECTIVITY AMONG FRANCHISING NETWORKS IN HOTEL INDUSTRY." In TOURISM AND CONNECTIVITY 2020. University publishing house "Science and Economics", University of Economics - Varna, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.36997/tc2020.473.

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The main thesis supported in this study is that connectivity is embedded in the hotel franchise due to its systemic nature, the number of participating levels, elements and entities, the complex relationships between them, the transfer of tangible and intangible assets, multifaceted communications of formal and informal nature and others. In this regard, the main purpose of the paper is to reveal the nature of connectivity in the hotel franchise and how it affects the functioning and development of the system. The first part of the report examines the peculiarities of the relationships between business entities in the hotel franchise. The next part presents two main concepts for connectivity management in franchising networks in the hotel industry, and at the end some conclusions and recommendations for the development of franchise partner networks are systematized.
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Sanchidrian Pardo, Rosa, Pilar Yubero Hermoso, and Begoña Torrente Barredo. "TED talk as a simulation tool in a higher education for the learning process and improvement students´ motivation : an academic practice with students of the degree in business intelligence and a prospective." In INNODOCT 2019. Valencia: Universitat Politècnica de València, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/inn2019.2019.10218.

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The main mission of this project is to improve the professional skills of first year students and to measure their motivation, focus on self-learning and professionalism. For that, the professor uses The TED methodology as a great tool to develop these essential competences and introduces the student as the protagonist of the self- learning process. The TED tool was created to disseminate scientific results of great researchers. It has now become a system of scientific and social dissemination, used to improve formal and informal learning. Also, one of the skills that Spanish people need to work on is their communication skills and these kinds of projects are based on the effective communication competences and others that increase the motivation of students to self-learn and ask about newly acquired knowledge. This educational innovation project tries to use these tools to improve the professional and academic skills and reinforce the human dimension of students and the factor to motivate them to study and learn. It has been evaluated and with the advice of a mentor (subject teacher). The project has been evaluated using a quantitative and qualitative method and the conclusions are interesting because the students recommend it and indicates that their has been an improvement on skills, motivation, values and knowledge.
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Dib, C. Z. "Formal, non-formal and informal education: concepts/applicability." In AIP Conference Proceedings Volume 173. AIP, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.37526.

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Dietsch, Daniel, Vincent Langenfeld, and Bernd Westphal. "Formal Requirements in an Informal World." In 2020 IEEE Workshop on Formal Requirements (FORMREQ). IEEE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/formreq51202.2020.00010.

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Reports on the topic "Formal and informal communications"

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Lee, Insup. Extracting Formal Models from Informal Requirements and Using Them for Validation. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, January 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada499764.

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Saunders, Vicky, Steven Roche, Morag McArthur, and Erin Barry. Barriers to formal and informal supports for refugee families in Australia. Child Family Community Australia, April 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.24268/fhs.8338.

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Hall, Bronwyn, Christian Helmers, Mark Rogers, and Vania Sena. The Choice between Formal and Informal Intellectual Property: A Literature Review. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, April 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w17983.

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Farber, Henry, and Michael White. A Comparison of Formal and Informal Dispute Resolution in Medical Malpractice. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, May 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w4371.

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Killourhy, Kevin, Yee-Yin Choong, and Mary Theofanos. Taxonomic Rules for Password Policies: Translating the Informal to the Formal Language. National Institute of Standards and Technology, December 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.6028/nist.ir.7970.

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Chisholm, G. H., and R. A. Kemmerer. A two-level formal specification of a defense communications system. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), April 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10155353.

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Morales, Leonardo Fabio, Didier Hermida, and Eleonora Dávalos. Interactions between Formal and Informal Labor Dynamics: Revealing Job Flows from Household Surveys. Banco de la República, August 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.32468/be.1090.

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Iregui-Bohórquez, Ana María, Ligia Alba Melo-Becerra, María Teresa Ramírez-Giraldo, and Ana María Tribín-Uribe. Determinantes del acceso al crédito formal e informal : evidencia de los hogares de ingresos medios y bajos en Colombia. Bogotá, Colombia: Banco de la República, August 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.32468/be.956.

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Kimboko, Priscilla. The articulation of formal and informal helping: the influence of organizational context on relationships between professional and lay caregivers. Portland State University Library, January 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.15760/etd.352.

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Aked, Jody. Supply Chains, the Informal Economy, and the Worst Forms of Child Labour. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), July 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/clarissa.2021.006.

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As a cohort of people, ‘children in work’ have become critical to the everyday functioning of diverse supply chain systems. This Working Paper considers diverse commodity chains (leather, waste, recycling and sex) to explore the business realities that generate child labour in its worst forms. A review of the literature finds that occurrence of the worst forms of child labour (WFCL) in supply chain systems is contingent on the organising logics and strategies adopted by actors in both the formal and informal economies. Piecing together the available evidence, the paper hypothesises that a supply chain system is sensitive to the use of WFCL when downward pressure to take on business risk cannot be matched by the economic resilience to absorb that risk. Emergencies and persistent stressors may increase risk and reduce resilience, shifting norms and behaviour. There is a need for further work to learn from business owners and workers in the informal economy.
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