Dissertations / Theses: 'Formal and informal communications'

1

Svensson, Tina. "Behovet av en genomtänkt kommunikationsstruktur- en studie av ett projektorienterat företag." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för teknikvetenskap (SCI), 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-93442.

Full text

Abstract:

Every organization goes through the same lifecycle. Through every step in the transformation to a better organization the communication structure changes. In this report there are examples of the communicational disadvantages that is connected to the communicational structure.By choosing to not have a formal communicational design, the manager takes a risk in spreading the information, the interaction, the control and the balance in creativity and constraint.This case organizations problem is that some parts of the organization has made more progress in the communicational structure than other parts. In this case the Collectivity structure has met the Formalized structure.Tha structural differences has came to affect the way of sharing information and it has become a situation where the information about the products is not stored in a safe way from a quality point of view. There is a gap between the two different ways of communicate.In this report I have created a model to identify problems in the communication structure. This is a tool to study the rest of the organization. This model is general and may be used on any organization.
En organisation genomgår olika livscykler. Genom varje steg i utvecklingen förändras organisationens kommunikationsstruktur. I den här rapporten finns exempel på de kommunikativa brister som uppkommit på grund av brister i den kommunikativa strukturen.Genom att inte ha en kommunikationsdesign för den formella kommunikationen utsätter ledningen organisationen för risker i informationsspridning, interaktion, kontroll och balans.Den studerade organisationen har kommit obalans genom att vissa avdelningar har kommit längre i sitt arbete med att formalisera och strukturera sitt arbete, medan andra avdelningar inte har haft samma strukturella utveckling. Interaktionen mellan dessa avdelningar har därför blivit en kommunikativ kulturkrock, där den Kollektiviserade strukturen möter den Formaliserade strukturen.De strukturella skillnaderna genomsyrar även avdelningarnas arbetssätt och innebär en brist ur kvalitetssynpunkt, då de båda strukturerna inte är överlappande.I rapporten har även en modell för att identifiera kommunikativa brister framtagits, för att caseföretaget ska kunna arbeta vidare med andra delar av organisationen och utreda sin kommunikativa struktur ytterligare. Modellen är av allmän karaktär och kan appliceras på en godtycklig organisation.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

2

Janeliūnaitė, Milda. "Vidinė įmonių komunikacija: kreipinių į bendradarbius ir jų įvardijimų formos." Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2014. http://vddb.library.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2014~D_20140130_113709-49059.

Full text

Abstract:

Magistro baigiamojo darbo objektas – vidinė įmonių komunikacija – kreipiniai ir įvardijimo žodžiai, vartojami įmonių darbuotojų. Darbo tikslas – ištirti vidinę Vilniaus ir Kauno miestų įmonių komunikaciją formalumo ir neformalumo aspektu analizuojant darbuotojų vartojamus kreipinius ir įvardijimus. Darbo problema yra ta, kad sunku rasti būdą, kaip tiriant vidinę įmonių komunikaciją nustatyti jos formalumą. Šiame darbe formaliąją ir neformaliąją vidinę įmonių komunikaciją siūloma tirti analizuojant kreipinius ir įvardijimus. Gauta informacija apie vartojamus kreipinius ir įvardijimus bei bendravimą lemiančius socialinius veiksnius, aplinką gali padėti apskritai tiriant vidinę įmonių komunikaciją, darbuotojų tarpusavio santykius ar pasitenkinimą. Darbą sudaro trys dalys. Pirmojoje dalyje analizuojama mokslinė literatūra, aptariama vidinės komunikacijos ir kreipinio bei įvardijimo žodžio sampratos taip pat distancinio ir kontaktinio mandagumo strategija, kuria ir remiamasi darbe. Plačiau aptariamas žodinis ir nežodinis bendravimas, formalioji ir neformalioji komunikacija. Analizuojami veiksniai, darantys įtaką bendravimui ir pateikiamas kreipinių skirstymas į formalius ir neformalius. Antrojoje dalyje pateikiami detalūs tyrimo rezultatai, dauguma jų iliustruojami diagramomis. Tyrimo rezultatai analizuojami remiantis pirmojoje dalyje pateikta teorine medžiaga. Trečią dalį sudaro apibendrintos išvados ir įžvalgos, kaip būtų galima panaudoti tyrimo metu gautą informaciją. Aprašoma... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]
The subject of this master thesis is internal corporate communication - salutations to colleagues and the naming forms used in business. The objective of the thesis is to research Vilnius and Kaunas inner corporate communication in formality and informality aspect by analyzing salutations to colleagues and the naming forms. The main problem is that it is difficult to find a way to investigate internal corporate communication and to determine its formality. In this paper, formal and informal internal corporate communication is researched by analyzing salutations to colleagues and the naming forms. All salutations and naming forms are analyzed along with the social and economic context in which communication occurs. The results of this research can help in further researches of internal communication, employee relationships and satisfaction. The paper consists of three parts. The first part analyzes the scientific literature, and discusses the conceptions of internal communication, salutation and naming words, as well as the concept of distance and contact politeness strategy. Furthermore, the differences of verbal and non-verbal communication, formal and informal communication are discussed. Finally the factors that influence the communication are evaluated. The second part presents the detailed results of the study, the majority of them are illustrated by diagrams. The results are analyzed on the basis of previously stated theoretical material. The third part summarizes... [to full text]

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

3

Perez, Katia. "A Rádio-peão no ar Um estudo sobre a comunicação informal e a comunicação formal face a face no ambiente organizacional." Universidade Metodista de São Paulo, 2010. http://tede.metodista.br/jspui/handle/tede/913.

Full text

Abstract:

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-03T12:31:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Katia Perez.pdf: 1252060 bytes, checksum: 206ad077341f3b413fa28fc6381ba825 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-04-20
Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico
The organizational grapevine has been studied since the World War II in the United States. In Brazil, this communication process has gained prominence in late 1970 with the labor movements looking for democratic forms of communication during the military regime. The formal face-to-face communication began to be practiced in organizations in the mid-1990s with the arrival of new models of international business management. Based on the study of both grapevine and formal face-to-face communication, by bibliographic research and in-depth interviews with academics and professionals from different fields of knowledge, it was possible to describe their histories, attributes and roles in organizations nowadays, and how these two forms of face-to-face communication (formal and informal) interact with each other, according to personal or organizational interests.(AU)
A rádio-peão é estudada nos Estados Unidos desde o período pós II Guerra Mundial. No Brasil, este processo comunicacional ganhou relevância no final da década de 1970 com os movimentos operários que buscavam formas democráticas de diálogo, durante o regime militar. Já a comunicação formal face a face começou a ser praticada nas organizações brasileiras em meados dos anos 1990, com a chegada de novos modelos internacionais de gestão empresarial. Ao estudar estes dois formatos de comunicação, através de pesquisas bibliográfica e documental e entrevistas semi-abertas com acadêmicos e profissionais de mercado de diferentes áreas de conhecimento e atuação, foi possível um aprofundamento acerca de suas histórias, atributos e papéis desempenhados hoje, nas organizações, além de como essas formas de comunicação face a face (formal e informal) interagem entre si, de acordo com interesses pessoais ou organizacionais.(AU)

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

4

Tassin, Rolline Estelle Ndjike. "TRANSITING FROM THE INFORMAL TO FORMAL BUSINESS: MOTIVES, CHALLENGES AND THE COPING MECHANISMS OF SELECTED TRANSITED BUSINESSES IN THE BLOEMFONTEIN AREA." Thesis, Bloemfontein: Central University of Technology, Free State, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11462/235.

Full text

Abstract:

Thesis (M. Tech. (Business Administration)) -- Central University of Technology, Free State, 2014
This exploratory study seeks to contribute to the theoretical and empirical understanding of the transition of small businesses from the informal to the formal sector. It builds on the role of the informal sector as “engines” for economic and socio-cultural development. Using selected businesses in the Mangaung area of the Free State province as case studies, this study investigates the motives for transition of informal businesses to the formal sector in South Africa, challenges encountered in the process of formalisation and the coping strategies relied upon to deal with challenges encountered in the process of formalisation. Key indicators were identified from the literature and were further developed for investigation. A qualitative approach was used for the collection of data from selected transited businesses in the Bloemfontein area using semi-structured interviews. Findings from the study suggest that the decision by small business owners to formalise is motivated by their desire to grow and expand their businesses; access to proper banking services; and to access government contracts and tenders. The results also reveal that the quest for growth is however hindered by long queues endured by business applicants during the process of formalisation; lack of adequate and relevant information on the process of formalisation; coupled with the lack of government support for informal businesses’ transitioning to the formal sector. Findings further revealed that adequate information on the process of formalisation and self-trust are key coping mechanisms needed by small business owners to successfully progress/ transit to the formal sector. Based on these findings, the study recommends that government both provincial and national play a more proactive role in regulating the informal economy by creating an environment conducive for their growth and development, and facilitating their transition to the formal sector. Informal small business owners also must be provided with information on the process of formalisation and of the existing government structures put in place to support businesses in their transition phase.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

5

Nascimento, Iara Marques do. "A comunicação interna e a construção da identidade organizacional – compreendendo percepções e processos por meio da Viação Progresso e Turismo S/A." Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora (UFJF), 2011. https://repositorio.ufjf.br/jspui/handle/ufjf/2645.

Full text

Abstract:

Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2016-09-08T14:02:20Z No. of bitstreams: 1 iaramarquesdonascimento.pdf: 1878275 bytes, checksum: 03d9a85935e82490d257ad7a17cb5672 (MD5)
Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2016-10-04T12:28:36Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 iaramarquesdonascimento.pdf: 1878275 bytes, checksum: 03d9a85935e82490d257ad7a17cb5672 (MD5)
Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2016-10-04T12:28:44Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 iaramarquesdonascimento.pdf: 1878275 bytes, checksum: 03d9a85935e82490d257ad7a17cb5672 (MD5)
Made available in DSpace on 2016-10-04T12:28:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 iaramarquesdonascimento.pdf: 1878275 bytes, checksum: 03d9a85935e82490d257ad7a17cb5672 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-03-25
CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
A proposta da dissertação é compreender a importância da comunicação interna nos processos de construção e reconstrução de sentidos e significados adequados as necessidades das organizações, levando em consideração os objetivos estratégicos da mesma. Observa-se a pertinência da hipótese de que a comunicação interna é capaz de colocar em circulação e articular sentidos que fomentam a realidade organizacional. Este processo é observado a partir da percepção dos funcionários da Viação Progresso em relação à construção da identidade organizacional. Parte-se do pressuposto teórico de que os processos comunicacionais constituem-se por meio de relacionamentos e interações, sendo percebidos enquanto fenômenos simbólicos e discursivos. Neste sentido, trabalha-se com o interacionismo simbólico, o construtivismo e o pensamento complexo, e leva-se em conta elementos como participação e cultura organizacional para a articulação dos processos. No percurso, são destacadas as redes formais de comunicação, com as interações face a face, e as redes informais, com as redes sociais de comunicação informal, mais especificamente a rádio peão. Por meio das metodologias de análise de conteúdo e da utilização de pressupostos da análise de discurso e texto, busca-se compreender a percepção dos funcionários sobre a comunicação interna e elabora-se uma possibilidade de leitura da mesma enquanto processo relacional e discursivo.
The purpose of this dissertation is to understand the importance of internal communication in the processes of construction and reconstruction of meanings appropriate to the needs of organizations, taking into account the strategic objectives of same. It is observed the relevance of the hypothesis that internal communication is able to put into circulation and articulate meanings that promotes the organizational reality. This process is seen from the perception of employees Viação Progresso relating to the construction of organizational identity. It started from the theoretical assumption that communication processes are constituted through relationships and interactions, and perceived as symbolic and discursive phenomena. In this sense, it works with symbolic interactionism, constructivism and complex thought, and takes into account factors such as participation and organizational culture to articulate the processes. On the way, is highlighted the formal networks of communication, with face to face interactions, and informal networks, with social networks of informal communication, specifically the rádio peão. Through the methodologies of content analysis and use of assumptions of discourse analysis and text, seeks to understand the perception of employees on the internal communication and prepare a chance to read the same process as relational and discursive.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

6

Lazenby, William Lee. "Informal and formal channels of communication preferred and used in the adoption of ranching practices by livestock producers in the state of Nuevo Leon of northeastern Mexico." Texas A&M University, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/2510.

Full text

Abstract:

This descriptive research was undertaken to investigate the preferred channels of communication used in the adoption of livestock production practices by ranchers in the northeastern Mexican state of Nuevo Le??n. The study builds on previous research by Freund (1999). Freund??s study concluded that ranchers in Nuevo Le??n preferred the Uni??n Ganadera as their primary source. However, the producers indicated some communication preferences that resulted in the Uni??n adjusting some of their efforts to reach out to their membership. This study was designed to revisit those livestock producers to investigate what changes had occurred in their preferences for communication since the Freund (1999) study. This research was conducted in the state of Nuevo Le??n, Mexico. The methodology used was a survey employing a questionnaire to collect data. The convenience sample consisted of 273 active members of the Uni??n Ganadera Regional de Nuevo Le??n (UGRNL) who attended regularly scheduled association functions. A principal objective of the research was to describe the communication infrastructure used in the state of Nuevo Le??n by UGRNL livestock producers. Another objective of the research was to describe preferred formal and informal channels of communication that livestock producers use to get information about ranching practices. Yet another objective was to describe what UGRNL livestock producers use as primary sources of information when choosing to adopt or reject agricultural practices, as well as investigating what secondary and feedback channels they prefer. Another objective was to determine which husbandry practices UGRNL livestock producers want more information about. Finally, an emphasis of the study was on what communication channels smaller stakeholders prefer, because the Uni??n wants to use that information to improve its diffusion of technology to that particular group of producers.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

7

Brantås, Niclas. "Bland kockrockar och rock-kockar - En retorisk analys av svenska matlagningsprogram." Thesis, Stockholm University, Department of Journalism, Media and Communication (JMK), 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-40714.

Full text

Abstract:

Aim: The purpose of this paper is to see if there has been a change over time in the performance and in the spoken word of the Swedish cooking programs. By testing the theory of intimization on the cooking programs I get the opportunity to see if the border between the private and the public have become clearer or more difficult to notice, and if the new language, the informal language as intimization entails, has been used in Swedish cooking programs since the 70s until today, or if there´s ever been a formal language in Swedish programs? Method/Material: I'm using a rhetorical approach that includes a three-step analysis. Analysing the context, means to persuade and performance. The empirical material I intend to analyze is Swedish cooking programs from the 70s until today, 2010. I´ve chosen a program from each decade except the 2000s, where I´ve chosen two, depending on the overwhelming amount of Swedish cooking programs during that decade. Main Results: The language and performance in the Swedish cooking programs are becoming more informal and in some cases extreme. There are still formal cooking programs, but today's open society is better built for the informal programs than it was before.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

8

Nery, Marcos de Abreu. "O uso das tecnologias digitais da internet na educação superior. representações docentes - entre o formal e o informal, as marcas da presença do possível." Universidade de São Paulo, 2016. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/48/48134/tde-15082016-121559/.

Full text

Abstract:

A literatura da última década tem revelado a existência de tensões e conflitos, no uso das Tecnologias Digitais de Informação e Comunicação da Internet TDIC por docentes na Educação Superior, que vêm dificultando a adoção do uso dessas tecnologias por eles em seu cotidiano de ensino. A tese que se apresenta resulta de um estudo de caso, realizado em uma Instituição de Ensino Superior: a IES-P, no qual se investigou as representações de seus docentes sobre o uso educacional das TDIC pela perspectiva da Antropologia Dialética de Henry Lefebvre. Essa investigação buscou responder a seguinte questão: Qual seria a natureza das tensões e conflitos no uso educacional das TDIC que predominariam nessas representações? Teve-se como objetivo verificar quais seriam as implicações dessa natureza sobre a relação que se estabelece entre os propósitos e práticas educacionais desenvolvidos pelos docentes. Esse estudo desenvolveu-se em duas fases. Na primeira, aplicou-se um questionário que foi respondido por 62 dos 439 docentes da IES-P, com o objetivo de identificar, descrever e caracterizar o cenário da pesquisa e o perfil dos participantes. Na segunda fase, realizou-se uma entrevista semi-estruturada com 12 docentes participantes da primeira fase, sendo seus dados submetidos à análise de conteúdo com o objetivo oferecer subsídios para a análise das representações desses docentes sobre o uso das TDIC. Os resultados dessa pesquisa revelaram a predominância de uma dupla natureza para essas tensões e conflitos. Apoiando-se em autores como Bruno Latour e Pierre Lévy, chegou-se a uma proposição que explica essa dupla natureza como resultado da coexistência de dois domínios do uso educacional das TDIC: o sociotécnico e o socioeducacional, sendo que neles, atores sociais desses dois domínios associaram-se e interagiram uns com os outros estabelecendo inter-relações entre aspectos que identificam as ações entre eles nesses domínios, que podem ser tanto de tensão e conflito como de articulação e integração. O que se verificou como um dos resultados mais relevantes deste estudo foi que existiram representações, situadas no domínio socioeducacional e em contextos de uso das TDIC abertos na Internet, em que as inter-relações entre atributos da educação formal e informal ocorreram de forma articulada e integrada para um grupo de professores que transformaram seus propósitos e práticas educacionais ao apropriarem-se dessas tecnologias. Desse resultado, concluiu-se que a margem do que se encontrou como representações dominantes, que tendem a reproduzir formas de uso das TDIC programadas por uma cotidianidade, encontraram-se representações que revelaram marcas da presença de uma possível transformação efetiva de propósitos e práticas educacionais desenvolvidos por docentes na Educação Superior atendendo a demandas emergentes da sociedade por mudanças na relação com o saber na atualidade
Literature from last decade has disclosed the existence of tensions and conflicts in the use of Digital Information and Communication Technologies (DICTs) from internet by higher education teachers, which have been preventing them from adopting those Technologies in their everyday practice. The thesis that follows presents the results of a case study carried out in a Higher Education Institution: HEU-P, in which the teachers representations about the educational use of DICTs are investigated based on Henri Lefebvre dialectic anthropological theory. It is an attempt to answer the following question: what would be the nature of the tensions and conflicts in the use of educational DICTs that prevailed in those representations? The aim is to check which would be their implications on the relationships that are established between the educational purposes and practices developed by teachers. This study is developed in two parts. In the first, a questionnaire was applied to and answered by 62 of the 439 teachers from HEI-P. The aim was to identify, describe and characterize research scenario and participants profiles. In the second part, a semi-structured interview was carried out with 12 teachers from the first part, their data undergoing content analysis in order to get information for the analysis of their representation on the use of the DICTs. The results of this research reveal the predominance of a two-faced nature for those tensions and conflicts. According to Bruno Latour and Pierre Lévy, it is possible to infer a proposition that explains the two-faced nature because of the coexistence of two domains of the educational use of the DICTs: the socio-technical and the socio-educational. In both of the domains, the social actors got together and interacted, establishing interrelations among aspects that identify actions between them in those domains, which can be either of tension and conflict or of articulation and integration. What was observed as one of the most relevant results of this study was that for a group of teachers, who transformed their educational purposes and practices when they took hold of those technologies, there were representations, located in the socio-educational domain and in contexts of use of open DICTs from internet, in which the interrelations between attributes of formal and informal education occurred in an articulated and integrated way. The conclusion from this result is that, besides the most important representations, which tend to reproduce usages of DICTs programmed by an everydayness, there were representations that revealed clues of the presence of a possible effective transformation of educational purposes and practices developed by teachers of higher education answering society\'s emerging demands for changes in relation with todays knowledges.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

9

Begovic, Ajla, Oliviera Paula de, and Maria Schürer. "Learning by Talking : Comprehending and Analysing the Pupils’ Thoughts and Experiences about Speaking English for Second Language Acquisition." Thesis, Högskolan i Borås, Institutionen för Pedagogik, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hb:diva-19236.

Full text

Abstract:

The aim of this study is to find out the pupils’ thoughts and experiences about speakingEnglish for second language acquisition in upper secondary school. We want to establish thatoral communication is an important factor towards fulfilling the criteria to strive for indeveloping the pupils’ knowledge and skills in language learning according to the Curriculumfor Compulsory School System (Skolverket, 2006) and the Syllabus for the English Subject(Skolverket, 2001).The background presents theoretical approaches in second language acquisition, such asVygostskij’s, Piaget’s and Krashen’s theories of language acquisition. Communicativecompetence, affective factors, strategies and speech-codes used in the learning process havealso been briefly described in this study.The methods used for collecting data were observations and interviews, with a qualitativesurvey and hermeneutic approach in focus. The research took place in three different schoolsin a municipality in southwest of Sweden. For the observations, there were 71 pupilsparticipating in this study and 37 pupils wanted to collaborate for the interviews. No teacheror school workers were involved or participated in the observations or interviews. We wantedto keep the pupils’ point of view about how they use verbal language skills in English to gainknowledge about the target language.
Uppsatsnivå: C

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

10

Gulin, Elin, and Johanna Lundkvist. "Ledarskapets betydelse för arbetsmiljön : En fråga om kommunikation." Thesis, Högskolan i Borås, Akademin för textil, teknik och ekonomi, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hb:diva-15281.

Full text

Abstract:

Antalet sjukskrivna medarbetare inom våra svenska organisationer ökar årligen till följd av stressrelaterade sjukdomar. Den rådande problematiken orsakar höga kostnader för bådemedarbetaren, organisationen och samhället i stort. Att vända den oroväckande trenden är således av stor vikt för alla inblandade parter. Många tidigare studier har visat att de sjukskrivningar som beror på psykiska åkommor har orsakats av en bristande arbetsmiljö. Det är arbetsgivaren som ställs ytterst ansvarig för arbetsmiljön inom en organisation, och hur arbetet för en hållbar arbetsmiljö ska utföras regleras av lagar och föreskrifter. Arbetsgivarenkan med hjälp av ohälsoförebyggande och hälsofrämjande insatser förbättra arbetsmiljön och på så vis sänka sjukskrivningstalen. I den här studien har vi undersökt hur en organisation och dess chefer genom den interna kommunikationen kan verka för en god arbetsmiljö. För att studera hur en organisation arbetar med dessa frågor har vi genomfört semistrukturerade intervjuer med både medarbetare och chefer på ett kommunalt fastighetsbolag i Göteborg. Som teoretiskt stöd har modeller och teorier om kommunikation, formell och informell information samt beslutsprocessen använts, för att skapa en bredare förståelse för det inomorganisatoriska arbetsmiljöarbetet. I studiens resultat framkommer det att respondenterna inom den studerade organisationen betraktar den interna kommunikationen som central i arbetet för en förbättrad arbetsmiljö. Det är av stor vikt att den interna dialogen är väl fungerande både vertikalt och horisontellt, för att den information som förmedlas mellan olika parter ska nå alla relevanta delar i organisationen. En god kommunikation är således av stor betydelse för att all information skatas tillvara och ligga till grund för beslut kring arbetsmiljörelaterade frågor. Inom det studerade bolaget ligger främst formell information, så som arbetsmiljöronder, medarbetarsamtal och–enkäter, till grund för de beslut som fattas. Informell information som kommer cheferna tillhanda genom mer spontana samtal, och som anses vara av rik karaktär, har inom organisationen en tendens att gå förlorad i ett tidigt skede i beslutsprocessen. I studien diskuteras chefens roll i att kunna samla in och behandla information både av formell och informell karaktär, för att det material som ligger till grund för beslut ska vara så rikt som möjligt. De beslut som har sin grund i all information som inkommit från medarbetarna har goda förutsättningar för att påverka organisationens arbetsmiljö i en positiv riktning.
The number of employees that are absent due to sick leave in Swedish organizations increases annually as a result of stress-related illnesses. The current problem gives rise to high costs for the employee, the organization and society at large. To reverse this worrying trend is therefore of great importance to all parties involved. Previous studies have shown that an unsustainable work environment causes mental illness which in turn leads to sick leave. It is the employer who is ultimately responsible for the work environment within an organization, and how the work for a sustainable work environment is to be performed is governed by laws and regulations. The employer can improve the work environment through ill health prevention and health promotion efforts, which decrease sick leave rates. In this study we have investigated how an organization and its managers through internal communication can work for a sustainable work environment. To study how an organization works on these issues, we have conducted semi-structured interviews with both employees and managers at a municipal property company in Gothenburg. As theoretical support models and theories of communication, formal and informal information as well as the decision making process have been used to create a broader understanding of how the organization is working to develop a sustainable work environment. The findings show that the respondents in the studied organization consider internal communication as central to improving the work environment. It is of the utmost importance that the internal dialogue is well-functioning both vertically and horizontally, so that the information communicated between different parties will reach all relevant parts of the organization. A well-functioning communication is therefore of great importance for managing the decision-making process. Within the studied company formal information, such as work environment inspections, employee appraisals and employee surveys, is the primary source that decisions are based on. Informal information that managers receive through spontaneous conversations, that are considered to be of a rich character, has a tendency to disappear at an early stage in the decision-making process. The study discusses the managers’ role in collecting and processing both formal and informal information, in order to make well-founded decisions. Decisions based on all the information received from employees have a higher likelihood of influencing the organization's work environment in a positive direction. This paper is written in Swedish.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

11

Österljung, Patrik. "Dimensions of speech and writing in World of Warcraft chat transcripts." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för språk och litteratur, SOL, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-16959.

Full text

Abstract:

The aim of this essay was to examine chat communication in the World of Warcraft on-line interactive game in order to place the chat on the formal/informal continuum using speech and writing as extremes, as well as to examine the linguistic context of the chat situation within a broadly Hallidayian perspective and tenor of the participants. A corpus of 3675 words was gathered from the game on the realm or game server of Bloodfeather. The data was analysed by counting the frequency of a few selected linguistic features and compared with examples of speech and writing. The research showed that the chat in World of Warcraft was highly informal and would on the continuum be placed as more informal than the speech extract used for comparison. The results also indicated that context plays a small role in shaping the chat conversation and that tenor have close to no significance at all.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

12

Andersson, Barbro, Beatrice Örnborg, and Sürer Nejla Hassanova. "Vad, hur och varför? : - Om mått och mätning i fyra små tillverkande företag." Thesis, Högskolan i Halmstad, Sektionen för ekonomi och teknik (SET), 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hh:diva-25560.

Full text

Abstract:

Bakgrund och problem Ett generellt problem är att forskning baserad på små och medelstora företag är mycket liten, med avseende på ekonomistyrning samt mätning av resultat. Syfte Syftet är att beskriva och analysera vilka mått som används i fyra små tillverkande företag. Hur måtten mäts, hur informationen kommuniceras kring dem, i vilket syfte de används och om måtten är kopplade till något mål i företaget, är frågor som studien vill besvara. Uppsatsen syftar till att skapa en ökad förståelse för hur små företag mäter sin verksamhet i avsikt att bedöma sitt resultat. Metod Med en abduktiv ansats och hermeneutiskt synsätt har den empiriska och teoretiska referensramen insamlats. Genom en kvalitativ studie och besöksintervjuer hos fyra små tillverkande företag har vi fått möjlighet att beskriva och analysera hur de använder sig av mätning i sin verksamhet. Teoriramen har sedan använts för att skapa en djupare förståelse för empirisk data. Slutsats De mått som används i små företag måste utformas utifrån varje företags specifika förutsättningar för att träffa rätt då många faktorer spelar in i valet av mått. Utifrån företagens mål får mätningen olika syften och måtten kopplar an till målen. Vi ser att behov för tydliga rutiner för mätning finns i små företag och att kommunikationen kring mätning i huvudsak sker formellt. Den kontrollerande funktionen tycks ha en övergripande roll och skapar förutsättningar för övriga syften för mätning vilka är lärande, belöning och mobilisering. Förslag till fortsatt forskning Då små företag är en mångfasetterad och icke-homogen grupp skulle det vara intressant om en studie gjordes på en större population via en kvantitativ studie vilket skulle ge en bredare bild inom ämnet mått och mätning i små företag.
Background and problem A general problem is that the research based on small and medium sized enterprises is very small, in terms of financial and performance measurements. Purpose The purpose is to describe and analyze which measurements of results are used in four small manufacturing corporations. We want to describe and analyze how the dimensions are measured, how the information is communicated about them, for what purpose they are used and if the dimensions are linked to a goal of the corporation. The essay aims to create a greater understanding of how small businesses measure their performance and achievements in their business. Method With an abductive and hermeneutic approach was empirical and theoretical data collected. Through a qualitative study and visiting interviews with four small manufacturing corporations we have been given the opportunity to describe how they use measurements in their business. The theory framework was then used to make a deeper understanding for the empirical data. Conclusion The measures that small businesses use have to be chosen according to the needs of each and every company in order to fit because a lot of elements have influence on the choice of measure. Depending on corporate goals the measuring get different purposes and in this way the measures connect to the goals. We do see that small businesses have needs for explicit routines when it comes to measuring, and the communication is mainly made through formal channels. The matter of control seems to be a general purpose in order to create prerequisites for the other purposes which are learning, rewarding and mobilization. Suggestions for future research Because small and medium sized enterprises are diverse and non- homogenous it would have been interesting if a study of a larger population was made. We believe that a quantitative study in the subject of measures and measurement in small businesses would provide a broader picture.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

13

Arvidsson, Sofia, Lena Fransson, and Carin Lundgren. "Communication of Values : A Qualitative Study at Stena Metall." Thesis, Jönköping University, JIBS, EMM (Entrepreneurship, Marketing, Management), 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-12368.

Full text

Abstract:

Purpose: The purpose of this thesis is to investigate Stena Metall’s values and how they are communicated within the organization.

Background: In the Fall of 2008, the world was shocked by the worst financial crisis in decades. The crisis had deep effects on the Swedish economy, and many companies suffered heavily. The recycling and environmental service company Stena Metall experienced their first negative result in 30 years, and 900 employees had to leave the company. An action program, including an altered culture was established with the purpose to adapt the operations to the new business environmental conditions. Values, which are a part of the organizational culture, were decided to be an important part of the change. To implement these in the entire organization a well-structured communication process is needed. Within these subjects; values and communication, a qualitative study at Stena Metall has been conducted.

Method: To fulfill the purpose, a qualitative method has been used. Thirteen interviews were conducted to collect data from different levels of the organization. The interviews were designed differently based on the employee’s level of responsibility in the organization. The theoretical framework used when analyzing the empirical material includes earlier research in the areas of culture, with emphasis on values, and communication.

Conclusion: Two set of values have been identified, core values and aspiration values. The findings indicate a gap in the communicational process at Stena Metall. Part of the new information communicated about Stena Metall´s values is lost on its way from the management to the lower levels in the organization. The perception of what the values mean, both core and aspiration values, differs depending on level in the organization.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

14

Ribeiro, Andreia Sofia Nunes. "Cidade formal vs cidade informal." Master's thesis, Universidade de Lisboa. Faculdade de Arquitetura, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/12634.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

15

Servilha, Beatriz Brechesi. "Discurso oral e escrito de escolares do ensino fundamental." Pontif?cia Universidade Cat?lica de Campinas, 2005. http://tede.bibliotecadigital.puc-campinas.edu.br:8080/jspui/handle/tede/275.

Full text

Abstract:

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-04T18:27:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Beatriz Bereche Servilga 3.pdf: 887734 bytes, checksum: ea81c0513ecdf22c0835a82e352619c4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005-10-20
Many researchers have been investigating the linguistic maturity on the communication process; they established that the conversion from informal language code to formal occurs in the beginning of adolescence. On this period, the language presents it-self, adequate to many communication situations; the language construction will be based on the listener, the subject, the objective, and the environment. The mature language presents several structural formats to express the same communication intention. Third grade elementary school students are able to identify an inadequate linguistic structure, although they are not able to correct it. Students will be able to detect and correct inadequate linguistic structures on sixth grade second middle school. The aim of this research was to compare the oral speech with written production of the students. The subjects of this research were, thirteen students of the fifth grade of fundamental education of a private school. Each student made two productions: one oral (recorded and transcribed) and another one written, both productions based on two different pictures. These productions were analyzed in order to investigate syntactic structure, cohesive elements, and the linguistic structure. Both, oral and written productions, made by boys and grils, were less than what was expected: The results show that girls written productions are longer than boys written productions. However, boys oral productions are longer than girls oral productions. On oral productions, boys (63,08%) and girls (65,48%) prioritize the use of coordination. On written production boys (40,80%) and girls (66,07%) presented a predilection for coordination use; This result was beneath expected for the school level. According to the syntactic complexity, oral and written productions are classified on level one; this level is present in the production of both groups; mainly in the girls group (55,5% written production and 66,6% oral production). On the boys group, half presented level one oral productions, and 25% presented level one written productions. From the boys group half presented level two written productions. Regarding cohesive elements and syntactic analyses, only coordinate and subordinate conjunctions were present; the use of coordinate conjunctions was more frequent. This performance can be explained with some hypotheses: these students were in a transition phase; few speech strategies were taught in school; parents and school provide few stimulation during the oral and written language development.
Muitos pesquisadores t?m investigado a maturidade ling??stica no processo de comunica??o e verificaram que a transi??o do c?digo de linguagem informal para o formal ocorre no in?cio da adolesc?ncia. Neste per?odo a linguagem apresenta-se adequada ?s diferentes situa??es de comunica??o e a constru??o do discurso depende do ouvinte, do t?pico, do objetivo e do ambiente. A linguagem matura apresenta diferentes formas estruturais para expressar uma mesma inten??o comunicativa.O estudante do terceiro grau do ensino fundamental j? ? capaz de identificar uma linguagem n?o adequada embora n?o possa ainda corrigi-la, o que somente ocorrer? a partir da sexta s?rie. Visando conhecer o est?gio de maturidade ling??stica do adolescente, este trabalho teve como objetivo descrever o discurso oral e o discurso escrito dos estudantes do ensino fundamental. Foram sujeitos da pesquisa treze estudantes que cursavam a 5? s?rie de uma escola particular. O material analisado foi constitu?do de uma produ??o oral, gravada e transcrita, e uma produ??o escrita, obtidas a partir de figuras. Na an?lise dessas produ??es foram consideradas a estrutura sint?tica, os elementos coesivos e a estrutura do discurso. De acordo com os resultados, observou-se que a produ??o escrita das meninas apresentou uma extens?o maior que a dos meninos. J? na comunica??o oral, o discurso dos meninos foi mais longo. No discurso oral, as meninas priorizaram o uso da coordena??o (65,48%) assim como os meninos (63,08%). A elabora??o escrita, tanto dos meninos (40,80% ) como das meninas (66,07%) foi constru?da com predomin?ncia de uso de coordena??o, sendo significante esta concentra??o, para os dois grupos, o que est? aqu?m do esperado para o n?vel de escolaridade dos estudantes. Segundo a complexidade sint?tica, as produ??es analisadas, tanto oral quanto escrita, podem ser classificadas no n?vel 1, n?vel esse encontrado no discurso da maioria dos estudantes de ambos os grupos,principalmente no grupo das meninas ( 55,5% no discurso escrito e 66,6% no discurso oral). Metade dos sujeitos do sexo masculino apresentou esse n?vel no discurso oral e 25% no discurso escrito. A metade desse grupo apresentou n?vel 2 no discurso escrito. Quanto aos elementos coesivos, assim como na an?lise sint?tica, houve o uso de conjun??es somente coordenativas e subordinativas, com predomin?ncia das primeiras. Este desempenho pode ser explicado por algumas hip?teses, como a fase de transi??o em que os estudantes se encontram, falta de estrat?gias fornecidas pela escola para a produ??o de discursos e falta de estimula??o tanto dos pais quanto da escola durante a fase do desenvolvimento da linguagem e processo de aprendizagem da leitura-escrita.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

16

Paredes, Watamaleo Rosadalila. "Influencia de la comunicación interna en la identidad corporativa para fomentar compromiso de los colaboradores." Bachelor's thesis, Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas (UPC), 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10757/653897.

Full text

Abstract:

La presente investigación tiene como propósito conocer la influencia de la comunicación interna en la identidad corporativa para fomentar el compromiso de los colaboradores en una empresa de seguridad privada. Para ello, es necesario conocer cómo los canales de comunicación interna formales e informales influyen en la construcción de la identidad corporativa por parte de los colaboradores. En particular, es importante conocer cómo a través de esta identidad corporativa se fomenta el compromiso de los colaboradores en la relación con la organización. Para cumplir con el objetivo, se realizará un estudio de investigación de enfoque cualitativo con paradigma interpretativo, además se utilizará un diseño de teoría fundamentada para entender las relaciones con los colaboradores. Se aplicarán entrevistas semiestructuradas para recopilar la información donde se arrojarán datos empíricos para la investigación. Asimismo, se decidió tomar una muestra de 20 participantes voluntarios de una empresa de seguridad privada que opera en Lima, Perú.
The purpose of this research is to understand the influence of internal communication on corporate identity to promote the engagement of employees in a private security company. For this, it is necessary to know how formal and informal internal communication channels influence the construction of corporate identity by employees. In particular, it is important to know how through this corporate identity the engagement of the collaborators in the relationship with the organization is fostered. To fulfill the objective, a qualitative approach research study with an interpretive paradigm will be carried out, and a grounded theory design will be used to understand the relationships with collaborators. Semi-structured interviews will be applied to collect the information where empirical data will be thrown for the research. Similarly, a sample of 20 volunteer participants could be taken from a private security company operating in Lima, Peru.
Trabajo de investigación

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

17

Henriques, Diogo Miguel Palminha. "Entre o formal e o informal." Master's thesis, Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Arquitetura, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/13889.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

18

Minyi, Liang. "The meaning of the experience of being cared for by elderly Chinese immigrants in Sweden." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för hälso- och vårdvetenskap (HV), 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-32706.

Full text

Abstract:

Background: The elderly Chinese group is growing in Sweden but no studies about their experiences of being cared for were found. In order to meet the elderly Chinese need for care, it is necessary to understand their perspectives of being cared for. Aim: To describe the meaning of the experiences of being cared for by elderly Chinese immigrants in a Swedish context. Method: For this phenomenological study, open-end interviews were carried out with 7 informants originally from Mainland China and Hong Kong. Result and Conclusion: For the elderly Chinese in Sweden, ‘being cared for’ means being involved in a caring community, to have a mutual relationship with someone who can see and understand their needs. In such a relationship, they felt that they were included and respected. They were being treated as valuable with a genuine manner. They had a feeling of satisfaction, happiness, peacefulness, closeness, togetherness, and wholeness when ‘being cared for’. For these elderly Chinese immigrants, informal care was indispensable even when they were receiving formal care. They wished that their family could show concern and formal caregivers could understand and give space to the informal caregivers on caregiving.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

19

Lyrstedt, Daniel, and Fredrik Gustavsson. "From Chit-Chat to Formalized Documents : A Design Study of the Communication in a Persistent Multi-player Computer Game." Thesis, Blekinge Tekniska Högskola, Institutionen för arbetsvetenskap och medieteknik, 2002. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:bth-4401.

Full text

Abstract:

In this Master thesis the key discussion is how to make dynamic informal conversations comprehensible to a computer system. The discussion is at large centered towards the distributed persistent real-time multi-player computer game Worlds. In this thesis we discuss the important aspects of communication and collaboration in computer games, and how these affect the the formalization of communicated information into computable data. The discussion of this thesis is based on several kinds of sources; empirical studies of games, discussions with players of multi-player computer games, meetings with a game designer and a game programmer and forum activities on a message board for independent game developers. Beside this the use of academic literature and the design of an actual computer game, are also brought together to create a platform for thought and discussion. This thesis is an attempt to bring reflection and analysis into the craft of computer game making, as well as to bring aspects of game design into the world of academics. The result of this thesis leads to a design suggestion of the communication and agreement creation system of the game Worlds. We find our discussion and our design, interesting and important, as an object for further analysis, discussions and thoughts.
for more info visit: www.enormousgames.com

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

20

Villegas, Palacio Clara. "Formal and informal regulations : enforcement and compliance /." Göteborg : University of Gothenburg, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2077/22402.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

21

Noaman, Amin Yousef. "Reconciling formal and informal documentation in business modelling." Thesis, McGill University, 1995. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=22783.

Full text

Abstract:

Business modelling, the modelling of architectures and processes of organizations, should have a broad scope. It should not exclusively capture the basic information of the processes, but also address the various kinds of documentation related to the processes under consideration. In this combination, organizational models will be more expressive and useful.
The research reported here describes and demonstrates a new approach for reconciling formal and informal documentation in business modelling. It is based on the integration of an underlying formal modelling approach with hypertext concepts that provide mechanisms for capturing, manipulating and viewing informal model documentation.
We have developed the Hypertec tool which complements the Macrotec environment. Macrotec is a business modelling environment that is based on the formalism of extended colored Petri nets. Hypertec is a hypertext-based component supporting authoring, display and navigation of all the process documentation that cannot be captured by Macrotec. Our experience with Macrotec/Hypertec shows that their combined functionality substantially facilitates the understanding of business processes and clearly reduces problems such as miscommunication, misinterpretation, and misunderstandings about entire processes or some of their components.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

22

Chen-Burger, Yun-Heh. "Formal support for an informal business modelling method." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.642790.

Full text

Abstract:

Business modelling methods provide a structural framework to help capture the knowledge about an enterprise which forms the basis for targeted analysis and subsequent reshaping of that enterprise. Although the potential benefits that can be obtained by applying these methods have convinced many businesses to use them, the modellers are faced with a key problem: how to ensure the quality of the model they build. The difficulty is partly rooted in the fact that large parts of these methods are informal. A possible solution to this problem are "heavy-weighted" formal methods, which can be helpful in providing precision and quality assurance for such models. They are, however, rarely practised, because of the prohibitively large cost implied when using them, and due to the fact that the end product, i.e. the description of the model, is often so complicated that it cannot easily be understood without specific professional training first. As a more practical answer to the problem, a formal language based on a "light-weighted" approach and for use with an informal business modelling method has been developed. The concrete example used in this dissertation is IBM's Business System Development Method (BSDM). The role of the formal notation in this case is not to provide a formal semantics for the given method, but to provide a mechanism for sharing the information supplied at different modelling stages and for automated analysis of the model using logic. Based on the formal language, a layered modelling framework for capturing the knowledge of the business modelling method as well as the models themselves has been proposed. The original method (BSDM) has been extended to include a model execution phase. This provides the necessary computational platform for automatic verification and validation facilities to support the plan-build-test-refine model development lifecycle. Gradual accumulation of model building knowledge is achieved through Case-Based Reasoning techniques leading to improved modelling guidance over time.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

23

Abu, Sheikha Fadi. "Analysis and Generation of Formal and Informal Text." Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/28845.

Full text

Abstract:

In this thesis, we discuss an important issue in computational linguistics: distinguishing between formal and informal style of texts, in document classification and in text generation. There is a need to identify formal texts and informal texts automatically. In addition, there is a need of having a computer system that could generate correct English texts in formal or informal style. Therefore, we propose to use two main techniques in order to solve the two tasks. The first technique is to build a model that can be used to classify any text or sentence as having formal or informal style. The second technique is based on natural language generation (NLG) and it generates correct English sentences with formal or informal style. In order to achieve our goals, we start by studying the main differences between formal and informal style and summarize their characteristics. In addition, we manually collect parallel lists of formal versus informal words, phrases, and expressions from different sources that will be used for our proposed work. Then, we build our model for the classification task by using machine learning technique in order to classify texts and sentences into formal and informal style. The evaluation results show that our model is able to predict a class of formal/informal for any text or sentence with high accuracy. After that, we build our system that can generate formal and informal sentences by using NLG techniques. The evaluation results on a sample of generated sentences show that our NLG system can produce high-quality sentences in formal or informal style. The main contribution of this work consists in designing a set of features that led to good results for both tasks: text classification and text generation with different formality levels.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

24

Kepple, Rosemary. "Tracing Formal and Informal Institutions in Southern Yemen." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2018. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/scripps_theses/1111.

Full text

Abstract:

The history of southern Yemen has been a unique story of various political factions aligning and realigning themselves in waves of intra-elite conflict, based on the setting of formal and informal institutions. This paper builds on existing literature about informal institutions to analyze the role that political institutions have played in promoting and preventing these conflicts since it became independent in 1967. By using a temporal analysis of historical and contemporary institutions, this paper asks how political institutions have impacted southern Yemen since it gained independence and how these institutions have changed since the start of the current civil war. It additionally looks at the statements of the Southern Transitional Council (STC) in the context of the current civil war to understand how both types of institutions are operating today. This paper will thus argue that the discrepancy between what formal state institutions claim to do and what they are able to creates the space for informal institutions to develop. Furthermore, it will argue that the dialectic between formal and informal institutions can explain periods of relative stability and instability along with the current conditions in the civil war have allowed informal institutions to prosper.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

25

Westin, Kim. "Personalintern Kommunikation : En kartläggning av formella och informella strukturer vid hematologisk slutenvård." Thesis, KTH, Industriell Management, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-170832.

Full text

Abstract:

De senaste årens utveckling inom informationsteknik har påverkat organisationers struktur och arbetsmönster. Inom sjukvården har därför av flera anledningar behovet att studera olika former av kommunikation lyfts fram. Ur patientsäkerhetssynpunkt har problem med misstag kopplade till bristande informationsöverföring påtalats. Hierarkiska skillnader, otydliga roller och brister i själva informationsflödena har angetts som orsaker. Motåtgärderna är inte självklara. Sjukvården är en av samhällets mest komplexa kunskapsorganisationer och präglas av karaktärsdrag och informationsflöden kopplade till starka professioner. Kommunikationsgranskningar genomförs vanligen med målet att identifiera orsaker till ineffektiv kommunikation, brister i kommunikationsprocesser, föreslå förbättringar och ge ledning och medarbetare en mer objektiv bild av faktiska förhållanden. Forskningsområdet har dominerats av stora enkätstudier men en ökad efterfrågan har riktats mot studier på plats i den dagliga kommunikationsmiljön hos organisationer. I detta arbete har en sådan fallstudie utförts vid avdelningen för hematologisk slutenvård inom Karolinska Universitetssjukhuset i Huddinge, Stockholm. Avdelningen hade år 2012 i samband med ett lokalbyte inom sjukhuset genomfört omstruktureringar som berörde såväl roller som kanalerna för kommunikation. Verksamheten upplevdes nu inte bedrivas tillräckligt effektiv, den uppfattades ta tid och vara oöverskådlig där förbättrad kommunikation sågs som en lösning. Syftet med denna fallstudie har varit att utifrån roller och kanaler för kommunikation belysa aspekter på hur en tydligare formell struktur för dagens personalinterna kommunikation kan skapas och förmedlas. Syftet besvarades genom att kartlägga dagens formella struktur, vilket är det förväntade utbytet av information beskrivet i arbetsbeskrivningar och policys, men även genom att studera den informella struktur som utvecklats i det dagliga arbetet. En blandning av datainsamlingsmetoder har använts och organisationens kommunikationsnätverk i form av det nätverk som byggs upp av flödet av information mellan aktörer har visualiserats och analyserats. Resultatet visar på skillnader mellan den formella strukturen för personalintern kommunikation och den informella strukturen. Dessa har använts för att analysera, diskutera och föreslå hur de identifierade skillnaderna kan användas för att förtydliga roller och kanaler i den formella strukturen. Studien har identifierat sex områden där den formella strukturen kan förtydligas; en högre grad av dokumenterat kommunikativt ansvar och tydliga rutiner, en stärkt kommunikation inom arbetsteam istället för inom professioner, en definition av över-‐ och underläkarnas kommunikativa roller, en ökad kontinuitet i centrala roller för kommunikation, en översyn av den fysiska strukturens påverkan på kommunikationen och slutligen ökade förutsättningar för snabb direkt kommunikation med informationsteknologi.
The recent technological development within information technology has affected the structure of organisations and the organisation of work. In health care, and for several reasons, the need for communication audits has thus been highlighted. Patient safety may be risked by mistakes linked to deficiencies in information transfer. Often are hierarchical structures, unclear roles and gaps in information flows suggested causes. On the other hand, the health care sector often is considered as one of society's most complex knowledge organizations, characterized by intense information flows with traits linked to strong professions. Communication audits are accomplished with the objective to identify causes of ineffective communication, lack of explicit communication processes, to suggest improvements and provide management and staff with more objective descriptions of roles and links. The research field has for a while been dominated by large-‐scale surveys and resent studies has pointed at the need for studies of daily communication environments at site of organizations. This is such a study, carried through at a department for inpatient care at the University Hospital Karolinska, located in Huddinge, Stockholm. In 2012, the studied department relocated into new facilities and completed a small restructuring of its organization, affecting roles and channels of communication. The perception of the new organization was inefficiency, both in time and difficulties to overview the structure. The purpose of this thesis has therefore been to discuss and highlight how to clarify formal structure of the internal communication among staff based on parameters such as roles and channels of communication. The study maps today's formal structure, which is the expected exchange of information as described in job descriptions and work policies and compares this with developed informal structures based on how employees prefer to exchange information. A mix of data collection methods is used. An analysis is conducted were the organization's communication network as perceived as exchange of information between the employees is visualised. The results showed differences between the formal structure and the informal structure that could be used to highlight aspects of how the identified differences could be used to clarify the formal structure. The study points at six areas were the formal structure may be elucidated; more documented communicative responsibilities and procedures, a strengthening of communication within working groups rather than within professions, a definition of the chief physician and the assistant physicians' communicative roles, an increased continuity in key roles for communication, a review of the physical structure's impact on communication and finally, create conditions for fast communication with information technology.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

26

Carvalho, Letícia Sandra Araújo. "O ensino informal e não-formal de música: metodologia e práticas pedagógicas para o ensino informal e não-formal de música percussiva." Master's thesis, Universidade de Évora, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10174/28659.

Full text

Abstract:

O tema desta dissertação versa sobre o ensino informal e não formal de música. Este trabalho aborda o uso de metodologias informais e os ambientes não formais para o ensino de música percussiva. Foi realizada uma reflexão crítica baseada na Revisão de Literatura sobre o tema e uma abordagem metodológica qualitativa que permitiu a identificação de autores que abordam as temáticas a cerca das metodologias e dos materiais pedagógicos musicais, que tendem a contribuir no processo de ensinoaprendizagem de música. O objetivo foi valorizar as práticas musicais e percussivas transmitidas informalmente nos espaços não formais. A pertinência do tema justifica-se devido à experiência da autora como professora de música em escolas públicas no Brasil e em ONGs Brasil / Portugal. Conclui-se, ao fim da pesquisa, que são muitos os materiais pedagógicos que podem ser adotados para o ensino de música, como sejam: objetos alternativos; instrumentos tradicionais ou adaptados e até mesmo o corpo. Ressalta-se ainda a importância dos ambientes não formais que promovem atividades pedagógicas musicais; Informal and Non-Formal Teaching of Music: Methodology and Pedagogical Practices for Informal and Non-Formal Teaching of Percussive Music ABSTRACT: The theme of this dissertation is about informal and non-formal music education. This work addresses the use of informal methodologies and non-formal environments for teaching percussive music. A critical reflection was carried out based on the Literature Review on the topic and a qualitative methodological approach that allowed the identification of authors who approach the themes around musical methodologies and pedagogical materials, which tend to contribute to the music teaching-learning process. The objective was to value musical and percussive practices transmitted informally in non-formal spaces. The pertinence of the theme is justified due to the author's experience as a music teacher in public schools in Brazil and in NGOs in Brazil / Portugal. It is concluded, at the end of the research, that there are many pedagogical materials that can be adopted for teaching music, such as: alternative objects; traditional or adapted instruments and even the body itself. It is also emphasized the importance of non-formal environments that promote musical pedagogical activities.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

27

Shen, Tian. "Formal and informal approaches to adjusting for exposure mismeasurement." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/15219.

Full text

Abstract:

In many research areas, measurement error frequently occurs when investigators are trying to analyze the relationship between exposure variables and response variable in observational studies. Severe problems can be caused by the mismeasured exposure vari ables, such as loss of power, biased estimators, and misleading conclusions. As the idea of measurement error is adopted by more and more researchers, how to adjust for such error becomes an interesting point to study. Two big barriers in solving the problems are as follows. First, the mechanism of measurement error (the existence and magnitude of the error) is always unknown to researchers. Sometimes only a small piece of information is available from previous studies. Moreover, the situation can be worsen when the study conditions are changed in the present study, which makes previous information not applicable. Second, some researchers may still argue about the consequences of ignoring measurement error due to its uncertainness. Thus, the adjustment for the mismeasurement turn to be a difficult, or impossible task. In this thesis, we are studying situations where the binary response variable is precisely measured, but with a misclassified binary exposure or a mismeasured continuous exposure. We propose formal approaches to estimate unknown parameters under the non-differential assumption in both exposure conditions. The uncertain variance of measurement error in the continuous exposure case, or the probabilities of misclassification in the binary exposure case, are incorporated by our approaches. Then the posterior models are estimated via simulations generated by the Gibbs sampler and the Metropolis - Hasting algorithm. Meanwhile, we compare our formal approach with the informal or naive approach in both continuous and exposure cases based on simulated datasets. Odds ratios on log scales are used in comparisons of formal and informal approaches when the exposure variable is binary or continuous. General speaking, our formal approaches result in bet ter point estimators and less variability in estimation. Moreover, the 95% credible, or confidence intervals are able to capture the true values more than 90% of the time. At the very end, we apply our ideas on the QRS dataset to seek consistent conclu sions draws from simulated datasets and real world datasets, and we are able to claim that overall our formal approaches do a better job regardless of the type of the exposure variable.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

28

Orsini, Chiara. "Essays on informal and formal care for the elderly." College Park, Md. : University of Maryland, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1903/7286.

Full text

Abstract:

Thesis (Ph. D.) -- University of Maryland, College Park, 2007.
Thesis research directed by: Economics. Title from t.p. of PDF. Includes bibliographical references. Published by UMI Dissertation Services, Ann Arbor, Mich. Also available in paper.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

29

Beiner, Judith Sue. "From informal to formal : syntactic variation in written English /." Access Digital Full Text version, 1988. http://pocketknowledge.tc.columbia.edu/home.php/bybib/10798079.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

30

Guedes-Pinto, Ana Lúcia 1969. "A avaliação da aprendizagem : o formal e o informal." [s.n.], 1994. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/253855.

Full text

Abstract:

Orientador: Luiz Carlos de Freitas
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Educação
Made available in DSpace on 2018-07-19T21:49:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Guedes-Pinto_AnaLucia_M.pdf: 8750952 bytes, checksum: bbc24244f2f3be715d94451133887103 (MD5) Previous issue date: 1994
Resumo: Este estudo analisa a prática da avaliação através de um estudo de caso realizado em uma escola da rede de ensino pública de Campinas no transcorrer do ano escolar de 1993. Para isto, foi observada semanalmente uma classe de Ia. série do 10. grau. Primeiramente foi utilizado como recurso apenas o registro cursivo. A partir do segundo semestre as observações manuscritas foram intercaladas por gravações feitas com câmera filmadora. Também foram realizadas entrevistas no decorrer do ano letivo. A prática da avaliação foi vista como um possível fator de contribuição ao fenômeno do fracasso escolar, pois é a partir da avaliação final de cada bimestre letivo, encaminhada pelo professor, que o aluno é aprovado ou não ao final do ano. -Considerou-se que esta prática pedagógica está articulada ao modo de organização sócio-econômico da sociedade em que está inserida. Levantou-se a hipótese da avaliação ser realizada, aparentemente, de maneira apenas formal, seguindo as regulamentações de cada programa escolar estabelecido para cada escola, mas, simultaneamente a essa formalidade, ser também realizada uma avaliação informal, via imagens, expectativas e modelos que os professores criam de seus alunos. Esta última condicionando a primeira. Concluiu-se que a prática de avaliação realiza-se formal e informalmente, sendo que o professor, em alguns momentos, até percebe essa duplicidade, mas não chega a problematizá-Ia. A informalidade concretizava-se por vários meios: interferências da direção da escola no trabalho pedagógico do professor, poder da hierarquia dentro do grupo de professores, crenças sobre alunos-padrão divulgadas entre professores, imagens e expectativas do professor com relação ao comportamento esperado de seus alunos. Notou-se que os alunos que não se "encaixavam" no quadro de referência do professor foram rotulados e estigmatizados no decorrer do ano e, por mais que apresentassem melhoras em seu desempenho escolar, não conseguiam sair do rótulo que lhes fora dado. Com este trabalho, conseguiu-se acompanhar o processo de construção desses rótulos em relação a alguns alunos durante o período letivo. Rótulos esses, elaborados paulatinamente pelo professor, que iam sendo confirmados pela realidade do cotidiano escolar. Percebeu-se que a avaliação foi uma prática que selecionava os alunos através de seu desempenho escolar apresentado em aula, estando nela embutida a avaliação de seus comportamentos. Os alunos que se adequassem ao esperado, em termos de correspondência de atitudes almejadas pelo professor e apresentassem um desempenho satisfatório na aprendizagem, seriam aprovados e os que apresentassem um desempenho também satisfatório, mas que não correspondessem ao modelo esperado por ele, seríam rotulados e estigmatizados, sendo retidos ao final do ano. Pareceu existir uma parceria da escola e da prática da avaliação com a organização do trabalho em nossa sociedade quando notou-se que os alunos que se "rendiam" ao modelo de aluno esperado pelo professor, modelo este que se caracterizava pela conformidade e obediência às determinações do mesmo, conseguiam o êxito escolar, e os que não se mostravam obedientes e passivos foram "punidos" com a reprovação
Mestrado
Metodologia do Ensino
Mestre em Educação

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

31

Feichas, Heloisa Faria Braga. "Formal and informal music learning in Brazilian higher education." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2006. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/10020512/.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

32

Ferraz, Deise Luiza da Silva. "Desemprego, exército de reserva, mercado formal-informal : rediscutindo categorias." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/22741.

Full text

Abstract:

Há uma relação recíproca entre um dos objetivos das ciências administrativas – aumentar a produtividade do trabalho – e o crescimento do desemprego. Contudo, este tema é pouco explorado nessa área do conhecimento. Estudos que tratam direta ou indiretamente desta problemática costumam considerar que os desempregados ou são agentes empreendedores ou estão excluídos das relações de trabalho. Intentamos abordar este tema superando essas abordagens duais. Defendemos a tese de que os desempregados compõem um estrato populacional denominado exército de reserva (ER) e que este pode cumprir, no atual estágio de desenvolvimento das forças produtivas, um duplo papel, qual seja: regulador do preço da força de trabalho e agente contestatório do sociometabolismo do capital. Fundamentados, principalmente, nos estudos de Marx, Oliveira e Iasi, analisamos o mercado de trabalho tal como representado por instituições de pesquisas nacionais e internacionais e os dados coletados junto aos integrantes de um movimentos social formado por desempregados, o Movimento dos Trabalhadores Desempregados (MTD). O método dialético permitiu reconstituir o movimento dos múltiplos determinantes que sintetizaram a possibilidade de alterações qualitativas em parte do contingente em questão. Concluímos que o ER cumpre função estrutural econômica e ideológica de regular o preço da força de trabalho devido a, basicamente, dois fatores: 1) como superpopulação fluente, é uma reserva de força de trabalho que tende a deprimir o preço desta mercadoria à níveis crescentemente inferiores; 2) enquanto força de trabalho não utilizada diretamente pelo capitalista no processo de produção, os membros do ER, em sua manifestação como superpopulação estagnada, tendem a efetuarem trabalhos, seja na considerada economia informal seja na economia doméstica ou ainda na economia subterrânea, que satisfazem necessidades dos membros do exército ativo (EA) e do exército de reserva em sua manifestação fluente. Ao oferecerem produtos e serviços à baixo custo ao EA e ao próprio exército de reserva, a superpopulação estagnada colabora para o rebaixamento do valor da mercadoria força de trabalho, tendo em vista que esta, segundo a lei do valor, deve equivaler ao valor dos produtos necessários a sua reprodução. Defendemos, portanto, que no atual modo de produção capitalista em países periféricos opera-se, gradativamente, uma mudança qualitativa na consciência de classe desta parcela da classe trabalhadora que, sobretudo após o advento da reestruturação produtiva, apresenta tendência crescente de reposição contínua, isto é, mudança quantitativa que tem sido oportunizada, dentre outros fatores, pelo desenvolvimento do conhecimento administrativo.
There is a mutual relation between one of the administrative sciences objectives – increase labor productivity and unemployment growth. However, this theme is little exploited in this knowledge field. Studies which deal direct or indirectly with this problematic usually consider that unemployed people can be enterprising agents or are excluded from labor relations. We intended to address this theme overcoming these dual approaches. We defend the thesis that unemployed people are part of a population extract known as reserve army (RA) which can have, in the current stage of production forces, a double role, namely: regulator of the labor force price and oppositional agent of the capital’s social metabolism. Based, mainly, on the studies of Marx, Oliveira and Iasi, we analyze the labor market as it is represented by national and international research institutions and through collected data among the members of a social movement formed of unemployed people, the Unemployed Workers Movement (MTD). The dialectical method allowed us to reconstitute the movement of multiple determinants that synthesized the possibility of qualitative changes in part of the mentioned contingent. We have concluded that the RA performs an economic and ideological structural function of regulating the labor force price basically due to two factors: 1) as a fluent super population, it is a reserve of labor force, which depresses the price of this merchandise to levels increasingly inferiors; 2) as a labor force not directly used by the capitalist in the production process, the members of the RA, on their expression as a stagnant super population, tend to make works, whether in the so called informal economy, whether in the domestic economy or even in the underground economy, that satisfy needs of both the active army (AA) and the reserve army on its fluent manifestation. When offering products and services with low cost to the AA and even for the reserve army, the stagnant super population contributes to depreciate the value of the labor force merchandise, taking into consideration that according to the value law, this must be equivalent to the value of the products needed for its reproduction. The reserve army can play the role of oppositional subject whereas the concrete conditions of its pauperism tension the movement of formation and the construction of struggle organizational forms, enabling the constitution of a class consciousness process mediated by moments of denial and consent to the capital‟s social metabolism. We defend, therefore, that in the current capitalist way of production in peripheral countries a qualitative change gradually occurs in class consciousness of this portion of class-of-labor that shows, especially after the advent of productive restructuring, an increasing tendency of continuous replacement, that is, quantitative change which have been possible, among other factors, by the development of the administrative knowledge.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

33

Kim, Han Na. "Do formal para o informal: executivos em trabalhos flexíveis." reponame:Repositório Institucional do FGV, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10438/2528.

Full text

Abstract:

Made available in DSpace on 2010-04-20T20:48:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 3 Tese - Executivos Flexiveis - Han Na Kim _versao final_.pdf.jpg: 11855 bytes, checksum: 8e1230528825685a249e8f1b4c01672c (MD5) Tese - Executivos Flexiveis - Han Na Kim _versao final_.pdf: 2657200 bytes, checksum: 07ab33b69865629c484841e71002bad0 (MD5) Tese - Executivos Flexiveis - Han Na Kim _versao final_.pdf.txt: 837487 bytes, checksum: 96150fccc857040313702003dedf5fdb (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-02-26T00:00:00Z
Quando observamos o mundo do trabalho atual, percebemos que, há um movimento em direção à maior flexibilidade, tanto em relação aos empregados formais quanto aos trabalhadores que passam a atuar por meio de formas flexíveis de contrato de trabalho. O contrato de emprego flexível refere-se àquele que não segue o modelo formal de contrato de trabalho, regido por CLT (Consolidação das Leis do Trabalho), e, vem sendo estudado ultimamente como um resultado das mudanças na organização do trabalho, em geral, associado à busca por trabalhadores mais produtivos e de menor custo. Devido à amplitude dos fenômenos envolvidos nestas transformações, delimitamos o tema e o público a ser estudado: adotando a idéia de construção social da realidade, de Berger e Luckmann (1966/2002), analisamos os processos de “migração” de 30 executivos, residentes no município de São Paulo, ex-empregados de grandes corporações, que tiveram experiências em cargos de gerência média e alta em organizações nacionais e multinacionais, e, que atualmente, trabalham no mercado sob regime de contratos flexíveis. Para nosso estudo, entendemos os executivos como trabalhadores formais que ocupam posições de alta e média gerência na hierarquia organizacional e detêm posições de poder e prestígio. Assim, o objetivo deste estudo é descrever o sentido atribuído por executivos, ao processo de “migração” para formas mais flexíveis de trabalho e à nova realidade vivida no trabalho. A pesquisa segue uma abordagem qualitativa, utilizando-se de entrevista em profundidade semi-estruturada, para a coleta de dados; para a análise das entrevistas realizadas, usamos, como base, as idéias de práticas discursivas e produção de sentidos, de Spink e Medrado (1999/2004). A abordagem construcionista permitiu verificar que os executivos em trabalhos flexíveis possuem alto nível de autoconfiança, uma visão missionária sobre o seu trabalho, e diversos motivos diferentes para a “migração”. Por meio de seus relatos, pode-se observar as estratégias para a sobrevivência e obtenção de sucesso como um trabalhador flexível; a percepções dos entrevistados sobre o mercado brasileiro; a mudança de relacionamento com os clientes, a família e a rede de contatos. Apesar dos problemas enfrentados para se estabilizar, a maioria demonstra a vontade de permanecer no trabalho flexível, contrariando grande número de estudo que enxergam a flexibilização de contratos de trabalho como precarização para os trabalhadores. Para os executivos em regime flexível, a vida como trabalhador CLT parece fazer parte do passado: agora, eles precisam se mostrar competentes a qualquer custo, planejar-se para as “entressafras”, buscar melhorar a rede de contatos, aumentar o conhecimento e passar um tempo com a sua família. Os motivos de permanência são diversos, mas possuem um ponto de conversão: a sensação de deter o domínio sobre a sua vida, seu tempo, seu dinheiro, seu conhecimento, seu futuro. Talvez, o cotidiano apresente muitas situações de submissão à vontade do cliente e de dedicação maior do que na época de empregado formal; mas, na “realidade cotidiana”, a sensação é de ser o “dono” da sua vida.
When we observe the present work in the world, we can notice a move towards the direction of greater flexibility in regards to formal employees and workers that act through flexible forms of labor contracts. The flexible employment contract refers to the contract that does not follow the formal model of labor contract, governed by CLT (Consolidation of the Labor Laws), and, has been studied lately as a result of changes in the workplace organization, usually associated with the search of more productive and cheaper workers. Due to the enlargement of the involved phenomena of these transformations, we delimited the subject and the public to be studied: adopting the idea of social construction of reality, from Berger and Luckmann (1966/2002), we analyzed the "migration" processes of 30 executives, residents of São Paulo city, ex-employees of large corporations, that had experiences in high and middle management at multinational and national organizations, and, at present, work in the markets under flexible labor contracts. For our study, we understand that the executives are formal workers that occupy positions of high and middle management in the organizational hierarch and have the power of decision and prestige. Being so, the objective of this study is to describe the sense attributed by executives, to the "migration" process to more flexible forms of work and to the new reality lived in the workplace. The research follows a qualitative approach, utilizing semi-structured in-depth interviews to gather the information; for the interview analysis, we used, as the basis, the ideas of speeches practices from Spink and Medrado (1999/2004). The constructionist perspective permitted to verify that executives in flexible workplaces possessed high level of selfconfidence, a missionary vision of his/her work, and different motives for the "migration". Through their statements we can observe the survival strategies and how to become successful as a flexible worker; the interviewees perceptions of the Brazilian market; the change in customer relationships, the family and the personal network. Despite the problems faced to settle in, the majority want to continue with flexible work, even though a large number of studies have shown that flexible labor contracts as a factor that make workers’ lives more precarious. For the executives in flexible employment, life as a formal CLT worker is a thing of the past: now, they need to show themselves as competent at any cost, plan themselves for the "dry spells" improve their network, increase their knowledge and to spend time with their family. The motives to stay are diverse, but all possesses a conversion point: the sensation that they dominate their own lives, time, money, knowledge, and future. Perhaps, many situations will present themselves in daily life to give in to the customer and greater dedication than a formal employee; but, in the "everyday reality", the sensation is that they are the "owner" of their lives.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

34

Almeida, Alexandra Sofia Pereira de. "Ensino de empreendedorismo : comparação entre aprendizagem formal e informal." Master's thesis, FEUC, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10316/32542.

Full text

Abstract:

Relatório de estágio do mestrado em Gestão, apresentado à Faculdade de Economia da Universidade de Coimbra, sob a orientação de Miguel Torres Preto e Susana Lourenço.
Este relatório foi redigido no decorrer do estágio para a obtenção do grau de Mestre em Gestão, desenvolvendo-se no período entre 1 de fevereiro e 4 de julho de 2016, no Departamento de Valorização do Conhecimento e Inovação (VCI) do Instituto Pedro Nunes (IPN) - Associação para a Inovação e Desenvolvimento em Ciência e Tecnologia. O ensino de empreendedorismo é um tema bastante debatido nos dias de hoje, fazendo até parte de planos de ação de alguns países europeus. No entanto, o confronto de duas formas diferentes de ensino, o ensino formal e informal, levanta algumas reservas quanto à forma como devemos educar, incutir ou ensinar o empreendedorismo. O presente relatório inicia-se como uma breve distinção entre conceitos que por vezes na literatura se confundem com a ideia de empreendedorismo, espaço onde é também clarificado o porquê do uso da expressão “ensino de empreendedorismo” e não “educação em empreendedorismo”. No seguimento, é apresentada a história do ensino de empreendedorismo, bem como o debate que há sobre este tema. Neste estudo também surge uma pequena reflexão sobre a distinção entre ensino formal e informal desta disciplina, assim como uma comparação das duas abordagens. De forma a completar este estudo, foram realizadas entrevistas semiestruturadas a docentes e alunos/participantes de unidades curriculares ou outras atividades relacionadas com o ensino de empreendedorismo, deste modo foi possível percecionar as práticas relativamente ao ensino de empreendedorismo na região de Coimbra. Para concluir é feita uma reflexão sobre o período de estágio, assim como das competências adquiridas ao longo do mesmo.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

35

Nicolas, Christina. "Formal and informal institutions, bank capital ratios and lending." Thesis, Limoges, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LIMO0042.

Full text

Abstract:

Cette thèse examine l'impact des institutions formelles et informelles sur les ratios de fonds propres et les prêts des banques. Elle est composée de trois essais empiriques. Le premier chapitre explore l'effet de la qualité juridique et institutionnelle formelle sur les ratios de fonds propres pondérés par rapport aux ratios de fonds propres non pondérés des banques dans la région du Moyen-Orient et de l'Afrique du Nord. Les résultats montrent que lorsque les marchés boursiers sont moins développés, les variables institutionnelles affectent de manière significative les ratios de fonds propres réglementaires pondérés par le risque, mais pas les ratios de levier. À l'inverse, lorsque les marchés boursiers sont plus développés, seuls les ratios de levier sont influencés par des facteurs institutionnels. Le deuxième chapitre parcourt la relation entre les ratios de fonds propres des banques, le cadre juridique et institutionnel et les prêts bancaires en utilisant un échantillon mondial de banques commerciales. Les résultats confirment que le développement institutionnel est un moteur important du crédit bancaire, tandis que l’effet des ratios de capital sur le crédit bancaire reste d’une importance mineure. Le troisième chapitre porte sur le rôle de la confiance dans le développement du crédit bancaire dans le monde. Les résultats confirment que la confiance Inter-groupe, la confiance envers les personnes que nous ne connaissons pas, renforce de manière significative les prêts bancaires dans les pays dans lesquels le développement institutionnel et judiciaire est relativement moins développé. En ce qui concerne la confiance intra-groupe, la confiance envers les personnes que nous connaissons, les résultats empiriques montrent qu’elle affecte indirectement le crédit bancaire en favorisant le développement du crédit informel
This dissertation examines the impact of formal and informal institutions on bank capital ratios and lending. It comprises three empirical essays. The first chapter explores the effect of the legal and institutional quality on bank risk-weighted capital ratios versus non risk-weighted capital ratios in the Middle East and North Africa region. The findings show that when stock markets are less developed, institutional variables significantly affect risk-weighted regulatory capital ratios but not leverage ratios. Conversely, when stock markets are more developed, only leverage ratios are influenced by institutional factors. The second chapter explores the relationship between bank capital ratios, the legal and institutional framework, and bank lending using a global sample of commercial banks. The results confirm that institutional development is a significant driver of bank lending while the effect of capital ratios on bank lending remains of minor importance. The third chapter focuses on the role of trust in bank lending development around the world. It provides evidence that Out-group trust, the trust in individuals we do not know, significantly boosts bank lending in countries with relatively lower levels of institutional and judicial development. As for In-group trust, the trust in individuals we know, evidence shows that it affects bank lending indirectly by favoring the development of informal lending

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

36

Sun, Junfang. "Formal and Informal Finance in China's Ethnic Minority Areas." Kyoto University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/192136.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

37

Gonzalez, Briseno Alfredo. "Informal employment in Mexico an analysis of returns in the formal and informal labor markets /." CONNECT TO ELECTRONIC THESIS, 2008. http://dspace.wrlc.org/handle/1961/4411.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

38

Moreland, Rosemary. "Towards a learning society : a study of formal, non-formal and informal adult learning opportunities." Thesis, University of Ulster, 1993. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.386104.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

39

Yelton, Harold M. "Implementation of electronic mail for informal Naval communications." Thesis, Monterey, California : Naval Postgraduate School, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/23052.

Full text

Abstract:

This study focuses on electronic mail and its applications for the transfer of informal information within the Department of the Navy. Discussion of the Defense Data Network as an evolutionary development in data switching technology is provided for historical perspective. The utility of electronic mail media is evaluated with an emphasis on the human interface. A brief synopsis of electronic mail cost compared with other message delivery media (telephone, postal mail, and AUTODIN) is provided. The technical aspects of electronic mail involving local area networks, the Base Information Transfer System (BITS), and AUTODIN are provided to demonstrate the feasibility of implementing an electronic mail system. Theses. (fr)

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

40

Nóbrega, Catarina Vanessa Cardoso de. "A problemática da habitação informal em Luanda." Master's thesis, Universidade de Lisboa. Faculdade de Arquitetura, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/11696.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

41

Woldemichael, Andinet D. "Essays on Formal and Informal Long-Term Health Insurance Markets." Digital Archive @ GSU, 2013. http://scholarworks.gsu.edu/econ_diss/91.

Full text

Abstract:

This dissertation consists of two essays examining formal and informal long term health insurance markets. The first essay analyzes heterogeneity of Long-Term Care Insurance policyholders in their lapse decision, and how their ex-ante and ex-post subjective beliefs about the probability of needing Long-Term Care affect their lapse decisions. In this essay, I develop a model of lapse decision in a two-period insurance framework with a Bayesian learning process and implement several empirical specifications of the model using longitudinal data from the Health and Retirement Study. The results show that policyholders' ex- ante point predictions of their probabilities and their uncertainties about them have a persistent but declining impact on lapse decisions. Those who believe that their risk is higher are indeed more likely to remain insured. However, as their uncertainties surrounding their ex-ante point predictions increase, their chances of lapsing increase regardless of their initial perception biases. These results are heterogeneous across cohorts and policyholders and, in particular, show that those in the older group near the average age of Nursing Home entry have a precise prediction of their risk levels compared to the younger cohort. Policy simulations show that a more informed initial purchase decision reduces the chance of lapsing down the road. The second essay examines the extent to which informal risk sharing arrangement provides insurance against health shocks. I develop a comprehensive model of informal risk sharing contract with two-sided limited commitment which extends the standard model to a regime with the following features. Information regarding the nature of realized health shocks is imperfect and individuals' health capital stock serves as a storage technology and is a factor of production. The theoretical results show that, in such a regime, Pareto optimal allocations are history dependent even if participation constraints do not bind. I perform numerical analysis to show that risk sharing against health shock is less likely to be sustainable among non-altruistic individuals with different levels of biological survival rates and health capital productivity. The results also show that optimal allocations vary depending on the set of information available to individuals. Using panel data of households from villages in rural Ethiopia, I test the main predictions of the theoretical model. While there is negative history dependence in transfers among non-altruistic partners, history dependence is positive when risk sharing is along bloodline and kinship. However, neither short-term nor long-term health shocks are insured through informal risk sharing arrangements among non-altruistic individuals.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

42

Evans, Sarah Rose. "Developing dramatic facilitation practice across formal and informal pedagogic contexts." Thesis, University of Exeter, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10871/9304.

Full text

Abstract:

This thesis examines how drama facilitators adapt and assess their praxis so that it can be applied effectively in different learning contexts. This research analyses the good praxis of established facilitators with comparatively little documentation to disseminate their approaches. MED Theatre, Magic Carpet, the Shakespeare Schools Festival and West Exe Technology College employ facilitators who adopt a personalised approach to their praxis, transitioning across the spectrum of formal and informal learning to engage a diverse range of learners. The concepts of formal and informal learning are defined at the outset and the particular problems they can present drama facilitators are contextualised. Finding the right tools and assessment procedures is a significant challenge in a pedagogic landscape characterised by conflicting theories, a broad range of learner needs, and multiple perceptions of what actually counts as evidence of learning to justify praxis. With an increasing number of facilitators sustaining themselves by operating within a variety of learning settings there is an emerging need to identify what skills, knowledge and considerations support the process of becoming this kind of extended professional. Initiating my investigation, I explore how the role of a drama facilitator has emerged through movements in the fields of education, Community Theatre and the arts in Chapter One. The main pedagogic theories and approaches to assessment that a drama facilitator must engage with to personalise praxis are presented in Chapter Two. Supporting the development of this expanding field of praxis, the four case studies analysed illustrate how facilitators have sustained careers as extended professionals whilst negotiating educational policy, different learners, and assessment criterion. This thesis contributes to the argument for sustaining and developing links between formalised learning and informal social learning. I challenge the competitive perception of system-centred and learner-centred approaches, re-framing them as inter-related processes in cases of good practice. Finally, I identify how facilitators are attempting to forge further community links, interrogating how this emerging field 4 may be developed by drama facilitators who share a commitment to developing the quality of learning opportunities offered in the UK.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

43

Smith, Korina Maria. "Responsible fatherhood formal and informal child support from nonmarital fathers /." Diss., Restricted to subscribing institutions, 2007. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1372037421&sid=1&Fmt=2&clientId=1564&RQT=309&VName=PQD.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

44

Camargo, Fernanda Sartori de. "Análise estrutural do emprego formal e informal na economia brasileira." Universidade de São Paulo, 2006. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11132/tde-20092006-161524/.

Full text

Abstract:

A reorganização econômica, caracterizada pelo processo de globalização, provocou alterações nas estruturas produtivas da economia brasileira e, conseqüentemente, mudanças no mercado de trabalho. Essas mudanças refletiram-se nas características setoriais de emprego, trazendo uma grande preocupação quanto às relações de trabalho e à crescente taxa de desemprego. A reorientação do modelo de desenvolvimento, que transitava de proteção ao setor industrial para uma economia aberta e a consolidação da moeda, a partir de 1990, originou profundas mudanças no mercado de trabalho brasileiro. Os postos de trabalho dos setores primário e secundário foram reduzidos, enquanto que, no setor terciário, houve aumento dos empregos, mas não suficiente para absorver todos os trabalhadores liberados dos demais setores. A participação dos trabalhadores no mercado informal no ano de 2003 representava cerca de 52%. Dessa forma, a questão de empregos no Brasil nos últimos anos tem se tornado cada vez mais discutida e questionada quanto à capacidade de gerar novos empregos e qual a qualidade desses empregos. O trabalho pretende discutir as características e evolução do pessoal ocupado procurando analisar a relação setorial entre os empregos formais e informais, a partir de 1990, sob a ótica do modelo Insumo-Produto. Os principais resultados apontam que houve uma redução da capacidade de gerar empregos para cada um milhão de reais da produção. Os dados mostram que apesar da proporção de trabalhadores informais na economia ser superior aos trabalhadores na formalidade, o setor formal foi o responsável por cerca de 60% dos empregos gerados no período estudado.
The reorganization of the Brazilian economy, in the globalization process, has brought out changes in its productive structure, and, consequently, changes in the job market. These changes had impact on the employment at the sectoral level, with great concerns related to the labor relations and to the growing unemployment rates. In the 1990s, the change in the focus of the development strategy, from a closed protected economy to an open economy with monetary control, has originated deep changes in the labor market. The number of employed persons in the primary and secondary sector was reduced, while in the tertiary sector there was an increase in the number of jobs, but not enough to absorb all the employees released from the previous two sectors. The share of informal jobs in the Brazilian economy was around 52% in 2003. In this way, the question of employment generated by the economic sectors, in number and quality, has become a crucial issue. The goal of this work is to study the characteristics and the evolution of the occupied persons, and to relate it with the formal and informal job market, as well as the economy productive structure, using for that input-output matrices constructed for the Brazilian economy. The main results show that there was a reduction in the capacity of the economy to generate employment for every million of Reais produced in a given sector. The data also shows that despite the ratio of informal workers in the economy being superior to the workers in the formality, the formal sector was responsible for about 60% of the jobs generated in the period of analysis.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

45

Kavish, Daniel Ryan. "Interactionist Labeling: Formal and Informal Labeling's Effects on Juvenile Delinquency." OpenSIUC, 2012. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/theses/883.

Full text

Abstract:

This thesis critically reviews prior labeling theory research concerning juvenile delinquency and crime; it adds to current work by using contemporary data. Labeling events are described in detail to provide an overall understanding of where labels originate, who is casting the label, and what research suggests concerning different types of labels. An interactionist labeling model is tested to explain levels of juvenile delinquency among a nationally representative sample of American adolescents: the first three waves of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (Add Health). Finally, negative binomial regression models are estimated in order to better explain the dynamic relationship between labels and delinquency.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

46

Baralt, Jessica Isabella. "Housing La Habana Vieja: Reframing the Formal and Informal Vernacular." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/78218.

Full text

Abstract:

The design of housing in an urban fabric designated as a UNESCO World Heritage Site requires consideration of the historic character and how each building contributes to the streetscape. Beyond the facade, one discovers the unique story of each parcel through the transformations that its residents have enacted over many centuries in order to accommodate greater density and the evolution of family structures. One might even find a record of building periods following a hurricane, for example, inscribed by hand on a column in the shared patio for the collective memory of current and future tenants. These transformations are almost all realized through self-effort construction and are a community-building exercise. Unfortunately, the paradox that accompanies the informal typologies to construct additional housing is destructive more often than not. The additions to and division of the highly articulated residential architecture in Havana have a pervasive impact on the building structure and exacerbates the decay of the built environment. The formal typologies established to define thresholds and transition between public and private spaces are as much a part of the social landscape as the informal insertions. Housing la Habana Vieja calls for a reconciliation of the architectural heritage with contemporary building attitudes in its design for multi-family housing in the historic city center of Cuba. This project addresses the housing crisis in Havana and proposes a resolution that is suited to the "economy of means, both material and aesthetic,"to appropriate the design philosophy of Cuban-American architect Belmont Freeman. The context investigates the underpinnings of housing attitudes by identifying milestones and gaining perspective from dialogue with the residents of la Habana Vieja. Documenting the formal and informal typologies allowed for a comparison of both their spatial implications and their performance, or function. The design proposal explores the intersection of these typologies to manifest the social behaviors and cultural values in the definition of shared and private space. The formal typologies engage the transitional qualities of space by layering building elements as thresholds to private realms. The informal typologies are engaged in the construction of habitable space by activating the immediate built environment through the addition and multiplication of planes. To design at the corner of the past and present is to preserve the vernacular and brandish the opportunities that the future holds for Housing la Habana Vieja.
Master of Architecture

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

47

Filho, Jose dos Santos Cabral. "Formal games and interactive design : computers as formal devices for informal interaction between clients and architects." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.245548.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

48

Costa, Ana Sofia Gonçalves. "Pensamento crítico : articulação entre educação não-formal e formal em Ciências." Master's thesis, Universidade de Aveiro, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10773/1305.

Full text

Abstract:

Mestrado em Educação em Ciências no 1º Ciclo do Ensino Básico
Atendendo que a promoção do Pensamento Crítico é indispensável, entre outros, para a resolução de problemas da vida quotidiana, numa sociedade democrática e, por outro, o Jardim da Ciência da Universidade de Aveiro é um contexto de educação não-formal destinado a crianças dos 5 aos 12 anos, este estudo tem como finalidade verificar se os recursos didácticos desenvolvidos no contexto desta investigação para a educação em Ciências no 1.º ciclo do ensino básico, articulando o ensino formal com o não-formal, promovem capacidades de pensamento crítico nos alunos. Trata-se de uma investigação quasi-experimental (Pré-teste/Pós-teste – Grupo Controlo/ Grupo Experimental), com uma amostra de alunos do 4.º ano de escolaridade, de quatro escolas do 1.º Ciclo do Ensino Básico, num total de 5 docentes envolvidos. O grupo experimental (n=44) foi sujeito à implementação dos recursos didácticos desenvolvidos neste estudo, os quais pretendem apelar intencionalmente conhecimentos sobre “Luz” e a Capacidades de Pensamento Crítico, tendo como base a taxonomia de Ennis. Com igual durabilidade, para o grupo de controlo (n=33), foram desenvolvidos recursos didácticos, a partir de actividades sobre a mesma temática, recolhidos junto de vários professores e de manuais escolares, mas sem relevância quanto à variável dependente, o Pensamento Crítico. Utilizou-se o Teste de Pensamento Crítico - Cornell (Nível X) para medir o nível e os aspectos do Pensamento Crítico da amostra deste estudo, antes e após a intervenção. Os recursos didácticos, desenvolvidos a partir da taxonomia de Ennis (1985ª, 1985b, 1987), promovem capacidades de Pensamento Crítico nos alunos, uma vez que os resultados obtidos apresentam diferenças estatisticamente significativas entre o grupo de controlo e o grupo experimental no nível e em todos os aspectos do Pensamento Crítico. Verificaram-se, ainda, para o grupo experimental, ganhos estatisticamente significativos do pré-teste para o pósteste, no nível e nos aspectos do Pensamento Crítico. Para o grupo de controlo, não se verificaram quaisquer ganhos estatisticamente significativos. Os recursos didácticos desenvolvidos neste estudo afiguram-se como um contributo para se articular a Educação Formal em Ciências no 1.º Ciclo do Ensino Básico com a Educação Não-formal, neste caso o “Jardim da Ciência” da Universidade de Aveiro. ABSTRACT: Considering that Critical Thinking may be a keystone in dealing with daily problems witch may occur in a democratic society and that the “Science Garden” of Aveiro University is a non-formal education context for children between 5 and 12 years old, the main purpose of the study in Sciences on the Primary school was to evaluate if the didactic resources, which were developed during this research and combined both formal and non-formal teaching, help to promote pupils’ Critical Thinking abilities. This quasi-experimental study (Pre-test / Post-test - Control Group / Experimental Group) that were carried out involved a sample of 4th grade pupils, from four different primary schools, involving 5 teachers. The experimental group (n=44) explored the didactical resourses developed in this study, which attempted to appeal intentionally for knowledge about “Light” and for Critical Thinking abilities, based on Ennis’s Taxonomy (of critical thinking). With equal durability, the Control Group (n=33) explored other didactical resources about the same theme (Light),which activities were collected from several teachers and textbooks, but without relevance with regard to the dependent variable is concerned, the Critical Thinking. To measure Critical Thinking level and aspects of the sample of this study, before and after the intervention, Critical Thinking - Cornell (Level X) was used. The results showed that the developed didactic resources, based on Ennis’s Taxonomy (1985a, 1985b, 1987), promoted Critical Thinking abilities among pupils, as the differences between the Control Group and Experimental Group were statistically significant in level and all aspects of Critical Thinking. The evidence suggested that the profits among the Experimental Group since the pre-test to the post-test were statistically significant also in level and all aspects of Critical Thinking. On the other hand, there was no evidence of statistically significant profits among the Control Group. The results indicate that the didactic recourses developed during this study can be used as a tool to combine Formal Education in Sciences on the Primary School with Non-formal Education, which “Science Garden” from Aveiro University is a clear example.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

49

Asikhan-Berlinguette, Nursel. "Communications service synthesis from informal specifications and sequence diagrams." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape3/PQDD_0015/MQ57081.pdf.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

50

Joe, Kyungchool. "Qualities of Informal Leaders, Factors Influencing the Formation of Informal Leadership, and the Paradox of Formal Power." FIU Digital Commons, 2016. http://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/2610.

Full text

Abstract:

Informal leaders can have similar effects on firm performance as formal leaders. Although informal leadership can play a critical role in organizational functioning, empirical research concerning this issue is scarce. I conceptualized informal leadership as a continuous variable, and tested the relationship between informal leadership and the following variables. First, this study examined how informal leaders can influence over other members, even though they do not possess formal power. Five indicators, i.e., performance, turnover intention, career satisfaction, work engagement, and optimism were selected to assess the qualities of informal leaders as role models. Second, this study advanced our understanding of how demographic factors (i.e., age, educational background, and work experience) contribute to shaping informal leadership. In addition, T-test was chosen to test whether informal leadership is more noteworthy in women than men. Lastly, this study compared the effects of informal and formal leaders on team effectiveness.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Formal and informal communications'

Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles