Academic literature on the topic 'Formal and Informal economy'
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Journal articles on the topic "Formal and Informal economy"
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Saunders, S., and E. Loots. "Measuring the informal economy in South Africa." South African Journal of Economic and Management Sciences 8, no. 1 (2015): 92–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/sajems.v8i1.1286.
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Measuring the size of the South African informal economy has received inadequate attention, making it difficult for policy-makers to assess the impact of policy measures to stimulate informal economic activity. This article aims to estimate the size of the informal economy by using the Currency Demand Approach. The empirical results reveal that the informal economy as a percentage of GDP decreased from 1967 to 1993, before levelling off. The growth in the informal econmy has also underperformed in comparison to formal economic growth. There appears to be a causal relationship running from the informal to the formal economy. Macro-economic policies aimed at the formal economy will not necessarily 'trickle down' to the informal, while these polcies aimed at the informal economy may have a profound effect on the formal economy.
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Silva, Harley, Sibelle Diniz, and Vanessa Ferreira. "Circuitos da economia urbana e economia dos setores populares na fronteira amazônica: o cenário atual no sudeste do Pará." Revista Brasileira de Estudos Urbanos e Regionais 15, no. 2 (2013): 61. http://dx.doi.org/10.22296/2317-1529.2013v15n2p61.
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Embora a expansão do mercado trabalho formal seja uma tendência sustentada no Brasil nos últimos anos, a persistência de formas de ocupação ligadas ao circuito inferior da economia é uma realidade ampla e mal compreendida. Isso é particularmente verdade para as diversas fronteiras da Amazônia brasileira, onde a economia informal, popular, solidária e familiar persiste, a despeito dos grandes investimentos destinados ao circuito superior. Esse trabalho investiga a situação vigente no sudeste paraense, onde a economia formal de alguns municípios tem crescido a “taxas chinesas” e ao mesmo tempo há a presença massiva de formas alternativas de inserção econômica da população, particularmente a de baixa renda.Palavras-chave: economia dos setores populares; economia informal; circuito inferior; fronteira amazônica; sudeste paraense. Abstract: Although the expansion of formal labor market is a sustained trend in Brazil, occupation in the lower circuit of the economy is persistent and poorly understood. In Brazilian Amazon frontiers, informal, family and solidarity economy persists, in spite of large investments destinated to the upper circuit. This work investigates the current context of the southeast of Pará, where the formal economy of some municipalities has grown at “Chinese rates”, while alternative forms of economic integration incorporate the majority of the population. Keywords: popular economy; informal economy; lower circuit; Amazon frontier; southeast of Pará.
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Shapland, Joanna, and Jason Heyes. "How close are formal and informal work?" International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy 37, no. 7/8 (2017): 374–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijssp-06-2016-0071.
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Purpose Recent changes in the UK to the regulation and modes of work in the formal and informal economies are considered. Research in this field has tended to remain in silos (treating formal economy working conditions separately from research on the informal economy). The question is whether the means of work and benefits to the worker for formal and informal work are now as different as the former images of formal and informal economy work imply under a “jobs-for-life” economy. The purpose of this paper is to consider whether the current aim of government regulation of the informal economy – to formalise it – is actually of benefit to workers, as might be supposed. Design/methodology/approach This paper considers recent research findings on the formal and informal economy, using official government statistics for the UK and more detailed European studies on the informal economy. Findings This paper argues that formal employment in the UK is becoming more casualised, with less associated benefits to employees. Though it is still of benefit to the state to formalise informal work (to increase tax take), some of the links between formalisation and a good working environment for workers are being broken, which may lead to the informal economy becoming more popular and requiring different priorities in its regulation. Originality/value This paper argues that we need to change our assumptions and image of work in the formal economy, compared to that in the informal economy.
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Williams, Colin C., John Round, and Peter Rodgers. "Beyond the formal/informal economy binary hierarchy." International Journal of Social Economics 34, no. 6 (2007): 402–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/03068290710751812.
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Sweidan, Osama. "Economic Freedom and the Informal Economy." Global Economy Journal 17, no. 4 (2017): 20170002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/gej-2017-0002.
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This paper empirically investigates the effect of economic freedom on the informal economies in a sample of 112 countries over the period 2000–2007. We employ two methodologies: fixed effect and the GMM models. We find a statistically significant negative relationship between economic freedom and the informal economy. This conclusion indicates that the nature of the economic system plays an important role in seizing the informal economy. Further, our results demonstrate that the formal and informal economies are substitutes. The policy implication is that economies with high share of informal economy should work with fewer economic restrictions.
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ALNAHEDH, MISHARI, and SALEM ALSANOUSI. "ENTREPRENEURIAL SPAWNING IN THE INFORMAL ECONOMY." Journal of Developmental Entrepreneurship 25, no. 02 (2020): 2050008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1084946720500089.
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What is the career background of formal and informal entrepreneurs and does this influence their formalization decision? We employ the theory of planned behavior, social identity theory and embedded career capital framework to develop hypotheses on how the new venture formalization decision is dependent on the entrepreneur’s career history. We find that employment in a family business and in the private sector is related positively to founding a formal new venture. Furthermore, our results show that a career in the same industry as the new venture increases the likelihood of formalizing the venture. These findings emphasize the role of the career background in the entrepreneur’s formalization decision through building embedded-career capital, influencing the social identity and determining the attitude toward starting a formal versus informal new venture.
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Habib-Mintz, Nazia. "To What Extent Can the Informal Economy Concept Adequately Explain the Dynamism of the Non-Formal Sector in Developing Countries?" Journal of International Business and Economy 10, no. 1 (2009): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.51240/jibe.2009.1.1.
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The informal economy exists in both developing and developed nations, though it is most often associated as an engine of economic dynamism in developing countries. The concept is generally defined as the sum of economic income generating activities outside of the formal economy, which are registered, tax paying and legal. Since the 1970s when the term first entered academic discourse, the informal economy conceptually evolved through several distinct phases starting with neoliberal, then to reformist and next structuralist ideology before the term outgrew its usefulness in the 1990s and turned into operate outside of the formal economy. This paper argues that the discourse of the informal economy remains inadequate and ill-defined lemma on mainstreaming the informal economy.
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Yang, Kun (Michelle), and Michael J. Pisani. "When informality meets formality: evidence from China." Chinese Management Studies 12, no. 1 (2018): 184–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/cms-03-2017-0055.
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Purpose This study aims to explore “what impact does competition from informal enterprises have on formal firms” within the Chinese economic and business environment. Design/methodology/approach The paper opted for an exploratory study utilizing the cross-sectional survey data “2012 China Enterprise Survey” conducted by the World Bank. The survey is composed of approximately 200 business-related questions across the spectrum of business operations. In all, 2,700 privately owned Chinese firms are included in the logistic regression analysis. Findings Results show the impact of informal firm competition upon formal firms in China are influenced by geographical location, industry sector, ownership profile, governmental ownership, online presence and the extent of obeying labor regulations or the time spent in handling the governmental regulatory environment. There is a competitive and complementary simultaneous intertwined relationship between formal and informal economy. It occurs in a formal economy not fully divorced from the structural inertia of the planned economy as it transitions to a market-based economy. Practical implications This paper extended the assumption of institutional theory and presented it as a dynamic view of the evolution of organizations. It contributes by offering a simultaneous dual relationship between the formal and informal economy. It also adds one more potential feature of populations in the population ecology theory. Originality/value This exploratory paper empirically examines the impacts of informal sector enterprises on formal sectors firms in China and proposes a dual force effect of the informal economy to the formal economy given the current Chinese institutional environment. The study also provides a platform for further research on the interactions between the formal and informal sectors in emerging markets.
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Al-Mataani, Rashid, Thomas Wainwright, and Pelin Demirel. "Hidden Entrepreneurs: Informal Practices within the Formal Economy." European Management Review 14, no. 4 (2017): 361–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/emre.12115.
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Savall, Henri, Veronique Zardet, Marc Bonnet, and Michel Peron. "Moving from Informal to Formal Economy through Consulting." Academy of Management Proceedings 2012, no. 1 (2012): 12320. http://dx.doi.org/10.5465/ambpp.2012.12320abstract.
Full textDissertations / Theses on the topic "Formal and Informal economy"
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Park, Hyun Kyu. "Empirical analysis of disguised relationships between formal economy firms and informal economy enterprises." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2018. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/277907.
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Scholarly interest in the informal economy has burgeoned in recent years, in anticipation of expanding our knowledge beyond the easily observable organizational life that takes place within the formal economic system. In line with this research endeavour, the present work represents a focused study of what I have labelled 'disguised relationships'. These ties result in repeated transactions between informal economy enterprises, which fail to comply with certain elements of the laws and regulations applying to their operations, and formal firms, which operate within the state-sanctioned formal economy. Drawing on an abductive reasoning process and grounded theory approach, I conduct a case study that captures the interactions between two leading cosmetics firms (i.e. formal firms) and ten daigou enterprises (i.e. informal enterprises) between 2013 and 2017. The examination of multiple data sources (i.e. interviews, news articles and social media observations) suggests that the organizational landscape under study differs considerably from the one in which formal firms are portrayed as rational choosers of best-performing partners or exploiters of subordinate actors within the informal economy. Rather, disguised relationships emerge in a unilateral and disguised fashion following the lead of informal enterprises, and formal firms unintentionally engage in the unexpected ties. Furthermore, disguised relationships create the image of dynamism replete with, metaphorically speaking, give-take, push-pull and chase-evade. More specifically, the emergent model illustrates the interactive practices through four mechanisms: (a) informal enterprises gaining social acceptability from certain society groups and acquiring the necessary resources from the members of identity-based groups; (b) drawing on this momentum, informal enterprises forming unilateral ties with formal firms in a disguised manner; (c) formal firms counteracting the unexpected ties, with temporary compromising on the counteracting efforts; and (d) informal enterprises avoiding the combatting efforts of formal firms through socially learnt tactics and leveraging network brokers (i.e. actors sharing the same ethnic/cultural backgrounds with informal enterprises while at the same time working for formal firms). This thesis makes contributions to the literature on both interorganizational relationships and the informal economy by overcoming the perennial problem of 'dualism' that is prevalent in the extant work. First, while the subject-object dualism bestows upon formal firms a heroic status such that they are conceptualized as rational actors forming interorganizational relationships, always on the basis of plans and goals, the current work argues that formal firms may participate in unexpected, yet lasting, ties, which requires ongoing situational responsiveness. Second, the structure-agency dualism projects the static image in which formal firms deliberately establish exploitative ties with structurally isolated informal enterprises, whereas the present study suggests that informal enterprises may exercise agency to proactively establish or dissolve connections with formal firms and to strengthen or weaken the relationships at their discretion. As such, dynamism figures prominently in the interorganizational relationships between formal firms and informal enterprises.
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Duncan, Charleen Lucille. "Townships to CBD: The project of ten informal traders in the formal economy of Cape Town, Western Cape." University of the Western Cape, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/7261.
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Magister Artium (Development Studies) - MA(DVS)<br>The Quarterly Labour Force survey by Statistics South Africa (2019) portrays a very bleak future for the South African economy and labour force. The unemployment rate is 27.6% and youth unemployment stands at 55.2%. The National Development Plan (NDP) recognises the relevance of the informal sector and the value that it will contribute to the economy and to solving the challenges of unemployment in South Africa. The NDP projects that the informal sector, which includes domestic work, will create between 1,2 and 2 million new jobs by 2030.
Few studies have been conducted on informal trading projects. This study explores the case of a ‗transitional‘ informal enterprise support project aimed at micro-enterprise development wherein 10 informal traders in Cape Town took occupancy of provincial government-sponsored kiosks on 9 May 2016. The Long Street kiosks (LSK) offer 10 traders per year a unique trading opportunity in the CBD free of rent and service charges for a period of one year, with access to a unique and potentially large market.
The purpose of this study is to critically examine the role played in the informal enterprise development project by the Western Cape provincial government through its project manager, the Department of Economic Development and Tourism (DEDAT). This research attempts to investigate aspects of project design such as the selection criteria of the informal traders for the project, and selected results such as whether the project provided the traders with enough market exposure to the formal economy and whether their businesses were improved by participation in the project.
The qualitative research approach was used for this study of the LSK project, which was a single case study, as both a unit of analysis and as a research method. The study involved a combination of two approaches, namely desktop research followed by interviews and focus group sessions.
The study found that a number of limitations and shortcomings in the conduct of the project impacted on the mixed results and success achieved, pertaining to selection criteria, lack of financial and other resources, training, market-related problems, skill set limitations as well as environmental factors such as transport. The study nevertheless cast useful light on potential changes and recommendations that could enhance the project going forward and provides new insights on the complex relationship between the informal and formal economies and their relative potential for addressing the challenges of employment and economic growth.
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Snow, Byron. "Finding the Maputo Central Market (Mercardo Central de Maputo) : seeing the informal economy in formal architecture." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/30015.
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The low-lying Baixa area of Maputo, is the historic and current city centre of Maputo. The district is an important transport hub, and business centre of Mozambique. The Mercado Central de Maputo (Maputo Central Market), is the only infrastructure provided in support of the micro-enterprisers and traders of the city. The Central Market has reached capacity, and informal street markets have developed to the north. These have become fractured and disconnected from facilities that allow for clean, comfortable, hygienic trade, and a healthier business environment. The architectural proposal offers a solution to the current inadequate trader infrastructure, while also recognizing the area’s heritage and economic significance. The fluxing character of the market is also important in the design. Promotion of micro-enterprise and consequent economic growth will be achieved through an upgrade and expansion of market related facilities. This will allow a greater number of marginalised vendors formal recognition and legitimacy. The intervention will act as a catalyst project in the urban regeneration, through the consolidation of the fractured market areas. Increasing the market’s drawing power on potential customers will promote the Central Market as a destination within its own right.<br>Dissertation (MArch(Prof))--University of Pretoria, 2011.<br>Architecture<br>unrestricted
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Monyebodi, Monyaku. "The challenge of formalising the local economy : South African township retail industry." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/81686.
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After more than two decades of democracy, South Africa is still faced with challenges of unemployment, poverty and inequality. The informal sector is one that presents opportunities for making a positive contribution towards solving social problems that South Africa is faced with. While the informal sector is large and offers flexibility in employment, it is associated with low productivity and poor governance as traders in the informal sector are not obliged to register their businesses and therefore cannot make tax contributions. The lack of formalisation of the informal sector not only impacts the government for not being able to account for the sector, but it also creates barriers for those trading in the sector. The study adopted qualitative research methods to gain insights into describing and exploring the meaning research participants use to construct and interpret their world of reality, such as formalising the informal sector to stimulate economic growth in South African Townships. A total of 15 semi-structured interviews were conducted with business owners in the retail informal sector, managers of big corporates in retail in the formal sector and government employees from various departments who were represented by those in relevant positions such as directors, heads of departments, regional and board members. Interviews were analysed by means of thematic analysis.
The key findings from literature indicated that the informal sector is broad and there is no one definition of the informal sector. It was also established that there is a direct relationship that exists between the state and the informal sector, however there is an indirect relationship that exists between the formal and informal sector as further explained in institutional and stakeholder theory. The lack of development in the informal sector can be attributed to the non-existence of policies to guide and regulate the existence of the informal sector. The insights shared from the interviews pointed to the applicability of the proposed model in terms of formalising the informal sector.<br>Mini Dissertation (MBA)--University of Pretoria, 2021.<br>Gordon Institute of Business Science (GIBS)<br>MBA<br>Unrestricted
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Brand, Riaan. "Development of a business framework to integrate informal SMMEs and entrepreneurs with the formal South African economy." Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/2736.
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Thesis (MScEng (Industrial Engineering))--University of Stellenbosch, 2006.<br>South Africa has an uneven distribution of economic wealth. The political history of recent
decades is the main reason for this phenomenon and has led to a situation where vast
numbers of citizens did not receive the necessary training and development to embark on
self-employment or to be employed at existing companies. These circumstances place a
burden on the present government to fight poverty and crime, and in return establish national
well being and economic stability. It requires them to find innovative ways by which they
can promote business development and create sustainable jobs for unemployed people.
Various programmes to improve the delivery of essential social services to the majority of
the population are under way. However, the vast numbers of people in desperate need for
employment or other income generating activities outstrip the support programmes already
implemented by the government.
Actions from the government are aimed at supporting and training previously disadvantaged
entrepreneurs to become active contributors to the economy. One method of generating
employment opportunities is through the deployment of SMMEs (Small Medium and Micro
Enterprises) that can operate as part of the formal economy. “South Africa's 2-million small
businesses represent 98% of the country's total number of firms, employ 55% of the labour
force and contribute 42% of the country's wage bill. Yet 87% of these enterprises are
survivalist and operate outside the formal economy” (Le Roux, 2006).1 Ideally, one would
like to see previously disadvantaged entrepreneurs as owners of these SMMEs. However,
these entrepreneurs do not necessarily have the capacity to take up business responsibilities
and management.
This research project focuses mainly on situations in the South African economic
environment with specific attention given to SMMEs. The primary objective is to find a
sustainable solution that ensures effective and successful deployment of SMMEs. A solution
is proposed in the form of a Business Framework where similar informal SMMEs are
grouped together to operate under a governing body. This governing body (Business
Framework) provides the necessary infrastructure to support the development of products
and services within these SMMEs. Entrepreneurs and SMMEs affiliated to this Business
Framework are nurtured till they are mature enough to partake in the formal economy. The
Business Framework therefore focuses on the possibilities of incorporating survivalist
1 Source: Business Day, June 27, 2006.(informal) SMMEs with formal economic activities and by doing so, tries to improve their
sustainability and create long-term income generating enterprises.
Development of such a Business Framework requires investigations of the economic
circumstances in which these SMMEs operate. This includes a study of current government
support programmes and the influences of the formal and informal economies on each other.
Various engineering tools and methodologies are applied to evaluate and characterise these
SMMEs. Through the use of Enterprise Life Cycle and Value Chain analyses, internal
business processes of informal SMMEs are studied and shortcomings in terms of business
processes are identified. A GAP-Analysis is performed and from this a list of requirements is
drawn up that the Business Framework should fulfil.
A generic Business Framework is developed using the Zachman Enterprise Reference
Architecture. This concept of a Business Framework is tested by means of a case study and
documented at the end of the report.
This document serves not only to describe project related issues from an academic
perspective, but shares a concept that can be used by governments and private organisations
to deploy business development more dynamically and effectively.
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Camargo, Fernanda Sartori de. "Análise estrutural do emprego formal e informal na economia brasileira." Universidade de São Paulo, 2006. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11132/tde-20092006-161524/.
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A reorganização econômica, caracterizada pelo processo de globalização, provocou alterações nas estruturas produtivas da economia brasileira e, conseqüentemente, mudanças no mercado de trabalho. Essas mudanças refletiram-se nas características setoriais de emprego, trazendo uma grande preocupação quanto às relações de trabalho e à crescente taxa de desemprego. A reorientação do modelo de desenvolvimento, que transitava de proteção ao setor industrial para uma economia aberta e a consolidação da moeda, a partir de 1990, originou profundas mudanças no mercado de trabalho brasileiro. Os postos de trabalho dos setores primário e secundário foram reduzidos, enquanto que, no setor terciário, houve aumento dos empregos, mas não suficiente para absorver todos os trabalhadores liberados dos demais setores. A participação dos trabalhadores no mercado informal no ano de 2003 representava cerca de 52%. Dessa forma, a questão de empregos no Brasil nos últimos anos tem se tornado cada vez mais discutida e questionada quanto à capacidade de gerar novos empregos e qual a qualidade desses empregos. O trabalho pretende discutir as características e evolução do pessoal ocupado procurando analisar a relação setorial entre os empregos formais e informais, a partir de 1990, sob a ótica do modelo Insumo-Produto. Os principais resultados apontam que houve uma redução da capacidade de gerar empregos para cada um milhão de reais da produção. Os dados mostram que apesar da proporção de trabalhadores informais na economia ser superior aos trabalhadores na formalidade, o setor formal foi o responsável por cerca de 60% dos empregos gerados no período estudado.<br>The reorganization of the Brazilian economy, in the globalization process, has brought out changes in its productive structure, and, consequently, changes in the job market. These changes had impact on the employment at the sectoral level, with great concerns related to the labor relations and to the growing unemployment rates. In the 1990s, the change in the focus of the development strategy, from a closed protected economy to an open economy with monetary control, has originated deep changes in the labor market. The number of employed persons in the primary and secondary sector was reduced, while in the tertiary sector there was an increase in the number of jobs, but not enough to absorb all the employees released from the previous two sectors. The share of informal jobs in the Brazilian economy was around 52% in 2003. In this way, the question of employment generated by the economic sectors, in number and quality, has become a crucial issue. The goal of this work is to study the characteristics and the evolution of the occupied persons, and to relate it with the formal and informal job market, as well as the economy productive structure, using for that input-output matrices constructed for the Brazilian economy. The main results show that there was a reduction in the capacity of the economy to generate employment for every million of Reais produced in a given sector. The data also shows that despite the ratio of informal workers in the economy being superior to the workers in the formality, the formal sector was responsible for about 60% of the jobs generated in the period of analysis.
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Ledeneva, Alena V. "Formal institutions and informal networks in Russia : a study of blat." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.286427.
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Adom, Kwame Yeboah-Korang. "Evaluating the relationship between the formal and informal economy in Ghana : a case study of Koforidua in the Eastern Region." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2011. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/14656/.
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This thesis re-evaluates the relationship between formal and informal work in third world cities. Until now, informal work has been theorised either as a residue (modernisation), by-product of contemporary capitalism conducted out of economic necessity (structuralism) or an alternative to formal work chosen due to either an overburdensome state (neo-liberalism) or for social, redistributive, resistance or identity reasons (post-structuralism). Keith Hart was the first scholar to use the concept of the "informal sector", which he employed to describe a large segment of the economy of Ghana during the 1970s. Following Hart's seminal work, there has been a continuous debate about the nature of the relationship between the informal and formal sector. This thesis returns to the birthplace of the concept and through a survey of the contemporary informal economy in' Koforidua it critically re-evaluates these various competing theories of the relationship between formal and informal work. Reporting on data from a study of 80 households and three key institutions in Koforidua in Ghana, the study identifies the multifarious relationships between formal and informal work in Ghana. The major finding is that even though each and every theoretical perspective may be applicable to specific types of informal work, no one theory captures the varied character and multiple meanings of the informal economy as a whole in Ghana. As a consequence, this study asserts that a more far-reaching understanding of the multifaceted and diverse character of the informal economy will only be achieved by using all the theoretical perspectives. The outcome is a call for a rethinking of how to explain the relationship between formal and informal work and for an appreciation of the multiple meanings of informal work in different contexts. This thesis concludes by calling for a review of the potential wider applicability of these findings.
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Tokman, Víctor E. "Las relaciones entre los sectores formal e informal. Una exploración sobre su naturaleza." Economía, 2012. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/117247.
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Desde que la OIT adoptó el concepto de sector informal, se han suscitado intrincadas discusiones que sirvieron, al menos, para estimular el debate sobre el subdesarrollo y permitir una mejor comprensión de sus problemas y soluciones. De este modo se procura estudiar el fenómeno limitado, pero decisivo, de las relaciones que mantiene elsector informal con el resto de la economía. El análisis de estas relaciones es un punto de partida muy fructífero pues permite ordenar los distintos puntos de vista teóricos sobre el sector informal. En efecto, estos criterios pueden distinguirse por el tipo de vinculaciones que establecen entre la economía informal y formal. Así, en la primera parte, el autor presenta los enfoques contrapuestosde las relaciones <<benignas>> y las de explotación, con sus diversas variantes y esboza una perspectiva propia en la que sostiene que aquellas relaciones son de <<subordinación heterogénea>>. En la segunda parte ensaya una estimación para Chile, de la <<balanzade pagos>> del sector informal en relación con el resto de la economía basado en información procedente de las cuentas nacionales; para culminar, en la tercera parte, con la interpretación de los datos de encuestas realizadas en Santiago sobre las características y desempeño del comercio informal.---Since the ILO adopted the concept of informal sector, intricate discussions have emerged that, at least, gave a stimulus to the debate on development and permitted a better understanding of its problems and solutions. It is then of interest to study the limited but critical phenomenon of the relationships between the informal sector and the rest of the economy. The study of these relations is a very fruitful starting point because it permits to organize different theoretical points of view on the informal sector. In fact, these criteria can be distinguished by the type of relations they establish between the formal and informal economies. Thus, in the first part the author presents the opposing approaches of benign relations and relations of exploitation, under their different varieties, and outlines his own approach that maintains that those relations are of <<heterogeneous su bordination>>. In the second part, an attempt is made to estimate the <<balance of payments>> of the informal sector with the rest of the economy in Chile, using national accounts information. Finally, the third part gives an interpretation of the data from surveys made in Santiago on the characteristics and operation of informal retail trade.
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Akponah, Precious O. "The social life of rubbish : an ethnography in Lagos, Nigeria." Thesis, University of Leicester, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/2381/43050.
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This research calls for a reconsideration of the notion of rubbish; one that does not consider disposal as the final act of the production-consumption cycle but, instead, appreciates the practices enacted around rubbish as constitutive of value creation. Drawing on Henri Lefebvre's Production of Space (1991) and Rhythmanalysis (2004) this thesis traces the social life of rubbish to understand the social, cultural, political, and economic practices implicated in the organisation of waste. In particular, I employed a sensory ethnographic approach comprising of participant observations, self-reflexive observations, formal and informal interviews. I undertook a six months fieldwork, where I explored and documented the practices enacted by six sets of stakeholder who are involved in the organisation of rubbish in Lagos, Nigeria. Without overlooking the representational aspects (i.e. interviews, visuals) of practices, this thesis contributes to consumer research and the wider marketing discipline by tackling the more-than-representational elements of practices. The research exposes the spatial dynamics, embodied and multisensory experiences and power relations that are negotiated and co-produced when everyday practices are performed around rubbish. In so doing, I question and challenge the notion of disposal as being limited to environmentalism, green consumption and sustainability. I pushed these boundaries by investigating how rubbish acts as the lifeblood that fuels socio-spatial as well as economic relations in both formal and informal economies. This ethnographic study reveals the coping tactics and spaces of resistance that are utilised by marginalised informal operators to 'make-do' and sometimes subvert the strategies imposed by the formal authorities when they attempt to abolish these practices. The findings unmask the processual quality of practices and the recursive nature of objects in terms of their transformation from a state of 'rubbish' into valuable categories. It also makes visible the manner in which the practices enacted around rubbish (de)synchronises with natural rhythms such as seasons. The thesis alerts policymakers to the contributions of the informal waste economy to the socioeconomic development of the formal economy. It also suggests that the urge to engage in sustainable consumption practices - recycling and less consumption - can have detrimental effects on stakeholders that rely on the surplus or detritus that emerge post consumption to sustain their socioeconomic livelihoods in developing economies across the world such as Lagos, Nigeria.
Books on the topic "Formal and Informal economy"
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Pakistan Institute of Development Economics., ed. A fresh assessment of the underground economy and tax evasion in Pakistan: Causes, consequences and linkages with the formal economy. Pakistan Institute of Development Economics, 2007.
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Formal and informal social safety nets: Growth and development in the modern economy. Palgrave Macmillan, 2014.
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Tripp, Aili Mari. Non-formal institutions, informal economies, and the politics of inclusion. United Nations University, World Institute for Development Economics Research, 2001.
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Sunny, Grace. The second best: The role and constraints of the non-formal sector in Botswana. Research and Publication Committee, University of Botswana, Faculty of Education, 1994.
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Great Britain. Parliament. House of Commons. Committee of Public Accounts. HMRC: Tackling the hidden economy : fifty-fifth report of session 2007-08 : report together with formal minutes, oral and written evidence. Stationery Office, 2008.
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D, West Mark, ed. Economic organizations and corporate governance in Japan: The impact of formal and informal rules. Oxford University Press, 2004.
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Nigro, Giampiero, ed. Il commercio al minuto. Domanda e offerta tra economia formale e informale. Secc. XIII-XVIII / Retail Trade. Supply and demand in the formal and informal economy from the 13th to the 18th century. Firenze University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/978-88-6655-751-7.
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La distribuzione dei beni di consumo nell’Europa medievale e moderna era multiforme e coinvolgeva spazi e attori diversi. Nelle fiere e nei mercati, nelle botteghe più o meno grandi delle città si vendeva ogni tipo di derrate alimentari e di oggetti necessari alla vita quotidiana. Erano anche innumerevoli i piccoli ambulanti che tenevano banco per strada, i contadini che raggiungevano la città per offrire i prodotti dei loro orti o del pollaio, della caccia o della raccolta spontanea, passando di casa in casa. Mercanti ambulanti percorrevano con le loro balle e casse anche le vie meno frequentate, raggiungendo villaggi e frazioni disperse. Una grande molteplicità di attori economici che concorrevano assieme a raggiungere ogni tipo di consumatore, dai più agiati ai più umili. L’obiettivo del progetto di ricerca è stato quello di comprendere l’organizzazione economica e l’evoluzione di queste diverse forme di commercio al minuto. Sul piano dei risultati, i contributi raccolti in questo volume costituiscono la risposta storiograficamente più aggiornata ad alcune delle questioni proposte, come l’analisi dei legami tra le diverse scale spaziali (dalla bottega alle reti europee di mercanti ambulanti), del commercio formale e informale tra regola e pratica, della circolazione dei beni fra città e campagna, delle tensioni fra gli attori di questi scambi, le loro rivalità e i loro accordi, ma anche le attese dei consumatori e le esigenze dello stato, e degli effetti sull’organizzazione istituzionale e dei mestieri della distribuzione nel periodo compreso fra il Medioevo e il XVIII secolo.
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Kenneth, King. Training for the urban informal sector in developing countries: Policy issues for practititoners. Centre of African Studies, 1987.
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Dowall, David E. A tale of two cities: A comparison of Karachi's informal and formal housing delivery systems. Institute of Urban and Regional Development, University of California at Berkeley, 1991.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Formal and Informal economy"
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Söderbaum, Fredrik. "The Political Economy of Formal and Informal Regionalism." In The Political Economy of Regionalism. Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230513716_5.
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D’Souza, Errol. "Informal and Formal Employment in a Liberalizing Economy." In Conceptualizing the Ubiquity of Informal Economy Work. Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-7428-3_3.
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Kitsing, Meelis. "Multilevel formal and informal governance of digital ecosystems." In The Political Economy of Digital Ecosystems. Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003129264-4.
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Langdon, Steven, Archibald R. M. Ritter, and Yiagadeesen Samy. "Labor and Livelihoods: Formal and Informal." In African Economic Development. Routledge, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315690506-9.
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Stefani, Silvana, and Anna Torriero. "Formal and Informal Networks in Organizations." In Advanced Dynamic Modeling of Economic and Social Systems. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-32903-6_6.
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Williams, Colin C., and Ioana A. Horodnic. "Explaining the Informal Economy in Post-Communist Societies: A Study of the Asymmetry Between Formal and Informal Institutions in Romania." In The Informal Economy in Global Perspective. Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-40931-3_7.
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Mbaye, Ahmadou Aly, Nancy Claire Benjamin, and Fatou Gueye. "The Interplay Between Formal and Informal Firms and Its Implications on Jobs in Francophone Africa: Case Studies of Senegal and Benin." In The Informal Economy in Global Perspective. Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-40931-3_12.
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Adom, Kwame. "Formalisation of Entrepreneurship in the Informal Economy in Sub-Saharan Africa and the Role of Formal Institutions: An Analysis of Ghana’s Experience." In The Informal Economy in Global Perspective. Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-40931-3_15.
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Ashraf, Mohammad. "Research and Development, Innovation, and Economic Growth." In Formal and Informal Social Safety Nets. Palgrave Macmillan US, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137388742_3.
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Ashraf, Mohammad. "Income Distribution and Economic Growth and Development." In Formal and Informal Social Safety Nets. Palgrave Macmillan US, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137388742_5.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Formal and Informal economy"
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Buta, Simona. "Organizational Trust - Result of Formal and Informal Relationships Development in Business Organizations." In The 16th Economic International Conference New Challenges and Opportunities for the Economy 4.0, May 7-8th, 2020, Suceava, Romania. LUMEN Publishing House, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.18662/lumproc/ncoe4.0.2020/20.
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Nugroho, Prihadi. "Bringing creative economy to community resilience towards better urban governance." In 55th ISOCARP World Planning Congress, Beyond Metropolis, Jakarta-Bogor, Indonesia. ISOCARP, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.47472/xgsl2437.
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As a growing metropolis in the north coast Java region, Semarang City has been transforming from a port city to a multifunctioning city. Mercantilism tradition has brought forward the local economy into trade and service dominance, shifting the city to become an important marketplace beyond the peripheral boundaries. Interestingly, the city’s urbanisation growth does not follow ‘a common trend’ in Indonesia (and many parts of the world) characterized by modernized urban fabrics with mixed land use. The city is suffered from fragmented physical urban transformation and separated formal and informal economy. The urban sprawling forces are scattered around the city outskirt while the inner city’s development filled up by discontinued commercial properties. On the other hand, there is ‘a new direction’ of urban movement based on the bottom-up kampong revitalisation. Instead of encouraging more modernized physical and economic space, these kampong settlements have proposed creative economy from below useful to (re- )organising the economic space of the urban region. This paper aims to examine how the recent urban transformation in Semarang City has been fuelled by creative economy activities through which the kampong settlements promote local community resilience. Desk study method accompanied by focus group discussions and field observations is completed in pursuit of data collection and analysis. The primary data source is taken from the Local Development Planning Authority project on creative kampong development since 2016. The preliminary results show that kampong-based creative economy movement at the urban scale is beneficial to enhancing the informal economy and urban settlement development. Participatory governance has been strengthened following income generation in situ even though their contribution to community resilience in the long-term still requires further explorations.
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Adebiyi, Juwon, Adebola Bada, Daniel Maduagwu, and Emem Udoh. "Practical Approach for Implementation of the Revised National Policy on Occupational Safety and Health 2020 in the Informal Sector: A Focus on South-South Nigeria." In SPE Nigeria Annual International Conference and Exhibition. SPE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/208225-ms.
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Abstract The regulation of Occupational Safety and Health (OSH) in Nigeria, which is currently seeing some progress in the formal sector, has been short of impressive in the informal sector of the economy. Con- sidering it is the role of every government to ensure that all sectors of the economy operate in a manner that guarantees and ensures the safety and well-being of its citizens, Article 4 of International Labour Organization (ILO) Convention No. 155- Occupational Safety and Health Convention was ratified by the Government of the Federal Republic of Nigeria (FRN) in 1994, which led to the development of a coherent National Policy on Occupational Safety and Health in 2006. This, inter alia, failed to address the informal sector; hence the Revised National Policy on OSH 2020 was introduced by the Govern- ment, through the office of the Honorable Minister of the Federal Ministry of Labour and Employment, as a framework for bridging the existing gap. In a bid to ensure the success of the Policy document, the Department of Occupational Safety and Health of the Federal Ministry of Labour and Employment was designated the Competent Authority by the Government. This paper takes a look at the stakeholders in the informal sector of the economy, focusing on the south- south part of Nigeria, and identifies some of the challenges hampering the effective implementation of Occupational Safety and Health systems needed for the promotion of safety and health at workplaces. It concludes by providing a practical tool that can be a guide for the policy users, especially in the in- formal sector of the Nigerian economy, in alignment with the second of the three determinants of the future of energy, as captured in the theme for NAICE 2021: "The Future of energy – a trilogy of de- terminants; Climate Change, Public Health, and the Global Oil Market".
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Papamichail, Theodora, and Ana Peric. "Informal planning: a tool towards adaptive urban governance." In 55th ISOCARP World Planning Congress, Beyond Metropolis, Jakarta-Bogor, Indonesia. ISOCARP, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.47472/mcur1568.
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Formal planning instruments and procedures have often been unpopular and ineffective for solving complex spatial issues, such as urban sprawl or transport congestion. As a result, such conflicts turn into complex planning tasks that usually exceed the provisioned time and funding, especially when faced with adversarial interests of actors from different organisations, sectors or social groups. Hence, informal planning, as a non-binding supplement to official planning instruments, is often considered highly effective. In its broadest sense, informal planning includes the principles of collaborative dialogue, diverse networks, trustful relationships and tailor-made processes among interested parties. Consequently, informal planning processes foster sound decision-making delivering a spectrum of problem-oriented solutions and increasing public consensus, while enacting experimentation, learning, change, and the creation of shared meanings among stakeholders. However, informal planning cannot be taken for granted – it is strongly interwoven with the planning culture influenced by the historical and political background, and the current socio-economic conditions. This paper revolves around several pillars. After an introductory section, a brief historical overview firstly identifies the place of informal planning in various planning models that have appeared since the 1960s. More specifically, informal planning is analysed against the theoretical concept of collaborative rationality. Finally, the paper focuses on a specific informal planning procedure called the ‘test planning method’, being analysed against the previously elaborated theoretical background. As this instrument links both formal and informal planning, its comparison and interrelation with the theoretical background of collaborative rationality contributes to elucidating the following attributes of adaptive (collaborative) urban governance: 1) flexible and agile institutional arrangements supportive to various kinds of urban planning mechanisms (not only official tools), 2) proactive and imaginative planners ready to accept solutions created outside the technical domain of instrumental rationality, and 3) inclusion of numerous stakeholders to exchange various information and different types of knowledge, i.e. expert and experiential knowledge. Observed through the example of the test planning method, the article finally highlights the successful aspects of informal planning, however, pointing also to its shortcomings, which could be expected in the societies with a lack of key democratic elements
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Bahçe, Abdullah Burhan, and Hatice Dayar. "Dimensions of Informality in Transition Economies and Solutions." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c05.00945.
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In most of the former Soviet economies with the start of transformation, revenue loss and lax payments discipline led to low revenue sharing, as well as inefficient tax collection and tax avoidance is common as a major problem has affected economies in transition. In this study, central and Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union transition countries experienced in tax payments discipline and collection issues are dealt with and a socialist state transformation to a capitalist state in the transition to a market economy from a centrally planned economy with the sustainability of budgetary constraints between state and market are considered. At this point in particular; simple and flat rate tariff preferred in the tax system have considerably reduced the size of the informal economy in transition economies and also the balance has been achieved in fiscal discipline with performance-based budget preferred in the budget system. As a result, about 25 years of the transition-transformation process stages are evaluated in the context of tax system, budgetary and fiscal discipline.
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Shapovalov, V. К., I. F. Igropulo, M. M. Аrutyunyan, and E. V. Khokhoeva. "Psychological and pedagogical features of development of nonformal social-entrepreneural education in the north caucasus." In INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC AND PRACTICAL ONLINE CONFERENCE. Знание-М, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.38006/907345-50-8.2020.708.723.
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The current situation in the North Caucasus is characterized by a high level of social tension, the severity of socio-economic problems, the solution of which is possible on the basis of the potential of social entrepreneurship. The lack of a scientifically based methodological and theoretical basis for teaching social entrepreneurship in the system of non-formal education is a constraining factor in the rapid, holistic development of social entrepreneurship in the republics of the North Caucasus. The aim of the study is to analyze the content-structural and technological features of informal social and entrepreneurial education. The research methodology is based on the application of the basic ideas of system-activity, ecosystem, axiological, andragogical and competency-based approaches. When solving research problems, methods of a comparative analysis of scientific literature on the problem of social entrepreneurship, entrepreneurial education, methods of comparing and summarizing scientific and theoretical results and empirical information were used. The analysis of the experience in the region allowed the authors to identify and present the characteristics of the psychological and pedagogical features of informal social and entrepreneurial education in the North Caucasus: – strategic orientation of non-formal social and entrepreneurial education on advancing social transformations in the region; institutionalization of the system of social and cultural norms that promote the development and support of social entrepreneurship as a factor in youth self-employment, its involvement in innovative socio-educational practices; – axiological potential of non-formal social and entrepreneurial education: the formation of students’ sustained interest in socially oriented entrepreneurial activity; systematic development of their entrepreneurial competencies; – openness of non-formal social and entrepreneurial education: strengthening the relationship of subjects of social and entrepreneurial education in the regions with the external sociocultural environment, actively involving existing social entrepreneurs in the development of the local entrepreneurial community based on the values of the public good, taking into account dynamic social changes in a wide regional and global context. An analysis of the results allows us to conclude that the development of nonformal social and entrepreneurial education involves the widespread use of interactive educational technologies in the formation of applied entrepreneurial competencies of students, the establishment of a new style of interaction of social entrepreneurs based on trust, resource sharing, value-semantic coordination of ideas and approaches to innovative development of the republics North Caucasus.
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Bian, Bo. "The application of micro-regeneration strategy in urban renewal in norther Lima, Perù." In 55th ISOCARP World Planning Congress, Beyond Metropolis, Jakarta-Bogor, Indonesia. ISOCARP, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.47472/rwbv2921.
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Lima, the capital city of Peru, is situated within the country's desert region on the Pacific coast and bordered by the Andes Mountains to the East. It is one of the most fast developing city shifting from both formal and informal urban construction. While traditional renewal model and strategy cannot deal with new situation and complex urban problems of this mega city due to its inner and outer contradictions and complexity. This paper analyses the current situation of San Martin de Porres, a typical district in the northern part of the city, which grew towards the Chillon river corridor mainly during the second half of the twentieth century. It conducts investigation and analysis on the current situation related to social, economy and infrastructure system in this district. It shows that from the perspective of planning and design, urban scale top-down interventions have little positive impact on individual realities. On the opposite, much of the society's knowledge and useful space are created by the residents' active behaviour and informal activities, which belong to the bottomup strategy, and they provide the source for urban vitality. Based on the above content, the paper puts forward the micro-regeneration strategy based on the theory of organic renewal and daily life, which mainly includes three aspects: urban catalysts, space design and corporate mechanism construction. The paper investigate different potential urban catalysts based on the feature of different functional space. It includes the most symbolic area that the latter design would applied to the whole province practically. Space design consists of four aspects: riverbank reuse, street renovation, community building and neighbourhood space transformation. The paper introduces community-based organization and governmental structure based on current top-down model and residents' activities in order to push on the practical work that all the other area could follow. It tries to stimulate the improvement of the current situation and hopes to provide a new mode for the development of this mega city and similar practice
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Quadrato, Vito. "Reinforced concrete prototypes for the factory in Italy (1950-1975). The architectural expressive machines." In 8º Congreso Internacional de Arquitectura Blanca - CIAB 8. Universitat Politècnica València, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/ciab8.2018.7608.
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The relationship between architectural expressiveness and concrete formal structure was the leitmotif of the Italian structuralism in the second post-war two decades. The design of industrial structures radicalized this relationship because of the nature of the production processes that imposed to the architect the dimension of standardisation, repetition and economy of means. This approach reduced the distance between architectural form and informal building. This research aims to show how this condition transforms the idea of design process by some Italian authors, in the restricted field of reinforced-concrete structures for industry. The architectural form becomes a process that includes all the aspects of the project: the technological content (cooling, ventilation and water-drainage systems), the economic side, the engineering start up. In this way, the project of industrial structures is an outcome of the components design, constituted by structural elements (pillars, beams, desk boards), and controlled by the project of a structural bay, as a device for the design process. In this sense, the proposed paper shows the research on the Kodak factory in Marcianise by Aldo Favini and Gianluigi Gh. as a paradigm of this phenomenon. The paper illustrates how the hollow structural form of the elements addresses the problem of the technological content in the architectural design, showing morphological- structural models that isolates the bay as a design device. This aspect defines a specific quality of the industrial prototypes, developed through the professional partnership between the architect and the engineer. The knowledge about this kind of industrial prototypes is useful on one hand to admit these building as an Italian historical heritage that needs to be preserved, on the other hand to understand how it is possible transform these buildings through a new adaptive reuse.
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Полина, Кузнецова, and Суворова Валерия. "THEORETICAL APPROACHES TO ANALYSIS TERRITORIAL ORGANIZATION OF LOCAL SELF-GOVERNMENT IN THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION." In MODERN CITY: POWER, GOVERNANCE, ECONOMICS. Publishing House of Perm National Research Polytechnic University, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.15593/65.049-66/2020.11.
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An analysis of the possibilities of applying theoretical approaches to the study of the territorial foundations of local self-government in the RF is presented. On the basis of the institutional approach, the understanding of the municipal formation as a political institution, conditioned by a complex of formal and informal practices, including the organization of municipal power, the political and administrative limits of its implementation, subject-object relations of local governments and the population, is formulated. The use of a community approach to the analysis of the territorial organization of local self-government makes it possible to study the communicative practices of interaction between the population and local self-government bodies, the degree of involvement of the local community in solving local issues. The use of the economic-geographical approach allows us to consider a municipal formation as a complex of resources that determine the level of its socioeconomic development.
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Grahovac, Dijana, and Senad Softić. "DEVELOPMENT OF CEFTA 2006 – MINI SCHENGEN -ECONOMICS VERSUS POLITICS." In Sixth International Scientific-Business Conference LIMEN Leadership, Innovation, Management and Economics: Integrated Politics of Research. Association of Economists and Managers of the Balkans, Belgrade, Serbia, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.31410/limen.2020.113.
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The effectiveness and efficiency of CEFTA 2006, even after almost a decade and a half, are far from utilising the potential. Member States act more as competitors than as partners, manifested by a significant number of formal and informal non-tariff barriers. There is no true will to fully exploit the potential offered by the free trade zone. This is also reflected in the low utilisation of financial resources envisaged for joint cross-border cooperation projects of IPA I and IPA II funds. All countries focus their international exchanges through trade with the EU, and intra-CEFTA trade is focused only on exports. The EU is making efforts to connect more tightly countries by supporting mini-Schengen project for Western Balkans. The paper will try to answer the questions: what economic benefits can the mentioned model bring and is politics a significant obstruction? The comparative regression analysis of the impact of the exchange of goods and services on the economic development of the member states for CEFTA 1992 and CEFTA 2006 will be presented in the paper. The analysis will be done by using the SPSS statistical program.
Reports on the topic "Formal and Informal economy"
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Aked, Jody. Supply Chains, the Informal Economy, and the Worst Forms of Child Labour. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/clarissa.2021.006.
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As a cohort of people, ‘children in work’ have become critical to the everyday functioning of diverse supply chain systems. This Working Paper considers diverse commodity chains (leather, waste, recycling and sex) to explore the business realities that generate child labour in its worst forms. A review of the literature finds that occurrence of the worst forms of child labour (WFCL) in supply chain systems is contingent on the organising logics and strategies adopted by actors in both the formal and informal economies. Piecing together the available evidence, the paper hypothesises that a supply chain system is sensitive to the use of WFCL when downward pressure to take on business risk cannot be matched by the economic resilience to absorb that risk. Emergencies and persistent stressors may increase risk and reduce resilience, shifting norms and behaviour. There is a need for further work to learn from business owners and workers in the informal economy.
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Harriss-White, Barbara. Innovation in India's Informal Economy. Council for Social Development, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.35648/20.500.12413/11781/ii251.
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Lee, Insup. Extracting Formal Models from Informal Requirements and Using Them for Validation. Defense Technical Information Center, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada499764.
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Saunders, Vicky, Steven Roche, Morag McArthur, and Erin Barry. Barriers to formal and informal supports for refugee families in Australia. Child Family Community Australia, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.24268/fhs.8338.
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Hall, Bronwyn, Christian Helmers, Mark Rogers, and Vania Sena. The Choice between Formal and Informal Intellectual Property: A Literature Review. National Bureau of Economic Research, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w17983.
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Farber, Henry, and Michael White. A Comparison of Formal and Informal Dispute Resolution in Medical Malpractice. National Bureau of Economic Research, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w4371.
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Walsh, Alex, and Ben Hassine. Mediation and Peacebuilding in Tunisia: Actors and Practice. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2021.061.
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This Helpdesk Report is part mapping of the mediation and peacebuilding actors in Tunisia and part review of the available literature. There are a host of governmental and non-governmental organisations (NGOs) that are involved in the mediation of conflicts and peacebuilding, both in formal and informal ways. There is overlap in the principles and goals of peacebuilding and mediation; many organisations conduct both practices, intermingling them. Local, regional, national and international actors have applied mediation and peacebuilding to many different types of conflict in the past decade in Tunisia, involving varied parties. The case studies included in this rapid review cover conflicts relating to labour and the economy, the environment, basic services, constitutional/political disputes, and women’s rights. They involve local communities, the unemployed national and regional trade unions, civil society organisations (CSOs), national utility and mineral companies, and political parties.
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Enfield, Sue. Covid-19 Impact on Employment and Skills for the Labour Market. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2021.081.
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This literature review draws from academic and grey literature, published largely as institutional reports and blogs. Most information found considered global impacts on employment and the labour market with the particular impact for the very high numbers of youth, women, migrant workers, and people with disabilities who are more likely to be employed in the informal sector. There has been a high negative impact on the informal sector and for precariously employed groups. The informal labour market is largest in low and middle-income countries and engages 2 billion workers (62 percent) of the global workforce (currently around 3.3 billion). Particularly in low- and middle-income countries, hard-hit sectors have a high proportion of workers in informal employment and workers with limited access to health services and social protection. Economic contractions are particularly challenging for micro, small, and medium enterprises to weather. Reduced working hours and staff reductions both increase worker poverty and hardship. Women, migrant workers, and youth form a major part of the workforce in the informal economy since they are more likely to work in these vulnerable, low-paying informal jobs where there are few protections, and they are not reached by government support measures. Young people have been affected in two ways as many have had their education interrupted; those in work these early years of employment (with its continued important learning on the job) have been interrupted or in some cases ended.
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Killourhy, Kevin, Yee-Yin Choong, and Mary Theofanos. Taxonomic Rules for Password Policies: Translating the Informal to the Formal Language. National Institute of Standards and Technology, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.6028/nist.ir.7970.
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Peters, Amos. Estimating the Size of the Informal Economy in Caribbean States. Inter-American Development Bank, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0000791.
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