Dissertations / Theses: 'Formal and Informal economy'

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Park, Hyun Kyu. "Empirical analysis of disguised relationships between formal economy firms and informal economy enterprises." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2018. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/277907.

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Scholarly interest in the informal economy has burgeoned in recent years, in anticipation of expanding our knowledge beyond the easily observable organizational life that takes place within the formal economic system. In line with this research endeavour, the present work represents a focused study of what I have labelled 'disguised relationships'. These ties result in repeated transactions between informal economy enterprises, which fail to comply with certain elements of the laws and regulations applying to their operations, and formal firms, which operate within the state-sanctioned formal economy. Drawing on an abductive reasoning process and grounded theory approach, I conduct a case study that captures the interactions between two leading cosmetics firms (i.e. formal firms) and ten daigou enterprises (i.e. informal enterprises) between 2013 and 2017. The examination of multiple data sources (i.e. interviews, news articles and social media observations) suggests that the organizational landscape under study differs considerably from the one in which formal firms are portrayed as rational choosers of best-performing partners or exploiters of subordinate actors within the informal economy. Rather, disguised relationships emerge in a unilateral and disguised fashion following the lead of informal enterprises, and formal firms unintentionally engage in the unexpected ties. Furthermore, disguised relationships create the image of dynamism replete with, metaphorically speaking, give-take, push-pull and chase-evade. More specifically, the emergent model illustrates the interactive practices through four mechanisms: (a) informal enterprises gaining social acceptability from certain society groups and acquiring the necessary resources from the members of identity-based groups; (b) drawing on this momentum, informal enterprises forming unilateral ties with formal firms in a disguised manner; (c) formal firms counteracting the unexpected ties, with temporary compromising on the counteracting efforts; and (d) informal enterprises avoiding the combatting efforts of formal firms through socially learnt tactics and leveraging network brokers (i.e. actors sharing the same ethnic/cultural backgrounds with informal enterprises while at the same time working for formal firms). This thesis makes contributions to the literature on both interorganizational relationships and the informal economy by overcoming the perennial problem of 'dualism' that is prevalent in the extant work. First, while the subject-object dualism bestows upon formal firms a heroic status such that they are conceptualized as rational actors forming interorganizational relationships, always on the basis of plans and goals, the current work argues that formal firms may participate in unexpected, yet lasting, ties, which requires ongoing situational responsiveness. Second, the structure-agency dualism projects the static image in which formal firms deliberately establish exploitative ties with structurally isolated informal enterprises, whereas the present study suggests that informal enterprises may exercise agency to proactively establish or dissolve connections with formal firms and to strengthen or weaken the relationships at their discretion. As such, dynamism figures prominently in the interorganizational relationships between formal firms and informal enterprises.

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Duncan, Charleen Lucille. "Townships to CBD: The project of ten informal traders in the formal economy of Cape Town, Western Cape." University of the Western Cape, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/7261.

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Magister Artium (Development Studies) - MA(DVS) The Quarterly Labour Force survey by Statistics South Africa (2019) portrays a very bleak future for the South African economy and labour force. The unemployment rate is 27.6% and youth unemployment stands at 55.2%. The National Development Plan (NDP) recognises the relevance of the informal sector and the value that it will contribute to the economy and to solving the challenges of unemployment in South Africa. The NDP projects that the informal sector, which includes domestic work, will create between 1,2 and 2 million new jobs by 2030. Few studies have been conducted on informal trading projects. This study explores the case of a ‗transitional‘ informal enterprise support project aimed at micro-enterprise development wherein 10 informal traders in Cape Town took occupancy of provincial government-sponsored kiosks on 9 May 2016. The Long Street kiosks (LSK) offer 10 traders per year a unique trading opportunity in the CBD free of rent and service charges for a period of one year, with access to a unique and potentially large market. The purpose of this study is to critically examine the role played in the informal enterprise development project by the Western Cape provincial government through its project manager, the Department of Economic Development and Tourism (DEDAT). This research attempts to investigate aspects of project design such as the selection criteria of the informal traders for the project, and selected results such as whether the project provided the traders with enough market exposure to the formal economy and whether their businesses were improved by participation in the project. The qualitative research approach was used for this study of the LSK project, which was a single case study, as both a unit of analysis and as a research method. The study involved a combination of two approaches, namely desktop research followed by interviews and focus group sessions. The study found that a number of limitations and shortcomings in the conduct of the project impacted on the mixed results and success achieved, pertaining to selection criteria, lack of financial and other resources, training, market-related problems, skill set limitations as well as environmental factors such as transport. The study nevertheless cast useful light on potential changes and recommendations that could enhance the project going forward and provides new insights on the complex relationship between the informal and formal economies and their relative potential for addressing the challenges of employment and economic growth.

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Snow, Byron. "Finding the Maputo Central Market (Mercardo Central de Maputo) : seeing the informal economy in formal architecture." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/30015.

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The low-lying Baixa area of Maputo, is the historic and current city centre of Maputo. The district is an important transport hub, and business centre of Mozambique. The Mercado Central de Maputo (Maputo Central Market), is the only infrastructure provided in support of the micro-enterprisers and traders of the city. The Central Market has reached capacity, and informal street markets have developed to the north. These have become fractured and disconnected from facilities that allow for clean, comfortable, hygienic trade, and a healthier business environment. The architectural proposal offers a solution to the current inadequate trader infrastructure, while also recognizing the area’s heritage and economic significance. The fluxing character of the market is also important in the design. Promotion of micro-enterprise and consequent economic growth will be achieved through an upgrade and expansion of market related facilities. This will allow a greater number of marginalised vendors formal recognition and legitimacy. The intervention will act as a catalyst project in the urban regeneration, through the consolidation of the fractured market areas. Increasing the market’s drawing power on potential customers will promote the Central Market as a destination within its own right. Dissertation (MArch(Prof))--University of Pretoria, 2011. Architecture unrestricted

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Monyebodi, Monyaku. "The challenge of formalising the local economy : South African township retail industry." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/81686.

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After more than two decades of democracy, South Africa is still faced with challenges of unemployment, poverty and inequality. The informal sector is one that presents opportunities for making a positive contribution towards solving social problems that South Africa is faced with. While the informal sector is large and offers flexibility in employment, it is associated with low productivity and poor governance as traders in the informal sector are not obliged to register their businesses and therefore cannot make tax contributions. The lack of formalisation of the informal sector not only impacts the government for not being able to account for the sector, but it also creates barriers for those trading in the sector. The study adopted qualitative research methods to gain insights into describing and exploring the meaning research participants use to construct and interpret their world of reality, such as formalising the informal sector to stimulate economic growth in South African Townships. A total of 15 semi-structured interviews were conducted with business owners in the retail informal sector, managers of big corporates in retail in the formal sector and government employees from various departments who were represented by those in relevant positions such as directors, heads of departments, regional and board members. Interviews were analysed by means of thematic analysis. The key findings from literature indicated that the informal sector is broad and there is no one definition of the informal sector. It was also established that there is a direct relationship that exists between the state and the informal sector, however there is an indirect relationship that exists between the formal and informal sector as further explained in institutional and stakeholder theory. The lack of development in the informal sector can be attributed to the non-existence of policies to guide and regulate the existence of the informal sector. The insights shared from the interviews pointed to the applicability of the proposed model in terms of formalising the informal sector. Mini Dissertation (MBA)--University of Pretoria, 2021. Gordon Institute of Business Science (GIBS) MBA Unrestricted

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Brand, Riaan. "Development of a business framework to integrate informal SMMEs and entrepreneurs with the formal South African economy." Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/2736.

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Thesis (MScEng (Industrial Engineering))--University of Stellenbosch, 2006. South Africa has an uneven distribution of economic wealth. The political history of recent decades is the main reason for this phenomenon and has led to a situation where vast numbers of citizens did not receive the necessary training and development to embark on self-employment or to be employed at existing companies. These circumstances place a burden on the present government to fight poverty and crime, and in return establish national well being and economic stability. It requires them to find innovative ways by which they can promote business development and create sustainable jobs for unemployed people. Various programmes to improve the delivery of essential social services to the majority of the population are under way. However, the vast numbers of people in desperate need for employment or other income generating activities outstrip the support programmes already implemented by the government. Actions from the government are aimed at supporting and training previously disadvantaged entrepreneurs to become active contributors to the economy. One method of generating employment opportunities is through the deployment of SMMEs (Small Medium and Micro Enterprises) that can operate as part of the formal economy. “South Africa's 2-million small businesses represent 98% of the country's total number of firms, employ 55% of the labour force and contribute 42% of the country's wage bill. Yet 87% of these enterprises are survivalist and operate outside the formal economy” (Le Roux, 2006).1 Ideally, one would like to see previously disadvantaged entrepreneurs as owners of these SMMEs. However, these entrepreneurs do not necessarily have the capacity to take up business responsibilities and management. This research project focuses mainly on situations in the South African economic environment with specific attention given to SMMEs. The primary objective is to find a sustainable solution that ensures effective and successful deployment of SMMEs. A solution is proposed in the form of a Business Framework where similar informal SMMEs are grouped together to operate under a governing body. This governing body (Business Framework) provides the necessary infrastructure to support the development of products and services within these SMMEs. Entrepreneurs and SMMEs affiliated to this Business Framework are nurtured till they are mature enough to partake in the formal economy. The Business Framework therefore focuses on the possibilities of incorporating survivalist 1 Source: Business Day, June 27, 2006.(informal) SMMEs with formal economic activities and by doing so, tries to improve their sustainability and create long-term income generating enterprises. Development of such a Business Framework requires investigations of the economic circumstances in which these SMMEs operate. This includes a study of current government support programmes and the influences of the formal and informal economies on each other. Various engineering tools and methodologies are applied to evaluate and characterise these SMMEs. Through the use of Enterprise Life Cycle and Value Chain analyses, internal business processes of informal SMMEs are studied and shortcomings in terms of business processes are identified. A GAP-Analysis is performed and from this a list of requirements is drawn up that the Business Framework should fulfil. A generic Business Framework is developed using the Zachman Enterprise Reference Architecture. This concept of a Business Framework is tested by means of a case study and documented at the end of the report. This document serves not only to describe project related issues from an academic perspective, but shares a concept that can be used by governments and private organisations to deploy business development more dynamically and effectively.

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Camargo, Fernanda Sartori de. "Análise estrutural do emprego formal e informal na economia brasileira." Universidade de São Paulo, 2006. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11132/tde-20092006-161524/.

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A reorganização econômica, caracterizada pelo processo de globalização, provocou alterações nas estruturas produtivas da economia brasileira e, conseqüentemente, mudanças no mercado de trabalho. Essas mudanças refletiram-se nas características setoriais de emprego, trazendo uma grande preocupação quanto às relações de trabalho e à crescente taxa de desemprego. A reorientação do modelo de desenvolvimento, que transitava de proteção ao setor industrial para uma economia aberta e a consolidação da moeda, a partir de 1990, originou profundas mudanças no mercado de trabalho brasileiro. Os postos de trabalho dos setores primário e secundário foram reduzidos, enquanto que, no setor terciário, houve aumento dos empregos, mas não suficiente para absorver todos os trabalhadores liberados dos demais setores. A participação dos trabalhadores no mercado informal no ano de 2003 representava cerca de 52%. Dessa forma, a questão de empregos no Brasil nos últimos anos tem se tornado cada vez mais discutida e questionada quanto à capacidade de gerar novos empregos e qual a qualidade desses empregos. O trabalho pretende discutir as características e evolução do pessoal ocupado procurando analisar a relação setorial entre os empregos formais e informais, a partir de 1990, sob a ótica do modelo Insumo-Produto. Os principais resultados apontam que houve uma redução da capacidade de gerar empregos para cada um milhão de reais da produção. Os dados mostram que apesar da proporção de trabalhadores informais na economia ser superior aos trabalhadores na formalidade, o setor formal foi o responsável por cerca de 60% dos empregos gerados no período estudado. The reorganization of the Brazilian economy, in the globalization process, has brought out changes in its productive structure, and, consequently, changes in the job market. These changes had impact on the employment at the sectoral level, with great concerns related to the labor relations and to the growing unemployment rates. In the 1990s, the change in the focus of the development strategy, from a closed protected economy to an open economy with monetary control, has originated deep changes in the labor market. The number of employed persons in the primary and secondary sector was reduced, while in the tertiary sector there was an increase in the number of jobs, but not enough to absorb all the employees released from the previous two sectors. The share of informal jobs in the Brazilian economy was around 52% in 2003. In this way, the question of employment generated by the economic sectors, in number and quality, has become a crucial issue. The goal of this work is to study the characteristics and the evolution of the occupied persons, and to relate it with the formal and informal job market, as well as the economy productive structure, using for that input-output matrices constructed for the Brazilian economy. The main results show that there was a reduction in the capacity of the economy to generate employment for every million of Reais produced in a given sector. The data also shows that despite the ratio of informal workers in the economy being superior to the workers in the formality, the formal sector was responsible for about 60% of the jobs generated in the period of analysis.

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Ledeneva, Alena V. "Formal institutions and informal networks in Russia : a study of blat." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.286427.

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Adom, Kwame Yeboah-Korang. "Evaluating the relationship between the formal and informal economy in Ghana : a case study of Koforidua in the Eastern Region." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2011. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/14656/.

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This thesis re-evaluates the relationship between formal and informal work in third world cities. Until now, informal work has been theorised either as a residue (modernisation), by-product of contemporary capitalism conducted out of economic necessity (structuralism) or an alternative to formal work chosen due to either an overburdensome state (neo-liberalism) or for social, redistributive, resistance or identity reasons (post-structuralism). Keith Hart was the first scholar to use the concept of the "informal sector", which he employed to describe a large segment of the economy of Ghana during the 1970s. Following Hart's seminal work, there has been a continuous debate about the nature of the relationship between the informal and formal sector. This thesis returns to the birthplace of the concept and through a survey of the contemporary informal economy in' Koforidua it critically re-evaluates these various competing theories of the relationship between formal and informal work. Reporting on data from a study of 80 households and three key institutions in Koforidua in Ghana, the study identifies the multifarious relationships between formal and informal work in Ghana. The major finding is that even though each and every theoretical perspective may be applicable to specific types of informal work, no one theory captures the varied character and multiple meanings of the informal economy as a whole in Ghana. As a consequence, this study asserts that a more far-reaching understanding of the multifaceted and diverse character of the informal economy will only be achieved by using all the theoretical perspectives. The outcome is a call for a rethinking of how to explain the relationship between formal and informal work and for an appreciation of the multiple meanings of informal work in different contexts. This thesis concludes by calling for a review of the potential wider applicability of these findings.

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Tokman, Víctor E. "Las relaciones entre los sectores formal e informal. Una exploración sobre su naturaleza." Economía, 2012. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/117247.

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Desde que la OIT adoptó el concepto de sector informal, se han suscitado intrincadas discusiones que sirvieron, al menos, para estimular el debate sobre el subdesarrollo y permitir una mejor comprensión de sus problemas y soluciones. De este modo se procura estudiar el fenómeno limitado, pero decisivo, de las relaciones que mantiene elsector informal con el resto de la economía. El análisis de estas relaciones es un punto de partida muy fructífero pues permite ordenar los distintos puntos de vista teóricos sobre el sector informal. En efecto, estos criterios pueden distinguirse por el tipo de vinculaciones que establecen entre la economía informal y formal. Así, en la primera parte, el autor presenta los enfoques contrapuestosde las relaciones <<benignas>> y las de explotación, con sus diversas variantes y esboza una perspectiva propia en la que sostiene que aquellas relaciones son de <<subordinación heterogénea>>. En la segunda parte ensaya una estimación para Chile, de la <<balanzade pagos>> del sector informal en relación con el resto de la economía basado en información procedente de las cuentas nacionales; para culminar, en la tercera parte, con la interpretación de los datos de encuestas realizadas en Santiago sobre las características y desempeño del comercio informal.---Since the ILO adopted the concept of informal sector, intricate discussions have emerged that, at least, gave a stimulus to the debate on development and permitted a better understanding of its problems and solutions. It is then of interest to study the limited but critical phenomenon of the relationships between the informal sector and the rest of the economy. The study of these relations is a very fruitful starting point because it permits to organize different theoretical points of view on the informal sector. In fact, these criteria can be distinguished by the type of relations they establish between the formal and informal economies. Thus, in the first part the author presents the opposing approaches of benign relations and relations of exploitation, under their different varieties, and outlines his own approach that maintains that those relations are of <<heterogeneous su bordination>>. In the second part, an attempt is made to estimate the <<balance of payments>> of the informal sector with the rest of the economy in Chile, using national accounts information. Finally, the third part gives an interpretation of the data from surveys made in Santiago on the characteristics and operation of informal retail trade.

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Akponah, Precious O. "The social life of rubbish : an ethnography in Lagos, Nigeria." Thesis, University of Leicester, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/2381/43050.

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This research calls for a reconsideration of the notion of rubbish; one that does not consider disposal as the final act of the production-consumption cycle but, instead, appreciates the practices enacted around rubbish as constitutive of value creation. Drawing on Henri Lefebvre's Production of Space (1991) and Rhythmanalysis (2004) this thesis traces the social life of rubbish to understand the social, cultural, political, and economic practices implicated in the organisation of waste. In particular, I employed a sensory ethnographic approach comprising of participant observations, self-reflexive observations, formal and informal interviews. I undertook a six months fieldwork, where I explored and documented the practices enacted by six sets of stakeholder who are involved in the organisation of rubbish in Lagos, Nigeria. Without overlooking the representational aspects (i.e. interviews, visuals) of practices, this thesis contributes to consumer research and the wider marketing discipline by tackling the more-than-representational elements of practices. The research exposes the spatial dynamics, embodied and multisensory experiences and power relations that are negotiated and co-produced when everyday practices are performed around rubbish. In so doing, I question and challenge the notion of disposal as being limited to environmentalism, green consumption and sustainability. I pushed these boundaries by investigating how rubbish acts as the lifeblood that fuels socio-spatial as well as economic relations in both formal and informal economies. This ethnographic study reveals the coping tactics and spaces of resistance that are utilised by marginalised informal operators to 'make-do' and sometimes subvert the strategies imposed by the formal authorities when they attempt to abolish these practices. The findings unmask the processual quality of practices and the recursive nature of objects in terms of their transformation from a state of 'rubbish' into valuable categories. It also makes visible the manner in which the practices enacted around rubbish (de)synchronises with natural rhythms such as seasons. The thesis alerts policymakers to the contributions of the informal waste economy to the socioeconomic development of the formal economy. It also suggests that the urge to engage in sustainable consumption practices - recycling and less consumption - can have detrimental effects on stakeholders that rely on the surplus or detritus that emerge post consumption to sustain their socioeconomic livelihoods in developing economies across the world such as Lagos, Nigeria.

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Sampen, Gamarra Natalia Elizabeth. "Medidas de carácter administrativo-tributario para evitar que una empresa formal migre al sector informal." Bachelor's thesis, Universidad Católica Santo Toribio de Mogrovejo, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12423/2538.

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La informalidad al ser un problema socio-económico afecta a todos los habitantes del país, debido a que ocasiona desorden y caos, y en comparación de años anteriores viene expandiéndose más. Es así que, la informalidad se explica por varias razones, la principal vinculada al descalce existente entre la realidad y la enmarañada normatividad que aún subsiste. Si una micro, pequeña y mediana empresa tiene que dejar de producir para dedicar muchas horas de trabajo a su propia formalización, su opción será mantenerse en la informalidad. Por esa razón es necesario investigar el tema de informalidad para darnos cuentas el gran grado de afectación a la sociedad y economía; y comprender que está afectando directamente al desarrollo del país mediante la evasión de impuesto y por lo tanto es necesario definir con exactitud cuáles son los factores que conllevan a que se realice estas actividades. La presente investigación producirá los siguientes beneficios: Precisará la magnitud del efecto de la presión tributaria, las sanciones tributarias y los trámites en la informalidad de las empresas, dotará de información para mejorar el diseño del actual sistema tributario, en la cual se pueda reducir el excesivo formalismo, donde armonice una alta recaudación de Estado con la aceptación de los compromisos tributarios por parte del contribuyente. Esto colaborará con la corrección de las disfuncionalidades que se producen en la economía nacional por la presencia de los altos niveles de informalidad; así mismo se aplicarán estrategias de Educación Tributaria para así evitar que los microempresarios formales se conviertan en informales. Consideramos transcendental la formalización ya que trae consigo no sólo el desarrollo del microempresario, sino también el desarrollo de la sociedad y del país, por ende, esta investigación permitirá concientizar a los microempresarios con información clara y moderna así no tendrán motivo de informalidad. Tesis

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Agbaw, Margaret Niger-Thomas. ""Buying futures", the upsurge of female entrepreneurship crossing the formal and informal divide in Southwest Cameroon /." Leiden : Research School of Asian, African and Amerindian Studies, Universiteit Leiden, 2000. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/46758493.html.

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Furtado, Isabela Brandão. "Efeitos da provisão pública de bens sobre a escolha de trabalho no setor formal e informal da economia." reponame:Repositório Institucional do FGV, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10438/10929.

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Submitted by Isabela Brandão Furtado (belabfurt@gmail.com) on 2013-06-24T13:07:50Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação_Isabela.pdf: 790962 bytes, checksum: addfae3ad3fe759333b1099f0f0265a4 (MD5) Approved for entry into archive by Suzinei Teles Garcia Garcia (suzinei.garcia@fgv.br) on 2013-06-24T15:51:30Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação_Isabela.pdf: 790962 bytes, checksum: addfae3ad3fe759333b1099f0f0265a4 (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2013-06-24T18:17:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação_Isabela.pdf: 790962 bytes, checksum: addfae3ad3fe759333b1099f0f0265a4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-05-24 This paper investigates role played by public good provision on individual's labor supply choice of working in formal or informal sector. An extension of Sandmo's (1981) tax evasion model, with the inclusion of government spending in the individual's utility function, provides theoretical motivation to analyze the effect of public good provision on the decision of individuals to allocate hours in the formal or informal sector. Using PNAD (National Household Sample Survey) 2008 and 2009 data it is possible to obtain information about households accessing infrastructure (water, electricity, sewage and garbage collection), using public school, college and health services as well as individual safety feeling. The empirical analysis establishes a correlation between infrastructure (negative), primary and secondary school, college, health and safety (positive) and the share of informal hours. These correlations may suggest that the provision of those public goods effects differently the formal and informal labor supply. Due to the large differences between individuals with and without access to public services, it is not possible to identify causal effect of public good provision on the probability of working in the formal sector. Este trabalho investiga a relação entre a provisão de bens pelo setor público e a escolha dos indivíduos de trabalhar no setor formal ou informal da economia. A extensão do modelo de evasão fiscal de Sandmo (1981), com a inclusão do gasto do governo na utilidade dos indivíduos, estabelece motivação teórica para analisar o efeito do bem provido publicamente sobre a decisão dos indivíduos de alocar horas no setor formal ou informal. Utilizando dados da PNAD (Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de Domicílios) de 2008 e 2009, são obtidas informações sobre domicílios com acesso à infraestrutura (água, energia elétrica, esgotamento sanitário e coleta de lixo), utilização de Educação Básica, Ensino Superior, serviços públicos de saúde e sentimento de segurança dos indivíduos. A análise empírica estabelece uma correlação entre infraestrutura (negativa), Educação Básica, Ensino Superior, saúde e segurança (positiva) e a proporção de horas dedicadas ao trabalho informal. Isto pode sugerir que a provisão destes bens afeta o mercado de trabalho formal e informal de maneira diferenciada. Devido à grande diferença entre indivíduos com e sem acesso aos serviços públicos, não é possível identificar efeito causal do bem provido publicamente sobre a probabilidade de trabalhar no setor formal.

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Gumbo, Trynos. "On ideology change and spatial and structural linkages between formal and informal economic sectors in Zimbabwean cities (1981-2010)." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/79861.

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Thesis (PhD)--Stellenbosch University, 2013. ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Zimbabwean cities have been experiencing wide-ranging economic restructuring since independence in 1980. The relationships between the declining formal economy and the growing informal economy concomitant with political and economic ideological shifts over the years have not been studied extensively and are not well understood. In this study the impact of political and economic ideological shifts on the growth, spatial and structural linkages between the two sectors over the three decades, from 1981-2010, in the country’s two main cities, Harare and Bulawayo, is investigated. Mixed-method approaches were applied to gather spatial, quantitative and qualitative data. Geospatial data were created using 1164 and 857 geographical positioning system locational points of informal economic enterprises in Harare and Bulawayo respectively. Maps of the two cities were scanned, georeferenced, projected and digitised. Longitudinal and crosssectional data were gathered from archival sources and through 300 and 600 questionnaire surveys of formal and informal economic operators respectively. Qualitative data was generated from 30 interviews that were conducted with professionals that influence the operations of the two sectors. The data were analysed using GIS, SPSS and Statistica software to reveal the temporal growth of the two sectors, as well as their spatial and structural linkages. It was found that the informal sector grew by 17% under the socialist policies of the 1980s. This increase was partly attributable to overurbanisation because the urban labour force increased at an average of 3% per annum compared to the formal economic sector that generated employment at an average of only 2.2% per annum throughout the 1980s. The shifts toward neo-liberal economic policies at the beginning of the 1990s resulted in immense retrenchments, forcing many workers to join the informal sector. As formal firms adjusted their operations to fight global competition, employment generation declined to an average of 1% per annum throughout the1990s. The informal sector responded by employing 61% of the labour force by 2001. The adoption of authoritarian policies at the beginning of the 2000s accelerated the decline of the formal economy which recorded negative growths for most of the first decade of the millennium. This led to the rapid rise of informal sector employment to an astronomic level of 87.8% in 2008. The investigation revealed substantial locational transformations of both formal and informal economic enterprises. During the 30-year period, informal economic businesses spread in low-income suburbs, city centres and neighbourhood and district shopping centres. 16.3% of formal economic enterprises left the city centres preferring secure medium density suburbs close to the CBDs, shopping complexes, industrial, office and business parks on the edges of the cities. 83.7% remained in the city centres and industrial centres where informalisation of operations was one of the strategies employed to fight competition, whilst 86.3% and 22.8% informal economic enterprises licensed and registered their operations respectively over the 30 year period. These spatial and structural changes resulted in linkages being formed between the two sectors. The nature of the linkages is largely influenced by the position of the informal businesses on a continuum of informal enterprises ranging from traditional, through transitional to semi-formal. It was found that traditional and transitional enterprises had strong backward linkages with formal businesses where they purchase their goods and raw materials. Forward linkages exist where semi-formal businesses sell furniture, building materials and clothing to formal businesses. Thus, a symbiosis exists, but linkages are very exploitative as formal businesses tend to dictate the terms of business. The reciprocal-supportive model was extended by adding four pillars that influence the operations of the two sectors to produce a differential complexity model of informalisation (DCMI). The reasons or causes of informalisation (RE); the subsectors that comprise the two sectors (SE); the various locations of the two sectors’ businesses (L); and the levels of formality and informality (Ls) are integrated in the DCMI to aid comprehension of the linkages between the two sectors. The model can be adjusted and applied to various urban settings, allowing for the development of the two sectors spatially, structurally and temporally. AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Zimbabwe se stede is sedert die land se onafhanklikheidswording in 1980 aan omvattende ekonomiese herstrukturering onderworpe. Samelopend met die kwynende formele ekonomie was daar groei en ruimtelike en strukturele veranderings in die informele sektor. Die reaksies van die twee ekonomiese sektore op die politieke en ekonomies-ideologiese verskuiwings gedurende die eerste drie dekades na onafhanklikheid, is nog nie omvattend bestudeer nie en word tot nog toe nie goed verstaan nie. In hierdie studie word hierdie verwantskappe in Zimbabwe se twee hoofstede, Harare en Bulawayo, bestudeer. ‘n Gemengde-metode benadering word gevolg om ruimtelike, kwantitatiewe en kwalitatiewe data in te samel. Georuimtelike data is met behulp van ‘n geografiese posisioneringsisteem, skandering, geoverwysing, projektering en versyfering van kaarte van die twee stede geskep. Kwantitatiewe longitudinale-en dwarsprofieldata is verkry uit argiefbronne en deur middel van vraelysopnames onder formele en informele handelaars. Onderhoude met professionele persone wat die werking van die twee sektore beïnvloed, het kwalitatiewe data gelewer. Die data is met GIS- en SPSSsagteware ontleed om die groei van die twee sektore oor tyd, en hulle ruimtelike en strukturele skakels bloot te lê. Daar is gevind dat die informele sektor met 17% gegroei het onder die sosialistiese beleid van die 1980s. Hierdie toename kan gedeeltelik aan oorverstedeliking toegeskryf word omdat die stedelike arbeidsmag met ‘n gemiddelde van 3% jaarliks toegeneem het in vergelyking met die formele sektor wat werksgeleenthede slegs teen 2.2% jaarliks gedurende die 1980s gegenereer het. Verskuiwings na neoliberale ekonomiese beleid teen die begin van die 1990s het grootskaalse afdankings tot gevolg gehad, wat baie werkers gedwing het om by die informele sektor aan te sluit. Namate formele ondernemings aanpassings gemaak het om die stryd te voer teen globale kompetisie, het werkverskaffing gedaal tot ‘n gemiddelde van 1% jaarliks gedurende die 1990s. Die informele sektor het gereageer deur om in 2001 61% van die arbeidsmag te huisves. Die aanvaarding van outoritêre beleid teen die begin van die 2000s het die kwyn van die formele ekonomie verhaas, met die gevolg dat negatiewe groeikoerse gedurende die meeste van die eerste dekade van die millennium ervaar is. Dít het aanleiding gegee tot ‘n snelle toename in indiensneming in die informele sector, tot ‘n astronomiese 87.8% in 2008. Die ondersoek bring aansienlike liggingstransformasies van formele en informele besighede te vore. Gedurende die drie dekades (1981 tot 2010) het die informele ondernemings na lae-inkomste woonbuurte, middestede, en buurt- en distrikswinkelsentra versprei. Sommige formele ondernemings het weggetrek uit die middestede na fabrieks-, kantoor- en sakeparke in die randgebiede van die twee stede. Sommige formele ondernemings wat in die middestede aangebly het, het hulle sake geïnformaliseer om kompetisie te bestry en informele ondernemings het hulle sakestrukture deur lisensiëring en registrasie aangepas. Hierdie strukturele wysigings het wisselwerking tussen die twee sektore laat ontstaan. Die aard van die wisselwerking word beïnvloed deur die posisie wat die informele ondernemings beklee op ‘n kontinuum van ondernemings wat strek van tradisioneel deur oorgangstipes tot by semi-informeel. Daar is gevind dat die meeste informele handelaars en produsente hulle verkoopsware en grondstowwe by leweransiers in die formele sektor verkry. Verkoopskakels bestaan waar informele vervaardigers meubels, boustowwe en klerasie aan formele ondernemings voorsien. Dus bestaan daar ‘n simbiose, maar die skakels neig om uitbuitend te wees want die formele ondernemings dikteer dikwels besigheidsvoorwaardes. Die wederkerige-ondersteunende model is uitgebrei deur die byvoeging van vier pilare, wat die handelinge van die twee sektore beïnvloed, om ‘n differensiële kompleksiteitsmodel van informalisasie (DKmI) tot stand te bring. Die redes vir, of oorsake van informalisering (RE); die subsektore waaruit die twee sektore bestaan (SE); die verskeie liggings van die twee sektore se besighede (L); en die vlakke van formaliteit en informaliteit (Ls) is geïntegreer in die DKmI om begrip van die skakels tussen die twee sektore te bevorder. Die model is aanpasbaar en toepasbaar in verskeie stedelike omgewings om ontwikkeling van die twee ekonomiese sektore ruimtelik, struktureel en temporeel moontlik te maak.

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TREVISAN, Emerson. "A feira livre em Igarassu: uma análise a partir os dois circuitos da economia; a convivência do formal e o informal." Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, 2008. https://repositorio.ufpe.br/handle/123456789/6327.

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Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-12T18:04:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 arquivo3537_1.pdf: 9552953 bytes, checksum: 37014c5c15fdffe8eec63758f0c8d06e (MD5) license.txt: 1748 bytes, checksum: 8a4605be74aa9ea9d79846c1fba20a33 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008 Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior O presente trabalho tem o objetivo geral de compreender as dinâmicas, no espaço da Feira Livre de Igarassu, PE, distante 27 km da capital do estado de Pernambuco: Recife. Entre os objetivos específicos estão: compreender o processo histórico da feira livre de Igarassu; entender a formatação do espaço da feira livre por meio de suas materialidades e das ações que garantem o movimento comercial; verificar a posição geográfica de Igarassu e da feira livre, por meio de ortofotocartas, fotos aéreas e de satélites para entender sua relação com seu entorno; investigar a importância da feira para seus usuários e trabalhadores, não só no âmbito econômico, mas também no social. Formula-se a hipótese que as dinâmicas espaciais da Feira Livre ocorrem, em grande parte, devido a sua localização entre o urbano/ rural. Para atingir os objetivos propostos, foram realizados os seguintes procedimentos metodológicos: levantamento cartográfico da Cidade de Igarassu e seu entorno, para a localização da Feira Livre de Igarassu e sua área de influência; entrevistas com feirantes, por meio de histórias de vida, e com os consumidores por meio de questionários quantitativos; levantamento quantitativo dos objetos que compõem a estrutura da feira, da quantidade de feirantes, da quantidade de estabelecimentos comerciários de serviços no entorno do objeto de estudo, da estimativa de consumidores do município e da região; levantamento bibliográfico; tratamento e interpretação dos dados. Averiguamos que a posição geográfica da Feira Livre colabora para diversidade de atividades econômicas e sociais ocorridas em seu espaço. Ressaltamos a importância deste espaço para a vida econômica de social do município. Encontramos, na relação entre atividades formais e informais, uma das condições que garantem ao espaço da feira uma centralidade em relação a sua região

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Padua, Andreia Aparecida Silva de. "MIGRAÇÃO, EXPANSÃO DEMOGRÁFICA E DESENVOLVIMENTO ECONÔMICO EM GOIÁS." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Goiás, 2008. http://localhost:8080/tede/handle/tede/2847.

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Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-10T10:50:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ANDREIA APARECIDA SILVA DE PADUA.pdf: 1426662 bytes, checksum: 98b0398a8222d10a9d24b9e395c52a76 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-04-08 The present research has the purpose of analyzing the demographic growth of Goias, also approaching the growth of the State economy. It testifies that the Gross Domestic Product, in the last decades, has grown at rates higher than the national average. At the same time, it verifies that the population migration continues in an accelerated rhythm towards the territory of Goias. When the study makes a parallel between the economic growth and the demographic growth, the research concludes that the economic expansion has not been sufficient to expand the regional economically active population. While developing the research, methods of procedure called historical and comparative were used and the modality of research adopted was the bibliographic. A presente pesquisa tem como objetivo analisar o crescimento demográfico de Goiás, abordando juntamente o crescimento da economia de Estado. Constata que o Produto Interno Bruto, nas últimas décadas, tem crescido a taxas superiores a média nacional. Ao mesmo tempo, verifica que a migração populacional continua acelerada para o território goiano. Ao fazer um paralelo entre crescimento econômico e crescimento demográfico, a pesquisa conclui que a expansão econômica não tem sido suficiente à expansão da população economicamente ativa regional. No desenvolvimento da pesquisa, foram utilizados os métodos de procedimento denominados histórico e comparativo e a modalidade da pesquisa adotada foi a bibliográfica.

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Du, Rand Amelia Elizabeth. "From war economies to peace economies : the challenge of post-conflict reconstruction in Sierra Leone." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/28089.

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The difficulty of transforming war economies into peace economies has become increasingly problematic in the search for long-term peace and stability in Africa. In many African countries such as Sierra Leone, Angola and the Democratic Republic of Congo, conflict actors have created distinct war economies in order to maintain the conflict in these countries. The enduring nature of the war economies presents a unique challenge to actors involved in ensuring that peace returns to a country by applying a peacebuilding strategy. The economic environment during a conflict has a vast influence on a post-conflict economy and a post-conflict reconstruction strategy. Although post-war rebuilding occurred during the reconstruction of Europe and Japan after the Second World War, the terms "post-conflict peacebuilding" and "post-conflict reconstruction" have only came to prominence during the mid-1990s. Using the case study of Sierra Leone, this study explores the challenge of war economies and its impact on post-conflict reconstruction. Sierra Leone presents an appealing case study as the country experienced a very profitable war economy during the armed conflict in the country between 1991 and 2002, and continues to struggle to transform this war economy into a peace economy. The case study of Sierra Leone is well researched, however, most studies focus on the conflict period, and only briefly look at the post-conflict period. In addition, discussions of post-conflict reconstruction in Sierra Leone have failed to adequately address the challenges presented by the war economy. This study uses existing analyses about the war economy in Sierra Leone, and links these to the current post-conflict reconstruction strategy, focusing specifically on the economic dimension. Therefore, this study represents a departure from traditional approaches to exploring war economies because it considers the direct impact these economic systems have on the process of post-conflict reconstruction. Dissertation (MA)--University of Pretoria, 2010. Political Sciences unrestricted

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Marques, Leonardo Albuquerque. "Direito e nova economia institucional: um estudo sobre a regulação dos serviços de praticagem a partir da eficiência adaptativa." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2016. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/7061.

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Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:24:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Leonardo Albuquerque Marques.pdf: 1455799 bytes, checksum: a39f06ed207a5bf921d6f775a3f557dc (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-03-10 This study investigates the limits of the possibilities of an efficient design for legal institutions, focusing its analysis on the structure of pilotage services market. It is carried out a critique over the neoclassical concept of efficiency, which, from a historical perspective, is not a concept a priori. From approach adopted in this study, the traditional concept of static efficiency (in its allocative and productive dimensions) is a cultural construction, subject to biases, judgments and perspectivisms, and is therefore susceptible to a great variety of criticisms, where the state has a naturally limited role in solving social conflicts that arise through time. This being said, it is argued that the study of efficiency must focus on the structure of institutions (legal or not), to allow a reduction of transaction costs and the possibility of the various stakeholders in interaction situations through transactions (on the market or outside it) to have the opportunity to develop standards of conduct for themselves through trial, error and learning. And this trial, error and learning, in order to spread its improving prospects to the maximum, must lead to the maximization of communication exchanges possibilities and to allow variation and selection of new ideas. That is, it is argued that law should aspire to maximize the possibilities of institutional adaptation through trial, error and learning by expanding communication exchanges. With these assumptions, we try to study the structure of pilotage services market, pointing out the errors of a cycle of public hearings conducted by CNAP (object chosen for case study). In this regard, it is understood that there is an ideological lock-in problem that prevents the upcoming of a sustainable cycle of creative destruction under the pilotage services, which inhibits the improvement of available technologies and institutions. From the development done in the theoretical exposition of this thesis, some proposals for the structure of pilotage services that facilitate this adaptive efficiency are presented, not only for the stakeholders directly related to the market (service providers and buyers) as well as for others who may be affected by negative externalities provided by the risk of the activity O presente trabalho procura investigar quais são os limites da possibilidade de um desenho eficiente para instituições jurídicas, focando a sua análise na estruturação dos mercados de serviços de praticagem. Realiza-se uma crítica ao conceito neoclássico de eficiência, o qual, a partir de uma perspectiva histórica, não é um dado a priori. Na perspectiva aqui adotada, o conceito de eficiência estática tradicional, nas dimensões alocativa e produtiva, é uma construção cultural, sujeitas a vieses, arbítrios e perspectivismos, sendo, portanto, suscetível a uma imensidão de críticas, e onde o Estado tem um papel naturalmente limitado na resolução dos conflitos sociais que surgem no devir. Isso colocado, defende-se que o estudo da eficiência deve se voltar para a estruturação das instituições (jurídicas ou não), de modo a permitir a diminuição dos custos de transação e a possibilidade de que os diversos stakeholders em situação de interação por meio de transações (no mercado ou fora dele) tenham a perspectiva de desenvolver padrões de condutas próprios por meio de tentativa, erro e aprendizado. E a maximização das chances dessa tentativa, erro e aprendizado deve pressupor a maximização das possibilidades de trocas de comunicações para permitir a variação e seleção de novas ideias. Isto é, defende-se que o Direito deve aspirar a maximizar as possibilidades de adaptação das instituições por meio tentativa, erro e aprendizagem por meio da ampliação das trocas de comunicações. Com essas premissas, procura-se estudar a estrutura de mercado dos serviços de praticagem, apontando os erros de um ciclo de consultas públicas conduzida pela CNAP (objeto escolhido para estudo de caso). Nesse particular, entende-se que há um problema de lock-in ideológico que impede o surgimento de um ciclo sustentável de destruição criativa no âmbito dos serviços de praticagem, o que inibe o aprimoramento das tecnologias e das instituições disponíveis. A partir do desenvolvimento realizado na exposição teórica da presente tese, são apresentadas algumas propostas para a estruturação dos serviços da praticagem que facilitem essa eficiência adaptativa, não só para os stakeholders diretamente relacionados ao mercado (prestadores e tomadores de serviços) como também para os demais que possam ser afetados pelas externalidades negativas propiciadas pelo risco da atividade

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Tamburrelli, Maria. "EDUCACÃO E ECONOMIA SOLIDARIA: UM ESTUDO DE VIVÊNCIA DE CIDADANIA." Universidade Metodista de São Paulo, 2006. http://tede.metodista.br/jspui/handle/tede/984.

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Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-03T16:15:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Maria Tamburrelli.pdf: 2670189 bytes, checksum: da20bc8d7321a3b602b00d73aa18a930 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-02-22 This research proposal presumes that everyone and especifically every educator of the association, involved in this study, desenvolves his\her educational action in relation to his\her deep convictions on human beings, world and society. Its a doubt how consciently this it is lived. It is possible people dont have this perception. Further, it can happen that they think to act coherently, but, as a matter of fact they are working against their personal convictions, without knowing it. This analysis enlists itself on the perspective of the informal popular education desenvolved in the Associação de Promoção Humana e Resgate da Cidadania, known as Centro de Formação Profissional Padre Leo Commissari. Its a qualitative research to investigate the educators profile and identify their conception of human beings, world, society and education. The theoretical point of view is based on Paulo Freirevision of the human being and on the vision and identity of the brazilian human beeing according to Darcy Ribeiro. The methodology used to investigate is a participatory observation through psycodramatic games of Jocó Ley Moreno and especially the Matriz theory of Identity and Action. This analysis allowed to spot that the paticipating educators present a contradictory, barred or incomplete vision of the human being and they reproduce a class based society. The education, identified as a pillar that garanties life, filled with cultural conservative, seems to contradict a political will of transformation. A proposta desta pesquisa pressupõe que cada um de nós, e especificamente cada educador da associação em estudo, desenvolva sua ação educativa conforme suas convicções profundas sobre o ser humano, o mundo e a sociedade. Com qual consciência isso é vivido, é uma dúvida. Pode ocorrer que o indivíduo não tenha essa percepção. Pode ocorrer também que a pessoa pense fazer algo coerente, mas, na realidade, está agindo até contra suas próprias convicções, sem, contudo, ter consciência disso. Esta análise situa-se na perspectiva da educação popular não-formal que é desenvolvida pela Associação de Promoção Humana e Resgate da Cidadania, conhecida como Centro de Formação Profissional Padre Leo Commissari . Trata-se de uma pesquisa de pesquisa de tipo qualitativo para investigar o perfil dos educadores, e identificar sua concepção de ser humano, de mundo, de sociedade e de educação. O quadro teórico é alicerçado na visão de ser humano e de educação, segundo Paulo Freire, e na visão e identidade do ser brasileiro, de acordo com Darcy Ribeiro. A metodologia usada para a investigação é a observação participante, por meio dos jogos psicodramaticos do Psicodrama, de Jocob Levy Moreno, especialmente a teoria da Matriz de Identidade e da Ação. Tal analise permitiu identificar que os educadores participantes apresentam uma visão de ser humano contraditório, retraído e incompleto, reprodutor de uma sociedade dividida em classes. A educação, identificada como uma pilastra de garantia da vida, impregnada pela conserva cultural, parece contradizer uma vontade política de transformação.

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López, Reyes Arline Donato. "Impacto de los incentivos tributarios en el empleo formal y mejora de las MYPES del sector textil de Gamarra." Master's thesis, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, 2018. https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12672/9773.

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Evalúa el efecto de las ventajas tributarias en el empleo formal y en el mejoramiento de las Micro y Pequeñas Empresas textiles de Gamarra periodo 2016 a 2017. Realiza una investigación de tipo aplicada, de nivel explicativo, asumió un diseño no experimental, con un enfoque cuantitativo de corte transversal, correlacional, basada en el tratamiento estadístico de la información recabada. La población fue de 1350 trabajadores de las MYPES señaladas. La muestra aleatoria fue de 153 personas a quienes se les aplicó el pertinente cuestionario. Se verificaron las hipótesis formuladas. Se constató que los incentivos tributarios mejoran el empleo formal, la empleabilidad, la formalización, la calidad de la producción y la capacitación de las Mypes del sector textil de Gamarra. Se concluyó que las ventajas tributarias repercutirán positivamente en el empleo formalizado y en otros aspectos productivos de las indicadas MYPES. Tesis

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21

Lagerqvist, Christopher. "Kvarboende vid vägs ände : Människors försörjning i det inre av södra Norrland under svensk efterkrigstid." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala universitet, Ekonomisk-historiska institutionen, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-8410.

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In this dissertation the question of why people want to stay in the county-side has been analysed from an economic-historic perspective. The specific research question has been: Using which formal economic means of sustenance could those who remained in Ängersjö parish ensure their survival in the years 1950 to 1990? A number of different types of sources have been used, including income tax registers, data on migration, agricultural statistics, parish registers, interviews, and printed public statistics. The population of Ängersjö parish decreased through the entire period of investigation. In the early 1950s the population pyramid in Ängersjö resembled Sweden’s quite considerably. After this point, the tendencies towards depopulation grew stronger. By the early 1990s, the population had returned to the levels of the early 1800s, i.e. before the forest became valuable. This time, however, the proportion of older inhabitants was much larger. Most of the remaining households supported themselves through wage labour in the forestry sector, which essentially was a male preoccupation. At the margin, supplementary incomes, such as the renting of cottages and capital revenues, could add to household earnings, and contributions by women probably played an important part in that context. In addition, informal economic activities, such as berry-picking and the exchange of labour, could expand the means of support by a maximum of 20 percent. In spite of all these efforts, most of the remaining households earned less than an average Swedish industrial worker. The income differences could to some degree be compensated by lower housing and living costs, but many households probably enjoyed a lower material standard of living. Demonstrably, most of the remaining inhabitants of Ängersjö were willing to pay the economic price associated with the “feelings of freedom” or the upkeep of their ancestral home of which many inhabitants spoke. Flexibilitet som tradition

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Rodarte, Thiago Luiz. "Crescimento econômico e a distribuição da mão-de-obra entre os setores formal e informal no mercado de trabalho: teoria da evidência empírica para a economia brasileira." Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1843/AMSA-8GJN27.

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The discussion on growth permeates the most diverse currents of economic thought. The dominant hypothesis that in the long run only supply conditions are able to explain this phenomenon has been challenged by research lines that attach to the demand conditions a pivotal role, and for these currents there is a feedback process where productivity and supply of manpower would affect aggregate demand and this would impact the former. Several studies have addressed empirically the impact of growth on productivity and of productivity on growth, but the impact of the supply of manpower on the growth and vice versa has not been so approached. In this sense this dissertation aims to investigate whether such a relationship exists for the Brazilian economy, taking into account a remarkable feature of the labor market of our economy, which is the great presence of workers in precarious situation in employment. So the informal side of the labor market would act as a supplier of manpower to the formal sector what would contribute to growth which in turn would cause the formality (informality) increased (decreased). We estimate a VAR model and find the presence of both negative relationship between demand conditions and the number of workers on precarious employment, as a positive relationship between the number of workers in the formal market and aggregate demand. A discussão sobre crescimento permeia as mais diversas correntes do pensamento econômico. A hipótese dominante de que no longo prazo somente as condições de oferta são capazes de explicar esse fenômeno vem sendo contestada pelas linhas de pesquisa que atribuem papel essencial às condições de demanda, sendo que para essas correntes há um processo de retroalimentação em que a produtividade e a oferta de mão-de-obra afetariam a demanda agregada e esta teria impacto sobre as primeiras. Diversos trabalhos têm tratado empiricamente o impacto do crescimento sobre a produtividade e da produtividade sobre o crescimento, mas o impacto da oferta de mão-de-obra sobre o crescimento e vice-versa não tem sido tão abordado. Nesse sentido essa dissertação se propõe a investigar se existe tal relação para a economia brasileira, levando em conta uma característica marcante do nosso mercado de trabalho, qual seja, a grande presença de trabalhadores em situação precária no emprego. Assim o lado informal do mercado de trabalho atuaria como fornecedor de mão-de-obra para o setor formal o que contribuiria para o crescimento que por sua vez faria com que a formalidade (informalidade) aumentasse (diminuísse). Estima-se um modelo VAR e encontra-se a presença tanto de relação negativa entre as condições da demanda e o número de trabalhadores em situação precária no emprego, como uma relação positiva entre o número de trabalhadores no mercado formal e a demanda agregada.

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Kan, Elif Oznur. "Essays On Informality In The Turkish Labor Market." Phd thesis, METU, 2012. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12614491/index.pdf.

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This thesis investigates the nature, extent and dynamics of informal employment in the Turkish labor market using 2006-2009 Turkish Income and Living Conditions Survey. It is mainly a collection of three essays. In the first essay, an attempt is made to analyze the relevance and implications of three alternative characterizations of informality which include an enterprise-based definition associating informality with small firms, an extended enterprise-based definition incorporating social security protection, and a definition based exclusively on social security coverage. Using probit analysis, we show that social security criterion is the best measure given its ability to capture key relationships between individual characteristics and informality. In the second essay, we compute Markov transition probabilities of individuals moving across six labor market states, then estimate multinomial logit regressions to identify underlying dynamics of variant mobility patterns. Confirming traditional theory which sees formal employment as the ultimate desirable state, we find that formal-salaried individuals are the most reluctant to move and that the probability of transition from informal-salaried state to formal-salaried state is five times that of reverse transition. In the third essay, we examine formal/informal employment earnings differentials. OLS estimation of standard Mincerian equations reveals an informal penalty, half of which can be explained by observable characteristics. Moreover, applying fixed effects regressions, we show that unobserved individual fixed effects when combined with controls for observable individual and employment characteristics explain the pay differentials entirely.

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Ribeiro, Andreia Sofia Nunes. "Cidade formal vs cidade informal." Master's thesis, Universidade de Lisboa. Faculdade de Arquitetura, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/12634.

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Henriques, Diogo Miguel Palminha. "Entre o formal e o informal." Master's thesis, Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Arquitetura, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/13889.

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Holm, Martina, Adam Thorstensson, and Emma Wijk. ""Does size matter?" - En kvalitativ undersökning om påverkande faktorer gällande styrmedel i småföretag." Thesis, Malmö högskola, Fakulteten för kultur och samhälle (KS), 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-21794.

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För att upprätthålla en ekonomisk hållbarhet inom ett företag krävs ett ansvarsfullt företagande inom organisationer, vilket skapar behov av ett systematiskt arbetssätt med ekonomiska styrmedel. Olika styrmedel kan vara relevanta för olika syften, varför valet och användandet av dem är kritiskt att studera. Studien undersöker därför genom en komparativ fallstudie vilka faktorer som påverkar valet och användandet av styrmedel i småföretag i Sverige. Undersökningen resulterar i ett antal faktorer som enligt fallföretagen påverkar hur besluten om styrmedel tas. Dessa faktorer ligger som grund för den modell som skapats. Modellen visar att informationsbehovet hos ledaren är det som påverkar hur valet och användandet sker samt att behovet förändras beroende på företagets och omvärldens karaktär tillsammans med ledarens bakgrund. Maintaining economic sustainability within a company requires a responsible business organization that creates the need for a systematic approach to economic instruments. Different instruments may be relevant for different purposes and therefor the choice and use of them is critical to study. The study examines, through a comparative case study which factors influence the choice and use of economic instruments in small businesses in Sweden. The survey results in a number of factors that, in the studied companies affects how decisions on financial instruments are made. These factors form the basis of the model created. The model shows that the informational needs of the leader is what influences how the selection and use takes place, and that need is changing depending on the company and the external characteristics along with the background of the leaders.

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Villegas, Palacio Clara. "Formal and informal regulations : enforcement and compliance /." Göteborg : University of Gothenburg, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2077/22402.

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Onoshchenko, Olga. "Tackling the informal economy in Ukraine." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2012. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/2858/.

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The problem of informal work and informal networks (blat) in Ukraine is long-standing. Until now, research on the informal economy in Ukraine has largely focused on measuring its size rather than exploring the nature and motives of the people engaged in informal activities. Moreover, few studies in relation to Ukraine have sought to evaluate the validity of the contrasting theorisations of the informal economy and no studies in Ukraine have considered the issue of contemporary informal networks (blat). The intention of this thesis is to fill these gaps. In doing so, the objective is to start to resolve the lack of knowledge on the nature of the informal economy which leads to ineffective and even destructive policy approaches to tackling it. The aim of this thesis is to critically evaluate the existing theorisations of the informal economy and their applicability to Ukrainian society in order to start to enable a move towards developing policy solutions for tackling the informal economy. To achieve this aim, a mixed methods approach is adopted in this thesis. The survey, consisting of 200 semi-structured interviews, was carried out in an urban area of Ukraine – the city of Mykolayiv. The data collected was analysed both qualitatively and quantitatively. The results of the survey affirm that informal activities are diverse in nature and are driven by a variety of motives. Thus, no single existing theory fully explains the informal economy in Ukraine; instead, there is evidence to support each theory of the informal economy. As such, policy responses need to be tailored in order to effectively deal with the challenges faced by the different types of informal activity. Such a response is more likely to result in the formalisation of such activities by removing the barriers to formalisation and nurturing fledgling business activities rather than simply trying to eradicate them.

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Noaman, Amin Yousef. "Reconciling formal and informal documentation in business modelling." Thesis, McGill University, 1995. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=22783.

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Business modelling, the modelling of architectures and processes of organizations, should have a broad scope. It should not exclusively capture the basic information of the processes, but also address the various kinds of documentation related to the processes under consideration. In this combination, organizational models will be more expressive and useful. The research reported here describes and demonstrates a new approach for reconciling formal and informal documentation in business modelling. It is based on the integration of an underlying formal modelling approach with hypertext concepts that provide mechanisms for capturing, manipulating and viewing informal model documentation. We have developed the Hypertec tool which complements the Macrotec environment. Macrotec is a business modelling environment that is based on the formalism of extended colored Petri nets. Hypertec is a hypertext-based component supporting authoring, display and navigation of all the process documentation that cannot be captured by Macrotec. Our experience with Macrotec/Hypertec shows that their combined functionality substantially facilitates the understanding of business processes and clearly reduces problems such as miscommunication, misinterpretation, and misunderstandings about entire processes or some of their components.

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Chen-Burger, Yun-Heh. "Formal support for an informal business modelling method." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.642790.

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Business modelling methods provide a structural framework to help capture the knowledge about an enterprise which forms the basis for targeted analysis and subsequent reshaping of that enterprise. Although the potential benefits that can be obtained by applying these methods have convinced many businesses to use them, the modellers are faced with a key problem: how to ensure the quality of the model they build. The difficulty is partly rooted in the fact that large parts of these methods are informal. A possible solution to this problem are "heavy-weighted" formal methods, which can be helpful in providing precision and quality assurance for such models. They are, however, rarely practised, because of the prohibitively large cost implied when using them, and due to the fact that the end product, i.e. the description of the model, is often so complicated that it cannot easily be understood without specific professional training first. As a more practical answer to the problem, a formal language based on a "light-weighted" approach and for use with an informal business modelling method has been developed. The concrete example used in this dissertation is IBM's Business System Development Method (BSDM). The role of the formal notation in this case is not to provide a formal semantics for the given method, but to provide a mechanism for sharing the information supplied at different modelling stages and for automated analysis of the model using logic. Based on the formal language, a layered modelling framework for capturing the knowledge of the business modelling method as well as the models themselves has been proposed. The original method (BSDM) has been extended to include a model execution phase. This provides the necessary computational platform for automatic verification and validation facilities to support the plan-build-test-refine model development lifecycle. Gradual accumulation of model building knowledge is achieved through Case-Based Reasoning techniques leading to improved modelling guidance over time.

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Abu, Sheikha Fadi. "Analysis and Generation of Formal and Informal Text." Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/28845.

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In this thesis, we discuss an important issue in computational linguistics: distinguishing between formal and informal style of texts, in document classification and in text generation. There is a need to identify formal texts and informal texts automatically. In addition, there is a need of having a computer system that could generate correct English texts in formal or informal style. Therefore, we propose to use two main techniques in order to solve the two tasks. The first technique is to build a model that can be used to classify any text or sentence as having formal or informal style. The second technique is based on natural language generation (NLG) and it generates correct English sentences with formal or informal style. In order to achieve our goals, we start by studying the main differences between formal and informal style and summarize their characteristics. In addition, we manually collect parallel lists of formal versus informal words, phrases, and expressions from different sources that will be used for our proposed work. Then, we build our model for the classification task by using machine learning technique in order to classify texts and sentences into formal and informal style. The evaluation results show that our model is able to predict a class of formal/informal for any text or sentence with high accuracy. After that, we build our system that can generate formal and informal sentences by using NLG techniques. The evaluation results on a sample of generated sentences show that our NLG system can produce high-quality sentences in formal or informal style. The main contribution of this work consists in designing a set of features that led to good results for both tasks: text classification and text generation with different formality levels.

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Kepple, Rosemary. "Tracing Formal and Informal Institutions in Southern Yemen." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2018. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/scripps_theses/1111.

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The history of southern Yemen has been a unique story of various political factions aligning and realigning themselves in waves of intra-elite conflict, based on the setting of formal and informal institutions. This paper builds on existing literature about informal institutions to analyze the role that political institutions have played in promoting and preventing these conflicts since it became independent in 1967. By using a temporal analysis of historical and contemporary institutions, this paper asks how political institutions have impacted southern Yemen since it gained independence and how these institutions have changed since the start of the current civil war. It additionally looks at the statements of the Southern Transitional Council (STC) in the context of the current civil war to understand how both types of institutions are operating today. This paper will thus argue that the discrepancy between what formal state institutions claim to do and what they are able to creates the space for informal institutions to develop. Furthermore, it will argue that the dialectic between formal and informal institutions can explain periods of relative stability and instability along with the current conditions in the civil war have allowed informal institutions to prosper.

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Weston, Alia. "Creativity in the informal economy of Zimbabwe." Thesis, Kingston University, 2012. http://eprints.kingston.ac.uk/24838/.

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My research explores the notion of creativity in the context of informal work. Existing literature on the subject has primarily focused on identifying the factors which enhance or constrain creativity in the organisational or work context. Most research has been developed and implemented in western contexts such as the United States or Europe, and there is limited explanation available of creativity in non-western contexts. There is also no research explicitly directed at explaining creativity in the informal sector, which presents a gap in the literature. I have therefore sought to enrich this literature by constructing a conceptual perspective that explains creative engagement in informal work, a methodology to explore this concept, and stories that illustrate how this occurs. I have constructed my conceptual perspective of creativity by drawing on de Certeau's (1988/1984) notion of creative tactics. I propose that creativity is the tactical subversion of space within an order, where a person uses constraints to their advantage, to take action. This involves the ability to engage in plurality, use what one has at hand, and take advantage of chance opportunities that arise. In order to explore my conceptual perspective, I carried out my research during the post-2000 crisis in Zimbabwe because there was a high prevalence of informal work during this time. I have developed my methodology - focused narrative ethnography - to capture the perspectives and dynamic engagement of people working in the informal sector, and intensively collected data in the form of narratives, observations, and visual material. In addition, I have written a series of stories to illustrate the different ways in which this occurs. These reflect changing attitudes and practices of work, as well as artistic and communal engagement in informal work. My findings reflect three main perspectives. First, informal work is a space that enables creative action. Second, creative engagement is a complex process that occurs in moments of creative action, wherein a person tactically uses their constraints to their advantage. Third, these moments shift and change in relation to the ongoing and changing nature of constraint that is inherent in many contexts of lnformal work. A further finding is that several parallels can be drawn between the literature referring to survival during difficult situations and my explanation of creativity, so it may be a useful addition to the vocabulary of work-related creativity literature. My findings are important because I highlight at the most basic level what people go through to identify opportunity, and my perspective of creativity may thus provide fresh insights into other areas linked to creativity, such as innovation or entrepreneurship.

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Mubarak, Marwan M. Mirghani. "Sudan : the urban informal economy and migration." Thesis, University of East Anglia, 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.430702.

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Igudia, E. O. "The Nigerian informal economy : a regional analysis." Thesis, Nottingham Trent University, 2014. http://irep.ntu.ac.uk/id/eprint/81/.

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In recent years, particularly post 1990 and contrary to the expectation and predictions of many economists, there is ample evidence that the informal economy has expanded globally (Schneider et al., 2010). This, in addition to finding out the potential of the informal economy, has sparked renewed interest amongst researchers. Until now, however, most of the ‘empirical’ studies have concentrated on the Asian and Latin American countries (Debrah 2007), and most methodological approaches for studying the concept have remained debatable (Aryeetey, 2010). This thesis seeks to close a gap in the literature by developing two novel research frameworks: the Individual, Firm and State (IFS), and Four Circles (4Cs) to explain the link between theories and methods, as well as the impacts and benefits, of the informal economy. The study also utilises secondary and collected-primary data, modified-MIMIC and Currency approaches, to explore the determinants, characteristics, and regional prevalence of the Nigerian informal economy, as well as the relationships between the Nigerian informal economy and key macroeconomic variables/business enterprises. The results of the study demonstrate that the Nigerian informal economy has 65.4% participation rate, contributes an equivalent of 52-53% of official GDP, and provides cheap and easily accessible goods/services to members of the public, income generation for the government, and job, income and poverty reduction for informal participants. However, participants in the sector are confronted with many challenges: inadequate finances, inconsistent government policies, unfriendly business environment, and inadequate infrastructures. Similarly, the main determinants of the Nigerian informal economy are population growth, corruption, unemployment, and survival factors. Also, the study reports significant regional differences in participants’ income and education levels. Finally, the study finds the informal economy more prevalent in the north-west and south-west regions of Nigeria. Recommendations are proposed on the basis of the IFS; individuals and firms operating in the informal economy are encouraged to build up skills and become membership of relevant-trade unions. The government should implement policies which facilitate the creation of jobs, friendly business environment, entrepreneurial development, financial and training support for participants in the informal economy.

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Phala, Terrance Madiseng. "Constraints and opportunities in the informal economy." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/d1019809.

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In spite of the fact that informal traders in the informal economy are viewed as having the greatest prospects for creating jobs and absorbing the unemployed in developing countries, informal traders in Limpopo Province in general, and the city of Polokwane in particular, face various constraints that negatively affect them on a daily basis. The aim of the study has been to explore the constraints and opportunities of informal traders, using the city of Polokwane as a case study. The study has attempted to identify and describe constraints that affect informal traders in the Polokwane city, as well as factors that can enhance their development and growth. The study is exploratory, descriptive and qualitative in nature. Semi-structured faceto-face interviews were conducted to gather data. Findings of the study suggest that the government should improve the effectiveness of its support mechanisms by initiating targeted support programmes specifically tailored for informal traders at the survivalist level.

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Ceesay, Juanita. "A law and development analysis of parallel law systems within the natural resources sector in Africa." Thesis, Paris, Institut d'études politiques, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018IEPP0043.

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La position normative de cette thèse est qu’il existe une contrainte légale en ce qui concerne le régime minier des pays riches en ressources en Afrique. Cela a abouti à la création d'un système de droit pluraliste qui continuera à prospérer dans les pays en développement en raison du contexte historique de la plupart de ces pays. Cependant, avoir un système mixte comprenant un régime juridique formel et informel n'équivaut pas nécessairement à un désavantage. Le problème se pose lorsqu'il y a une réticence à accepter l'un de ces systèmes. C’est le cas actuellement du régime informel qui existe principalement sous forme de système de droit non reconnu et donc illégitime. Cependant, les preuves tirées de cette thèse montrent les avantages que des règles et normes informelles peuvent offrir au régime juridique d’un pays. À cet égard, il est donc raisonnable de suggérer que quelque chose devrait être fait avec ce système, par opposition à sa marginalisation persistante dans l'ombre du régime formel. Cette thèse propose donc la formalisation de certains attributs du système informel qui régissent le secteur des ressources naturelles. De plus, la formalisation envisagée dans le secteur minier ne cherche pas à codifier les lois et s'inscrit dans une approche de la législation allant du local au international. À cet égard, l'objectif de la formalisation, tel que proposé par cette thèse, est de trouver des solutions possibles pour combler le hiatus entre les régimes formel et informel qui fonctionnent actuellement en parallèle dans l'espace minier. C’est dans l’espoir que la synchronisation de ces deux ensembles de lois faciliterait l’épanouissement du développement économique et humain / social basé sur le secteur minier The normative position of this dissertation is that there is a constraint of the law with regards to the mining regime of resource rich countries in Africa. This has resulted in the creation of a pluralist system of law will continue to thrive in developing countries as a result of the historical context which most of these countries derive. However, having a mixed system comprising of a formal and informal legal regime does not necessarily equate a disadvantage. The problem arises when there is a reluctance in accepting one of these systems. This is the case currently with the informal regime which exists mostly as an unrecognized and therefore illegitimate system of law. Yet, evidence from this dissertation shows the advantages which informal rules and norms can offer to a country’s legal regime. In this regard, it is therefore reasonable to suggest that something ought to be done with this system as opposed to its continued marginalization in the shadows of the formal regime. This dissertation therefore proposes the formalization of selected attributes of the informal system which govern the natural resources sector of resouce rich countries in Africa. Moreover, the formalization envisioned in the mining sector, makes no attempt to codify laws and is in alignment with a local to international approach to law making. In this regard, the aim for formalization, as proposed by this dissertation, is in finding possible solutions for bridging the hiatus between the formal and informal regime which currently work in parallel with each other within the mining space. This is in hopes that the synchronizing of these two sets of laws would facilitate the flourishing of economic and human/social development based on the mining sector

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Carvalho, Letícia Sandra Araújo. "O ensino informal e não-formal de música: metodologia e práticas pedagógicas para o ensino informal e não-formal de música percussiva." Master's thesis, Universidade de Évora, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10174/28659.

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O tema desta dissertação versa sobre o ensino informal e não formal de música. Este trabalho aborda o uso de metodologias informais e os ambientes não formais para o ensino de música percussiva. Foi realizada uma reflexão crítica baseada na Revisão de Literatura sobre o tema e uma abordagem metodológica qualitativa que permitiu a identificação de autores que abordam as temáticas a cerca das metodologias e dos materiais pedagógicos musicais, que tendem a contribuir no processo de ensinoaprendizagem de música. O objetivo foi valorizar as práticas musicais e percussivas transmitidas informalmente nos espaços não formais. A pertinência do tema justifica-se devido à experiência da autora como professora de música em escolas públicas no Brasil e em ONGs Brasil / Portugal. Conclui-se, ao fim da pesquisa, que são muitos os materiais pedagógicos que podem ser adotados para o ensino de música, como sejam: objetos alternativos; instrumentos tradicionais ou adaptados e até mesmo o corpo. Ressalta-se ainda a importância dos ambientes não formais que promovem atividades pedagógicas musicais; Informal and Non-Formal Teaching of Music: Methodology and Pedagogical Practices for Informal and Non-Formal Teaching of Percussive Music ABSTRACT: The theme of this dissertation is about informal and non-formal music education. This work addresses the use of informal methodologies and non-formal environments for teaching percussive music. A critical reflection was carried out based on the Literature Review on the topic and a qualitative methodological approach that allowed the identification of authors who approach the themes around musical methodologies and pedagogical materials, which tend to contribute to the music teaching-learning process. The objective was to value musical and percussive practices transmitted informally in non-formal spaces. The pertinence of the theme is justified due to the author's experience as a music teacher in public schools in Brazil and in NGOs in Brazil / Portugal. It is concluded, at the end of the research, that there are many pedagogical materials that can be adopted for teaching music, such as: alternative objects; traditional or adapted instruments and even the body itself. It is also emphasized the importance of non-formal environments that promote musical pedagogical activities.

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Shen, Tian. "Formal and informal approaches to adjusting for exposure mismeasurement." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/15219.

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In many research areas, measurement error frequently occurs when investigators are trying to analyze the relationship between exposure variables and response variable in observational studies. Severe problems can be caused by the mismeasured exposure vari ables, such as loss of power, biased estimators, and misleading conclusions. As the idea of measurement error is adopted by more and more researchers, how to adjust for such error becomes an interesting point to study. Two big barriers in solving the problems are as follows. First, the mechanism of measurement error (the existence and magnitude of the error) is always unknown to researchers. Sometimes only a small piece of information is available from previous studies. Moreover, the situation can be worsen when the study conditions are changed in the present study, which makes previous information not applicable. Second, some researchers may still argue about the consequences of ignoring measurement error due to its uncertainness. Thus, the adjustment for the mismeasurement turn to be a difficult, or impossible task. In this thesis, we are studying situations where the binary response variable is precisely measured, but with a misclassified binary exposure or a mismeasured continuous exposure. We propose formal approaches to estimate unknown parameters under the non-differential assumption in both exposure conditions. The uncertain variance of measurement error in the continuous exposure case, or the probabilities of misclassification in the binary exposure case, are incorporated by our approaches. Then the posterior models are estimated via simulations generated by the Gibbs sampler and the Metropolis - Hasting algorithm. Meanwhile, we compare our formal approach with the informal or naive approach in both continuous and exposure cases based on simulated datasets. Odds ratios on log scales are used in comparisons of formal and informal approaches when the exposure variable is binary or continuous. General speaking, our formal approaches result in bet ter point estimators and less variability in estimation. Moreover, the 95% credible, or confidence intervals are able to capture the true values more than 90% of the time. At the very end, we apply our ideas on the QRS dataset to seek consistent conclu sions draws from simulated datasets and real world datasets, and we are able to claim that overall our formal approaches do a better job regardless of the type of the exposure variable.

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Orsini, Chiara. "Essays on informal and formal care for the elderly." College Park, Md. : University of Maryland, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1903/7286.

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Thesis (Ph. D.) -- University of Maryland, College Park, 2007. Thesis research directed by: Economics. Title from t.p. of PDF. Includes bibliographical references. Published by UMI Dissertation Services, Ann Arbor, Mich. Also available in paper.

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Beiner, Judith Sue. "From informal to formal : syntactic variation in written English /." Access Digital Full Text version, 1988. http://pocketknowledge.tc.columbia.edu/home.php/bybib/10798079.

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Guedes-Pinto, Ana Lúcia 1969. "A avaliação da aprendizagem : o formal e o informal." [s.n.], 1994. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/253855.

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Orientador: Luiz Carlos de Freitas Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Educação Made available in DSpace on 2018-07-19T21:49:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Guedes-Pinto_AnaLucia_M.pdf: 8750952 bytes, checksum: bbc24244f2f3be715d94451133887103 (MD5) Previous issue date: 1994 Resumo: Este estudo analisa a prática da avaliação através de um estudo de caso realizado em uma escola da rede de ensino pública de Campinas no transcorrer do ano escolar de 1993. Para isto, foi observada semanalmente uma classe de Ia. série do 10. grau. Primeiramente foi utilizado como recurso apenas o registro cursivo. A partir do segundo semestre as observações manuscritas foram intercaladas por gravações feitas com câmera filmadora. Também foram realizadas entrevistas no decorrer do ano letivo. A prática da avaliação foi vista como um possível fator de contribuição ao fenômeno do fracasso escolar, pois é a partir da avaliação final de cada bimestre letivo, encaminhada pelo professor, que o aluno é aprovado ou não ao final do ano. -Considerou-se que esta prática pedagógica está articulada ao modo de organização sócio-econômico da sociedade em que está inserida. Levantou-se a hipótese da avaliação ser realizada, aparentemente, de maneira apenas formal, seguindo as regulamentações de cada programa escolar estabelecido para cada escola, mas, simultaneamente a essa formalidade, ser também realizada uma avaliação informal, via imagens, expectativas e modelos que os professores criam de seus alunos. Esta última condicionando a primeira. Concluiu-se que a prática de avaliação realiza-se formal e informalmente, sendo que o professor, em alguns momentos, até percebe essa duplicidade, mas não chega a problematizá-Ia. A informalidade concretizava-se por vários meios: interferências da direção da escola no trabalho pedagógico do professor, poder da hierarquia dentro do grupo de professores, crenças sobre alunos-padrão divulgadas entre professores, imagens e expectativas do professor com relação ao comportamento esperado de seus alunos. Notou-se que os alunos que não se "encaixavam" no quadro de referência do professor foram rotulados e estigmatizados no decorrer do ano e, por mais que apresentassem melhoras em seu desempenho escolar, não conseguiam sair do rótulo que lhes fora dado. Com este trabalho, conseguiu-se acompanhar o processo de construção desses rótulos em relação a alguns alunos durante o período letivo. Rótulos esses, elaborados paulatinamente pelo professor, que iam sendo confirmados pela realidade do cotidiano escolar. Percebeu-se que a avaliação foi uma prática que selecionava os alunos através de seu desempenho escolar apresentado em aula, estando nela embutida a avaliação de seus comportamentos. Os alunos que se adequassem ao esperado, em termos de correspondência de atitudes almejadas pelo professor e apresentassem um desempenho satisfatório na aprendizagem, seriam aprovados e os que apresentassem um desempenho também satisfatório, mas que não correspondessem ao modelo esperado por ele, seríam rotulados e estigmatizados, sendo retidos ao final do ano. Pareceu existir uma parceria da escola e da prática da avaliação com a organização do trabalho em nossa sociedade quando notou-se que os alunos que se "rendiam" ao modelo de aluno esperado pelo professor, modelo este que se caracterizava pela conformidade e obediência às determinações do mesmo, conseguiam o êxito escolar, e os que não se mostravam obedientes e passivos foram "punidos" com a reprovação Mestrado Metodologia do Ensino Mestre em Educação

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Feichas, Heloisa Faria Braga. "Formal and informal music learning in Brazilian higher education." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2006. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/10020512/.

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Ferraz, Deise Luiza da Silva. "Desemprego, exército de reserva, mercado formal-informal : rediscutindo categorias." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/22741.

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Há uma relação recíproca entre um dos objetivos das ciências administrativas – aumentar a produtividade do trabalho – e o crescimento do desemprego. Contudo, este tema é pouco explorado nessa área do conhecimento. Estudos que tratam direta ou indiretamente desta problemática costumam considerar que os desempregados ou são agentes empreendedores ou estão excluídos das relações de trabalho. Intentamos abordar este tema superando essas abordagens duais. Defendemos a tese de que os desempregados compõem um estrato populacional denominado exército de reserva (ER) e que este pode cumprir, no atual estágio de desenvolvimento das forças produtivas, um duplo papel, qual seja: regulador do preço da força de trabalho e agente contestatório do sociometabolismo do capital. Fundamentados, principalmente, nos estudos de Marx, Oliveira e Iasi, analisamos o mercado de trabalho tal como representado por instituições de pesquisas nacionais e internacionais e os dados coletados junto aos integrantes de um movimentos social formado por desempregados, o Movimento dos Trabalhadores Desempregados (MTD). O método dialético permitiu reconstituir o movimento dos múltiplos determinantes que sintetizaram a possibilidade de alterações qualitativas em parte do contingente em questão. Concluímos que o ER cumpre função estrutural econômica e ideológica de regular o preço da força de trabalho devido a, basicamente, dois fatores: 1) como superpopulação fluente, é uma reserva de força de trabalho que tende a deprimir o preço desta mercadoria à níveis crescentemente inferiores; 2) enquanto força de trabalho não utilizada diretamente pelo capitalista no processo de produção, os membros do ER, em sua manifestação como superpopulação estagnada, tendem a efetuarem trabalhos, seja na considerada economia informal seja na economia doméstica ou ainda na economia subterrânea, que satisfazem necessidades dos membros do exército ativo (EA) e do exército de reserva em sua manifestação fluente. Ao oferecerem produtos e serviços à baixo custo ao EA e ao próprio exército de reserva, a superpopulação estagnada colabora para o rebaixamento do valor da mercadoria força de trabalho, tendo em vista que esta, segundo a lei do valor, deve equivaler ao valor dos produtos necessários a sua reprodução. Defendemos, portanto, que no atual modo de produção capitalista em países periféricos opera-se, gradativamente, uma mudança qualitativa na consciência de classe desta parcela da classe trabalhadora que, sobretudo após o advento da reestruturação produtiva, apresenta tendência crescente de reposição contínua, isto é, mudança quantitativa que tem sido oportunizada, dentre outros fatores, pelo desenvolvimento do conhecimento administrativo. There is a mutual relation between one of the administrative sciences objectives – increase labor productivity and unemployment growth. However, this theme is little exploited in this knowledge field. Studies which deal direct or indirectly with this problematic usually consider that unemployed people can be enterprising agents or are excluded from labor relations. We intended to address this theme overcoming these dual approaches. We defend the thesis that unemployed people are part of a population extract known as reserve army (RA) which can have, in the current stage of production forces, a double role, namely: regulator of the labor force price and oppositional agent of the capital’s social metabolism. Based, mainly, on the studies of Marx, Oliveira and Iasi, we analyze the labor market as it is represented by national and international research institutions and through collected data among the members of a social movement formed of unemployed people, the Unemployed Workers Movement (MTD). The dialectical method allowed us to reconstitute the movement of multiple determinants that synthesized the possibility of qualitative changes in part of the mentioned contingent. We have concluded that the RA performs an economic and ideological structural function of regulating the labor force price basically due to two factors: 1) as a fluent super population, it is a reserve of labor force, which depresses the price of this merchandise to levels increasingly inferiors; 2) as a labor force not directly used by the capitalist in the production process, the members of the RA, on their expression as a stagnant super population, tend to make works, whether in the so called informal economy, whether in the domestic economy or even in the underground economy, that satisfy needs of both the active army (AA) and the reserve army on its fluent manifestation. When offering products and services with low cost to the AA and even for the reserve army, the stagnant super population contributes to depreciate the value of the labor force merchandise, taking into consideration that according to the value law, this must be equivalent to the value of the products needed for its reproduction. The reserve army can play the role of oppositional subject whereas the concrete conditions of its pauperism tension the movement of formation and the construction of struggle organizational forms, enabling the constitution of a class consciousness process mediated by moments of denial and consent to the capital‟s social metabolism. We defend, therefore, that in the current capitalist way of production in peripheral countries a qualitative change gradually occurs in class consciousness of this portion of class-of-labor that shows, especially after the advent of productive restructuring, an increasing tendency of continuous replacement, that is, quantitative change which have been possible, among other factors, by the development of the administrative knowledge.

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Kim, Han Na. "Do formal para o informal: executivos em trabalhos flexíveis." reponame:Repositório Institucional do FGV, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10438/2528.

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Made available in DSpace on 2010-04-20T20:48:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 3 Tese - Executivos Flexiveis - Han Na Kim _versao final_.pdf.jpg: 11855 bytes, checksum: 8e1230528825685a249e8f1b4c01672c (MD5) Tese - Executivos Flexiveis - Han Na Kim _versao final_.pdf: 2657200 bytes, checksum: 07ab33b69865629c484841e71002bad0 (MD5) Tese - Executivos Flexiveis - Han Na Kim _versao final_.pdf.txt: 837487 bytes, checksum: 96150fccc857040313702003dedf5fdb (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-02-26T00:00:00Z Quando observamos o mundo do trabalho atual, percebemos que, há um movimento em direção à maior flexibilidade, tanto em relação aos empregados formais quanto aos trabalhadores que passam a atuar por meio de formas flexíveis de contrato de trabalho. O contrato de emprego flexível refere-se àquele que não segue o modelo formal de contrato de trabalho, regido por CLT (Consolidação das Leis do Trabalho), e, vem sendo estudado ultimamente como um resultado das mudanças na organização do trabalho, em geral, associado à busca por trabalhadores mais produtivos e de menor custo. Devido à amplitude dos fenômenos envolvidos nestas transformações, delimitamos o tema e o público a ser estudado: adotando a idéia de construção social da realidade, de Berger e Luckmann (1966/2002), analisamos os processos de “migração” de 30 executivos, residentes no município de São Paulo, ex-empregados de grandes corporações, que tiveram experiências em cargos de gerência média e alta em organizações nacionais e multinacionais, e, que atualmente, trabalham no mercado sob regime de contratos flexíveis. Para nosso estudo, entendemos os executivos como trabalhadores formais que ocupam posições de alta e média gerência na hierarquia organizacional e detêm posições de poder e prestígio. Assim, o objetivo deste estudo é descrever o sentido atribuído por executivos, ao processo de “migração” para formas mais flexíveis de trabalho e à nova realidade vivida no trabalho. A pesquisa segue uma abordagem qualitativa, utilizando-se de entrevista em profundidade semi-estruturada, para a coleta de dados; para a análise das entrevistas realizadas, usamos, como base, as idéias de práticas discursivas e produção de sentidos, de Spink e Medrado (1999/2004). A abordagem construcionista permitiu verificar que os executivos em trabalhos flexíveis possuem alto nível de autoconfiança, uma visão missionária sobre o seu trabalho, e diversos motivos diferentes para a “migração”. Por meio de seus relatos, pode-se observar as estratégias para a sobrevivência e obtenção de sucesso como um trabalhador flexível; a percepções dos entrevistados sobre o mercado brasileiro; a mudança de relacionamento com os clientes, a família e a rede de contatos. Apesar dos problemas enfrentados para se estabilizar, a maioria demonstra a vontade de permanecer no trabalho flexível, contrariando grande número de estudo que enxergam a flexibilização de contratos de trabalho como precarização para os trabalhadores. Para os executivos em regime flexível, a vida como trabalhador CLT parece fazer parte do passado: agora, eles precisam se mostrar competentes a qualquer custo, planejar-se para as “entressafras”, buscar melhorar a rede de contatos, aumentar o conhecimento e passar um tempo com a sua família. Os motivos de permanência são diversos, mas possuem um ponto de conversão: a sensação de deter o domínio sobre a sua vida, seu tempo, seu dinheiro, seu conhecimento, seu futuro. Talvez, o cotidiano apresente muitas situações de submissão à vontade do cliente e de dedicação maior do que na época de empregado formal; mas, na “realidade cotidiana”, a sensação é de ser o “dono” da sua vida. When we observe the present work in the world, we can notice a move towards the direction of greater flexibility in regards to formal employees and workers that act through flexible forms of labor contracts. The flexible employment contract refers to the contract that does not follow the formal model of labor contract, governed by CLT (Consolidation of the Labor Laws), and, has been studied lately as a result of changes in the workplace organization, usually associated with the search of more productive and cheaper workers. Due to the enlargement of the involved phenomena of these transformations, we delimited the subject and the public to be studied: adopting the idea of social construction of reality, from Berger and Luckmann (1966/2002), we analyzed the "migration" processes of 30 executives, residents of São Paulo city, ex-employees of large corporations, that had experiences in high and middle management at multinational and national organizations, and, at present, work in the markets under flexible labor contracts. For our study, we understand that the executives are formal workers that occupy positions of high and middle management in the organizational hierarch and have the power of decision and prestige. Being so, the objective of this study is to describe the sense attributed by executives, to the "migration" process to more flexible forms of work and to the new reality lived in the workplace. The research follows a qualitative approach, utilizing semi-structured in-depth interviews to gather the information; for the interview analysis, we used, as the basis, the ideas of speeches practices from Spink and Medrado (1999/2004). The constructionist perspective permitted to verify that executives in flexible workplaces possessed high level of selfconfidence, a missionary vision of his/her work, and different motives for the "migration". Through their statements we can observe the survival strategies and how to become successful as a flexible worker; the interviewees perceptions of the Brazilian market; the change in customer relationships, the family and the personal network. Despite the problems faced to settle in, the majority want to continue with flexible work, even though a large number of studies have shown that flexible labor contracts as a factor that make workers’ lives more precarious. For the executives in flexible employment, life as a formal CLT worker is a thing of the past: now, they need to show themselves as competent at any cost, plan themselves for the "dry spells" improve their network, increase their knowledge and to spend time with their family. The motives to stay are diverse, but all possesses a conversion point: the sensation that they dominate their own lives, time, money, knowledge, and future. Perhaps, many situations will present themselves in daily life to give in to the customer and greater dedication than a formal employee; but, in the "everyday reality", the sensation is that they are the "owner" of their lives.

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Almeida, Alexandra Sofia Pereira de. "Ensino de empreendedorismo : comparação entre aprendizagem formal e informal." Master's thesis, FEUC, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10316/32542.

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Relatório de estágio do mestrado em Gestão, apresentado à Faculdade de Economia da Universidade de Coimbra, sob a orientação de Miguel Torres Preto e Susana Lourenço. Este relatório foi redigido no decorrer do estágio para a obtenção do grau de Mestre em Gestão, desenvolvendo-se no período entre 1 de fevereiro e 4 de julho de 2016, no Departamento de Valorização do Conhecimento e Inovação (VCI) do Instituto Pedro Nunes (IPN) - Associação para a Inovação e Desenvolvimento em Ciência e Tecnologia. O ensino de empreendedorismo é um tema bastante debatido nos dias de hoje, fazendo até parte de planos de ação de alguns países europeus. No entanto, o confronto de duas formas diferentes de ensino, o ensino formal e informal, levanta algumas reservas quanto à forma como devemos educar, incutir ou ensinar o empreendedorismo. O presente relatório inicia-se como uma breve distinção entre conceitos que por vezes na literatura se confundem com a ideia de empreendedorismo, espaço onde é também clarificado o porquê do uso da expressão “ensino de empreendedorismo” e não “educação em empreendedorismo”. No seguimento, é apresentada a história do ensino de empreendedorismo, bem como o debate que há sobre este tema. Neste estudo também surge uma pequena reflexão sobre a distinção entre ensino formal e informal desta disciplina, assim como uma comparação das duas abordagens. De forma a completar este estudo, foram realizadas entrevistas semiestruturadas a docentes e alunos/participantes de unidades curriculares ou outras atividades relacionadas com o ensino de empreendedorismo, deste modo foi possível percecionar as práticas relativamente ao ensino de empreendedorismo na região de Coimbra. Para concluir é feita uma reflexão sobre o período de estágio, assim como das competências adquiridas ao longo do mesmo.

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Nicolas, Christina. "Formal and informal institutions, bank capital ratios and lending." Thesis, Limoges, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LIMO0042.

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Cette thèse examine l'impact des institutions formelles et informelles sur les ratios de fonds propres et les prêts des banques. Elle est composée de trois essais empiriques. Le premier chapitre explore l'effet de la qualité juridique et institutionnelle formelle sur les ratios de fonds propres pondérés par rapport aux ratios de fonds propres non pondérés des banques dans la région du Moyen-Orient et de l'Afrique du Nord. Les résultats montrent que lorsque les marchés boursiers sont moins développés, les variables institutionnelles affectent de manière significative les ratios de fonds propres réglementaires pondérés par le risque, mais pas les ratios de levier. À l'inverse, lorsque les marchés boursiers sont plus développés, seuls les ratios de levier sont influencés par des facteurs institutionnels. Le deuxième chapitre parcourt la relation entre les ratios de fonds propres des banques, le cadre juridique et institutionnel et les prêts bancaires en utilisant un échantillon mondial de banques commerciales. Les résultats confirment que le développement institutionnel est un moteur important du crédit bancaire, tandis que l’effet des ratios de capital sur le crédit bancaire reste d’une importance mineure. Le troisième chapitre porte sur le rôle de la confiance dans le développement du crédit bancaire dans le monde. Les résultats confirment que la confiance Inter-groupe, la confiance envers les personnes que nous ne connaissons pas, renforce de manière significative les prêts bancaires dans les pays dans lesquels le développement institutionnel et judiciaire est relativement moins développé. En ce qui concerne la confiance intra-groupe, la confiance envers les personnes que nous connaissons, les résultats empiriques montrent qu’elle affecte indirectement le crédit bancaire en favorisant le développement du crédit informel This dissertation examines the impact of formal and informal institutions on bank capital ratios and lending. It comprises three empirical essays. The first chapter explores the effect of the legal and institutional quality on bank risk-weighted capital ratios versus non risk-weighted capital ratios in the Middle East and North Africa region. The findings show that when stock markets are less developed, institutional variables significantly affect risk-weighted regulatory capital ratios but not leverage ratios. Conversely, when stock markets are more developed, only leverage ratios are influenced by institutional factors. The second chapter explores the relationship between bank capital ratios, the legal and institutional framework, and bank lending using a global sample of commercial banks. The results confirm that institutional development is a significant driver of bank lending while the effect of capital ratios on bank lending remains of minor importance. The third chapter focuses on the role of trust in bank lending development around the world. It provides evidence that Out-group trust, the trust in individuals we do not know, significantly boosts bank lending in countries with relatively lower levels of institutional and judicial development. As for In-group trust, the trust in individuals we know, evidence shows that it affects bank lending indirectly by favoring the development of informal lending

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Sun, Junfang. "Formal and Informal Finance in China's Ethnic Minority Areas." Kyoto University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/192136.

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Vuletin, Guillermo Javier. "Essays on capital controls and the informal economy." College Park, Md. : University of Maryland, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1903/7333.

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Thesis (Ph. D.) -- University of Maryland, College Park, 2007. Thesis research directed by: Economics. Title from t.p. of PDF. Includes bibliographical references. Published by UMI Dissertation Services, Ann Arbor, Mich. Also available in paper.

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Rossis, Nicholas Michael. "The informal economy in Lebanon : dangers and benefits." Thesis, Durham University, 2011. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/733/.

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This thesis investigates through situational and empirical analysis the beneficial and detrimental characteristics of the informal economy in Lebanon and its impact on the public and state interest through its socio-economic associations. The informal economy is a polymorphous entity, and in order to determine its versatile contribution, has been separated into four different variables or key drivers. The four key drivers constitute the determinant variables of the informal economy. The main method used to explore the four determinant variables is the Force Field analysis. The first key driver is informal remittances as they represent a significant fraction of the informal economic activity in Lebanon and make a major contribution to Gross Domestic Product. The second driver is corruption, as this involves massive economic transactions on a daily basis, with an enormous impact at both the microeconomic and macroeconomic levels. The third key driver is the informal employment and commerce sector, as the unpaid VAT and corporate and income tax evasion results in a huge annual loss of government revenue in Lebanon. The fourth and last key driver is the illegal networks, as Lebanon represents an international hub for smuggling, drug and people trafficking and money-laundering, with strong links with, and implication for, its sectarian constituents. The current situation in Lebanon fuels the creation of a chaotic socio-economic environment where it is impossible to estimate accurately the significance of the informal economy, or indeed the size of the overall economy. As far as possible in this research all the key drivers have been independently and collectively evaluated through the data collected from the primary sources (users/public opinion, government officials and academics) and secondary material in order to assess each key driver’s input to the informal economy. Subsequently the thesis provides an estimation of the beneficial and detrimental contribution of the informal economy in Lebanon, as well as the overall perceptions of each of the respondent groups. Lastly, the primary and secondary materials are collectively assessed from a single perspective to build, using an inductive approach, a theoretical model of the factors which fuel and perpetuate the informal economy in the country. The present thesis may constitute the foundation for future analysis of the informal economy in Lebanon by providing unconventional recommendations. It is an attempt to present the possibility of an alternative approach to the informal economy, by stressing its merits and advantages, while also recognising the dangers and challenges it poses for both the state and the society.

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