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Relevant bibliographies by topics / Formal and Informal Education

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Academic literature on the topic 'Formal and Informal Education'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 25 July 2025

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Journal articles on the topic "Formal and Informal Education"

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Tudor, Sofia Loredana. "Formal – Non-formal – Informal in Education." Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 76 (April 2013): 821–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2013.04.213.

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Elice, Deti, Andino Maseleno, and Agus Pahrudin. "Formal, Informal and Non Formal Education Systems." Journal of Learning and Educational Policy, no. 41 (December 1, 2023): 30–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.55529/jlep.41.30.35.

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This paper presents formal, informal, and non formal education systems. Education is likened to a ship and students are the captain, then we do not know where the ship will sail. Similarly, education is steered by students who do not know anything, so it will be difficult for us to know where the process of thinking about educational goals without taking into account the social context. Therefore, formal, informal, and nonformal education is expected to shape students to be better. These three types of education are expected to be able to be a breakthrough in programming the behavior of educat

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Mallett, Clifford J., Pierre Trudel, John Lyle, and Steven B. Rynne. "Formal vs. Informal Coach Education." International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching 4, no. 3 (2009): 325–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1260/174795409789623883.

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The training of coaches is considered central to sustaining and improving the quality of sports coaching and the ongoing process of professionalisation. Sports coaches participate in a range of learning opportunities (informal to formal) that contribute to their development to varying degrees. In this article, we present our collective understanding on the varying types of learning opportunities and their contribution to coach accreditation and development. The authors presented these views (from a sports pedagogy perspective) as part of a workshop entitled “Formal vs. Informal Coach Education

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Pavicevic, Miljana, and Danijela Petrovic. "Differences between formal, non-formal and informal education." Zbornik radova Uciteljskog fakulteta Prizren-Leposavic, no. 9 (2015): 103–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/zrufpl1509103p.

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Desimone, Laura M., Eric D. Hochberg, Andrew C. Porter, Morgan S. Polikoff, Robert Schwartz, and L. Joy Johnson. "Formal and Informal Mentoring." Journal of Teacher Education 65, no. 2 (2013): 88–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022487113511643.

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Läänemets, Urve, Katrin Kalamees-Ruubel, Kristi Kiilu, and Anu Sepp. "CURRICULUM DEVELOPMENT CONSIDERING FORMAL, NON-FORMAL AND INFORMAL EDUCATION." SOCIETY. INTEGRATION. EDUCATION. Proceedings of the International Scientific Conference 2 (May 25, 2018): 286–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.17770/sie2018vol1.3182.

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Curriculum development for general comprehensive and also vocational schools needs consideration of the context, in which availability of non-formal and informal education (extracurricular activities=EA) plays an important role forming a meaningful whole with formal education. This pilot study attempted to find out what motivates students (aged 13–15) for participation and teachers organizing/supervising these activities. The methods used for data collection were questionnaires for students (n=258), focus groups of students (n=4), and interviews with teachers (n=8) which provided preliminary d

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TERNAVSKA, Tetіana, and Ilona VOLOSHCHUK. "COMMUNICATIVE ASPECTS OF THE IMPLEMENTATION OF NON-FORMAL AND INFORMAL EDUCATION OF HIGHER EDUCATION STUDENTS DURING MARTIAL LAW." Scientific Bulletin of Flight Academy. Section: Pedagogical Sciences 13 (2023): 175–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.33251/2522-1477-2023-13-175-183.

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The article is devoted to the analysis of communicative aspects of the implementation of non-formal/informal education for higher education students under martial law. The concept and forms of non-formal education, the main criteria for re-accreditation of learning outcomes obtained through non-formal/informal education are indicated. The main advantages of non-formal/informal education under martial law are described. The purpose of the study was to analyze the communicative aspects of the implementation of non-formal/informal education for higher education students under martial law. The adv

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Folkestad, Göran. "Formal and informal learning situations or practices vs formal and informal ways of learning." British Journal of Music Education 23, no. 2 (2006): 135–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0265051706006887.

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During the last decade there has been an awakening interest in considering not only formalised learning situations within institutional settings, but also all the various forms of informal musical learning practices outside schools. Informal musical learning outside institutional settings has been shown to contribute to important knowledge and aspects of music education. In this article, I will examine research studies which in different ways focus on formal and informal learning situations and practices or formal and informal ways of learning. I will consider the relationship between music ed

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Evliyaoglu, Furkan, and Koray Gelmez. "Examining Workshops in the Intersection of Formal and Informal Architecture Education: The Case of “Bahar Atölyeleri”." Journal of Design Studio 4, spi2 (2022): 35–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.46474/jds.1154901.

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Today, it is known that formal education models alone are not sufficient for the complexity of design education. Thus, these models should be supported by informal methods. In contemporary architectural education, the formal structure is supported by various informal education tools such as competitions, workshops, and panels. However, although it is seen as two different education models, it is not possible to draw a clear boundary between formal and informal education. Because it can be said that today's formal education contains informality and informal education has various formal aspects.

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Pankowska, Malgorzata B. "MOOCs as Supplement of Informal Education." International Journal of E-Adoption 9, no. 1 (2017): 10–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijea.2017010102.

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The contribution covers discussion on informal university learning, which is a part of heutagogy. In the paper, the university learning is considered as autopoietic organization development as well as development of business organization strongly dependent on external knowledge resources. In general, university education space covers formal, informal, and non-formal learning. Nowadays, informal learning has an excellent opportunity for development, because of Web 2.0 ideas and solutions. In the paper, the architecture of informal learning environment is visualized in ArchiMate 4.0 beta version

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Formal and Informal Education"

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Feichas, Heloisa Faria Braga. "Formal and informal music learning in Brazilian higher education." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2006. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/10020512/.

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Goodson-rochelle, Peggy A. "New Teacher Induction Programs in Tennessee: Formal, Informal, and Influential Practices." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 1998. https://dc.etsu.edu/etd/2916.

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The researcher examined beginning teacher induction programs in large and small districts in Tennessee for the 1997-1998 school year. Types of induction, formal and informal, were examined. The study looked at the teacher attitudes of job satisfaction, job adjustment, and socialization into the profession of teaching. The research design included five questions with two hypotheses used for testing differences between teacher attitudes in large and small systems. Beginning first-year teachers were surveyed and asked to rate their induction program as to best practices. Teachers

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Bostain, Dyanne Strohkorb. "Information gathering by trustees for decision-making: Informal and formal sources." W&M ScholarWorks, 1988. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd/1539618597.

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The purpose of this study was to clarify the structure of information systems employed by trustees in higher education and to evaluate the relationships of these systems to decision-making. Communication and organizational theories characterizing the role of informal and formal information used by policy makers and top management in organizational decision-making provided the framework for this study. Studies of top-level corporate executives (Adams 1975; Quinn 1980; Jones and McLeod 1986) revealed executives' strong preferences for and substantial use of information from informal channels for

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Silva, Albina Pinto Pais Tiago. "As aprendizagens não formais e informais no ingresso à Escola Secundária Padre António Macedo: possíveis parcerias com outras instituições de Vila Nova de Santo André." Master's thesis, Universidade de Évora, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10174/14528.

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Esta investigação teve como principal objectivo avaliar da presença dos contextos institucionais não formais e informais no conjunto das aprendizagens reveladas pelos estudantes que ingressaram, na Escola Secundária Padre António Macedo, no ano lectivo 2009-2010, e averiguar qual o contributo das instituições locais no seu percurso de aprendizagem. A abordagem metodológica assentou num dispositivo de matriz quantitativa, com o recurso ao inquérito por questionário a uma amostra de alunos. Observámos um potencial educativo na cidade proporcionado por instituições, onde se destacaram amigos, fam

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Moreland, Rosemary. "Towards a learning society : a study of formal, non-formal and informal adult learning opportunities." Thesis, University of Ulster, 1993. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.386104.

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Carvalho, Letícia Sandra Araújo. "O ensino informal e não-formal de música: metodologia e práticas pedagógicas para o ensino informal e não-formal de música percussiva." Master's thesis, Universidade de Évora, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10174/28659.

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O tema desta dissertação versa sobre o ensino informal e não formal de música. Este trabalho aborda o uso de metodologias informais e os ambientes não formais para o ensino de música percussiva. Foi realizada uma reflexão crítica baseada na Revisão de Literatura sobre o tema e uma abordagem metodológica qualitativa que permitiu a identificação de autores que abordam as temáticas a cerca das metodologias e dos materiais pedagógicos musicais, que tendem a contribuir no processo de ensinoaprendizagem de música. O objetivo foi valorizar as práticas musicais e percussivas transmitidas informalmente

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Howard, Caran Amber Crawford. ""I've always been for education": Mexicana/o participation in formal, non-formal, and informal education in the Midwest, 1910-1955." Diss., University of Iowa, 2015. https://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/1634.

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This dissertation provides a history of Mexicana/os' participation in three modes of education: formal, non-formal, and informal, in the midwestern states of Iowa, Kansas, Minnesota, and Missouri, from 1910 to 1955. Informed by Critical Race Theory and LatCrit Theory, the study addresses the social constructions of race, gender, and class as it analyzes how these ongoing and complex constructions influenced not only how dominant society structured and practiced education offered to Mexicana/os but also how Mexicana/os participated in education and made education work for them in parochial and

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Visser, Alvin-Jon. "Rural students' local knowledge of learning in formal and informal contexts." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1002588.

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The general aim of this thesis is to illuminate the process of learning as it occurs in formal and informal contexts. The study focuses on South African scholars attending school in rural areas where the contrast between learning in formal and informal learning contexts is more pronounced than that in urban areas. The research draws on rural scholars' local knowledge of formal and informal learning contexts in order to gain a rich insight into how cognition is situated in different learning contexts. This is accomplished through investigating the structure of the respective learning tasks, the

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Deleveaux, Gia. "Critical edutainment : an in-depth look at informal education at one facility." Thesis, McGill University, 2007. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=103194.

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Through the lenses of critical pedagogy, cognitive psychology, marketing, curriculum development, traditional and informal education, and Black education, how one centre constructed and implemented critical edutainment is reviewed and scrutinized. The ethnographic study took place in a hyperreal (Baudrillard) setting using a bricolage of research methods: Seidman's 3-part interview protocol with workers and administrators; McMillan's focus group interview process with 9-12 year olds; participant-observation; field and reflective notes; and artefacts from external sources such as television bro

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Brynjolfson, Robert Walter. "Maximizing informal learning in an intentional missionary training community." Online full text .pdf document, available to Fuller patrons only. Theological Research Exchange Network (TREN) Access this title online, 2006. http://www.tren.com.

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Books on the topic "Formal and Informal Education"

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Gupta, Anil K. Women and formal and informal science. Indian Institute of Management, 2005.

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Trentin, Guglielmo, and Stefania Bocconi. Wiki supporting formal and informal learning. Nova Science Publishers, 2012.

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María, Quintana Cabanas José, ed. Iniciativas sociales en educación informal. Ediciones Rialp, 1991.

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Smith, Mark, 1950 June 25-, ed. Informal education: Conversation, democracy and learning. 3rd ed. Educational Heretics Press, 2005.

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Plakitsi, Katerina, ed. Activity Theory in Formal and Informal Science Education. SensePublishers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-6091-317-4.

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Sudiapermana, Elih. Model pengukuran sosial pada pendidikan nonformal dan informal. Nagara, 2011.

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Hager, Paul J. Recovering informal learning: Wisdom, judgement and community. Springer, 2006.

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Frank, Coffield, and Economic and Social Research Council (Great Britain), eds. The necessity of informal learning. Policy Press, 2000.

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Colardyn, Danielle. The learning continuity: European inventory on validating non-formal and informal learning : national policies and practices in validating non-formal and informal learning. Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, 2005.

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Zervas, Theodore G. Formal and Informal Education during the Rise of Greek Nationalism. Palgrave Macmillan US, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-48415-4.

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Book chapters on the topic "Formal and Informal Education"

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O’Donnell, Gerard. "Informal and Formal Education." In Mastering Sociology. Macmillan Education UK, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-10247-1_6.

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O’Donnell, Gerard. "Informal and formal education." In Mastering Sociology. Macmillan Education UK, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-13434-2_6.

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O’Donnell, Gerard. "Informal and Formal Education." In Mastering Sociology. Macmillan Education UK, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-17914-5_6.

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Wotherspoon, Terry. "Formal and Informal Indigenous Education." In Indigenous Education. Springer Netherlands, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-9355-1_4.

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Schwier, Richard A. "Comparing Formal, Non-formal, and Informal Online Learning Environments." In The Next Generation of Distance Education. Springer US, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-1785-9_9.

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Carrillo, Rubén, and Patricia A. González-Moreno. "Formal and informal music learning strategies." In Research Perspectives on Music Education in Ibero-America. Routledge, 2025. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003490579-13.

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Zhou, Shiyu. "Formal, Nonformal, and Informal Education in China." In Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research. Atlantis Press SARL, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/978-2-38476-126-5_53.

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Edwards, Kate. "Education, Technology and the Disruptive Innovations Challenging the Formal/Informal Education Divide." In Informal Education, Childhood and Youth. Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137027733_10.

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Grant, Michael M. "Using Mobile Devices to Support Formal, Informal and Semi-formal Learning." In Emerging Technologies for STEAM Education. Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-02573-5_9.

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Donovan, Gregory T. "iLearn: Engaging (In)Formal Learning in Young People’s Mediated Environments." In Informal Education, Childhood and Youth. Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137027733_18.

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Conference papers on the topic "Formal and Informal Education"

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Palgutová, Silvia, Kristína Pramuková, Miriama Javorská, and Ľubomír Štrba. "ONLINE TOOLS FOR GEOHERITAGE INTERPRETATION BOTH IN FORMAL AND INFORMAL EDUCATION." In Public recreation and landscape protection - with respect hand in hand… Mendel University in Brno, 2025. https://doi.org/10.11118/978-80-7701-025-2-0197.

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Marques, Ana Paula. "NON-FORMAL AND INFORMAL LEARNING IN HIGHER EDUCATION: REVEALING ENTREPRENEURIAL SKILLS THROUGH ACADEMIC STAKEHOLDERS." In 17th annual International Conference of Education, Research and Innovation. IATED, 2024. https://doi.org/10.21125/iceri.2024.2484.

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Paz, Marta, and Clara Vasconcelos. "BEYOND THE CLASSROOM: EMPOWERING LEARNERS IN BIO AND GEOETHICS WITH ENGAGING NON-FORMAL RESOURCES." In 11th SWS International Scientific Conferences on SOCIAL SCIENCES - ISCSS 2024. SGEM WORLD SCIENCE, 2024. https://doi.org/10.35603/sws.iscss.2024/s08/50.

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Recent decades have witnessed extraordinary scientific and technological advances which have profoundly impacted society in multiple dimensions, such as healthcare, agriculture, energy, natural resources exploitation, environmental conservation, georisks management, and digital communication, promoting better living conditions for all. However, alongside the benefits, humanity also faces growing challenges and dilemmas concerning planetary sustainability and human rights. For this reason, the call for scientific and ethical literacy has never been more critical, namely in the field of bio and

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Dib, C. Z. "Formal, non-formal and informal education: concepts/applicability." In AIP Conference Proceedings Volume 173. AIP, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.37526.

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Gorun, Adrian. "FORMAL AND INFORMAL STANDARDS IN INSTITUTIONALISED EDUCATION." In 15th International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference SGEM2015. Stef92 Technology, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.5593/sgem2015/b53/s22.115.

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Stan, Cornelia. "Formal Mentoring Versus Informal Mentoring in Education." In 8th International Conference - "EDUCATION, REFLECTION, DEVELOPMENT". European Publisher, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.15405/epsbs.2021.03.02.18.

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Chow, K. O., K. M. Chin, S. K. S. Cheung, and G. T. L. Wong. "Formal and Informal Learning based on Web 2.0." In Web-based Education. ACTAPRESS, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.2316/p.2010.688-032.

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Sedlak, Otilija, Zoran Ciric, Dragan Stojic, and Aleksandra Marcikic Horvat. "SOCIAL FARMS – FORMAL AND INFORMAL EDUCATIONAL OPPORTUNITIES." In 13th International Conference on Education and New Learning Technologies. IATED, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21125/edulearn.2021.0775.

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Angélico, Maria José, Ana Paula Camarinha, António José Abreu, and M. Inês Braga. "VIRTUAL LEARNING ENVIRONMENTS: FORMAL ENVIRONMENTS VS INFORMAL ENVIRONMENTS." In 13th International Technology, Education and Development Conference. IATED, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.21125/inted.2019.2096.

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Gorun, Adrian. "INFORMAL AND FORMAL CONTROL OF SOCIAL DEVIANCE THROUGH EDUCATION." In 14th SGEM GeoConference on ECOLOGY, ECONOMICS, EDUCATION AND LEGISLATION. Stef92 Technology, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.5593/sgem2014/b53/s22.083.

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Reports on the topic "Formal and Informal Education"

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Téllez, Francisco. Formal and Informal Information Production and Dissemination Networks. Inter-American Development Bank, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0006689.

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Stampini, Marco, and Carmen Pagés. No Education, No Good Jobs?: Evidence on the Relationship Between Education and Labor Market Segmentation. Inter-American Development Bank, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0010724.

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This paper assesses labor market segmentation across formal and informal salaried jobs and self-employment in three Latin American and three transition countries. It looks separately at the markets for skilled and unskilled labor, inquiring if segmentation is an exclusive feature of the latter. Longitudinal data are used to assess wage differentials and mobility patterns across jobs. To study mobility, the paper compares observed transitions with a new benchmark measure of mobility under the assumption of no segmentation. It finds evidence of a formal wage premium relative to informal salaried

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Ambekar, Neelima, Divya Jain, Vishal Patel, Arvind Sakat, Abhishek Shah, and Nagma Shah. Exploring Education's Role in Sustainable Urbanisation through PUKAR's Youth Fellowship Program. Indian Institute for Human Settlements, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.24943/tesf1707.2024.

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This research explores the potential of the Youth Fellowship Program (YFP) as a supplementary urban educational intervention to formal higher education. The findings highlight the significance of the YFP as a crucial element in enabling research-oriented, problem-focused and action-oriented urban education. Such an approach complements formal urban higher education and addresses existing gaps, making contemporary urban education more responsive to the challenges faced in urban settings. Firstly, the programme recognises critical gaps in the contemporary higher education curriculum, ensuring th

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Duraiappah, Anantha, N. M. Van Atteveldt, J. M. Buil, K. Singh, and R. Wu. Reimagining Education: The International Science and Evidence Based Education (ISEE) Assessment. UNESCO MGIEP, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.56383/jofk3902.

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The overall goal of the ISEE Assessment is to pool multi-disciplinary expertise on educational systems and reforms from a range of stakeholders in an open and inclusive manner, and to undertake a scientifically robust and evidence based assessment that can inform education policy-making at all levels and on all scales. Its aim is not to be policy prescriptive but to provide policy relevant information and recommendations to improve education systems and the way we organize learning in formal and non-formal settings. It is also meant to identify information gaps and priorities for future resear

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Santos, Cezar. Research Insights: How Does the Enforcement of Labor Market Regulations Affect Informality and Firms? Inter-American Development Bank, 2024. https://doi.org/10.18235/0013329.

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Labor inspections reduce informality but slow firm growth: inspections mandate formalization and impose fines, causing immediate compliance but long-term stagnation in growth for audited firms in Brazil. Informality is pervasive: both large and small firms hire informal workers, and informal workers are similar to formal employees in age, education, and gender but earn slightly less. Inspections dampen innovation and dynamism: firms subjected to audits innovate less, with declines in trademark registrations and organizational complexity.

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Hallward-Driemeier, Mary, Carmen Pagés, and Reyes Aterido. Does Expanding Health Insurance Beyond Formal-Sector Workers Encourage Informality?: Measuring the Impact of Mexico's Seguro Popular. Inter-American Development Bank, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0011476.

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Seguro Popular (SP) was introduced in 2002 to provide health insurance to the 50 million Mexicans without Social Security. This paper tests whether the program has had unintended consequences, distorting workers' incentives to operate in the informal sector. The analysis examines the impact of SP on disaggregated labor market decisions, taking into account that program coverage depends not only on the individual's employment status, but also on that of other household members. The identification strategy relies on the variation in SP's rollout across municipalities and time, with the differenc

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Khieng, Sothy, Sidney Mason, and Seakleng Lim. Innovation and Entrepreneurship Ecosystem in Cambodia: The Roles of Academic Institutions. Cambodia Development Resource Institute, 2019. https://doi.org/10.64202/wp.118.201910.

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Numerous studies have identified the importance of a healthy entrepreneurial ecosystem in stimulating and sustaining innovation and entrepreneurship. Local entrepreneurial ecosystems are made up of both formal and informal institutions, which include legal, economic, institutional, political, social and cultural factors. As well as providing various supports, including funding and incubation programs, higher education institutions create a space at the soft skills level that inspires entrepreneurial spirit and influences entrepreneurial orientation. Yet, although some studies have explored the

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Carter, Becky. Strengthening Gender Equality in Decision-making in Somaliland. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2021.078.

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This rapid review searched for literature on how and why women continue to struggle in Somaliland to achieve formal political representation and to take on informal decision-making roles on local peace and political matters, from community to national levels. Women’s participation in peacebuilding and political decision-making in Somaliland is very limited. A key barrier is the clan system underpinning Somaliland’s political settlement. Entrenched and politicised, patriarchal clans exclude women (and other minority groups) from formal and customary leadership and decision-making roles. Other c

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Carlos, Jean Clarisse, Marie Jel Bautista, and Eylla Laire Gutierrez. Gendering the Informal Tourism Sector toward Inclusive and Sustainable Growth: The Case Study of Boracay Island. Philippine Institute for Development Studies, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.62986/dp2023.35.

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Boracay Island, Malay, is one of the most popular tourist destinations in the Philippines. Over the years, its sustained growth as a top tourist destination has been substantially supported by the Island’s informal tourism sector, which is primarily women-dominated. While both men and women provide tourism products and services, differences are observed in their occupational choices and the options made available to them. For this reason, concerns about the sustainability of tourism development vis-à-vis gender inclusivity have been raised. To bridge this gap, this study investigated the invol

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Fabio Morales, Leonardo, Eleonora Dávalos, and Raquel Zapata. Estimating Vacancy Stocks from Aggregated Data on Hires: A Methodology to Study Frictions in the Labor Market. Banco de la República de Colombia, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.32468/be.1228.

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Abstract:

We develop a methodology that recovers an estimate of the average stock of vacancies using the information on aggregated hires. We show that our prediction of the vacancy stock is unbiased, and it captures well the level and the dynamics of the United States job opening positions reported in the Job Openings and Labor Turnover Survey. We use the methodology to predict vacancies in Colombia for formal and informal salaried workers; together with unemployment, we estimate Beveridge curves and matching functions by occupations, which allows us to study the nature of the efficiency, frictions, and

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