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Relevant bibliographies by topics / Formal and semi-formal notation

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Academic literature on the topic 'Formal and semi-formal notation'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 3 June 2025

Last updated: 6 July 2025

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Journal articles on the topic "Formal and semi-formal notation"

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Dongmo, Cyrille, and John Andrew van der Poll. "Addressing the Construction of Z and Object-Z with Use Case Maps (UCMs)." International Journal of Software Engineering and Knowledge Engineering 24, no. 02 (2014): 285–327. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218194014500120.

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A Use Case Map (UCM) is a scenario-based visual notation facilitating the requirements definition of complex systems. A UCM may be generated either from a set of informal requirements, or from a set of use cases normally expressed in natural language. Natural languages are, however, inherently ambiguous and as a semi-formal notation, UCMs have the potential to bring more clarity into the functional description of a system. It may furthermore eliminate possible errors in the user requirements. The semi-formal notation of UCMs aims to show how things work generally, but is not suitable to reason formally about system behavior. It is plausible, therefore, that the use of a UCM as an intermediate step may facilitate the construction of a formal specification. To this end this paper proposes a mechanism whereby a UCM may be translated into Object-Z.

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Kalashnikov, V. G., G. R. Gabidullina, S. M. Mukhametshin, A. S. Galimova, and A. M. Ableeva. "Formal and Psychological Aspects of Modern Business Notations." SHS Web of Conferences 93 (2021): 01015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/20219301015.

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The article discusses the features of the transition to the sixth technological order based on the digitalization of the economy, informatization and computerization of all spheres of human life. The conclusion is made about the influence of the ongoing phase shift of the social order on the social and psychological features of modern man. In particular, the increasing role of visual culture and visual (visual-logical) thinking and the corresponding graphic language is noted. The advantages of such a graphic language in terms of information capacity are noted. There is a growing interest in visual forms of modeling production systems in the form of business notations for the purpose of analyzing business processes for their modeling and controlling. The essence and features of the business notation system in various versions are considered. The possibility of combining different business notation systems as different ways of describing a managed object is emphasized. The article focuses on the use of business notation as a means of developing managerial thinking of managers as a multidimensional and contextual visual-logical process that meets the requirements of the modern information environment.

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Corradini, Flavio, Andrea Polini, and Barbara Re. "Inter-organizational business process verification in public administration." Business Process Management Journal 21, no. 5 (2015): 1040–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/bpmj-02-2014-0013.

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Purpose – Public services can be modelled, analysed and implemented using notations and tools for the business process (BP) abstraction. Applying such an explicit approach public administrations (PAs) can better react to the undergoing transformation in service provisioning and they can continuously improve service quality in order to satisfy citizens and business requests, while coping with decreasing budgets. The purpose of this paper is to discuss these issues. Design/methodology/approach – The proposed approach relies on using formal methods, in particular unfolding to analyse the correctness of BP. The paper also compares and selects mapping rules from semi-formal to formal modelling languages; these techniques are presented in the context of the BP Modelling Languages and Petri Net (PN). Findings – Main aim of this paper is to raise the need for formal verification of BP governing the interactions among PAs, which more and more need to be supported by ICT mechanisms, and then are not so much tolerant to errors and imperfections in the process specification. The paper illustrates the main motivations of such a work and it introduces a verification technique of a BP using a mapping of a high-level notation (such as BPMN 2.0) to a formal notation (such as PNs) for which formal analysis techniques can be adopted. In particular the verification step is implemented using an unfolding-based technique. Originality/value – The paper answers a call for further development of the body of knowledge on effective analysis of BPs, a rapidly emerging field of interest for large and ultra large scenarios, where a clear gap in literature exists. Than the paper shows that formal techniques are mature enough to be applied on real scenarios.

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Ciaccia, P., P. Ciancarini, and W. Penzo. "Formal Requirements and Design Specifications: The Clepsydra Methodology." International Journal of Software Engineering and Knowledge Engineering 07, no. 01 (1997): 1–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218194097000023.

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The use of formal methods early in the development process has been advocated as a way of improving the quality of software products and their production process. Here we study the influence of a formal requirements document on the next phase in the software process, that is design. We suggest that formal design should coherently follow from formal requirements. We show that two different formal notations can be effectively used, one for writing requirements specification and one for design specification. We also consider how a design specification can be formally checked with respect to requirements specification. The notations we choose are well known: the Z notation for requirements and the Larch two-tiered language for design. We show how a number of tools based on these notations can be used to improve the quality of the documents produced during the development process.

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Aredo, Demissie. "A Framework for Semantics of UML Sequence Diagrams in PVS." JUCS - Journal of Universal Computer Science 8, no. (7) (2002): 674–97. https://doi.org/10.3217/jucs-008-07-0674.

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This paper presents a framework for representing formal semantics of a subset of the Unified Modeling Language (UML) notation in a higher-order logic, more specifically semantics of UML sequence diagrams is encoded into the Prototype Verification System (PVS). The primary objective of our work is to make UML models amenable to rigorous analysis by providing their precise semantics. This approach paves a way for formal development of systems through a systematic transformation of UML models. This work is a part of a long-term vision to explore how the PVS tool set can be used to underpin practical tools for analyzing UML models. It contributes to the ongoing effort to provide mathematical foundation to UML notations, with the aim of clarifying the semantics of the language as well as supporting the development of semantically-based tools.

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Irawati, Eli. "transmission of resilience learning in the context of formal education an ethnomusicological review." Linguistics and Culture Review 5, S3 (2021): 1040–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.21744/lingcure.v5ns3.1664.

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The existence and continuity of musical practice in the world, among others, is strongly influenced by transmission or inheritance. Therefore, local-traditional music in Indonesia that lives and develops in the midst of oral culture becomes important to study transmission. This study aims to determine the transmission process of learning in the Kalimantan Music class and find the right formula for delivering teaching materials. This research is qualitative research with an applied ethnomusicology approach. The method of collection is through observation, interviews and supported by documentation and literature searches. The research was conducted at the Department of Ethnomusicology, Faculty of Performing Arts, Indonesian Institute of the Arts, Yogyakarta. The study results indicate that it is important to incorporate learning models and strategies from the teacher to the Kalimantan Music class. They are practicing analytical-based learning methods in the context of a resilient society. Chunking-based strategies and formulas in memorizing songs or reports that are played are made into two notation systems, namely block notation and pronunciation-based notation, to make it easier for students to play music. Block notation formulas and pronunciation-based notations can be applied as a way of learning music in class.

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Zheng, Mingchun, Jiazhong Zhang, and Yanbing Wang. "Integrating a formal specification notation with HOOD." ACM SIGSOFT Software Engineering Notes 23, no. 5 (1998): 57–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/290249.290265.

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France, R., A. Evans, K. Lano, and B. Rumpe. "The UML as a formal modeling notation." Computer Standards & Interfaces 19, no. 7 (1998): 325–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0920-5489(98)00020-8.

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Waksler, Rachelle. "CV- versus X-Notation: A Formal Comparison." Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society 12 (May 15, 1986): 271. http://dx.doi.org/10.3765/bls.v12i0.1849.

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Lano, K., and H. Haughton. "Formal development in B abstract machine notation." Information and Software Technology 37, no. 5-6 (1995): 303–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0950-5849(95)99366-u.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Formal and semi-formal notation"

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Dascalu, Sergiu-Mihai. "Combining semi-formal and formal notations in software specification, an approach to modelling time-constrained systems." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2001. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp05/NQ63474.pdf.

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Yang, Jingtao. "Document flow model : a formal notation for modelling asynchronous web services." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.427364.

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Brooke, Phillip James. "A timed semantics for a hierarchical design notation." Thesis, University of York, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.298382.

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West, Margaret Mary. "Issues in validation and executability of formal specifications in the Z notation." Thesis, University of Leeds, 2002. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/1305/.

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The work considers issues in the execution of the Z notation in a logic programming language. A subset of Z which is capable of being animated is identified, together with the necessary theoretical foundations for the relationship of Z to its executable form. The thesis also addresses the transition from research results to potentially useful tools. The thesis has 4 major parts: Tools Survey: A survey of tools which support the animation of Z is presented and the advantages (and disadvantages) to be gained from an animating system which uses a logic programming language are discussed. Requirements, particularly correctness, are described and discussed and weaknesses in the current tools are identified. Correctness - Program Synthesis: If a program can be deduced directly from the specification, then it is partially correct with respect to the specification. This method of obtaining a program from a specification is one form of logic programming synthesis. We examine such formal links between a specification (in Z) and an executable form and also some translation techniques for synthesising a logic program from a Z specification. The techniques are illustrated by examples which reveal important shortcomings. Translation Rules to Godel: New techniques for the animation of Z utilising the Godel logic programming language are presented which circumvent these shortcomings. The techniques are realised via translation rules known as structure simulation . Two substantial case studies are examined as proof of concept. These indicate both the coverage of the Z notation by structure simulation and the practicality of the rules. Correctness - Abstract Approximation: Published criteria for correctness of an animation are compared and contrasted with the method of Abstract Interpretation (AI). In AI a concrete semantics is related to an approximate one that explicitly exhibits an underlying structure present in the richer concrete structure. In our case, the concrete semantics is Z associated with ZF set theory . The approximate semantics of the execution are the outputs of Z. The criteria are applied to a logic programming language (the original w as applied to a functional language). Formal arguments are presented which show that the structure simulation rules obey the criteria for correctness. Finally, areas of work which had been omitted by the original authors are presented explicitly.

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Salama, Mohamed Ahmed Said. "Automatic test data generation from formal specification using genetic algorithms and case based reasoning." Thesis, University of the West of England, Bristol, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.252562.

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Loftus, John A. "Powers of words in language families." Diss., Online access via UMI:, 2007.

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Wong, Peter Yung Ho. "Formalisations and applications of business process modelling notation." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2011. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.555361.

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Business Process Modelling Notation (BPMN) is a standardised diagram notation for modelling interactive workflow processes graphically at the design stage. The primary objective of this thesis is to provide a framework for precise specifications and formal verifications of workflow processes modelled as BPMN diagrams. We provide two behavioural semantics for BPMN in the process algebra Communicating Sequential Processes (CSP). We apply existing CSP refinement orderings to both the refinement of business process diagrams and the verification of behavioural compatibility of business process collaborations. The first semantic model is an untimed model, focusing on the control flow and communication of business processes. The second semantic model extends the first one to capture the timing aspect of behaviour. We also consider the applications of the semantic models. The secondary objective of this thesis is to apply BPMN and the semantic models to reason about long running empirical studies (e.g. laboratory experiments, clinical trials). We introduce a declarative workflow model Empiricol for recording trials and experiments precisely, and define bidirectional transformation functions between BPMN and Empiricol. Using the transformation functions, we make graphical specification, simulation, automation and verification of trials and experiments possible. We provide two case studies on the applications of BPMN’s formalisations.

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Dupuy-Chessa, Sophie. "Couplage de notations semi-formelles et formelles pour la spécification des systèmes d'information." Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 2000. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00006742.

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Les notations semi-formelles et formelles semblant complémentaires, leur couplage semble un cadre intéressant pour pouvoir bénéficier de leurs avantages respectifs tout en diminuant leurs points faibles. En effet, d'une part, les notations semi-formelles qui pêchent par leur précision sont de bons vecteurs de communication dont le coût de formation est raisonnable ; d'autre part, les langages formels apportent la précision et le potentiel de raisonnement manquant aux notations semi-formelles. Dans ce travail, nous proposons une approche de traduction de modèles semi-formels objet en des spécifications formelles en Z ou en Object-Z afin de fournir un couplage bénéfique de ces deux types de spécifications. Nous cherchons à rendre nos propositions les plus utilisables possible en en montrant trois bénéfices avérés : un guide méthodologique pour l'expression des contraintes annotant un modèle objet, une aide à la vérification des modèles et de leurs contraintes et des raisonnements informels sur la sémantique de modèles simples. Nous avons aussi développé un outil de support à notre approche, RoZ qui permet de faire cohabiter les notations semi-formelles et formelles. Enfin nous étudions une autre approche de couplage, la vérification de cohérence par méta-modélisation pour laquelle nous proposons des règles de cohérence entre le modèle objet et Z. Ce travail nous permet de comparer cette approche avec notre stratégie de traduction afin de mieux comprendre leurs avantages et leurs inconvénients<br>Semi-formal and formal notations being complementary, their joint use could define an interesting framework in order to take advantage of their good points by reducing their drawbacks. On the one hand, semi-formal notations which are imprecise are good communication vectors with affordable training cost ; on the other hand, formal languages bring precision and their reasoning abilities which miss to semi-formal notations. In this work, we propose a translation approach from semi-formal object models to formal specifications in Z and Object-Z so as to offer a powerful integration of these two kinds of specifications. We want to make our proposals the most useful possible by showing three established advantages : a methodological guidance to express constraints annotating an object model ; an help to check the models and their constraints and informal reasoning about the semantics of simple models. We also have developed a tool, RoZ that supports our approach by making semi-formal and formal notations live together. Finally, we study another integration approach, the consistency checking by meta-modelling for which we propose consistency rules between the object model and Z. This work enables us to compare this approach with our translation strategy to understand their advantages and drawbacks

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Meyssonnier, Thomas. "Vers des systèmes et outils de notation et de composition pour la musique électroacoustique." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018BORD0200/document.

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Ce travail se situe dans le cadre de la recherche de systèmes de notation permettant de transcrire de façon symbolique l’aspect concret et sensoriel, et non seulement abstrait et structurel, des artefacts de la musique par ordinateur. Dans ce but, nous exposons tout d’abord un modèle formel complet et minimal des objets et structures audionumériques, en référence aux critères de la perception ; ce modèle est implémenté sous la forme d’un langage fonctionnel Turing-potent qui permet d’effectuer l’équivalence entre l’expression mathématique d’un signal et sa réalisation informatique. Puis, nous employons ce formalisme afin d’exprimer un ensemble de critères de synthèse sonore, ce qui donne lieu à un logiciel de synthèse dont l’expressivité est considérable. Ces outils sont organisés suivant le schéma des théories Schaefferiennes, par une décomposition catégorielle dans laquelle les paramètres correspondent à des notions morphologiques. Finalement, nous rendons compte d’une série d’expériences visant à évaluer la pertinence de ces critères dans l’audition humaine, avec le concours d’un musicologue, puis sur un ensemble de sujets, et enfin vis-à-vis d’un public aussi large que possible. Ceci nous conduit à remettre en question la méthodologie la plus adéquate pour traiter ce type de problème, qui nous rapproche des sciences humaines et sociales, et suggère une démarche de science participative<br>This piece of work is situated in the context of research on notation systems enabled to transcribe symbolically the concrete and sensorial aspect, and not only the abstract and structural aspect, of computer music artefacts. In this perspective, we first expose a complete and minimal formal model for digital audio objects and structures, relatively to the criteria of perception ; this model is implemented as a Turing-potent functional language, that draws the correspondance between the mathematical expression of a signal and its computational realisation. Then, we apply this formal construction to the expression of a number of schemes for sound synthesis, producing a software synthetiser whose expressivity is consequent. These tools are organised following the lines of Schaefferian theories, through a decomposition into categories whose parameters correspond with morphological notions. Finally, we draw the conclusions of a series of experiments aiming to evaluate the relevance of those schemes in human hearing, with the assistance of a musicologist, then with a number of subjects, and eventually by associating a public that is as wide as possible. This leads us to question the methodology most appropriate to tackle this kind of problem, which brings us closer to social science, and suggests a participative science approach

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Miyazawa, Alvaro Heiji. "Geração parcial de código Java a partir de especificações formais Z." Universidade de São Paulo, 2008. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/45/45134/tde-02112008-224245/.

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Especificações formais são úteis para descrever o que um sistema deve fazer sem definir como, e, em virtude da sua natureza formal e da possibilidade de abstração, é possível analisá-las sistematicamente. No entanto, o uso de especificações formais como parte do desenvolvimento de software não constitui prática comum. Isso se dá, em parte, pelo fato de existirem apenas um pequeno número de metodologias e ferramentas adequadas que dêem suporte a esse desenvolvimento. O primeiro objetivo deste trabalho é propor uma metodologia de desenvolvimento que possibilite, a partir de uma especificação formal em notação Z, produzir uma implementação dessa especificação em Java. Essa metodologia centra-se na geração do esqueleto da aplicação Java e na instrumentação desse esqueleto com mecanismos de verificação de condições (invariantes, pré e pós-condições) e rastreamento de violações dessas condições. Através desses mecanismos, possibilita-se intercalar desenvolvimento formal e informal no processo global de desenvolvimento de software. O segundo objetivo é desenvolver uma ferramenta que implemente parte dessa metodologia, produzindo uma implementação parcial que deverá ser complementada pelo usuário.<br>Formal specifications are useful for describing what a system should do, without defining how, and, owing to its formal nature, it is possible to analyse them systematically. However useful formal specifications are, their usage as part of the software development process is rather rare. This is, in part, due to the scarcity of both methodologies and tools that support this development. The first goal of this work is to define a software development methodology that enables the developer to produce a Java application from a formal specification written in Z. This methodology will rely strongly on the generation of Java application skeletons and instrumentation of the generated code with means of verifying conditions (invariants, pre and post-conditions) e tracing violations of these conditions. Through this mechanisms, it is possible to mix formal and informal development in the global software development process. The second goal of this work is to develop a tool that will implement part of this methodology, producing a partial implementation that must be complemented by the developer.

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Books on the topic "Formal and semi-formal notation"

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Bowen, Jonathan P., and Michael G. Hinchey, eds. ZUM '95: The Z Formal Specification Notation. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/3-540-60271-2.

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Bowen, Jonathan P., Michael G. Hinchey, and David Till, eds. ZUM '97: The Z Formal Specification Notation. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bfb0027279.

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Bowen, Jonathan P., Andreas Fett, and Michael G. Hinchey, eds. ZUM '98: The Z Formal Specification Notation. Springer-Verlag, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bfb0056020.

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Bowen, Jonathan P., Andreas Fett, and Michael G. Hinchey, eds. ZUM ’98: The Z Formal Specification Notation. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/b68208.

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1956-, Bowen J. P., Hinchey Michael G. 1969-, and Till David, eds. ZUM '97, the Z formal specification notation: 10th International Conference of Z Users, Reading, UK, April 3-4 1997 : proceedings. Springer, 1997.

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International Conference of Z Users (10th 1997 Reading, England). ZUM '97, the Z formal specification notation: 10th International Conference of Z Users, Reading, UK, April 3-4 1997 : proceedings. Springer, 1997.

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International Conference of Z Users (10th 1997 Reading, England). ZUM '97, the Z formal specification notation: 10th International Conference of Z Users, Reading, UK, April 3-4 1997 : proceedings. Springer, 1997.

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Chipeta, C. Links between the informal and formal/semi-formal financial sectors in Malawi. African Economic Research Consortium, 1992.

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Paige, Richard Freeman. Formal method integration via heterogeneous notations. University of Toronto, Dept. of Computer Science, 1997.

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Samoa. Department of Labour. 2001 labour market survey of the semi formal sector in Samoa: Report. Dept. of Labour, 2001.

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Book chapters on the topic "Formal and semi-formal notation"

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Habrias, Henri, and Sébastien Faucou. "Linking Paradigms, Semi-formal and Formal Notations." In Teaching Formal Methods. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-30472-2_11.

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Douthett, Jack, and Julian Hook. "Formal Diatonic Intervallic Notation." In Communications in Computer and Information Science. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-02394-1_10.

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De Mulder, Walter. "Notation in formal semantics." In Handbook of Pragmatics. John Benjamins Publishing Company, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/hop.m.not1.

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De Mulder, Walter. "Notation in formal semantics." In Philosophical Perspectives for Pragmatics. John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/hoph.10.17dem.

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De Mulder, Walter. "Notation in formal semantics." In Handbook of Pragmatics. John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/hop.m2.not1.

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Martín-Vide, Carlos, Victor Mitrana, and Gheorghe Păun. "Basic Notation and Terminology." In Formal Languages and Applications. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-39886-8_1.

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Bowen, Jonathan P. "Z: A Formal Specification Notation." In Software Specification Methods. Springer London, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-0701-9_1.

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Rushby, John. "Mechanizing formal methods: Opportunities and challenges." In ZUM '95: The Z Formal Specification Notation. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/3-540-60271-2_115.

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Hall, Anthony, David Parnas, Nico Plat, John Rushby, and Chris Sennett. "The future of industrial formal methods." In ZUM '95: The Z Formal Specification Notation. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/3-540-60271-2_123.

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Evans, Andy, Robert France, Kevin Lano, and Bernhard Rumpe. "The UML as a Formal Modeling Notation." In The Unified Modeling Language. «UML»’98: Beyond the Notation. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-48480-6_26.

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Conference papers on the topic "Formal and semi-formal notation"

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Khalid, Nibtal, Irfan Ahmed, Jabar Mahmood, Qasim Ali, Saman Abid, and Khadija Batool. "A Formal Specification Approach to Specify Pet's House System Using Z - Notations." In 2024 IEEE 16th International Conference on Advanced Infocomm Technology (ICAIT). IEEE, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1109/icait62580.2024.10807880.

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Krammer, Martin, Philip Stirgwolt, and Helmut Martin. "From Natural Language to Semi-Formal Notation Requirements for Automotive Safety." In SAE 2015 World Congress & Exhibition. SAE International, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2015-01-0265.

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Sidek, Roslina Mohd, and Noraziah Ahmad. "Deriving Formal Specification Using Z Notation." In 2009 International Conference on Computer Technology and Development. IEEE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icctd.2009.180.

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Dascalu, Sergiu, and Peter Hitchcock. "An approach to integrating semi-formal and formal notations in software specification." In the 2002 ACM symposium. ACM Press, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/508791.508988.

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Zaki, Aya. "Requirements Formality Levels Analysis and Transformation of Formal Notations into Semi-formal and Informal Notations (S)." In The 33rd International Conference on Software Engineering and Knowledge Engineering. KSI Research Inc., 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18293/seke2021-199.

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Yanuarifiani, Amarilis Putri, Yanuar Firdaus Arie Wibowo, and Kusuma Ayu Laksitowening. "Building Domain Ontology from Semi-formal Modelling Language: Business Process Model and Notation (BPMN)." In 2018 2nd International Conference on Electrical Engineering and Informatics (ICon EEI). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icon-eei.2018.8784336.

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Cheon, Yoonsik, Cesar Yeep, and Melisa Vela. "CleanJava: A Formal Notation for Functional Program Verification." In 2011 Eighth International Conference on Information Technology: New Generations (ITNG). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/itng.2011.46.

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Khan, Naveed Ahmed, Farooq Ahmad, Shahid Yousaf, and Sher Afzal Khan. "Formal modeling of ATC signals using Z notation." In 2012 International Conference on Open Source Systems and Technologies (ICOSST). IEEE, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icosst.2012.6472826.

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Noor, Noor Maizura Mohamad, Noraida Haji Ali, and Noor Syakirah Ibrahim. "A new framework to extract WordNet lexicographer files for semi-formal notation: A preliminary study." In 2010 International Symposium on Information Technology (ITSim 2010). IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/itsim.2010.5561581.

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Jiang, Min, Changle Zhou, Fan Zhang, and Shu Chen. "Interpretation, Transformation and Model Checking of Semi-formal Diagram Notations." In 2008 International Conference on Computer Science and Software Engineering. IEEE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/csse.2008.992.

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Reports on the topic "Formal and semi-formal notation"

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Finking, R., and G. Pelletier. Formal Notation for RObust Header Compression (ROHC-FN). RFC Editor, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.17487/rfc4997.

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Rivera, Romel. A Prototyping Metalanguage with Formal Semantics for the Xinotech Program Composer. Phase 1. Task 1. Definition of the Requirements and Objectives for the Design of the Metalanguage XML. Task 3. Definition of the Requirements and Objectives for the Design of the Semantic Notation XSSL. Defense Technical Information Center, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada214081.

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Rigotti, Christophe, and Mohand-Saïd Hacid. Representing and Reasoning on Conceptual Queries Over Image Databases. Aachen University of Technology, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.25368/2022.89.

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The problem of content management of multimedia data types (e.g., image, video, graphics) is becoming increasingly important with the development of advanced multimedia applications. Traditional database management systems are inadequate for the handling of such data types. They require new techniques for query formulation, retrieval, evaluation, and navigation. In this paper we develop a knowledge-based framework for modeling and retrieving image data by content. To represent the various aspects of an image object's characteristics, we propose a model which consists of three layers: (1) Feature and Content Layer, intended to contain image visual features such as contours, shapes,etc.; (2) Object Layer, which provides the (conceptual) content dimension of images; and (3) Schema Layer, which contains the structured abstractions of images, i.e., a general schema about the classes of objects represented in the object layer. We propose two abstract languages on the basis of description logics: one for describing knowledge of the object and schema layers, and the other, more expressive, for making queries. Queries can refer to the form dimension (i.e., information of the Feature and Content Layer) or to the content dimension (i.e., information of the Object Layer). These languages employ a variable free notation, and they are well suited for the design, verification and complexity analysis of algorithms. As the amount of information contained in the previous layers may be huge and operations performed at the Feature and Content Layer are time-consuming, resorting to the use of materialized views to process and optimize queries may be extremely useful. For that, we propose a formal framework for testing containment of a query in a view expressed in our query language. The algorithm we propose is sound and complete and relatively efficient.

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Rigotti, Christophe, and Mohand-Saïd Hacid. Representing and Reasoning on Conceptual Queries Over Image Databases. Aachen University of Technology, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.25368/2022.89.

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The problem of content management of multimedia data types (e.g., image, video, graphics) is becoming increasingly important with the development of advanced multimedia applications. Traditional database management systems are inadequate for the handling of such data types. They require new techniques for query formulation, retrieval, evaluation, and navigation. In this paper we develop a knowledge-based framework for modeling and retrieving image data by content. To represent the various aspects of an image object's characteristics, we propose a model which consists of three layers: (1) Feature and Content Layer, intended to contain image visual features such as contours, shapes,etc.; (2) Object Layer, which provides the (conceptual) content dimension of images; and (3) Schema Layer, which contains the structured abstractions of images, i.e., a general schema about the classes of objects represented in the object layer. We propose two abstract languages on the basis of description logics: one for describing knowledge of the object and schema layers, and the other, more expressive, for making queries. Queries can refer to the form dimension (i.e., information of the Feature and Content Layer) or to the content dimension (i.e., information of the Object Layer). These languages employ a variable free notation, and they are well suited for the design, verification and complexity analysis of algorithms. As the amount of information contained in the previous layers may be huge and operations performed at the Feature and Content Layer are time-consuming, resorting to the use of materialized views to process and optimize queries may be extremely useful. For that, we propose a formal framework for testing containment of a query in a view expressed in our query language. The algorithm we propose is sound and complete and relatively efficient.

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Westley, Glenn D. Can Financial Market Policies Reduce Income Inequality? Inter-American Development Bank, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0008882.

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This paper seeks to answer two questions: How can we further develop a country¿s microfinance industry and what impact might this have on the country¿s income distribution?. Also it presents substantial arguments and data to support the contention that improving the access of micro and small enterprises to financial services could have an important salutary impact on a country's income distribution. To demonstrate this, the paper shows first that many poor own or are employed by smaller enterprises, second that smaller enterprises are indeed poorly served with formal and semi-formal credit, and third that providing financial services to smaller enterprises increases their income and employment and reduces income inequality to an important degree. Using household survey data from 15 Latin American countries, the paper finds that while the microenterprise sector accounts for 56 percent of all earners in the region, it includes 70 percent of the region's poor earners (with 35 percent of the poor earners being single-person-firm owners and the other 35 percent microenterprise employees).

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Tokarieva, Anastasiia V., Nataliia P. Volkova, Inesa V. Harkusha, and Vladimir N. Soloviev. Educational digital games: models and implementation. [б. в.], 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.31812/123456789/3242.

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Nowadays, social media, ICT, mobile technologies and applications are increasingly used as tools for communication, interaction, building up social skills and unique learning environments. One of the latest trends observed in education is an attempt to streamline the learning process by applying educational digital games. Despite numerous research data, that confirms the positive effects of digital games, their integration into formal educational contexts is still relatively low. The purpose of this article is to analyze, discuss and conclude what is necessary to start using games as an instructional tool in formal education. In order to achieve this aim, a complex of qualitative research methods, including semi-structured expert interviews was applied. As the result, the potential of educational digital games to give a unique and safe learning environment with a wide spectrum of build-in assistive features, be efficient in specific training contexts, help memorize studied material and incorporate different learning styles, as well as to be individually adaptable, was determined. At the same time, the need for complex approach affecting the administration, IT departments, educators, students, parents, a strong skill set and a wide spectrum of different roles and tasks a teacher carries out in a digital game-based learning class were outlined. In conclusion and as a vector for further research, the organization of Education Design Laboratory as an integral part of a contemporary educational institution was proposed.

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Glubb-Smith, Kelly, and Trish Hanlen. Home care needs of older people: Western Bay of Plenty District. The University of Waikato, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.15663/br68937.

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This qualitative community-led research focused on the formal and informal care needs of older people living in the Western Bay of Plenty, Aotearoa New Zealand. Community groups were concerned about the future health, care, and welfare needs of people aged 65 years and over in this region. The research involves two distinct phases. The first phase involves semi-structured, face-to-face interviews with 26 people aged 65+ years who hope to be able to age at home (owned or rented) and avoid residential or hospital level care as they age. The second research phase involves 13 Needs Assessors and Care Professionals completing an online survey about the needs of older adults living in the community in the Western Bay of Plenty.

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Hicks, Jacqueline. Donor Support for ‘Informal Social Movements’. Institute of Development Studies, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2022.085.

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“Social movements” are by definition informal or semi-formal, as opposed to the formal structure of a stable association, such as a club, a corporation, or a political party. They are relatively long lasting over a period of weeks, months, or even years rather than flaring up for a few hours or a few days and then disappearing (Smelser et al., 2020). There is a substantial and growing body of work dedicated to social movements, encompassing a wide range of views about how to define them (Smelser et al., 2020). This is complicated by the use of other terms which shade into the idea of “social movements”, such as grass-roots mobilisation/ movements, non-traditional civil society organisations, voluntary organisations, civic space, new civic activism, active citizenship, to name a few. There is also an implied informality to the term “social movements”, so that the research for this rapid review used both “social movement” and “informal social movement”. Thus this rapid review seeks to find out what approaches do donors use to support “informal social movements” in their programming, and what evidence do they base their strategies on. The evidence found during the course of this rapid review was drawn from both the academic literature, and think-tank and donor reports. The academic literature found was extremely large and predominantly drawn from single case studies around the world, with few comparative studies. The literature on donor approaches found from both donors and think tanks was not consistently referenced to research evidence but tended to be based on interviews with experienced staff and recipients.

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Maksud, A. K. M., Khandaker Reaz Hossain, Sayma Sayed, and Jody Aked. Informal Economy Perspectives on the Prevalence of Worst Forms of Child Labour in Bangladesh’s Leather Industry. Institute of Development Studies, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/clarissa.2024.005.

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The CLARISSA programme aims to understand the dynamics that are central to running a business in the informal economy in Bangladesh’s leather industry and explore how and why worst forms of child labour become a feature of business operations. This research paper explores the findings from semi-structured interviews with business owners operating enterprises involved in leather processing and production across three prominent neighbourhoods and business districts in and around Dhaka. A focus on the leather industry in Bangladesh is an opportunity to explore the demand side of the child labour issue in a situated way, with the intention of bringing the lived experience of business owners to pre-existing literature on poverty entrepreneurship, supply chain governance, and political economy. The paper details the risks and stressors business owners face, the relationships they have with other informal and formal enterprises in the supply chain system, and their rationale for hiring children. Business owners experience poverty and financial precarity, taking significant financial risks to sustain enterprises that are barely viable economically. Stuck in vicious operating cycles, on ‘produce now, pay later’ credit arrangements, enterprises respond by squeezing labour budgets. The need for cheap labour is amplified by price points at lower than the cost of production. To understand why child labour has been so difficult to ‘end’, an informal economy business perspective points to the economic dysfunction of complex supply chains, particularly mediated by downward financial pressures produced and reproduced by highly fragmented manufacturing processes in cost-driven markets. When poverty and precarity among informal economy business owners intersects with formal economy power, the result is business models that rely on children as cheap labour. The findings make clear the policy value of engaging business owners in the informal economy in efforts to reduce worst forms of child labour, especially given the insights they can offer about how, when, and why supply chain systems are at risk of depending on children for the provision of goods and services.

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bin Ahsan, Wahid, Abul Bashar, Ajoy Sarker, Tanvir Ahammed Tohin, and Arif Sikder. Health Impacts of Freelancing: Physical, Mental, and Social Challenges Among Designers in Bangladesh. Userhub, 2025. https://doi.org/10.58947/journal.qytd56.

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This study examines the health impacts of freelancing among designers in Bangladesh, a vital yet underexplored segment of the gig economy in developing countries. Using a mixed-methods approach, data were collected from an online survey of 55 freelance designers and semi-structured interviews with 20 participants, including freelancers, community leaders, and healthcare professionals. The findings reveal significant physical (e.g., fatigue, back pain, and sleep disturbances), mental (e.g., high stress due to client demands and financial instability), and social health challenges (e.g., isolation caused by irregular schedules and the undervaluation of freelancing). Gendered struggles were especially prominent, as female freelancers faced dual burdens of professional workloads and household responsibilities, intensifying stress and disrupting work-life balance. The psychological strain of constant digital engagement and client expectations further compounded these challenges. The study highlights the urgent need for systemic interventions, including affordable healthcare, structured peer networks, targeted training programs, and formal recognition of freelancing as a legitimate profession. By addressing these issues, this research contributes to the growing body of literature on gig work, offering actionable strategies to enhance freelancer well-being in developing economies.

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