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Books on the topic 'Formal and semi-formal notation'

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Published: 3 June 2025

Last updated: 20 July 2025

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1

Bowen, Jonathan P., and Michael G. Hinchey, eds. ZUM '95: The Z Formal Specification Notation. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/3-540-60271-2.

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Bowen, Jonathan P., Michael G. Hinchey, and David Till, eds. ZUM '97: The Z Formal Specification Notation. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bfb0027279.

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Bowen, Jonathan P., Andreas Fett, and Michael G. Hinchey, eds. ZUM '98: The Z Formal Specification Notation. Springer-Verlag, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bfb0056020.

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4

Bowen, Jonathan P., Andreas Fett, and Michael G. Hinchey, eds. ZUM ’98: The Z Formal Specification Notation. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/b68208.

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5

1956-, Bowen J. P., Hinchey Michael G. 1969-, and Till David, eds. ZUM '97, the Z formal specification notation: 10th International Conference of Z Users, Reading, UK, April 3-4 1997 : proceedings. Springer, 1997.

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6

International Conference of Z Users (10th 1997 Reading, England). ZUM '97, the Z formal specification notation: 10th International Conference of Z Users, Reading, UK, April 3-4 1997 : proceedings. Springer, 1997.

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7

International Conference of Z Users (10th 1997 Reading, England). ZUM '97, the Z formal specification notation: 10th International Conference of Z Users, Reading, UK, April 3-4 1997 : proceedings. Springer, 1997.

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8

Chipeta, C. Links between the informal and formal/semi-formal financial sectors in Malawi. African Economic Research Consortium, 1992.

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9

Paige, Richard Freeman. Formal method integration via heterogeneous notations. University of Toronto, Dept. of Computer Science, 1997.

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10

Samoa. Department of Labour. 2001 labour market survey of the semi formal sector in Samoa: Report. Dept. of Labour, 2001.

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11

Markku, Malkamäki, ed. Banking the poor: Informal and semi-formal financial systems serving the microenterprises. University of Helsinki, Institute of Development Studies, 1991.

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12

IIZ/DVV Regional Office East Africa. Non-formal adult education for pastoralists and semi-agriculturalists: A survey on livelihood and education of pastoralist communities in six regions of Ethiopia. IIZ/DVV Regional Office East Africa, 2005.

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13

Belloni, Serge. Review of projects for the development of informal and semi-formal financial systems in Papua New Guinea. United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific, Pacific Operations Centre, 1996.

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14

Aredo, Dejene. The informal and semi-formal financial sectors in Ethiopia: A study of the iqqub, iddir, and savings and credit co-operatives. African Economic Research Consortium, 1993.

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15

K, Kashuliza A., and Research Programme on Poverty Alleviation in Tanzania., eds. The role of informal and semi-formal finance in poverty alleviation in Tanzania: Results of a field study in two regions. Research on Poverty Alleviation, 1998.

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16

IIZ/DVV Regional Office East Africa., ed. Non-formal adult education for pastoralists and semi-agriculturalists: A survey on livelihood and education of pastoralist communities in six regions of Ethiopia. IIZ/DVV Regional Office East Africa, 2005.

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17

Fett, Andreas, Jonathan P. Bowen, and Michael G. Hinchey. ZUM '98 : the Z Formal Specification Notation: 11th International Conference of Z Users, Berlin, Germany, September 24-26, 1998, Proceedings. Springer London, Limited, 2011.

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18

(Editor), Jonathan P. Bowen, Andreas Fett (Editor), and Michael G. Hinchey (Editor), eds. ZUM '98: The Z Formal Specification Notation: 11th International Conference of Z Users, Berlin, Germany, September 24-26, 1998, Proceedings (Lecture Notes in Computer Science). Springer, 1998.

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19

(Editor), Jonathan P. Bowen, and Michael G. Hinchey (Editor), eds. Zum '95: The Z Formal Specification Notation : 9th International Conference of Z Users Limerick, Ireland, September 7-9, 1995 : Proceedings (Lecture Notes in Computer Science). Springer, 1995.

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20

(Editor), Jonathan P. Bowen, Michael G. Hinchey (Editor), and David Till (Editor), eds. ZUM'97: The Z Formal Specification Notation: 10th International Conference of Z Users, Reading, UK, April, 3-4, 1997, Proceedings (Lecture Notes in Computer Science). Springer, 1997.

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21

Irving, John. Performing Topics in Mozart’s Chamber Music with Piano. Edited by Danuta Mirka. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199841578.013.0021.

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This chapter discusses ways in which an awareness of topics might influence performance behaviors. It contrasts topics as understood respectively by Aristotle (abstract concepts) and Vico (potential for action). Through case studies taken from Mozart’s chamber music with piano (specifically in a “period-instrument” context), it investigates subtle interactions between different dance topics (sarabande, gavotte, bourrée), which emerge only through careful consideration of notational features such as beat hierarchy and other aspects of historically informed performance practice hinted at in the notation. Awareness of these interactions, and recognition of their invitations to engage in certain performance gestures, offers the potential to create performance narratives that counterpoint the formal design mapped out in the notated score.

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22

Development of a Target Recognition System Using Formal and Semi-Formal Software Modeling Methods. Storming Media, 2000.

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23

Mancosu, Paolo, Sergio Galvan, and Richard Zach. An Introduction to Proof Theory. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192895936.001.0001.

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Proof theory is a central area of mathematical logic of special interest to philosophy. It has its roots in the foundational debate of the 1920s, in particular, in Hilbert’s program in the philosophy of mathematics, which called for a formalization of mathematics, as well as for a proof, using philosophically unproblematic, “finitary” means, that these systems are free from contradiction. Structural proof theory investigates the structure and properties of proofs in different formal deductive systems, including axiomatic derivations, natural deduction, and the sequent calculus. Central results in structural proof theory are the normalization theorem for natural deduction, proved here for both intuitionistic and classical logic, and the cut-elimination theorem for the sequent calculus. In formal systems of number theory formulated in the sequent calculus, the induction rule plays a central role. It can be eliminated from proofs of sequents of a certain elementary form: every proof of an atomic sequent can be transformed into a “simple” proof. This is Hilbert’s central idea for giving finitary consistency proofs. The proof requires a measure of proof complexity called an ordinal notation. The branch of proof theory dealing with mathematical systems such as arithmetic thus has come to be called ordinal proof theory. The theory of ordinal notations is developed here in purely combinatorial terms, and the consistency proof for arithmetic presented in detail.

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24

Dix, Alan. Practical Formal Methods in Human–Computer Interaction. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198799603.003.0008.

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This chapter explores how precise formal methods can be used effectively and practically in interaction design. The term ‘formal methods’ in computer science refers to a suite of techniques drawing on mathematical notions of sets, logic, and functions or precise diagrammatic notations, most of which are currently primarily focused on safety-critical applications in the aerospace or nuclear industries. While research into broader use of these methods could be regarded as a theoretical interest, the early development of formal methods was driven as much by practical considerations as theory. This chapter features two case studies on formal notations and their use in areas of practical interaction design beyond safety-critical applications, as well as understood, used, and appropriated by clients and designers who have no formal training or expertise. Each offers specific notations and techniques to the reader and also explores more general lessons for creating practical formal methods for HCI.

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25

Browning, Birch P. How Students Acquire Musical Understanding. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199928200.003.0007.

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The chapter describes how initial musical learning occurs as infants are exposed to motherese, or infant-directed speech, and react to aural stimuli by encoding information. The aural-oral feedback loop by which babies learn sounds is illustrated. The chapter also covers children’s acquisition of an understanding of local musical culture through acculturation. Subsequent formal instruction enables students to perceive, think about, perform, and create music. The developmental process for understanding music notation is shown to be remarkably similar to thatfor learning oral and written language. The outcomes of formal instruction are covered, including the ability to understand music from a variety of perspectives, which enables the rapid acquisition of new repertoire. Musical understanding is described as the synthesis of and interaction between musical knowledge and musical skill, with the goal of self-regulation in learning

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26

Education, M. J. G. IELTS Task 1 General Training and Task 2 Writing: Formal, Semi-Formal, and Informal Letters and Essays. Independently Published, 2020.

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27

Byers, Mark. Egocentric Predicaments. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198813255.003.0007.

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The penultimate chapter explores a major conjunction between literary and music aesthetics in the period. The first section shows how Olson and the New York School of music began to address, in 1950, the problem of the artist’s unwanted presence in the work of art. The following sections reveal that Olson and the composers found similar formal solutions to this problem, foregrounding individual sound units with new forms of spatial notation that relied upon ‘composition by field’. Anxieties about the interfering ‘ego’ were rooted, the chapter suggests, in contemporary critiques of the organizing, Enlightenment intellect and reflected the avant-garde’s commitment to uncertainty and immediacy.

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28

Blackorby, Charles, and Walter Bossert. Interpersonal Comparisons of Well‐Being. Edited by Donald A. Wittman and Barry R. Weingast. Oxford University Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199548477.003.0023.

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This article provides a short survey of the use of interpersonal comparisons in social evaluation. The focus of this discussion is on the principles for social evaluation that are welfarist, or those principles that use information about individual well-being to rank alternatives. The article reviews some of the most important characterization results for the welfarist social evaluation principles. A basic notation, along with a formal definition of social evaluation functionals, is introduced. The article then formulates some basic axioms for social evaluation orderings, and this is followed by an introduction to information invariance properties. The article also provides an overview of some important results.

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29

Arthur, Richard T. W. Aggregation, Body, and Substance. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198812869.003.0003.

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This chapter explores Leibniz’s claim that bodies are aggregates of substances, substances they are said to presuppose, and why Leibniz calls them phenomena. It is argued that bodies are phenomenal in two senses: as pluralities their unity is not substantial, but depends on perception of relations among their constituents; and as ever-changing aggregates, they are phenomenal in a Platonic sense. Substances are corporeal in that monads are always embodied, although the monad (or what is substantial) is immaterial. The sense in which bodies are supposed to result from substances is given a formal explication using concepts and notation from Leibniz’s logical writings. It is argued that they are constituted of, but not composed from monads; these are unities that are partless and not further resolvable, and thus simple.

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30

Atkins, Richard Kenneth. Peirce’s Reduction Thesis. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190887179.003.0004.

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Peirce’s reduction thesis—that the basic forms of propositions are three and only three, named firstness, secondness, and thirdness—is a point of scholarly contention, but it is also at the root of Peirce’s phenomenology. Peirce came to this thesis through his formal logical notation, the Existential Graphs. Peirce maintains that all n-adic propositional forms where n > 3 can be constructed from triadic propositional forms. All n-adic propositional forms where n > 3 can be decomposted into triadic propositional forms. Moreover, triadic propositional forms cannot be constructed from dyadic propositional forms, and dyadic propositional forms cannot be constructed from monadic propositional forms. Finally, all triadic propositional forms contain as abstractical logical ingredients dyadic and monadic propositional forms. These four theses, elucidated by his work in graphical logic, entail his reduction thesis.

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31

Kaplan, Ronald M. Syntax. Edited by Ruslan Mitkov. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199276349.013.0004.

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This article introduces some of the phenomena that theories of natural language syntax aim to explain. It briefly discusses a few of the formal approaches to syntax that have figured prominently in computational research and implementation. The fundamental problem of syntax is to characterize the relation between semantic predicate-argument relations and the superficial word and phrase configurations by which a language expresses them. The major task of syntactic theory is to define an explicit notation for writing grammars. This article details a framework called transformational grammar that combines a context-free phrase-structure grammar with another component of transformations that specify how trees of a given form can be transformed into other trees in a systematic way. Finally, it mentions briefly two syntactic systems that are of linguistic and computational interest, namely, generalized phrase structure grammar and tree-adjoining grammars.

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32

Arthur, Richard T. W. Monads, Composition, and Force. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198812869.001.0001.

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This book offers a fresh interpretation of Leibniz’s theory of substance, taking as starting point his claims that he introduced his monads to solve the problem of the composition of the continuum. It is argued that they can only perform this function if they are understood as requisites for each of the actual parts into which matter is divided, and as sources of the actions distinguishing and making actual these parts. Bodies are not composed of monads, but presuppose them for their reality; and motions are not composed of monadic states, but presuppose their tendencies to change and resist changes. This comprises an original contribution to mereology, which is given a formal rendering using Leibniz’s own logical concepts and notation. The reading is supported by a thorough analysis of the development of Leibniz’s thought, showing how his embodied monads emerge from his long dalliance with atomism, and how his doctrine of dominant and subordinate monads derives from his immersion in the scholastic tradition of the Plurality of Forms, as he seeks to preserve the role of substantial forms in enacting God’s providential plans in a way compatible with a thoroughgoing mechanism. New insight is offered into Leibniz’s construal of bodies and motions as phenomena, his simultaneous advocacy of simple and corporeal substances, his attempt to provide a theory of substantial bonds, the status of passive force in his dynamics, his endorsement of continuous creation and the discreteness of change, and the status of monadic states as momentary.

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33

Flarend, Alice, and Robert Hilborn. Quantum Computing: From Alice to Bob. Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192857972.001.0001.

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Quantum Computing: From Alice to Bob provides a distinctive and accessible introduction to the rapidly growing fields of quantum information science (QIS) and quantum computing (QC). The book is designed for undergraduate students and upper-level secondary school students with little or no background in physics, computer science, or mathematics beyond secondary school algebra and trigonometry. While broadly accessible, the book provides a solid conceptual and formal understanding of quantum states and entanglement—the key ingredients in quantum computing. The authors give detailed treatments of many of the classic quantum algorithms that demonstrate how and when QC has an advantage over classical computers. The book provides a solid explanation of the physics of QC and QIS and then weds that knowledge to the mathematics of QC algorithms and how those algorithms deploy the principles of quantum physics to solve the problem. This book connects the physics concepts, the computer science vocabulary, and the mathematics, providing a complete picture of how QIS and QC work. The authors give multiple representations of the concept—textual, graphical, and symbolic (state vectors, matrices, and Dirac notation)—which are the lingua franca of QIS and QC. Those multiple representations allow the readers to develop a broader and deeper understanding of the fundamental concepts and their applications. In addition, the book provides examples of recent experimental demonstrations of quantum teleportation and the applications of quantum computational chemistry. The last chapter connects to the growing commercial world of QC and QIS and provides recommendations for further study.

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34

Chan, Aplus. New Normal Diary : COVID 19 When They Come, What I Learned: A Pastel 6x9 Diary with 174 Pages , Semi-Formal Diary Pattern for Adult. Independently Published, 2021.

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35

Büring, Daniel. (Contrastive) Topic. Edited by Caroline Féry and Shinichiro Ishihara. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199642670.013.002.

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This chapter discusses the semantics and pragmatics of contrastive topics vis-à-vis focus. A semi-formal characterization of its main properties is given, using the techniques of alternative semantics and questions under discussion. This treatment is compared to various analyses proposed in the literature for contrastive topics and arguably related constructions, such as the English rise–fall–rise contour. Finally a brief discussion of non-contrastive topics is provided.

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36

Hellman, Geoffrey, and Stewart Shapiro. The Classical Continuum without Points. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198712749.003.0002.

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This chapter develops a “semi-Aristotelian” account of a one-dimensional continuum. Unlike Aristotle, it makes significant use of actual infinity, in line with current practice. Like Aristotle, this account does not recognize points, at least not as parts of regions in the space. The formal background is classical mereology together with a weak set theory. The chapter proves an Archimedean property, and establishes an isomorphism with the Dedekind–Cantor structure of the real line. It also compares the present framework to other point-free accounts, establishing consistency relative to classical analysis.

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37

Umut, Özsu. Part I Histories, Ch.6 The Ottoman Empire, the Origins of Extraterritoriality, and International Legal Theory. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198701958.003.0007.

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This chapter argues that it was partly through engagement with the Ottoman Empire, particularly its tradition of extraterritorial consular jurisdiction, that nineteenth-century European and American jurists came to view China, Japan, and a number of other states as ‘semi-civilized’, setting them against ‘civilized’ states on the one hand and ‘savage’ peoples on the other. These states on the ‘semi-periphery’ exercise a greater degree of agency in international law, given their closeness to dominant centers of economic and intellectual production that had come under their influence, as well as their possession of national traditions and state institutions resilient enough to resist formal colonization. These traits are especially evident in the case of the Ottoman Empire, a powerful state that made a point of modifying its profile for different audiences.

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38

Kadioğlu, I. Aytaç. Peace Processes in Northern Ireland and Turkey. Edinburgh University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474479325.001.0001.

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This book assesses the impact of political, non-violent resolution efforts in the Northern Irish and Turkish-Kurdish peace processes. It offers an important contribution to conflict-resolution research, theorising the various stages involved in the attempted resolution of asymmetric conflicts. By relying on primary sources, including interviews and recently declassified archival papers, it presents an innovative framework for conflict resolution, a starting-point for further research on managing peace processes and ethno-nationalist conflicts. This book challenges the notion of ‘conflict resolution’ in these two peace processes, both far-reaching ethno-nationalist conflicts in the post-Cold War era. Incorporating fieldwork carried out until 2015, the book compares these conflicts during major peace attempts, from early secret talks and semi-official peace initiatives, to multilateral and internationalised conflict-resolution processes through not only main armed protagonists, but also independent third parties. It analyses the political resolution efforts for ending the IRA and PKK’s armed campaigns and establishing a peace agreement. It argues that peace initiatives are ongoing processes which contain not only formal peace initiatives, but also informal and secret peace efforts. It suggests that formal and informal initiatives together embody conflict resolution processes through three major aspects: backchannel communications as the unofficial aspect, peace organisations as the informal and semi-official aspect, and negotiations as the official aspect of conflict resolution efforts, which operate at the elite level of conflict resolution.

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39

Cook, Roy T. Predication, Possibility, and Choice. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198792161.003.0007.

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Bob Hale’s deflationary conception of truth equates the actual (and necessary) existence of a property or relation with the possible existence of a corresponding predicate with appropriate satisfaction conditions. After surveying recent work on developing a semi-formal framework within which to study the deflationary conception, and presenting extant results regarding the extent to which the account supports the second-order comprehension schema, this chapter examines the extent to which the deflationary account allows one to justify various second-order versions of the axiom of choice. The results are primarily negative: choice does not seem to be forthcoming on the deflationary approach, and even assuming the possibility of arbitrary countably infinite linguistic supertasks, a version of the countable axiom of choice seems to be the best that we can do.

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40

Pargas, Damian Alan, ed. Fugitive Slaves and Spaces of Freedom in North America. University Press of Florida, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.5744/florida/9780813056036.001.0001.

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Fugitive Slaves and Spaces of Freedom in North America examines and contrasts the experiences of various groups of African-American slaves who tried to escape bondage between the revolutionary era and the U.S. Civil War. Whereas much of the existing scholarship tends to focus on fugitive slaves in very localized settings (especially in communities and regions north of the Mason-Dixon line), the eleven contributions in this volume bring together the latest scholarship on runaway slaves in a diverse range of geographic settings throughout North America—from Canada to Virginia and from Mexico to the British Bahamas—providing a broader and more continental perspective on slave refugee migration. The volume innovatively distinguishes between various “spaces of freedom” to which runaway slaves fled, specifically sites of formal freedom (free-soil regions where slavery had been abolished and refugees were legally free, even if the meanings of freedom in these places were heavily contested); semi-formal freedom (free-soil regions where slavery had been abolished but asylum for runaway slaves was either denied or contested, such as the northern U.S., where state abolition laws were curtailed by federal fugitive slave laws); and informal freedom (places within the slaveholding South where runaways formed maroon communities or attempted to blend in with free black populations and pass for free). This edited volume encourages scholars to reroute and reconceptualize the geography of slavery and freedom in antebellum North America.

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41

Lubin, Timothy. Daily Duties. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198702603.003.0014.

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This chapter shows that, just as initiation and training in Veda were being promoted as prerequisites for a life of Ārya piety according to varṇāśrama-dharma, some of the student’s or snātaka’s elaborate standards of bodily purification were made to apply to the ordinary householder as well, constituting that status as an āśrama, that is, as a formal “religious profession.” Those purity norms, together with the basic duties to recite and make offerings (even notional, semi-interiorized offerings), come to be taught as the “minimum daily requirements” of any Ārya householder. This trend crystalizes as a distinct rubric only in post-fifth-century CE Dharmaśāstra works. Included in the list are śauca (ablutions after defecation and urination), ācamana (sipping water), dantadhāvana (tooth cleaning), snāna (bathing), tarpaṇa (satiating the ancestors with libations of water), saṃdhyā or saṃdhyopāsana (worship at the twilights) homa (fire offering), and japa (mantra recitation).

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42

Wood, Geoffrey. Employee Participation in Developing and Emerging Countries. Edited by Adrian Wilkinson, Paul J. Gollan, Mick Marchington, and David Lewin. Oxford University Press, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199207268.003.0023.

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Work and employment relations vary not only according to individual strategic choices by managers, and actions and responses by employees, but also by the social and economic context. Development is a complex and multifaceted process of structural transformation, including economic and social changes. While a common distinction is often drawn between nations who have attained a degree of socio-economic development characterized by certain levels of income, productivity, investment, formal employment, technological deployment and a range of human capital indicators, the latter category is an extremely broad one in itself. It may encompass ‘emerging market’ nations such as Brazil and South Africa, and nations where economic activity centres around the production of unprocessed or semi-processed primary commodities, with only limited downstream industrial development. This article primarily focuses on this second category, although some attention is also devoted to the case of ‘emerging markets’.

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43

Zeitlin, Vladimir. Geostrophic Adjustment and Wave–Vortex (Non)Interaction. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198804338.003.0008.

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The fundamental process of geostrophic adjustment is treated by the method of multi-scale asymptotic expansions in Rossby number and fast-time averaging (which is explained), first in the barotropic one-layer case, and then in the baroclinic two-layer case. Together with the standard quasi-geostrophic regime of parameters, the frontal (or semi-) geostrophic regime is considered. Dynamical separation of slow and fast motions is demonstrated in both regimes. The former obey quasi-geostrophic or frontal-geostrophic equations, thus providing formal justification of the heuristic derivation of Chapter 5. Fast motions are inertia-gravity waves in quasi-geostrophic case, and inertial oscillations in the frontal-geostrophic case. Geostrophic adjustment is also considered in the presence of coastal, topographic, and equatorial wave-guides, and, again, separation of fast and slow motions is demonstrated, the latter now including long Kelvin waves in the first case, long topographic waves in the second case, and long Kelvin and Rossby waves in the third case.

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44

Kagen, Melissa. Wandering Games. The MIT Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/13856.001.0001.

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An analysis of wandering within different game worlds, viewed through the lenses of work, colonialism, gender, and death. Wandering in games can be a theme, a formal mode, an aesthetic metaphor, or a player action. It can mean walking, escaping, traversing, meandering, or returning. In this book, game studies scholar Melissa Kagen introduces the concept of “wandering games,” exploring the uses of wandering in a variety of game worlds. She shows how the much-derided Walking Simulator—a term that began as an insult, a denigration of games that are less violent, less task-oriented, or less difficult to complete—semi-accidentally tapped into something brilliant: the vast heritage and intellectual history of the concept of walking in fiction, philosophy, pilgrimage, performance, and protest. Kagen examines wandering in a series of games that vary widely in terms of genre, mechanics, themes, player base, studio size, and funding, giving close readings to Return of the Obra Dinn, Eastshade, Ritual of the Moon, 80 Days, Heaven's Vault, Death Stranding, and The Last of Us Part II. Exploring the connotations of wandering within these different game worlds, she considers how ideologies of work, gender, colonialism, and death inflect the ways we wander through digital spaces. Overlapping and intersecting, each provides a multifaceted lens through which to understand what wandering does, lacks, implies, and offers. Kagen's account will attune game designers, players, and scholars to the myriad possibilities of the wandering ludic body.

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45

Baobaid, Mohammed, Lynda Ashbourne, Abdallah Badahdah, and Abir Al Jamal. Home / Publications / Pre and Post Migration Stressors and Marital Relations among Arab Refugee Families in Canada Pre and Post Migration Stressors and Marital Relations among Arab Refugee Families in Canada. 2nd ed. Hamad Bin Khalifa University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5339/difi_9789927137983.

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Abstract:

The study is funded by Doha International Family Institute (DIFI), a member of Qatar Foundation, and is a collaboration between the Muslim Resource Centre for Social Support and Integration of London, Ontario; University of Guelph, Ontario; and University of Calgary, Alberta, all located in Canada; and the Doha International Family Institute, Qatar. The study received research ethics approval from the University of Guelph and the University of Calgary. This study aims to assess the impact of pre- and post-migration on marital relationships and family dynamics for Arab refugee families resettled in Canada. The study also examines the role of professional service providers in supporting these Arab refugee families. The unique experiences of Arab families displaced from their countries due to war and political conflict, and the various hardships experienced during their stay in transit countries, impact their family relations and interactions within the nuclear family context and their interconnectedness with their extended families. Furthermore, these families encounter various challenges within their resettlement process that interrupt their integration. Understanding the impact of traumatic experiences within the pre-migration journey as well as the impact of post-migration stressors on recently settled Arab refugee families in Canada provides insight into the shift in spousal and family relationships. Refugee research studies that focus on the impact of pre-migration trauma and displacement, the migration journey, and post-migration settlement on family relationships are scarce. Since the majority of global refugees in recent years come from Arab regions, mainly Syria, as a result of armed conflicts, this study is focused on the unique experiences of Arab refugee families fleeing conflict zones. The Canadian role in recently resettling a large influx of Arab refugees and assisting them to successfully integrate has not been without challenges. Traumatic pre-migration experiences as a result of being subjected to and/or witnessing violence, separation from and loss of family members, and loss of property and social status coupled with experiences of hardships in transit countries have a profound impact on families and their integration. Refugees are subjected to individual and collective traumatic experiences associated with cultural or ethnic disconnection, mental health struggles, and discrimination and racism. These experiences have been shown to impact family interactions. Arab refugee families have different definitions of “family” and “home” from Eurocentric conceptualizations which are grounded in individualistic worldviews. The discrepancy between collectivism and individualism is mainly recognized by collectivist newcomers as challenges in the areas of gender norms, expectations regarding parenting and the physical discipline of children, and diverse aspects of the family’s daily life. For this study, we interviewed 30 adults, all Arab refugees (14 Syrian and 16 Iraqi – 17 males, 13 females) residing in London, Ontario, Canada for a period of time ranging from six months to seven years. The study participants were married couples with and without children. During the semi-structured interviews, the participants were asked to reflect on their family life during pre-migration – in the country of origin before and during the war and in the transit country – and post-migration in Canada. The inter - views were conducted in Arabic, audio-recorded, and transcribed. We also conducted one focus group with seven service providers from diverse sectors in London, Ontario who work with Arab refugee families. The study used the underlying principles of constructivist grounded theory methodology to guide interviewing and a thematic analysis was performed. MAXQDA software was used to facilitate coding and the identification of key themes within the transcribed interviews. We also conducted a thematic analysis of the focus group transcription. The thematic analysis of the individual interviews identified four key themes: • Gender role changes influence spousal relationships; • Traumatic experiences bring suffering and resilience to family well-being; • Levels of marital conflict are higher following post-migration settlement; • Post-migration experiences challenge family values. The outcome of the thematic analysis of the service provider focus group identified three key themes: • The complex needs of newly arrived Arab refugee families; • Gaps in the services available to Arab refugee families; • Key aspects of training for cultural competencies. The key themes from the individual interviews demonstrate: (i) the dramatic sociocul - tural changes associated with migration that particularly emphasize different gender norms; (ii) the impact of trauma and the refugee experience itself on family relation - ships and personal well-being; (iii) the unique and complex aspects of the family journey; and (iv) how valued aspects of cultural and religious values and traditions are linked in complex ways for these Arab refugee families. These outcomes are consist - ent with previous studies. The study finds that women were strongly involved in supporting their spouses in every aspect of family life and tried to maintain their spouses’ tolerance towards stressors. The struggles of husbands to fulfill their roles as the providers and protec - tors throughout the migratory journey were evident. Some parents experienced role shifts that they understood to be due to the unstable conditions in which they were living but these changes were considered to be temporary. Despite the diversity of refugee family experiences, they shared some commonalities in how they experi - enced changes that were frightening for families, as well as some that enhanced safety and stability. These latter changes related to safety were welcomed by these fami - lies. Some of these families reported that they sought professional help, while others dealt with changes by becoming more distant in their marital relationship. The risk of violence increased as the result of trauma, integration stressors, and escalation in marital issues. These outcomes illustrate the importance of taking into consideration the complexity of the integration process in light of post-trauma and post-migration changes and the timespan each family needs to adjust and integrate. Moreover, these families expressed hope for a better future for their children and stated that they were willing to accept change for the sake of their children as well. At the same time, these parents voiced the significance of preserving their cultural and religious values and beliefs. The service providers identified gaps in service provision to refugee families in some key areas. These included the unpreparedness of professionals and insufficiency of the resources available for newcomer families from all levels of government. This was particularly relevant in the context of meeting the needs of the large influx of Syrian refugees who were resettled in Canada within the period of November 2015 to January 2017. Furthermore, language skills and addressing trauma needs were found to require more than one year to address. The service providers identified that a longer time span of government assistance for these families was necessary. In terms of training, the service providers pinpointed the value of learning more about culturally appropriate interventions and receiving professional development to enhance their work with refugee families. In light of these findings, we recommend an increased use of culturally integrative interventions and programs to provide both formal and informal support for families within their communities. Furthermore, future research that examines the impact of culturally-based training, cultural brokers, and various culturally integrative practices will contribute to understanding best practices. These findings with regard to refugee family relationships and experiences are exploratory in their nature and support future research that extends understanding in the area of spousal relationships, inter - generational stressors during adolescence, and parenting/gender role changes.

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