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Books on the topic 'Formal and substantial unlawful'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 September 2021

Last updated: 29 July 2025

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1

Mannelli, Chiara. Ethics of Rapid Tissue Donation: Constructing a Formal and Substantial Informed Consent Process. Springer International Publishing AG, 2022.

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Mannelli, Chiara. Ethics of Rapid Tissue Donation: Constructing a Formal and Substantial Informed Consent Process. Springer International Publishing AG, 2021.

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McFarlane, Ben, Nicholas Hopkins, and Sarah Nield. 7. Formal methods of acquisition:. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780198722847.003.0007.

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All books in this flagship series contain carefully selected substantial extracts from key cases, legislation, and academic debate, providing able students with a stand-alone resource. This chapter describes the formality requirements that must be complied with for the creation or transfer of legal estates and interests in land. The three stages of creating and transferring legal rights are contract, creation or transfer, and registration. The Law of Property (Miscellaneous Provisions) Act 1989 had increased the formality requirements for contracts and made more severe the consequences of non-

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Dr Facundo, Pérez-Aznar. Federal States and Investment Arbitration. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law-iic/9780198809722.016.0009.

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This chapter analyses the characteristics of investment arbitration cases where a federal state is sued for the conduct of its political subdivisions. It is a well-established rule of international law that states are responsible for wrongful acts of their political subdivisions and they may not invoke their internal law as justification for failure to comply with an international obligation. Cases in which a federal state is sued for the conduct of its political subdivisions can generate peculiar situations, such as issues of attribution, jurisdiction, and substantive provisions. This chapter

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Arthur, Richard T. W. Aggregation, Body, and Substance. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198812869.003.0003.

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This chapter explores Leibniz’s claim that bodies are aggregates of substances, substances they are said to presuppose, and why Leibniz calls them phenomena. It is argued that bodies are phenomenal in two senses: as pluralities their unity is not substantial, but depends on perception of relations among their constituents; and as ever-changing aggregates, they are phenomenal in a Platonic sense. Substances are corporeal in that monads are always embodied, although the monad (or what is substantial) is immaterial. The sense in which bodies are supposed to result from substances is given a forma

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Vaughan-Williams, Leighton, and Donald S. Siegel, eds. The Oxford Handbook of the Economics of Gambling. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199797912.001.0001.

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In recent years, there has been a substantial rise in interest among academics and policymakers in the economics of gambling. A concomitant trend has been the implementation of major regulatory changes and modifications to the taxation of gambling markets in several nations. Examples include a fundamental change in the U.K. in 2001 from a turnover-based tax on betting operators to a tax based on gross profits, resulting in the effective abolition of taxation levied directly on bettors, followed in 2005 by extensive reforms to the gambling sector resulting from introduction of the Gambling Act.

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Bianco, Magda, and Giulio Napolitano. Why the Italian Administrative System Is a Source of Competitive Disadvantage. Edited by Gianni Toniolo. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199936694.013.0019.

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The development of the Italian administrative system showed some initial weaknesses: Italy was a latecomer, not having a strong administrative tradition; a substantial role of lawyers and legal administrative formalism strongly affected the evolution of the administration; the interaction between administration and politics was not always virtuous. All these factors had an impact on some of the expected outputs: we show as an example the evolution of the length, and quality, of civil justice decisions. Some reactions to these weaknesses-such as the development of "parallel" administrations, le

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Babor, Thomas F., Jonathan Caulkins, Benedikt Fischer, et al. Criminalization and decriminalization of drug possession. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198818014.003.0011.

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Research suggests that punishing drug users has some limitations as a major component of drug policy. An increasing number of countries and sub-national jurisdictions have therefore been reducing or eliminating criminal penalties for possession of small amounts of drugs for personal use, on grounds both of proportionality and effectiveness-oriented policy. Most decriminalization or depenalization programmes involve the substitution of civil penalties for criminal penalties for possession offences, while retaining full formal prohibition. The balance of the available evidence is that removing o

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Norris, Pippa. Political Activism: New Challenges, New Opportunities. Edited by Carles Boix and Susan C. Stokes. Oxford University Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199566020.003.0026.

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This article discusses political activism and provides an overview that highlights four key themes that have emerged during the last ten years. The first two themes are the growing recognition of the importance of the institutional context of formal rules for electoral turnout and the widespread erosion of party membership in established democracies and questions about its consequences. The last two themes, on the other hand, are the substantial revival of interest in voluntary associations and social trust spurred by theories of social capital and the expansion of diverse forms of cause-orien

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Arthur, Richard T. W. Monads, Composition, and Force. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198812869.001.0001.

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This book offers a fresh interpretation of Leibniz’s theory of substance, taking as starting point his claims that he introduced his monads to solve the problem of the composition of the continuum. It is argued that they can only perform this function if they are understood as requisites for each of the actual parts into which matter is divided, and as sources of the actions distinguishing and making actual these parts. Bodies are not composed of monads, but presuppose them for their reality; and motions are not composed of monadic states, but presuppose their tendencies to change and resist c

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Dewey, Matías. State-Sponsored Protection Rackets. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198794974.003.0007.

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That illegal markets thrive is something of a puzzle to sociology. Despite the lack of legal frames—crucial for conflict resolution, regulation of competition, and formal sources of credit—new illegal markets continue to emerge. Thus an analysis of informal social mechanisms is essential for a better understanding of illegal markets’ internal coordination. The main goal of this chapter is to dissect the role of one of these mechanisms—state-sponsored protection rackets—in the context of illegal markets. This type of protection racket means a selective non-enforcement of the law, an action carr

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Pellet, Alain. Revisiting the Sources of Applicable Law before the ICC. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190272654.003.0013.

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Article 21 of the Rome Statute sets out a complex system of sources of applicable law. In addition to the Statute itself, which contains a relatively detailed list of crimes, Articles 21 includes the Elements of Crimes, a very detailed document which unnecessarily limits the scope of the crimes listed in the Statute and reveals mistrust with regard to the Court, the Rules of Procedure and Evidence, and the case law of the Court, despite the absence of stare decisis. In order to avoid risks of non liquet, Article 21 also refers to other norms and rules of international law. Article 21 establish

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Turkheimer, Eric. The hard question in psychiatric nosology. Edited by Kenneth S. Kendler and Josef Parnas. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198796022.003.0005.

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Nosology is primarily an exercise in grouping like with like: an empirical, quantitative, and theoretical exercise referred to as taxonomy or cladistics. Consideration of the formal process of making decisions about taxonomy reveals some of the choices that must be made in adopting any particular conceptual system for a complex domain such as psychiatric symptomatology. The psychometrician Louis Guttman and the psychopathologist Paul Meehl made key contributions to our understanding of how multivariate phenomena can be codified. Their contributions clarified the role played by empirical data i

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Kenny, Paul D. India’s Turn to Populism. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198807872.003.0006.

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This chapter shows how the fragmentation of political authority precipitated a crisis of legitimacy of the old order. Using a mix of qualitative and quantitative data, it first shows how Indira Gandhi attempted to restore central control through intervention in India’s states. Failing to reestablish control over India’s fragmented patronage network, she then made a populist turn, mobilizing the masses across India through the media and mass rallies in her conflict with her opponents. This chapter argues that this strategy was a consequence of the breakdown of the Congress system, rather than i

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Johnson, Bertram. Sub-National Politics. Edited by Donald P. Haider-Markel. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199579679.013.036.

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The U.S. system of layered governments encompasses states, cities, and other entities such as counties and special districts. Most scholars have adopted one of three major approaches to studying this complex system: a legal approach that emphasizes a lack of formal powers at lower levels; a fiscal federalism tradition that focuses on considerations of efficiency; or a focus on intergovernmental policy and public administration. Each literature has much to offer, but none provides a comprehensive political perspective on federalism. Such an approach would view the various governments in the int

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Alexander, Gavin. ‘The conjunction cannot be hurtful’? Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199580033.003.0013.

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This chapter considers Sir Philip Sidney's The Countess of Pembroke's Arcadia and its unusual place in English literary history. Arcadia is the most significant and substantial work of original prose fiction in English before Samuel Richardson; it contains around eighty poems in nearly four thousand lines of verse. Its author, Sir Philip Sidney, calls it only a ‘work’ and a ‘book’, and for his contemporaries that is all they can call it. This chapter, however, attempts to think of Arcadia as a novel. In doing so, it asks questions about its relation not only to its literary past, but to its li

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Brown, Andrew, Christopher T. Flinton, Josh Gibson, et al. Future Directions. Edited by Andrew Brown, Christopher T. Flinton, Josh Gibson, et al. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190697068.003.0013.

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In this book, the authors have focused on three challenges to the human aspect of work—technology, globalization, and litigation—and have provided tools for managing the types of challenges these forces present. The workplace is an ever-changing scene, and we can only hypothesize how the relationships among globalization, litigation, and technology may change in the future. Nonetheless, maintaining emotional health in work and workplace relationships will remain ever-important for the success of employees, managers, employers, and the company as a whole. Increasing challenges to the integrity

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18

Kosch, Michelle. Fichte's Ethics. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198809661.001.0001.

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This book offers a systematic, historically informed reconstruction of Fichte’s ethical theory of the Jena period, highlighting that theory’s very substantial potential for contribution to various contemporary debates. One of Fichte’s most important ideas—that nature can place limits on our ability to govern ourselves, and that anyone who values autonomy is thereby committed to the value of basic research and of the development of autonomy-enhancing technologies—has received little attention in the interpretative literature on Fichte, and has little currency in contemporary ethics. This book i

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Liang, Percy, Michael Jordan, and Dan Klein. Probabilistic grammars and hierarchical Dirichlet processes. Edited by Anthony O'Hagan and Mike West. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198703174.013.27.

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This article focuses on the use of probabilistic context-free grammars (PCFGs) in natural language processing involving a large-scale natural language parsing task. It describes detailed, highly-structured Bayesian modelling in which model dimension and complexity responds naturally to observed data. The framework, termed hierarchical Dirichlet process probabilistic context-free grammar (HDP-PCFG), involves structured hierarchical Dirichlet process modelling and customized model fitting via variational methods to address the problem of syntactic parsing and the underlying problems of grammar i

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Azzouni, Jody. Transcendence and Immanence. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190622558.003.0001.

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Current metaphysical debates (between, e.g., Hirsch, Sider, Hawthorne, and others) are historically centered in an earlier debate between Carnap and Quine. This was a debate over whether formal languages can function as replacements for natural language or whether instead they offer techniques that can be used to modify natural languages. This debate continues to be relevant to contemporary debates between Hirsch and his opponents. Hirsch presupposes the natural-language-centered Quinean position; many of his opponents take Ontologese to be a cogent alternative for metaphysical discourse. In a

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Séguin, Jean R., and Richard E. Tremblay. Aggression and Antisocial Behavior. Edited by Philip David Zelazo. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199958474.013.0020.

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Aggressive and antisocial acts need to be prevented because (1) they cause serious problems to the individuals who are at the receiving end, (2) they lead to fear and escalation in the community, and (3) they often indicate that the offender has a history of mental health problems. Physical aggression and many other forms of antisocial behavior appear during the first few years after birth. Although most learn to regulate them by the time they enter the formal school system, a substantial minority of children do not. This lack of socialization on their part often has important consequences wel

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22

Di Leo, Jeffrey R., ed. Theory Across Disciplines. Bloomsbury Publishing Plc, 2025. https://doi.org/10.5040/9781350424302.

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Surveying the extraordinary scope of contemporary theory, Jeffrey R. Di Leo brings together contributors from around the world to speak to the ways in which theoretical concerns from a variety of disciplines operate within their respective fields of concern. Contemporary theory is a multi- and inter-disciplinary endeavour that operates within and among the humanities, the social sciences, and many of the professions. In addition to its now somewhat more standard-fare work in these areas, it has also made substantial inroads into the natural sciences and the formal sciences. To be sure, more di

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Kirsch, Larry, and Robert N. Mayer. Financial Justice. ABC-CLIO, LLC, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9798400651205.

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This provocative and accessible narrative recounts the inside story of how a broad-based people's campaign was mobilized and subsequently succeeded in pushing Congress to create a consumer financial regulator with clout. What would Congress do—if anything—to tame Wall Street and the nation's lenders following the financial meltdown of 2008? This book tells the true story of how an alliance of consumer, civil rights, labor, fair lending, and other progressive groups emerged to effectively challenge Wall Street and its official protectors and to win substantial new legislative reforms—actions th

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Benton, Matthew A., John Hawthorne, and Dani Rabinowitz, eds. Knowledge, Belief, and God. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198798705.001.0001.

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Recent decades have seen a fertile period of theorizing within mainstream epistemology which has had a dramatic impact on how epistemology is done. Investigations into contextualist and pragmatic dimensions of knowledge suggest radically new ways of meeting skeptical challenges and of understanding the relation between the epistemological and practical environment. New insights from social epistemology and formal epistemology about defeat, testimony, a priority, probability, and the nature of evidence all have a potentially revolutionary effect on how we understand our epistemological place in

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Temperley, David. The Musical Language of Rock. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190653774.001.0001.

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A theory of the structure of rock music is presented, addressing aspects such as tonality/key, harmony, rhythm/meter, melody, phrase structure, timbre/instrumentation, form, and emotional expression. The book brings together ideas from the author’s previous articles but also contains substantial new material. Rock is defined broadly (as it often is) to include a wide range of late twentieth-century Anglo-American popular styles, including 1950s rock & roll, Motown, soul, “British invasion” rock, soft rock, heavy metal, disco, new wave, and alternative rock. The study largely employs the in

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Aikhenvald, Alexandra Y. Classifiers. Oxford University PressOxford, 2000. https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198238867.001.0001.

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Abstract Almost all languages have some grammatical means for the linguistic categorization of nouns. Well-known systems such as the lexical numeral classifiers of South-East Asia, on the one hand, and the highly grammaticalized gender agreement classes of Indo-European languages, on the other, are the extremes of a contiuum. They can have a similar semantic basis, and one can develop from the other. Classifiers come in different morphological forms; they can be free nouns, clitics, or affixes. Some languages combine several varieties of classifiers. Different types of classifiers show varying

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Hughes, Kerry C., and Jeffrey L. Metzner. Suicide risk management. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199360574.003.0043.

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There are many risks associated with incarceration, and a substantial one is suicide. Virtually every completed suicide generates litigation. Prevalence, demographics, trends, screening and assessment of suicide risk, and recognition of the key factors associated with increased risk and managing that risk safely and appropriately in jails is presented. The factors relating to increasing suicide risk in prisons are often quite distinct from other correctional settings. Issues such as restrictive housing, facility transfers, loss of community social supports, and chronic management all play pote

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Hughes, Kerry C., and Jeffrey L. Metzner. Suicide risk management. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199360574.003.0043_update_001.

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There are many risks associated with incarceration, and a substantial one is suicide. Virtually every completed suicide generates litigation. Prevalence, demographics, trends, screening and assessment of suicide risk, and recognition of the key factors associated with increased risk and managing that risk safely and appropriately in jails is presented. The factors relating to increasing suicide risk in prisons are often quite distinct from other correctional settings. Issues such as restrictive housing, facility transfers, loss of community social supports, and chronic management all play pote

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29

Maoz, Zeev. The Past and Future of the Scientific Study of International Processes. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190846626.013.341.

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The scientific study of international processes (SSIP) has made substantial progress over the past twenty years, establishing itself as the mainstream research community in the field of international relations (IR) and attracting more and more attention from other disciplines. This was due to the convergence of several revolutions that have taken place in the field, including the data revolution, the formal modeling revolution, the methods revolution, the substantive revolution, and the epistemological revolution. In addition to the dramatic increase in the number of the community of scholars

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Assaad, Ragui, and Mongi Boughzala, eds. The Tunisian Labor Market in an Era of Transition. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198799863.001.0001.

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This book offers a comprehensive and deep examination of the key labor market issues in Tunisia, including the size, structure, and evolution of the labor force, employment and unemployment, wage formation, gender differences, education, and migration. Unemployment has been the most challenging issue for decades. Because it has been persistently high and particularly acute for youth, university graduates, and women, special attention is paid to youth and women in the labor market and to the structure, education, and evolution of the labor force. Despite the falling-off of its population growth

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Gray, Jeffrey, Mary Balkun, and James McCorkle. American Poets and Poetry. Greenwood, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9798400611469.

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The ethnically diverse scope, broad chronological coverage, and mix of biographical, critical, historical, political, and cultural entries make this the most useful and exciting poetry reference of its kind for students today. American poetry springs up out of all walks of life; its poems are "maternal as well as paternal…stuff'd with the stuff that is coarse and stuff'd with the stuff that is fine," as Walt Whitman wrote, adding "Of every hue and caste am I, of every rank and religion." Written for high school and undergraduate students, this two-volume encyclopedia covers U.S. poetry from th

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Gottfredson, Michael, and Travis Hirschi. Modern Control Theory and the Limits of Criminal Justice. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190069797.001.0001.

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Modern Control Theory and the Limits of Criminal Justice updates and extends the authors’ classic general theory of crime (sometimes referred to as “self-control theory”). In Part I, contemporary evidence about the theory is summarized. Research from criminology, psychology, economics, education, and public health substantially supports the lifelong influence of self control as a significant cause of problem behaviors, including delinquency and crime, substance abuse, school problems, many forms of accidents, employment instability, and many poor health outcomes. Contemporary evidence is suppo

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