Journal articles: 'Formal fragmentation'

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GARCIA CANAL, CARLOS A., and RODOLFO SASSOT. "STRUCTURE, FRAGMENTATION AND FRACTURE FUNCTIONS." International Journal of Modern Physics A 15, no. 23 (September 20, 2000): 3587–633. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x00001348.

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We address the partonic description of the proton, the photon and the "color singlet," as seen in inclusive and semi-inclusive DIS, in e+e- collisions, and in diffractive processes, respectively. Their formal treatment using structure, fragmentation, and fracture functions is outlined giving an insight into the perturbative QCD framework for these functions. Examples and comparisons with experimental data from LEP, HERA, and Tevatron are also covered.

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Arbaoui, Bouchra, Knut De Swert, and Wouter van der Brug. "Sensationalism in News Coverage: A Comparative Study in 14 Television Systems." Communication Research 47, no. 2 (August 9, 2016): 299–320. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0093650216663364.

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Using a sample of 14 television systems and 29 television stations, we investigate the effect of two media systems dimensions on sensational news coverage: the television system dependency on commercial revenues and audience fragmentation. At the aggregate level, both audience fragmentation and the dependence on commercial revenue yield significant effects on three forms of sensationalism. In more fragmented/competitive markets, sensationalism (1) in topics—for commercial channels—and (2) in formal features—for both channel types—is higher. However, the analysis reveals that (3) not fragmentation but rather dependency on commercial revenues stimulates the use of vivid storytelling. While the use of sensational formal features does not (significantly) depend on channel type, both topics and storytelling are clearly more sensational on commercial channels. The results shed light on the behavior of public broadcasters in various media systems contexts, pointing out their increased role and importance as counterbalance in highly fragmented systems.

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Lange, Gordon L., and Christine Gottardo. "Free Radical Fragmentation of [2 + 2] Photoadduct Derivatives. Formal Synthesis of Pentalenene." Journal of Organic Chemistry 60, no. 7 (April 1995): 2183–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jo00112a043.

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Smaligo, Andrew J., Manisha Swain, Jason C. Quintana, Mikayla F. Tan, Danielle A. Kim, and Ohyun Kwon. "Hydrodealkenylative C(sp3)–C(sp2) bond fragmentation." Science 364, no. 6441 (May 16, 2019): 681–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.aaw4212.

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Chemical synthesis typically relies on reactions that generate complexity through elaboration of simple starting materials. Less common are deconstructive strategies toward complexity—particularly those involving carbon-carbon bond scission. Here, we introduce one such transformation: the hydrodealkenylative cleavage of C(sp3)–C(sp2) bonds, conducted below room temperature, using ozone, an iron salt, and a hydrogen atom donor. These reactions are performed in nonanhydrous solvents and open to the air; reach completion within 30 minutes; and deliver their products in high yields, even on decagram scales. We have used this broadly functionality tolerant transformation to produce desirable synthetic intermediates, many of which are optically active, from abundantly available terpenes and terpenoid-derived precursors. We have also applied it in the formal total syntheses of complex molecules.

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Hall, Rosalie, Joy Lizada, Maria Helen Dayo, Corazon Abansi, Myra David, and Agnes Rola. "To the last drop: the political economy of Philippine water policy." Water Policy 17, no. 5 (March 17, 2015): 946–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wp.2015.150.

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This paper examines the conflicts arising from the layered legal treatment, fragmentation and multiplicity of institutions involved in Philippine water governance. Using a thematic analysis of national legislation, a survey of 299 water managers in 10 provinces, and five cases illustrating local contestations, the paper tracks the diversification of formal institutional stakeholders which have been found to lack coherence and inter-agency connectivity. Water managers are not grounded in policy shifts, have little understanding of formal water rights and settle local conflicts with little reliance on formal mechanisms. The select cases reveal that water rights provide weak currency in local contestations.

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Huang, David, Alexander W. Schuppe, Michael Z. Liang, and Timothy R. Newhouse. "Scalable procedure for the fragmentation of hydroperoxides mediated by copper and iron tetrafluoroborate salts." Organic & Biomolecular Chemistry 14, no. 26 (2016): 6197–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6ob00941g.

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LANGE, G. L., and C. GOTTARDO. "ChemInform Abstract: Free Radical Fragmentation of (2 + 2) Photoadduct Derivatives. Formal Synthesis of Pentalenene." ChemInform 26, no. 34 (August 17, 2010): no. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chin.199534053.

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Lisboa, Marilda P., David M. Jones, and Gregory B. Dudley. "Formal Synthesis of Palmerolide A, Featuring Alkynogenic Fragmentation and syn-Selective Vinylogous Aldol Chemistry." Organic Letters 15, no. 4 (February 2013): 886–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ol400014e.

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Driscoll, Jesse. "Commitment Problems or Bidding Wars? Rebel Fragmentation as Peace Building." Journal of Conflict Resolution 56, no. 1 (February 2012): 118–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022002711429696.

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After highly fragmented civil wars, order is often secured through the selective co-optation of rebel field commanders and atomized insurgents. This paper presents a formal model of civil war settlement as a coalition formation game between various regime and rebel factions. This approach emphasizes the ability of installed civilian rulers to lure warlords into the state based on promises of future wealth, then use divide-and-rule tactics to pit different warlord factions against one another. Quantitative and qualitative data from Tajikistan, including an original data set of warlord incorporation and regime purges during wartime reconstruction, are used to evaluate the model.

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Zhou, Suzanne You. "Managing Fragmentation between International Trade and Investment Law and Global Priorities for Noncommunicable Disease Prevention in Food and Alcohol." QUT Law Review 18, no. 1 (November 22, 2018): 169. http://dx.doi.org/10.5204/qutlr.v18i1.722.

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This article examines three ways in which instruments developed by international health organizations might be used to manage fragmentation between health and international trade and investment law in the context of regulating food and alcohol as noncommunicable disease risk factors. These are: by modifying or overriding trade and investment obligations, affecting interpretation and fact finding, and establishing cooperative inter-institutional processes. The article assesses the advantages and disadvantages of each of these approaches for managing fragmentation under the rules of treaty interpretation and dispute settlement. It argues that while much of the discussion of fragmentation between trade and health focuses on treaty interactions, many of the actual uses of health instruments are not necessarily dependent on their formal legal status. It then proposes several features of international instruments that might strengthen or support these uses, whether through binding or through non-binding instruments.

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Ngiba, Cyril Nhlanhla, David Dickinson, Louise Whittaker, and Claire Beswick. "Dynamics of trade between the formal sector and informal traders." South African Journal of Economic and Management Sciences 12, no. 4 (April 26, 2011): 462–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/sajems.v12i4.189.

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The informal sector in South Africa is a significant, but not well understood phenomenon. One important question relates to the nature of the relationship between the formal and informal sector. This article uses Porter’s five forces model to interrogate the linkages between informal fruit and vegetable traders in the Natalspruit Market (Ekurhuleni) and their formal suppliers, primarily the Johannesburg Fresh Produce Market. While the threat of new products is low, the street traders’ position is weakened by the threat of new entrants, consumer bargaining power and lack of cooperation among street traders. In relation to supplier power, we conclude that while this varies according to a number of factors, the formal sector is dominant over informal fruit and vegetable sellers in this market. This finding rests primarily on the observation that, because of their fragmentation, the informal traders’ collective buying power is not being used in the same way as large formal retailers of fruit and vegetables to obtain better terms of trade with the formal economy supplier.

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Pérez-Rufí, José-Patricio, and Águeda-María Valverde-Maestre. "The spatial-temporal fragmentation of live television video clips: analysis of the television production of the Eurovision Song Contest." Communication & Society 33, no. 2 (April 20, 2020): 17–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.15581/003.33.2.17-31.

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Multicamera television production’s similarity to the video clip has become evident in the production of the EBU’s Eurovision Song Contest, where various musical numbers representing public television stations from the organizing countries compete against each other in terms of spectacularity and originality. The main objective of this research is to analyze several acts to identify such appropriation. We will apply a textual analysis to the audiovisual discourse of a sample chosen through subjective sampling. We divide our analysis into four sections: preliminary phase, formal audiovisual analysis, staging and performance. The investigation leads to the conclusion that the characteristic fragmentation of space and time of video clips can also be identified in live music videos. This fragmentation is seen in the break in spatial continuity, resulting from recreating sets on stage and the abstraction of the stage thanks to screens and an avant-garde composition shot. We also consider that the production imitates the time fragmentation and fast shot speed of the video clip.

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Sinenko, Olga A., and Timofey P. Mitrofanov. "Identification of Signs of “Business Fragmentation” in Russian Far Eastern Territories with Special Economic Status." Financial Journal 13, no. 3 (June 2021): 88–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.31107/2075-1990-2021-3-88-103.

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The issue of “business fragmentation” has been relevant in Russia for over ten years. Business striving to ensure competitiveness makes it necessary to look for mechanisms to reduce the tax burden, applying special tax regimes or preferential tax conditions for residents of territories with special economic status. In this paper, the authors analyze the theoretical prerequisites for substantiating the signs of “business fragmentation,” and study the scope of application of “business fragmentation” schemes within the framework of preferential tax conditions for territories with special economic status in the Far East. The basic research methods were content analysis, comparative analysis and synthesis. As a result of the content analysis of judicial practice, the criteria for business fragmentation, confirming the formal division of a business, were substantiated. The authors carried out a comparative analysis of resident companies and identified, based on open data, 159 residents of priority social and economic development areas (PSEDAs) and 625 residents of the Free Port of Vladivostok (FPV) with signs of “business fragmentation.” Those amounted to 28.49 % and 29.48 % in the total number of active residents, respectively. Vladivostok is the leader in terms of the number of residents with signs of “business fragmentation,” with 443 residents of the FPV. The most common signs of “business fragmentation” among resident companies in territories with a special economic status of the Far East are substantiated: common persons managing companies, common or identical type of activity, and common address of location. Common types of activity among resident companies with signs of “business fragmentation” within territories with special economic status of the Far East are warehousing and auxiliary transport (15 % of PSEDA; 12.3 % of the FPV); construction of buildings (16.5 % of the FPV); and operations with real estate (14 % of the FPV).

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Han, Qiang. "A Preliminary Fragmentation Measure for Software Trustworthiness Based on Imprecise Categorization." Applied Mechanics and Materials 256-259 (December 2012): 2906–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.256-259.2906.

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This paper focused on the problem of imprecise categorization of software behavior data, using relative data mining techniques to find determined categorization of software trustworthiness which represents the consistency of software behavior and its claim. In detail, addressing to the measurement method of software trustworthiness mentioned above, this paper propose a new measurement framework for software trustworthiness based on imprecise categorization. We firstly define the formal representation of software trustworthiness according to its definition about imprecise categorization. Secondly, we introduce relative measurement framework about imprecise categorization and its application approaches in measurement for software trustworthiness. Finally, we make the conclusion of this paper and discuss some research area in software trustworthiness in future.

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Korsnes, Marius. "Fragmentation, Centralisation and Policy Learning: An Example from China's Wind Industry." Journal of Current Chinese Affairs 43, no. 3 (September 2014): 175–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/186810261404300308.

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This paper seeks to understand what government mechanisms have allowed China's wind industry to grow as fast as it has over the past ten years. Instead of formal rules and regulations, this paper focuses on specific sets of institutional conditions that have been crucial in the process of high-speed implementation of wind energy in China. Specifically, fragmentation and centralisation, together with policy experimentation and policy learning, have been fundamental for policy flexibility and institutional adaptability. The paper illustrates that there are benefits and disadvantages to these characteristics, and that inherent qualities of China's governing system that lead to rapid growth overlap with those that lead to challenges in terms of quality and long-term performance.

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Gaul, Micheal D., Kerry W. Fowler, and Paul A. Grieco. "9-Borabicyclo[3.3.1]nonane induced fragmentation of 2-azanorbornenes: A formal bora-aza retro ene reaction." Tetrahedron Letters 34, no. 19 (May 1993): 3099–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0040-4039(00)93389-6.

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Lutostański, Bartosz. "The Unbounded: On the Fragmentation Strategies in B. S. Johnson’s Novel." Anglica Wratislaviensia 57 (October 4, 2019): 61–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.19195/0301-7966.57.5.

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This paper examines the fragmentation strategies in B. S. Johnson’s The Unfortunates from the perspective of the theory of the novel, realism and literary sociology. This framework facilitates an investigation into the novel’s construction: ranging from the global level of text organisation, typographical construction and formal composition, down to the local level of semantic structure and syntax. Analytic conclusions suggest that fragmentation is ubiquitous, which leads to the violation of most of the novel’s components, its traditional and conventional elements, with an overriding impact on the narrative. As a result, The Unfortunates maintains its narrative coherence on the basis of different textual cues and generates its semantic potentialities in an alternative way. This to say, the novel’s “methodology” rests on the narrative agent, the act of narrating and meta-narration. These features contribute to what commonly passes as experimentalism of The Unfortunates.

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Stroschein, Sherrill. "Demography in ethnic party fragmentation: Hungarian local voting in Romania." Party Politics 17, no. 2 (February 24, 2011): 189–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1354068810391161.

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When and where might ethnic party outbidding occur? This article examines potential outbidding dynamics via a study of local elections in Romania, where the dominant Hungarian UDMR/RMDSz (Democratic Alliance of Hungarians in Romania) was recently challenged by a rival party, the MPP (Hungarian Citizens’ Party). A comparison of election results is made across cities and counties that differ according to demographic characteristics. Two primary findings emerge. First, Hungarian unity in the form of the RMDSz remained strong except under enclave conditions — where the ethnic minority is the local majority. Outbidding is more likely to be a luxury of enclave regions, where fragmentation will not involve a loss of power to another ethnic group, as could happen to a local minority or with ‘split’ demographics. Second, when majority-minority demographics are clear, cross-ethnic formal or informal coalitions are more likely to emerge. Cross-ethnic coalitions are rare under conditions of ‘split’ demographics, which exhibit a logic of ethnic polarization.

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Yukins, Elizabeth. "An “Artful Juxtaposition on the Page”: Memory, Perception, and Cubist Technique in Ralph Ellison's Juneteenth." PMLA/Publications of the Modern Language Association of America 119, no. 5 (October 2004): 1247–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1632/s0030812900101725.

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While scholars have appreciated the influence of jazz on Ralph Ellison's compositional strategies, this essay examines how Ellison's interest in the visual idiom of modernism—namely, cubism—influenced the prose style of his posthumously published novel Juneteenth. Evidenced by his friendship with Romare Bearden and his expressed fascination with the visual arts, Ellison's knowledge of cubist practice informed his textual experiments with time, space, and the narrative rendering of memory. Cubist techniques such as fragmentation and the combining of multiple perspectives offered Ellison formal methods to configure the complex consciousness of his main characters and the vexed history of race relations in America. His literary and political visions meet in the mercurial relation between fragmentation and pluralism, for in his multifaceted, nonlinear prose one sees the fraught simultaneity of past and present, memory and vision, historical violence and continued democratic aspiration.

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Selejan, Corina. "Fragmentation(s) and Realism(s): Has the Fragment Gone Mainstream?" Anglica Wratislaviensia 57 (October 4, 2019): 103–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.19195/0301-7966.57.8.

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This article tackles what seems to be a revival of fragmentary fiction in English in the 21st century. It briefly traces the lineage of critical interest in the fragment from German Romanticism through Bertolt Brecht and Modernism to postmodern film studies, in an attempt to highlight not only the temporal, but also the spatial and visual dimension of discontinuity evinced by recent fragmentary fiction. Six novels published between 2005 and 2017 are discussed sequentially, in a manner redolent of cinematic movement: Tom McCarthy’s Remainder 2005, Anne Enright’s The Gathering 2007, Yaa Gyasi’s Homegoing 2016, Mohsin Hamid’s Exit West 2017, Ali Smith’s Autumn 2016, and George Saunders’s Lincoln in the Bardo 2017. The formal fragmentariness of these novels is read in connection to their recurrent themes: trauma, loss, death, grief, exile, displacement, memory and violence. In the process, the opposition between fragmentariness on the one hand and realism on the other is challenged; the argument draws on William Burroughs, Tom McCarthy and Fernand Léger. Although they are fragmentary in very different ways, all of the novels under scrutiny are what one may term “mainstream” novels, most of them boasting large readerships and having either won or been shortlisted for literary prizes such as the Booker Prize, thus seemingly confirming Ted Gioia’s contention that “mainstream literary fiction is falling to pieces”.

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GAUL, M. D., K. W. FOWLER, and P. A. GRIECO. "ChemInform Abstract: 9-Borabicyclo(3.3.1)nonane-Induced Fragmentation of 2-Azanorbornenes: A Formal Bora-Aza Retro Ene Reaction." ChemInform 24, no. 40 (August 20, 2010): no. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chin.199340103.

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Chroman, Tanya. "Exploring Spanish Register among Graduate Students: A Pilot Study of Spanish at a University in Southern California." Journal of Language Teaching and Research 8, no. 4 (July 1, 2017): 635. http://dx.doi.org/10.17507/jltr.0804.01.

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This article expands the study of registers in conversational and written language with empirical data collected from different situations throughout the daily activities of two bilingual populations at a university in Southern California. It explores the importance of register distinction in the classroom. This is done by studying the use of formal and informal register at the university between two bilingual populations throughout the tasks they perform on a daily basis. Language samples used in a normal day were collected and transcribed for analysis. A qualitative analysis was performed using characteristics previously studied by Valdés and Geoffrion-Vinci in 1998: lexical choice, integration versus fragmentation and detachment versus involvement. Results indicated similarities in the use of Spanish register used among the two populations studied. A presence of informal register was found in formal contexts by both bilingual populations. Implications for curriculum and course development including register topics are discussed.

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WHITTALL, ARNOLD. "‘Unbounded Visions’: Boulez, Mallarmé and Modern Classicism." Twentieth-Century Music 1, no. 1 (March 2004): 65–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1478572204000064.

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Pli selon pli is Boulez’s richest encounter with Mallarmé. As a ‘portrait’ of the poet which sets three of his sonnets, it can be associated not only with other composers – Ravel, Debussy – who set Mallarmé, but also with the poet’s own views on music, and his radical yet tradition-conscious formal practices. Structural and poetic aspects of the fourth movement of the work, ‘Improvisation III’, are examined in detail, highlighting Boulez’s increasing concern with matters of formal coherence. This suggests a strengthening resistance to modernism as fragmentation and the embrace of a modern classicism which shuns the fixed hierarchies of tonal classicism as well as the parodistic juxtapositions of neoclassicism. At the same time, however, the multiple resonances on which modern classicism depends for its coherence ensure that certain aspects of Mallarmé-inspired narrative – concerning shipwrecks and sirens, among other things – cannot be entirely suppressed in present-day critical commentary.

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Hopp, Faith P., and Frances R. Nedjat-Haiem. "INTEREST GROUP SESSION—HOSPICE, PALLIATIVE AND END-OF-LIFE CARE: ADDRESSING ADVANCED ILLNESS CHALLENGES THROUGH SYNERGY, PLANNING, COLLABORATION, AND ADVOCACY." Innovation in Aging 3, Supplement_1 (November 2019): S180—S181. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igz038.643.

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Abstract Advanced illness occurs when health conditions become serious, general health and functioning declines, and treatments begin to lose their impact. Advanced care planning (ACP) is critical, but challenges such as communication barriers, system fragmentation, and a lack of formal and informal supports can negatively influence ACP and quality of life. How can diverse groups of persons with advanced illness, their family members and friends have greater synergy when planning for care in the face of serious illness? What are the best practices for planning and provision of a spectrum of needed services and support during the dying process and afterwards? We extend a conversation important for formal and informal network members to transform the culture of ACP, death, dying, and bereavement for diverse vulnerable populations. For this symposium, we will present information on ACP and care for LGBT populations and older Latinos, those living in long-term care settings, and persons receiving Adult Protective Services (APS). We will discuss strategies for synergy, collaboration, and advocacy among persons with advanced illness and their formal and informal care networks as a means of reducing health disparities and promoting self-determination in the midst of advanced illness challenges.

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Trung Ho, Thu Van, Alison Cottrell, Peter Valentine, and Simon Woodley. "Perceived barriers to effective multilevel governance of human-natural systems: an analysis of Marine Protected Areas in Vietnam." Journal of Political Ecology 19, no. 1 (December 1, 2012): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.2458/v19i1.21711.

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This study of multilevel governance in contemporary Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) in Vietnam used a qualitative methodology to identify the factors that cause fragmentation of governance structures, leading to ineffective management and governance of these MPAs. These factors relate to formal institutions, socio-economic conditions and social capital. The study reveals different barriers to effective governance at different levels. Socio-economic conditions affect the participation of local communities, whereas formal institutional arrangements are major barriers to the collaboration between state-actors across sectors. Mutual trust, communication and reciprocity may nurture and foster participation and collaboration by actors in the multilevel governance of MPAs. The article stresses the importance of social capital in multilevel governance of human-natural systems. It concludes that the existing institutional structure of MPAs may require reforms to achieve more effective governance and to meet the overall goals of the national MPA network.Keywords: environmental governance, institutions, natural resource management, Marine Protected Areas, human-environment systems, Vietnam

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Ciszewska, Ewa. "Film Education in Poland – Historical Outline and Current State of Research." Panoptikum, no. 18 (December 29, 2017): 10–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.26881/pan.2017.18.01.

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The text explores traditions of film education, understood as education through film, in Polish film studies. Although film education has been a de facto part of informal education, we can trace many initiatives aimed at making it an element of formal schooling. Hence the attempt to incorporate film education into school curriculums at various levels of education, undertaken mainly by academic film experts (B. W. Lewicki, E. Nurczyńska-Fidelska). School film education has been fraught with numerous technological obstacles, as well as a lack of available materials to use as a foundation for educational practice. It has also been a challenge to develop appropriate competences of teaching staff. Film education has not found its place as a subject within formal education until today. The current fragmentation of entities responsible for it, and the lack of a coherent strategy means that film education becomes the domain of commercial and non-commercial programmes implemented in cinemas for the purposes of school education.

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Vasilevsky, Sergei F., Maria P. Davydova, Victor I. Mamatyuk, Nikolay Tsvetkov, Audrey Hughes, Denis S. Baranov, and Igor V. Alabugin. "Full Cleavage of C≡C Bond in Electron-Deficient Alkynes via Reaction with Ethylenediamine." Australian Journal of Chemistry 70, no. 4 (2017): 421. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ch17026.

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Reaction of 1,2-diaminioethane (ethylenediamine) with electron-deficient alkynes leads to full scission of the C≡C bond even in the absence of a keto group directly attached to the alkyne. This process involves oxidation of one of the alkyne carbons into C2 of a 2-R-4,5-dihydroimidazole with the concomitant reduction of the other carbon to a methyl group. The sequence of Sonogashira coupling with the ethylenediamine-mediated fragmentation described in this work can be used for selective formal substitution of halogen in aryl halides by a methyl group or a 4,5-dihydroimidazol-2-yl moiety.

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Hilbink, Lisa. "The Origins of Positive Judicial Independence." World Politics 64, no. 4 (October 2012): 587–621. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0043887112000160.

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A number of comparative judicial scholars have argued that assertions of judicial authority are a function of the level of fragmentation/competition in the formal political sphere. Accordingly, in authoritarian or one-party settings, judges should be deferential to power holders, and in places where political power is divided between branches and/or parties, one would expect to see greater levels of judicial assertiveness. Through a longitudinal, qualitative analysis of one most-likely case (Chile) and one least-likely case (Franco-era Spain) and drawing on a half-dozen other cases from the comparative judicial literature, this article argues that political fragmentation is neither sufficient nor necessary for judges to challenge powerful actors. Instead, it argues that assertive or “positively independent” judicial behavior requires ideational support, in the form of a role conception/professional ideology that gives judges motivation for such behavior. Such professional attitudes are socially and institutionally constituted in a dynamic process that itself shapes judges' perceptions of the opportunities for and obstacles to judicial assertiveness, both within and outside the judiciary.

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Zhao, Mei-Xin, Mei-Xiang Wang, Chu-Yi Yu, Zhi-Tang Huang, and George W. J. Fleet. "A Direct Retro-Reformatsky Fragmentation: Formal Ring Enlargement of Cyclic Ketones for Novel and Practical Synthesis of Heterocyclic Enamines." Journal of Organic Chemistry 69, no. 3 (February 2004): 997–1000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jo0351320.

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van Rossum, Matthias. "Slavery and Its Transformations: Prolegomena for a Global and Comparative Research Agenda." Comparative Studies in Society and History 63, no. 3 (June 29, 2021): 566–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0010417521000153.

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AbstractThis article argues that we need to move beyond the “Atlantic” and “formal” bias in our understanding of the history of slavery. It explores ways forward toward developing a better understanding of the long-term global transformations of slavery. Firstly, it claims we should revisit the historical and contemporary development of slavery by adopting a wider scope that accounts for the adaptable and persistent character of different forms of slavery. Secondly, it stresses the importance of substantially expanding the body of empirical observations on trajectories of slavery regimes, especially outside the Atlantic, and most notable in the Indian Ocean and Indonesian Archipelago worlds, where different slavery regimes existed and developed in interaction. Thirdly, it proposes an integrated analytical framework that will overcome the current fragmentation of research perspectives and allow for a more comparative analysis of the trajectories of slavery regimes in their highly diverse formal and especially informal manifestations. Fourth, the article shows how an integrated framework will enable a collaborative research agenda that focuses not only on comparisons, but also on connections and interactions. It calls for a closer integration of the histories of informal slavery regimes into the wider body of existing scholarship on slavery and its transformations in the Atlantic and other more intensely studied formal slavery regimes. In this way, we can renew and extend our understandings of slavery's long-term, global transformations.

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Pedersen, Poul Ove, and Dorothy McCormick. "African business systems in a globalising world." Journal of Modern African Studies 37, no. 1 (March 1999): 109–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022278x99002955.

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The failure of structural adjustment programmes to promote industrialisation in Africa may be at least partly explained by the fragmentation of African business systems. In Africa, the parastatal, foreign-dominated formal and indigenous informal sectors are poorly integrated, largely as a result of the institutional environment in which they have developed. The lack of supportive financial, state and social institutions inhibits trust and accountability, and impedes the access to capital, labour market flexibility, and sub-contracting, which are needed for modern industrial development. More research is needed, both detailed studies of business systems in individual African countries, and cross-country comparisons of the linkages between the economy and the wider social and institutional environment.

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White, Hilary. "“Fantastic Dance of Images, Shapes, Forms”: Visuality and Fragmentation in Ann Quin’s Passages." Anglica Wratislaviensia 56 (November 22, 2018): 163–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.19195/0301-7966.56.12.

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This paper brings together aspects of visuality and fragmentation in Quin’s work, concentrating on her 1969 novel, Passages, in order to tease out the effects and implications of Quin’s formal fragmentariness. The visuality manifests itself in Passages through Quin’s borrowing of compositional techniques from the visual arts — layering effects from painting, shaping and cutting techniques from sculpture, the whole method of the textual cut-up. Quin splits her narrative in two sections seemingly narrated by each of the main characters, one female and one male. Applying painterly techniques to the former and sculptural to the latter, Quin’s narrative implicitly explores the habitual feminisation or masculinisation of certain aesthetic categories and modes of epistemological enquiry, as well as the unequal power relations of gender politics within a social context. Quin’s textual fragments do on some level cohere into a whole, but it is one riven with uncertainties, provoked specifically by the elliptical nature of the narrative, and complicated by Quin’s blurring of boundaries of all kinds — between characters, between binary categories, between narrative moments and locations. This resistance to categorisation — both on the level of individual fragments or passages of text, and of Quin’s work more generally — invites readers and critics to question the frameworks in which they are trying to place the parts, to challenge the rigidity of the categories themselves.

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Roy, Amalesh, Kazi Tuhina, Bidyut Biswas, and Ramanathapuram V. Venkateswaran. "Radical induced fragmentation in a benzoxocane ring system: application to the synthesis of elvirol and a formal synthesis of 7,8-dihydroxycalamenene." Tetrahedron 68, no. 32 (August 2012): 6575–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tet.2012.05.041.

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Nguyên-Quang, Trung. "“No Man Is an Island”: On Fragmented Experiences in Zadie Smith’s NW 2012." Anglica Wratislaviensia 56 (November 22, 2018): 77–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.19195/0301-7966.56.6.

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Published in 2012, Zadie Smith’s NW appears to break with the aesthetics of On Beauty 2005, her Booker Prize shortlisted novel: abandoning the linearity of traditional story-telling of which On Beauty partook, NW displays a formal fragmentation that allows the narrative to jump back and forth from one point of view to another, one time period to another, and this with no apparent rationale. Indeed, the novel weaves together the threads of four different narratives seen through four different characters, its structure thus fragmented into seemingly disparate subplots and timelines, as though it were taking to task the linearity of time itself. Through the analysis of the various fragmentary modes in NW, this paper wishes to contend that, while it may first appear to be a challenge to the congruence of plot, one that is reminiscent of the postmodernist taste for discontinuity and experimentation, this writing commitment for fragmentation is fundamentally a political stance in Smith’s fiction. By deconstructing the linear fabric of plot, NW seems to argue that experience — whether it be cultural, political, social or individual — is multifarious and ever-shifting, and thus can only be accounted for by discursively espousing its fragmentary nature. Therefore, the multiplication of subject-positions, the refusal of monologic narratives, as well as the eschewal of linearity in NW must be understood as rebuttals of a reality conceived of unilaterally, or normatively defined. In other words, my argument is that, in NW, the poetics of fragmentation is a politics of authenticity, since it is only through the representation of fragmented experiences that fiction can have any claim on realism.

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Markuszewska, Iwona. "Land Consolidation as an Instrument of Shaping the Agrarian Structure in Poland: A Case Study of the Wielkopolskie and Dolnośląskie Voivodeships." Quaestiones Geographicae 32, no. 3 (September 1, 2013): 53–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/quageo-2013-0027.

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Abstract Fragmentation of agricultural landscape is a specific feature of agrarian structure in Poland. Despite the fact that consolidation work has been carried out for years, the positive effects are still negligible. This is because land consolidation in Poland is encountering with a number of obstacles, which on the one hand, is cumbersome formal and legal policy, and on the other hand, disapproval of officials and farmers as well. These barriers unnecessarily prolong the proceeding, which is inherently long-term, sometimes takes years and not always is successfully completed. For this reason an effort was made to answer the question: how improving in land consolidation policy may look up the efficiency of land merging work in Poland? Two formal procedures were presented, on the basis of which land consolidation is carried out in two voivodeships: Wielkopolskie and Dolnośląskie. The study revealed the main obstacles and weaknesses in legal regulation. Additionally, open-interviews among farmers as well as local and regional land consolidation authorities, were undertaken. On the basis of the acquired data, a number of new suggestions to more successful land consolidation policy, were put forward. Finally, possible solutions to perk up the land unification work were established.

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Widiatedja, I. Gusti Ngurah Parikesit. "Incorporating Local Wisdom Into the Consumer Protection Legal Regime: A Comparison Between Indonesia And Australia." Udayana Journal of Law and Culture 1, no. 1 (January 30, 2017): 31. http://dx.doi.org/10.24843/ujlc.2017.v01.i01.p03.

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Globalization has affected legal services and converged legal systems, especially in consumer protection in Indonesia and Australia. This process has resulted to a more formal, transparent, and adversarial law and regulations that typically reflect to the common Law system. Then, the incorporation of local wisdom encourages significantly for the receptiveness of this globalization and convergence process both in Indonesia and Australia. This paper will show and analyze the extent to which globalization has affected consumer protection in Indonesia and Australia by dividing the impact from the result of economic liberalization and political fragmentation. It will then show how the incorporation of local wisdom can accelerate the globalization of legal services and convergence of legal systems on consumer protection in Indonesia and Australia.

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Marinic, Gregory, and Ziad Qureshi. "Interstitial Occupancies: From Industrialization to Informal Urbanism in Monterrey, Mexico." Perspectives on Global Development and Technology 16, no. 4 (August 9, 2017): 461–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15691497-12341444.

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As the third largest city in Mexico, Monterrey is a manufacturing hub that offers a provocative counterpoint to industrial cities in developed countries. Suburban sprawl, political instability, violence, social injustice, and de-industrialization illustrate increasing fragmentation—or terrain vague—where the conventional urban fabric unravels and less formal occupancies unfold. Defined by Catalan architect and theorist Ignasi Solà-Morales, terrain vague is expressed through obsolescence and various organic practices that react to depopulation and under-productivity. Investigating production and city-building, this article positions post-industrial Monterrey as a place of difference reflecting hybridized Latin American and American normative conditions. It surveys processes of industrialization and changing technology to situate iconic European and American architectural and urban precedents as forerunners of similar conditions in Monterrey.

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Schwartz, Mark W., Kent H. Redford, and Elaine F. Leslie. "Fitting the US National Park Service for Change." BioScience 69, no. 8 (July 10, 2019): 651–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/biosci/biz071.

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Abstract The US National Park Service (NPS), which manages over 85 million acres and over 400 units, contends with myriad external drivers of ecosystem change that threaten parks. Stressors such as invasive species, habitat fragmentation, warming climates and rising sea level, raise the potential that parks will not attain or sustain their congressionally designated missions. Using invasive animals as a focal example of such changes, we suggest the NPS consider increasing active management of resources, participating in cooperative ecoregional management, increasing the use of public participation, and using formal decision support tools. We illustrate how these management approaches are currently underused. Acknowledging that invasive species are but one of a suite of problems that are threatening to overwhelm park management capacity we believe that the approaches we outline generalize to myriad problems facing the NPS.

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BENJELLOUN, SAAD, LAURENT DESVILLETTES, and AYMAN MOUSSA. "EXISTENCE THEORY FOR THE KINETIC-FLUID COUPLING WHEN SMALL DROPLETS ARE TREATED AS PART OF THE FLUID." Journal of Hyperbolic Differential Equations 11, no. 01 (March 2014): 109–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219891614500027.

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We consider in this paper a spray constituted of an incompressible viscous gas and of small droplets which can breakup. This spray is modeled by the coupling (through a drag force term) of the incompressible Navier–Stokes equation and of the Vlasov–Boltzmann equation, together with a fragmentation kernel. We first show at the formal level that if the droplets are very small after the breakup, then the solutions of this system converge towards the solution of a simplified system in which the small droplets produced by the breakup are treated as part of the fluid. Then, existence of global weak solutions for this last system is shown to hold, thanks to the use of the DiPerna–Lions theory for singular transport equations, and a compactness lemma specifically tailored for our study.

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Kawasumi, Muneo, and Yoshiharu Iwabuchi. "Concise Entry to Chiral 5-(4-Hydroxybutyl)-2(5H)-furanone via HTIB-Mediated Novel Oxidative Fragmentation: Formal Total Synthesis of (+)-Dubiusamine A." Organic Letters 15, no. 7 (March 26, 2013): 1788–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ol4005239.

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Behrens, Juliet. "Meeting the needs of victims of domestic violence with family law issues: the dangers and possibilities in restorative justice." International Journal of Law in Context 1, no. 3 (September 2005): 215–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1744552305003010.

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Victims of controlling domestic violence who also have family law issues continue to have their safety compromised and to suffer the abusive use of the legal system by perpetrators. A range of conditions contribute to this systemic problem, including the fragmentation of the legal ‘system’ faced by victims, and the emphasis given to contact with fathers and to private dispute resolution. At a more abstract level, unwillingness to look at past conduct and to attribute fault in family law proceedings has led to a failure to pay attention to issues of justice in family law. The possibilities for the use of restorative justice in these cases are explored. It is argued that there are considerable dangers, particularly with a generic model of restorative justice. There is, however, some potential in restorative justice processes which are carefully designed for the domestic violence context. In particular, such processes offer the potential to extend an empowering ‘justice’ rather than a ‘dispute resolution’ frame to a wider range of cases and to overcome the current fragmentation of the legal system. It is argued that our concern should be with how to meet the needs of victims of domestic violence, rather than with the good of restorative justice in theory. In addition, we must continue to work on improvements to the formal legal system as alternatives to restorative justice.

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Barchiesi, Franco, and Bridget Kenny. "From Workshop to Wasteland: De-industrialization and Fragmentation of the Black Working Class on the East Rand (South Africa), 1990–1999." International Review of Social History 47, S10 (November 2002): 35–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020859002000779.

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In 1999 the South African government passed the Municipal Structures Act which established the Ekurhuleni Metropolitan Council and merged the East Rand towns of Alberton, Germiston, Brakpan, Benoni, Kempton Park, Springs, and Nigel under a common municipal authority. The new demarcation created a unified administrative structure for this region of approximately 2.5 million people living east of Johannesburg. It gave formal expression to long-standing processes of socioeconomic development that have defined the East Rand as a highly specific geographical entity. Between the 1950s and the 1970s the East Rand mapped itself on to South Africa's economic terrain as its industrial “workshop”, as manufacturing replaced mining as the major contributor to GDP. The administrative unification of the East Rand has taken place, however, at a moment when established patterns of economic and social integration based on manufacturing are undermined by the impact of restructuring encouraged by domestic and global forces.

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Valdagno, Marta, Arianna Goracci, Silvia di Volo, and Andrea Fagiolini. "Telepsychiatry: new perspectives and open issues." CNS Spectrums 19, no. 6 (January 2, 2014): 479–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1092852913000916.

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Telepsychiatry, thanks to the continuous advance of technologies, is an area with excellent prospects to become an effective tool for assistance in psychiatry. Many studies evaluated the effectiveness of telepsychiatry in different psychiatric disorders like anxiety disorders, psychotic disorders and depression. Results showed that telepsychiatry seems to be promising in anxiety and depressive disorders, especially in the maintenance phase, and also for psychotic disorders, especially for these cases with a poor compliance. We reviewed the literature to evaluate the feasibility of telepsychiatry in Italy in terms of satisfaction, costs and cultural acceptability and considering ethical and legal aspects. In Italy the development of telemedicine still presents a high level of fragmentation. A potential integration of these new types of services with the health care system is a very challenging task and poses many legal and ethical challenges. Therefore the creation of legal instruments and formal professional ethical guidelines are needed.

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GrzymañA-Busse, Anna. "Political Competition and the Politicization of the State in East Central Europe." Comparative Political Studies 36, no. 10 (December 2003): 1123–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0010414003257610.

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The expansion and politicization of the postcommunist state, even among the reform leaders of Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, and Slovakia, has confounded early expectations that the state would shrink and grow autonomous once the communist regime collapsed. The variation in these patterns is a function of the distribution of party power in parliament, both over time (turnover) and among parties (fragmentation and effective opposition). Where several strong opposing parties competed for governance, the resulting electoral uncertainty led them to constrain each other through formal regulations and informal practices. In contrast, where one party dominated political competition, lax (or nonexistent) regulations allowed the informal extraction of resources from state firms, the procurement of favorable privatization deals, and the accumulation of positions in public administration. This explanation contrasts with existing accounts, which emphasize either broad communist regime legacies or the functional need for state growth in newly independent states.

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Welge, Jobst. "Family (Novel), Death, and Polyphony in Lúcio Cardoso, Crônica da Casa Assassinada." Brasiliana: Journal for Brazilian Studies 7, no. 1 (November 12, 2019): 30–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.25160/bjbs.v7i1.107990.

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Taking its cue from the anthropological conjunction of "house" and "death," the article contextualizes Lúcio Cardoso's novel Crônica da Casa Assassinada (1959) within the literary tradition of the Brazilian "Big House novel" as well as the modern family saga generally, thus highlighting both its culturally specific and its potentially universal dimension. The dinstictive formal character of the novel is analyzed with regard to its emphasis on psychological representation and its polyphonic, kaleidoscopic fragmentation of epic totality. Furthermore, the novel is also linked to the tradition of the (American) Gothic, from which Cardoso adapts the notion of the unstabe boundary between life and death, of haunting as the survival of the past, or of specters as hinges between different temporalities. The recurring tropes of death and decadence are not objectively distanced, but the novel paradoxically affirms the notion of decadence against the normative expectations of both the traditional past and of modernity.

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Perl, Raphael Francis. "Congress, International Narcotics Policy, and the Anti–Drug Abuse Act of 1988." Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs 30, no. 2-3 (1988): 19–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/165978.

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The Congress of The United States exerts greater influence over foreign policy than do its counterparts in other nations. This influence extends to formulation of US policy regarding control of the international narcotics trade, a subject on which the Congress has chosen to assume a leading role. The formal policymaking role of the Congress in this area is embodied in legislation on international narcotics (including appropriation of funds) and in oversight. The Congress also exercises its influence in an informal way through consultation, unofficial advice, public education, and legislative prodding in the drafting and conduct of that policy.The congressional role in narcotics policymaking is notably affected by its committee structure, in which numerous committees may exercise some degree of jurisdiction over narcotics-related issues. As a result, not only has there been widespread involvement of the Congress in formulating narcotics policy, but there has also been considerable fragmentation of that policy as congressional initiatives have been compartmentalized within the jurisdictional domains of various committees.

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MacAyeal, Douglas R., Olga V. Sergienko, and Alison F. Banwell. "A model of viscoelastic ice-shelf flexure." Journal of Glaciology 61, no. 228 (2015): 635–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/2015jog14j169.

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AbstractWe develop a formal thin-plate treatment of the viscoelastic flexure of floating ice shelves as an initial step in treating various problems relevant to ice-shelf response to sudden changes of surface loads and applied bending moments (e.g. draining supraglacial lakes, iceberg calving, surface and basal crevassing). Our analysis is based on the assumption that total deformation is the sum of elastic and viscous (or power-law creep) deformations (i.e. akin to a Maxwell model of viscoelasticity, having a spring and dashpot in series). The treatment follows the assumptions of well-known thin-plate approximation, but is presented in a manner familiar to glaciologists and with Glen’s flow law. We present an analysis of the viscoelastic evolution of an ice shelf subject to a filling and draining supraglacial lake. This demonstration is motivated by the proposition that flexure in response to the filling/drainage of meltwater features on the Larsen B ice shelf, Antarctica, contributed to the fragmentation process that accompanied its collapse in 2002.

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Kaczorowska, Anna, and Meta Berghauser Pont. "Modelling Urban Environments to Promote Ecosystem Services and Biodiversity." International Journal of E-Planning Research 8, no. 3 (July 2019): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijepr.2019070101.

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Urbanization effects on vegetation and the alteration in land use is likely to be the major driver of fragmentation and the loss of ecosystem services (ESS) and biodiversity. Understanding varying levels of biodiversity within cities is pivotal to protect ESS. However, due to the high complexity of urban systems, ecological connectivity assessment in urban planning remains challenging. This article evaluates policy documents and tools for ESS assessment in Stockholm, Sweden. Stockholm is an interesting city for studying ESS planning and management since Sweden has a long tradition of formal policy for biodiversity management. An overview is presented of tools and approaches to measure ESS at different scale levels used in the urban planning process in Stockholm. Their application illustrates the complementary nature of these tools, but also the need to integrate them in a platform based on a GIS (Geographic Information System) model. Ultimately, the development of such an integrated tool should inform and support planning practice in guiding urban systems towards greater sustainability.

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Sonneveld, Nadia, and Ahmed Tawfik. "Gender, Islam and judgeship in Egypt." International Journal of Law in Context 11, no. 3 (August 6, 2015): 341–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1744552315000142.

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AbstractThe issue of women serving as judges has been a contentious one in Egyptian society for nearly eight decades. While other Muslim majority countries started appointing women judges as early as the 1950s and 1960s, it was not until 2003 that the Egyptian government announced the appointment of its first ever female judge. Despite the approval of Egypt's religious scholars, her appointment was fiercely contested, among both the general public and the legal profession. In this paper we explore the question of why the appointment of women as judges provokes so much controversy in Egyptian society, and in the judiciary in particular. We show that the debate reveals a preoccupation with the proper place of women in society. With both traditionally educated religious scholars and people lacking formal religious training justifying their point of view by resorting to religious argumentation, the debate is also a clear example of the fragmentation of religious authority in Islam.

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Lloyd-Sherlock, Peter, Bridget Penhale, and Nelida Redondo. "Evaluating the quality of long-term care services in the city of La Plata, Argentina." Ageing and Society 41, no. 1 (August 19, 2019): 208–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0144686x1900103x.

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AbstractThis paper reports on an innovative survey of long-term care facilities for older people in the Argentine city of La Plata. It applies a range of qualitative methodologies, including a clandestine audit conducted by older people living in the community. The paper pays particular attention to the types and availability of services, perceived quality and the rigour of regulatory processes. It finds that there has been a rapid growth in the availability of formal services, but that there are many gaps in provision, especially for older people with complex care needs. There are strong indications that service quality is uneven and, in some cases, this amounts to the contravention of basic human rights. State regulation is hampered by institutional fragmentation and weak governance. A wider set of expert interviews and the limited available published information indicate that these findings are unlikely to be exceptional, and that similar issues affect rapidly emerging long-term care systems in many low- and middle-income countries.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Formal fragmentation'

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