Academic literature on the topic 'Formal-informal relationship'
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Journal articles on the topic "Formal-informal relationship"
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Xue, Jin, Geoffrey Qiping Shen, Rebecca Jing Yang, Irfan Zafar, E. M. A. C. Ekanayake, Xue Lin, and Amos Darko. "Influence of formal and informal stakeholder relationship on megaproject performance: a case of China." Engineering, Construction and Architectural Management 27, no. 7 (May 12, 2020): 1505–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ecam-07-2019-0353.
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PurposeThe purpose of this research is to seek better relational strategies between formal and informal stakeholder relationships to improve megaproject performance.Design/methodology/approachThe conceptual model was developed with twenty hypotheses based on the literature review. Then a questionnaire survey was conducted, and the collected data were analyzed by Partial Least squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) for validating the proposed model. Finally, the findings were discussed by a comparative study to explain the different effects of the formal and informal relationship on megaproject performance, and the managerial implications are presented for the stakeholders to implement the relationship management in the megaprojects.FindingsThe research finding reveals that formal relationship plays a dominating role in cost, quality, and labor protection; meanwhile, it is still more reliable in improving coordination, safety and environmental protection. Both formal and informal relationship is equally important towards collaboration and scheduling while the informal relationship is more effective in communication and project transparency.Originality/valueThe study extends the knowledge of relationship management in the domain of the megaproject performance. It provides a comprehensive and systematic understanding of the impact of formal and informal stakeholder relationships on ten aspects of the megaproject performance by the proposed conceptual model and PLS-SEM results. The research findings contribute to the theory of relationship management on how the different influences between formal and informal stakeholder relationships lead to better megaproject performance from inter-organizational level to project and societal level.
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Folkestad, Göran. "Formal and informal learning situations or practices vs formal and informal ways of learning." British Journal of Music Education 23, no. 2 (June 29, 2006): 135–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0265051706006887.
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During the last decade there has been an awakening interest in considering not only formalised learning situations within institutional settings, but also all the various forms of informal musical learning practices outside schools. Informal musical learning outside institutional settings has been shown to contribute to important knowledge and aspects of music education. In this article, I will examine research studies which in different ways focus on formal and informal learning situations and practices or formal and informal ways of learning. I will consider the relationship between music education as praxis (music pedagogy) and as research, and the relationship between these two facets of music education and the surrounding society. I will identify four different ways of using and defining formal and informal learning, respectively, either explicitly or implicitly, each one focusing on different aspects of learning: (i) the situation, (ii) learning style, (iii) ownership, and (iv) intentionality. Formal – informal should not be regarded as a dichotomy, but rather as the two poles of a continuum; in most learning situations, both these aspects of learning are in various degrees present and interacting. Music education researchers, in order to contribute to the attainment of a multiplicity of learning styles and a cultural diversity in music education, need to focus not only on the formal and informal musical learning in Western societies and cultures, but also to include the full global range of musical learning in popular, world and indigenous music in their studies.
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Lu, Chang, and Bo Yu. "The Effect of Formal and Informal External Collaboration on Innovation Performance of SMEs: Evidence from China." Sustainability 12, no. 22 (November 18, 2020): 9636. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12229636.
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External collaboration is an effective way for small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) to improve innovation performance and obtain sustainable competitiveness. This study focuses on the influence of external collaboration on innovation performance of SMEs. Specifically, this study classifies external collaboration into formal and informal external collaboration, and explores their different impacts on innovation performance of SMEs, respectively. Moreover, this study examines the moderating effects of managers’ entrepreneurial orientation and organizational legitimacy on the relationships between formal and informal collaboration and innovation performance of SMEs. Survey data from 213 high-tech manufacturing SMEs in China reveals that: (1) Both formal and informal external collaboration have positive effects on innovation performance of SMEs, and informal external collaboration offers greater benefits than formal external collaboration; (2) managers’ entrepreneurial orientation positively moderates the relationship between informal external collaboration and SMEs’ innovation performance; (3) organizational legitimacy positively moderates the relationships between formal and informal external collaboration and SMEs’ innovation performance. This study enriches the research on the relationship between external collaboration and innovation performance of SMEs, and advances the understanding of the contextual factors between formal and informal external collaboration-SMEs’ innovation performance relationships through elucidating the moderating role of managers’ entrepreneurial orientation and organizational legitimacy.
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WEIR, ALAN. "INFORMAL PROOF, FORMAL PROOF, FORMALISM." Review of Symbolic Logic 9, no. 1 (August 7, 2015): 23–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1755020315000234.
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AbstractIncreases in the use of automated theorem-provers have renewed focus on the relationship between the informal proofs normally found in mathematical research and fully formalised derivations. Whereas some claim that any correct proof will be underwritten by a fully formal proof, sceptics demur. In this paper I look at the relevance of these issues for formalism, construed as an anti-platonistic metaphysical doctrine. I argue that there are strong reasons to doubt that all proofs are fully formalisable, if formal proofs are required to be finitary, but that, on a proper view of the way in which formal proofs idealise actual practice, this restriction is unjustified and formalism is not threatened.
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Wei, Daojiang, and Huimin Li. "An Empirical Study on the Influencing Factors of Knowledge Sharing in Project Context." Journal of Systems Science and Information 2, no. 2 (April 25, 2014): 154–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jssi-2014-0154.
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AbstractThe article makes a comparative research on the effect of leader supporting, interpersonal relationship, knowledge sharing mechanisms and organizational incentive on the formal and informal knowledge sharing in the project context. Through the establishment of structural equation model, some conclusions have been reached as follows: Firstly, leader supporting positively influences both formal and informal knowledge sharing, whereas the interpersonal relationship partly mediates between leader supporting and informal knowledge sharing; Moreover, the interpersonal relationship has a significant effect on both formal and informal knowledge sharing; Sharing mechanisms can significantly promote formal knowledge sharing, but there is no direct impact on informal side. Instead, the interpersonal relationship plays a fully mediating role between sharing mechanism and informal sharing; Finally, organizational incentive has a significant promotion on formal sharing, but negatively influences the informal sharing.
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Chung, Kee Hoon, and DaEun Kim. "Explaining Asian growth paradox through interaction between informal and formal institutions." Asian Education and Development Studies 10, no. 4 (March 10, 2021): 600–614. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/aeds-10-2020-0235.
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PurposeMuch of existing research has attempted to explain Asian Growth Paradox through formal institution – role of the government or rule of law. Therefore, this paper attempts to empirically explain the paradox with informal institution including interaction between informal and formal institutions. Two interrelated research questions summarize this research. First, how can we capture the relationship between informal and formal institutions? Then, how is that relationship different for Asian Paradox states vs non-paradox states?Design/methodology/approachTo capture the relationship between informal and formal institutions, we use Helmke and Levitsky (2004)'s framework to categorize the interaction as complementing, competing, substituting and accommodating. We perform cross-sectional regression analysis for more than 130 countries.FindingsWe find that the developed, developing and the Asian Paradox states display different patterns of interaction between informal and formal institutions. However, we also find that the interaction effect has a limited value explaining growth for most of these countries, suggesting that Helmke and Levitsky (2004)'s framework has limitations. Finally, we challenge the notion of Asian Paradox states, as countries outside of Asia also qualify as the Paradox states.Originality/valueNot much empirical effort has examined how different relationships between informal and formal institutions can explain growth internationally across countries. We show that different institutional patterns explain growth across the Paradox states and non-Paradox states.
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Katongole, Celestine, John C. Munene, Muhammed Ngoma, Samuel Dawa, and Arthur Sserwanga. "Entrepreneur’s Intrapersonal Resources and Enterprise Success among Micro and Small Scale Women Entrepreneurs." Journal of Enterprising Culture 23, no. 04 (December 2015): 405–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218495815500144.
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The study explores the relationship between intrapersonal resources (formal schooling, formal entrepreneurial education and training, and informal entrepreneurial training and education) and success of micro and small enterprises (MSEs). Using Structural Equation Modeling, the study tested the mediating role of entrepreneurial competence in this relationship on a sample of 303 women drawn from the tourism and hospitality sector. The results reveal that entrepreneurial competence plays a mediating role in the relationship between intrapersonal resources and enterprise success. The results also show that informal entrepreneurial training is important in complementing formal entrepreneurial training and education towards enterprise success. It is also shown that formal schooling has a weak relationship with entrepreneurial competence but has varying relationships with both financial and non-financial success.
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Liu, Huan. "Formal and Informal Care: Complementary or Substitutes in Care for Elderly People? Empirical Evidence From China." SAGE Open 11, no. 2 (April 2021): 215824402110164. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/21582440211016413.
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To integrate the care resources of the elderly, while promoting the development of formal social care resources, some countries have gradually turned to the development of family informal care resources. In China, informal family care has a more important role, whereas social formal care resources are far from meeting the needs of older people. Thus, this strategy can only be effective if there is a clear complementary relationship between informal care and formal care. Empirical analysis is selected from the China Health and Nutrition Survey (CHNS) database, which conducted 10 follow-up surveys in 12 provinces and municipalities in China. A two-tier stochastic frontier (TSFA) model was used to analyze the relationship between three different kinds of formal care and informal family care. The formal complementary and substitute effects on informal care eventually led to higher actual informal care level. The net effect of formal care on informal care is positive, and the complementary effects of formal care are still dominant even in different regions. Increasing informal care does not crowd out or reduce formal care; thereby, facilitating the return of care to families can effectively reduce public service expenditures.
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Clerkin, Richard M., and Eric Fotheringham. "Exploring the Relationship Between Public Service Motivation and Formal and Informal Volunteering." Journal of Public and Nonprofit Affairs 3, no. 1 (March 31, 2017): 23. http://dx.doi.org/10.20899/jpna.3.1.23-39.
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In this paper, we apply public service motivation to the ongoing discussion of formal and informal volunteering and whether these are two distinct constructs or variations on the same theme. This exploratory research uses survey data of undergraduate students reporting their participation in both types of volunteering activities. Using structural equation modeling, these formal and informal volunteering activities show different influences on three dimensions of PSM. In addition to PSM, high school volunteering and religiosity have direct effects on rates of formal volunteering, which in turn positively influence the PSM dimensions of civic duty and self-sacrifice. Being an Evangelical Christian is associated with increased informal volunteering, which is positively related to the PSM compassion dimension. These results indicate that the different dimensions of PSM, and how formal and informal volunteering influences them, should be useful tools for scholars and practitioners seeking to understand these distinct types of pro-social behaviors.
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Virkkula, Esa. "Informal in formal: The relationship of informal and formal learning in popular and jazz music master workshops in conservatoires." International Journal of Music Education 34, no. 2 (November 30, 2015): 171–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0255761415617924.
Full textDissertations / Theses on the topic "Formal-informal relationship"
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HUNG, Sing Nam. "Exploring the changing relationship between formal carers, informal carers and carees during the elder-care process." Digital Commons @ Lingnan University, 2004. https://commons.ln.edu.hk/soc_etd/18.
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There are increasing studies looking at effects of caregiving to the frail elderly in Hong Kong. However, many studies often focus only on a single dimension of caregiving in either informal or formal carers without the focus on the elderly that receiving cares. Few studies have viewed elder caregiving as an integrative and dynamic approach, with limited examination and exploration on the caring processes and interactions between the formal and informal carers and elderly carees, and the reasons for this pattern.
Thus a caregiving triad might be considered as consisting of the elderly caree, the formal and informal carer, and a tripartite model could be adopted to explore the interactions and interrelationship between the three parties.
The present research aimed to explore the changing caring relationships among carers and carees in home-based setting; the meanings behind the different caring patterns amongst the formal informal carers as well as the elderly carees and; to provide suggestions and implications for providing better care services for elderly recipients in home-based setting.
The methods used in the present study are mainly qualitative in approach, with in-depth interviews and focus group discussion. In order to ensure the credibility of the research, triangulation of various data sources is used to provide fuller picture and understanding of the research findings.
Since this is an exploratory study, a small sample was used (N=18). In order to get a deeper understanding of the caregiving process and patterns, in-depth interviews with elderly people, their family caregivers and the formal caregivers were conducted in this study. The interviews were guided by a theoretical framework with interview guidelines. Thematic analysis was used to explore the caring relationships and pattern.
A total of 6 cases with 18 people (6 elderly people, 6 family caregivers and 6 formal caregivers) were successfully interviewed from June to September 2003.
The present study found that between the informal and formal carers, substituting and complementing effect are the most obvious through the interaction pattern. The substituting effect mainly comes from the perception of quality services by the informal carers and they think that professional and advanced care services are better to be provided by formal carers.
Regarding the complementing effect, it is found that sharing of tasks between the formal and informal carers are common through the research. Informal carers might share tasks to formal carers when they did not have time to do. Tangible supports are more often supported by formal carers and both formal and informal carers would provide intangible support.
On the side of carers and carees, both formal and informal carers are found to interact in a form of reciprocal and obligation. The continuation of care of informal carers is mainly due to the martial relationship and filial piety. The caring meanings of formal carers are varies, including the economic reward, gratification and job satisfaction and also the caring can benefit their personal growth and development.
The findings shed some light on the roles played by the three parties. It was necessary for all parties to cooperate in striving for the best quality of care. Hence more information of the perceived roles and expectations among the three parties should be further explored in order to get the optimal caring patterns. Since the optimum form of the caring relationships depends very much on the community resources available and also on the values upheld by the three parties, to achieve the greatest satisfaction of them and enhancing their quality of life, it is advisable to conduct further study on their expectations towards the caring tasks, process, and relationship while advocating their empowerment in the continuum of care.
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Miller, Jill. "An empirical investigation of the relationship between the formal and the informal firm in a retail context." Thesis, University of Reading, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.553103.
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To understand how an organisation functions effectively it is necessary to look at both the formal firm and the informal firm. It is widely acknowledged that the formal and informal aspects of an organisation interact. However, little empirical work has investigated the nature of this interaction. This study aims to conceptualise the relationship between the formal and the informal firms and the effect of the informal firm on employee performance. The formal firm is defined as the explicitly documented policies and procedures which dictate how the firm should operate. The informal firm is defined as the socially derived ways of performing tasks. A social capital framework is employed to study the formal and informal firms as it is through their connections with others that employees develop the informal firm. A highly standardised, major retail organisation was the population for this study. The formal firm was therefore a constant across stores, facilitating study of the informal firm. Data collection was both quantitative and qualitative, by means of questionnaires presented to employees within semi-structured interviews, interviews with managers and in-store observations. Data analysis involved multiple linear regressions, content analysis and case studies. This thesis makes a contribution in the following four respects. First, three relationships between the formal and informal firms are conceptualised. Second, empirical evidence is provided for the importance of the informal firm in both determining how employees perform their job tasks and affecting the implementation of formal policy. Third, even in such a standardised organisation the dual role of the departmental manager was highlighted. Fourth, it is proposed that social capital and the informal firm be included in the HR-performance chain to contribute to 'unlocking the black box' (Purcell et al, 2003). The informal firm is a fact of life in any organisation. Understanding its interaction with the formal firm as well as its effect on formal policy success provides a source of internal competitive advantage to managers. Social relationships among the workforce affect how tasks are completed within an organisation and the attainment of organisational goals.
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Lööf, Michaela. "Path dependence and gradual change : Exploring the relationship between formal and informal institutional change in the European Parliament." Thesis, Södertörns högskola, Institutionen för samhällsvetenskaper, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-25006.
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This thesis addresses the relationship between formal and informal institutions in the European Parliament from a new institutionalist perspective. This is done in order to fulfill the aims of the thesis, which are: (1) to broaden our understanding of informal institutions and institutional change in the EP as well as (2) develop our understanding of the new institutionalist approaches: rational choice institutionalism, sociological institutionalism and historical institutionalism. The method of analysis is qualitative and the main material consists of 14 interviews with Swedish members and former members of the 4th to the 7th EP. The empirical investigation shows that the EP should be interpreted as institutionalized, but some informal institutional changes have, however, occurred due to changes in formal institutions. The enlargements and treaty changes have changed not only how the parliamentarians work in informal network, but also the internal selection procedures of the rapporteur and the internal view on the EP versus the European Commission and the Council of Ministers. The two central claims of this thesis are: (1) that new institutionalist approaches go well together and should be used parallel in order to get a comprehensive understanding of political phenomena and, (2) that the EP is characterized both by institutionalization and informal institutional changes and that these interplay with each other.
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Walker, Michelle Marie. "Is there a relationship between formal and informal supervisory support and staff burnout in a child welfare setting?" Thesis, McGill University, 2000. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=33467.
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The present study examines the use of formal and informal supervision as it relates to determining burnout in child welfare social workers. This was measured by using the Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI). Respondents were social workers in a small child protection agency. Using descriptive data and frequencies, results were used to focus directions for further research. The results indicate that only the length of formal supervision is significant in reducing emotional exhaustion in social workers (p < .05). Higher education levels were also seen as a protective factor against depersonalization (n = 16).
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Halvorsroed, Jan. "Exploring the relationship between internal IT and customers in professional service companies : the role of formal and informal governance." Thesis, University of Strathclyde, 2013. http://oleg.lib.strath.ac.uk:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=18977.
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There is extensive research available covering the governance of intercompany relationships between a company and its external providers. Far less has been done to explore intracompany relations. Most governance models balance formal mechanisms, for example contracts, with informal features, including trust and ongoing personal relationships. The research studies governance models for intracompany relations between Internal Service Providers (ISP) and customers within Professional Service Companies (PSC). Particularly due to knowledge sharing and the relationship with external customers, PSCs tend to favor informal governance like trust and ethical norms. Transaction Cost Economics and Social Exchange Theory have both been used to explain intercompany relations. This research applies the same theories to intracompany exchanges, but supplements the theoretical framework with IT governance and the particular governance features available within PSCs. Research methodology uses a multi case approach with data gathering from three country organizations of KPMG. Interviews were conducted with members of internal IT, representing the ISPs, and theirs exchange partners within the business units. The findings confirm that all case countries use a combination of formal and informal governance to manage their internal relations. What the research also highlights is the lack of a clear strategy within all countries for how to best balance formal with informal governance. The researcher suggests that each company analyses their need for governance to meet regulatory, strategic and operational goals. Formal governance might be required for some goals but can be supplemented or replaced by informal ones in other cases. There is a theoretical implication from successfully applying the theories to intracompany exchanges. Finally, research regarding internal operations within PSCs in general, and governance mechanisms specifically, also benefits from this research.
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Patsios, Demetrios. "Modelling the dynamic relationship between formal and informal long-term care between 1980 and 1995 in Britain : a multilevel approach." Thesis, University of Bristol, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/1983/2897487e-5e0d-41e0-ba03-ad3f5d9a8641.
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Adom, Kwame Yeboah-Korang. "Evaluating the relationship between the formal and informal economy in Ghana : a case study of Koforidua in the Eastern Region." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2011. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/14656/.
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This thesis re-evaluates the relationship between formal and informal work in third world cities. Until now, informal work has been theorised either as a residue (modernisation), by-product of contemporary capitalism conducted out of economic necessity (structuralism) or an alternative to formal work chosen due to either an overburdensome state (neo-liberalism) or for social, redistributive, resistance or identity reasons (post-structuralism). Keith Hart was the first scholar to use the concept of the "informal sector", which he employed to describe a large segment of the economy of Ghana during the 1970s. Following Hart's seminal work, there has been a continuous debate about the nature of the relationship between the informal and formal sector. This thesis returns to the birthplace of the concept and through a survey of the contemporary informal economy in' Koforidua it critically re-evaluates these various competing theories of the relationship between formal and informal work. Reporting on data from a study of 80 households and three key institutions in Koforidua in Ghana, the study identifies the multifarious relationships between formal and informal work in Ghana. The major finding is that even though each and every theoretical perspective may be applicable to specific types of informal work, no one theory captures the varied character and multiple meanings of the informal economy as a whole in Ghana. As a consequence, this study asserts that a more far-reaching understanding of the multifaceted and diverse character of the informal economy will only be achieved by using all the theoretical perspectives. The outcome is a call for a rethinking of how to explain the relationship between formal and informal work and for an appreciation of the multiple meanings of informal work in different contexts. This thesis concludes by calling for a review of the potential wider applicability of these findings.
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Gumbo, Trynos. "On ideology change and spatial and structural linkages between formal and informal economic sectors in Zimbabwean cities (1981-2010)." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/79861.
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Thesis (PhD)--Stellenbosch University, 2013.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Zimbabwean cities have been experiencing wide-ranging economic restructuring since independence in 1980. The relationships between the declining formal economy and the growing informal economy concomitant with political and economic ideological shifts over the years have not been studied extensively and are not well understood. In this study the impact of political and economic ideological shifts on the growth, spatial and structural linkages between the two sectors over the three decades, from 1981-2010, in the country’s two main cities, Harare and Bulawayo, is investigated. Mixed-method approaches were applied to gather spatial, quantitative and qualitative data. Geospatial data were created using 1164 and 857 geographical positioning system locational points of informal economic enterprises in Harare and Bulawayo respectively. Maps of the two cities were scanned, georeferenced, projected and digitised. Longitudinal and crosssectional data were gathered from archival sources and through 300 and 600 questionnaire surveys of formal and informal economic operators respectively. Qualitative data was generated from 30 interviews that were conducted with professionals that influence the operations of the two sectors. The data were analysed using GIS, SPSS and Statistica software to reveal the temporal growth of the two sectors, as well as their spatial and structural linkages. It was found that the informal sector grew by 17% under the socialist policies of the 1980s. This increase was partly attributable to overurbanisation because the urban labour force increased at an average of 3% per annum compared to the formal economic sector that generated employment at an average of only 2.2% per annum throughout the 1980s. The shifts toward neo-liberal economic policies at the beginning of the 1990s resulted in immense retrenchments, forcing many workers to join the informal sector. As formal firms adjusted their operations to fight global competition, employment generation declined to an average of 1% per annum throughout the1990s. The informal sector responded by employing 61% of the labour force by 2001. The adoption of authoritarian policies at the beginning of the 2000s accelerated the decline of the formal economy which recorded negative growths for most of the first decade of the millennium. This led to the rapid rise of informal sector employment to an astronomic level of 87.8% in 2008. The investigation revealed substantial locational transformations of both formal and informal economic enterprises. During the 30-year period, informal economic businesses spread in low-income suburbs, city centres and neighbourhood and district shopping centres. 16.3% of formal economic enterprises left the city centres preferring secure medium density suburbs close to the CBDs, shopping complexes, industrial, office and business parks on the edges of the cities. 83.7% remained in the city centres and industrial centres where informalisation of operations was one of the strategies employed to fight competition, whilst 86.3% and 22.8% informal economic enterprises licensed and registered their operations respectively over the 30 year period. These spatial and structural changes resulted in linkages being formed between the two sectors. The nature of the linkages is largely influenced by the position of the informal businesses on a continuum of informal enterprises ranging from traditional, through transitional to semi-formal. It was found that traditional and transitional enterprises had strong backward linkages with formal businesses where they purchase their goods and raw materials. Forward linkages exist where semi-formal businesses sell furniture, building materials and clothing to formal businesses. Thus, a symbiosis exists, but linkages are very exploitative as formal businesses tend to dictate the terms of business. The reciprocal-supportive model was extended by adding four pillars that influence the operations of the two sectors to produce a differential complexity model of informalisation (DCMI). The reasons or causes of informalisation (RE); the subsectors that comprise the two sectors (SE); the various locations of the two sectors’ businesses (L); and the levels of formality and informality (Ls) are integrated in the DCMI to aid comprehension of the linkages between the two sectors. The model can be adjusted and applied to various urban settings, allowing for the development of the two sectors spatially, structurally and temporally.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Zimbabwe se stede is sedert die land se onafhanklikheidswording in 1980 aan omvattende ekonomiese herstrukturering onderworpe. Samelopend met die kwynende formele ekonomie was daar groei en ruimtelike en strukturele veranderings in die informele sektor. Die reaksies van die twee ekonomiese sektore op die politieke en ekonomies-ideologiese verskuiwings gedurende die eerste drie dekades na onafhanklikheid, is nog nie omvattend bestudeer nie en word tot nog toe nie goed verstaan nie. In hierdie studie word hierdie verwantskappe in Zimbabwe se twee hoofstede, Harare en Bulawayo, bestudeer. ‘n Gemengde-metode benadering word gevolg om ruimtelike, kwantitatiewe en kwalitatiewe data in te samel. Georuimtelike data is met behulp van ‘n geografiese posisioneringsisteem, skandering, geoverwysing, projektering en versyfering van kaarte van die twee stede geskep. Kwantitatiewe longitudinale-en dwarsprofieldata is verkry uit argiefbronne en deur middel van vraelysopnames onder formele en informele handelaars. Onderhoude met professionele persone wat die werking van die twee sektore beïnvloed, het kwalitatiewe data gelewer. Die data is met GIS- en SPSSsagteware ontleed om die groei van die twee sektore oor tyd, en hulle ruimtelike en strukturele skakels bloot te lê. Daar is gevind dat die informele sektor met 17% gegroei het onder die sosialistiese beleid van die 1980s. Hierdie toename kan gedeeltelik aan oorverstedeliking toegeskryf word omdat die stedelike arbeidsmag met ‘n gemiddelde van 3% jaarliks toegeneem het in vergelyking met die formele sektor wat werksgeleenthede slegs teen 2.2% jaarliks gedurende die 1980s gegenereer het. Verskuiwings na neoliberale ekonomiese beleid teen die begin van die 1990s het grootskaalse afdankings tot gevolg gehad, wat baie werkers gedwing het om by die informele sektor aan te sluit. Namate formele ondernemings aanpassings gemaak het om die stryd te voer teen globale kompetisie, het werkverskaffing gedaal tot ‘n gemiddelde van 1% jaarliks gedurende die 1990s. Die informele sektor het gereageer deur om in 2001 61% van die arbeidsmag te huisves. Die aanvaarding van outoritêre beleid teen die begin van die 2000s het die kwyn van die formele ekonomie verhaas, met die gevolg dat negatiewe groeikoerse gedurende die meeste van die eerste dekade van die millennium ervaar is. Dít het aanleiding gegee tot ‘n snelle toename in indiensneming in die informele sector, tot ‘n astronomiese 87.8% in 2008. Die ondersoek bring aansienlike liggingstransformasies van formele en informele besighede te vore. Gedurende die drie dekades (1981 tot 2010) het die informele ondernemings na lae-inkomste woonbuurte, middestede, en buurt- en distrikswinkelsentra versprei. Sommige formele ondernemings het weggetrek uit die middestede na fabrieks-, kantoor- en sakeparke in die randgebiede van die twee stede. Sommige formele ondernemings wat in die middestede aangebly het, het hulle sake geïnformaliseer om kompetisie te bestry en informele ondernemings het hulle sakestrukture deur lisensiëring en registrasie aangepas. Hierdie strukturele wysigings het wisselwerking tussen die twee sektore laat ontstaan. Die aard van die wisselwerking word beïnvloed deur die posisie wat die informele ondernemings beklee op ‘n kontinuum van ondernemings wat strek van tradisioneel deur oorgangstipes tot by semi-informeel. Daar is gevind dat die meeste informele handelaars en produsente hulle verkoopsware en grondstowwe by leweransiers in die formele sektor verkry. Verkoopskakels bestaan waar informele vervaardigers meubels, boustowwe en klerasie aan formele ondernemings voorsien. Dus bestaan daar ‘n simbiose, maar die skakels neig om uitbuitend te wees want die formele ondernemings dikteer dikwels besigheidsvoorwaardes. Die wederkerige-ondersteunende model is uitgebrei deur die byvoeging van vier pilare, wat die handelinge van die twee sektore beïnvloed, om ‘n differensiële kompleksiteitsmodel van informalisasie (DKmI) tot stand te bring. Die redes vir, of oorsake van informalisering (RE); die subsektore waaruit die twee sektore bestaan (SE); die verskeie liggings van die twee sektore se besighede (L); en die vlakke van formaliteit en informaliteit (Ls) is geïntegreer in die DKmI om begrip van die skakels tussen die twee sektore te bevorder. Die model is aanpasbaar en toepasbaar in verskeie stedelike omgewings om ontwikkeling van die twee ekonomiese sektore ruimtelik, struktureel en temporeel moontlik te maak.
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Laporte, Marjorie, and Duff Jérôme Le. "Trust and contract effects on the efficiency of the supplier-manufacturer relationships : A dyadic perspective." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Ekonomihögskolan, ELNU, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-20721.
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Business Administration, Business Process & Supply Chain Management, Degree Project (master), 15 higher education credits, 4FE06E, Spring 2011 Authors: Marjorie Laporte and Jérôme Le Duff Tutor: Fredrik Karlsson Title: Trust and contract effects on the efficiency of the supplier-manufacturer relationships – A dyadic perspective Background: The current global situation leads to a tightening of the supply chains. Since supply chain management is primarily about managing relationships, developing an efficient relationship appears to be the best way to stay competitive. Trust and contracts are elements that influence the efficiency of the relationships, but there is a debate concerning the way they impact efficiency. The focus has been made on the supplier-manufacturer relationships. Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to investigate the supplier-manufacturer relationships of Ferrero France, in order to increase the understanding of trust in relation to different types of contracts, while providing a managerial contribution by describing their impact on efficiency. Method: Interviews have been run among Ferrero France, manufacturer of confectionery products, and two of its suppliers. The empirical findings have been analyzed and compared to the existing theory in order to draw relevant conclusions. The results and conclusions also give rise to a broader strategic reflection about the impact of trust and contract on the whole supply chain, and not only on the supplier-manufacturer relationship. Results, conclusions: The results of this research point out some similarities and differences compared to the existing theory. The dyadic perspective provides a broader point of view, and results in stating that trust is the most important factor leading to efficiency. Moreover, several types of contracts exist. Formal contracts and trust are substitutes and can work together to improve the efficiency, even if the legal framework may limit the increase of efficiency. Informal contracts and trust have a much moreTrust and contract effects on the efficiency of the supplier-manufacturerrelationshipsMaster Thesis – Spring 20123important relationship, and are key elements to achieve greater efficiency and long-term success of the supplier-manufacturer relationship, as well as the whole supply chain. This study provides managers with a better understanding of the role of trust and contract to improve the competitiveness of the whole supply chain, while contributing to enrich the existing theory with new perspectives.
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Cheng, Kwai-ho, and 鄭桂荷. "A study on the relationship between formal and informal support systems for the elderly: case studies onfamily care and day care service in Hong Kong." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1992. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31249152.
Full textBooks on the topic "Formal-informal relationship"
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Kirwin, Patricia M. Adult day care: The relationship of formal and informal systems of care. New York: Garland Pub., 1991.
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Aryeetey, Ernest. The relationship between the formal and informal sectors of the financial market in Ghana. Oxford, England: Centre for the Study of African Economies, 1992.
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Formal monogamy and informal polygyny in parallel: African family traditions in transition : inaugural lecture. [Nairobi?: s.n., 2007.
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Helping the elderly: The complementary roles of informal networks and formal systems. New York: Guilford Press, 1985.
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Bandini, Gianfranco, and Stefano Oliviero, eds. Public History of Education: riflessioni, testimonianze, esperienze. Florence: Firenze University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/978-88-5518-009-2.
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This volume represents the founding act of a proposal for training, didactic, study and research work which aims at enhancing historical knowledge in the field of education and educational professionalism. The contributions intend to highlight the identity and usefulness of history and, in particular, of the history of education, not only for every education level, but for the life of local communities itself. At the same time, the authors aim at suggesting a desirable development of the history of education by adopting a Public History approach. This way, academic knowledge can actually be brought into contact with educational contexts, much more so than it has been done so far, in order to respond, together with other disciplines, to the emerging social needs. The Public History of Education, intended this way, can create new profitable relationships between formal and informal education, between the past and present of educators and teachers, between the world of research, cultural institutes (above all, museums) and society.
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Bonnet, Francois, and Sudhir Venkatesh. Poverty and Informal Economies. Edited by David Brady and Linda M. Burton. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199914050.013.29.
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This article examines how the informal economy matters in the context of poverty and social inequality. It first presents a brief history of the concept and related theoretical perspectives and controversies before discussing the informal economic activities among the urban poor. In particular, it considers the informal economy between informal activities and the informal sector and describes three types of informal economies, along with their corresponding problems: the informal economy in the third world, to which corresponds a problem of development; the “second economy” in the Soviet Union, which complicates the question of the relationship between formal and informal; and the informal economy in contemporary Western societies. The article also explores what types of regulation emerge from informality and concludes with an assessment of methodological challenges and research priorities for the coming period of social science research on the urban poor.
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Ranganathan, Malini. Rethinking Urban Water (In)formality. Edited by Ken Conca and Erika Weinthal. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199335084.013.23.
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Most urban residents around the world access water through a variety of so-called informal means. While “informal” water access is often equated with private water vendors operating outside of the state, this essay argues that informal practices and logics pervade the entire water system, cutting across perceived boundaries separating the formal and informal, state and private, and utility and nonutility. This essay reconceptualizes urban water informality through a postcolonial theoretical lens, arguing that “informal” water does not lie outside of state control and oversight, nor is it strictly separate from “formal” water. Rather, informal water is a product of historically specific forms of state practice that have shaped differentiated and fractured forms of space and infrastructure over time. Central to an understanding of informal water provision is the relationship between state practice, space, and infrastructure. The essay draws from the case of Bangalore, India, to critically rethink urban water informality.
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D Zachary, Hudson. Part VII United States-United Kingdom Issues, 22 Cooperation between the United States and the United Kingdom in the Prevention and Prosecution of Financial Crime. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198716587.003.0022.
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This chapter starts by looking at the special relationship between the United States and the United Kingdom and how it relates to cooperation regarding the prevention and prosecution of financial crime. The chapter provides a primer on some of the formal and informal aspects of judicial and regulatory cooperation between the United States and the United Kingdom. Specifically, it discusses formal cooperation pursuant to the Treaty on Mutual Legal Assistance in Criminal Matters (the ‘U.S.-UK MLAT’), the Extradition Treaty Between the Government of the United States of America and the Government of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (the ‘U.S.-UK Extradition Treaty’), and other transnational and international agreements and understandings. It also discusses recent notable instances of more informal cooperation such as coordination regarding the cases of Bruno Iksil and the Royal Bank of Scotland.
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Leino, Päivi. The Politics of Efficient Compromise in the Adoption of EU Legal Acts. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198817468.003.0003.
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This chapter examines the interplay between the formal and informal rules relating to the adoption of legislative acts, and the effects that this interplay has on participation and transparency in EU law-making. It discusses the relationship between the claimed objectivity of the choices relating to legal basis and their institutional implications through the Court jurisprudence, with a focus on inter-institutional power relations. The current emphasis on efficiency, guaranteed through the flexibility built into the informal rules of law-making, brings to the fore many fundamental questions relating to participation, transparency, and power in the adoption of EU legal acts. In short, efficiency comes at a cost to many other objectives that the Treaty of Lisbon was believed to strengthen. The relevant political question is whether the balance created by today’s informal law-making framework is the right one.
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Canevaro, Mirko, Andrew Erskine, Benjamin Gray, and Josiah Ober, eds. Ancient Greek History and Contemporary Social Science. Edinburgh University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474421775.001.0001.
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Social scientists and political theorists have recently come to realize the potential importance of the classical Greek world and its legacy for testing social theories. Meanwhile, some Hellenists have mastered the techniques of contemporary social science. They have come to recognize the value of formal and quantitative methods as a complement to traditional qualitative approaches to Greek history and culture. Some of the most exciting new work in social science is now being done within interdisciplinary domains for which recent work on Greece provides apt case studies. This book features essays examining the role played by democratic political and legal institutions in economic development; the potential for inter-state cooperation and international institutions within a decentralized ecology of states; the relationship between state government and the social networks arising from voluntary associations; the interplay between political culture, informal politics, formal institutions and political change; and the relationship between empirical and formal methods of analysis and normative political theory. In sum, this book introduces readers to the emerging field of “social science ancient history.”
Book chapters on the topic "Formal-informal relationship"
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Qureshi, Hazel, and Alan Walker. "Formal and Informal Sources of Care." In The Caring Relationship, 203–42. London: Macmillan Education UK, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-20264-5_8.
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Swane, Christine Elise. "The Relationship Between Informal and Formal Care." In Long-Term Care for Frail Older People, 49–58. Tokyo: Springer Japan, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-68503-6_8.
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Tillman, Daniel A., Song A. An, and William H. Robertson. "The relationship between formal and informal learning." In Schools and Informal Learning in a Knowledge-Based World, 62–80. Routledge, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429022616-5.
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Katz, Sanford N. "Friendship, Marriage-Like Relationships, and Informal Marriage." In Family Law in America, 13–42. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197554319.003.0002.
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This chapter discusses issues of establishing adult relationships, including friendship and informal marriage, and how individuals have attempted to regulate their upcoming marriage by entering into prenuptial agreements. The road to marriage has traditionally consisted of romantic friendship, courtship, engagement, and then formal marriage. It is during the formal or informal engagement period that a couple may think of entering into a prenuptial agreement. However, this behavior pattern has changed dramatically in the past fifty years. There may no longer be defined periods on the road to marriage, and marriage itself may no longer be the final relationship between two people. Whatever the arrangement, the relevant legal questions are the following: What relationships should be labeled “family”; who should be authorized to make such a designation, the state or the parties themselves; and should the state regulate them? At the present time, two kinds of adult relationships that are not formally recognized by the state as marriage are contract cohabitation and domestic partnership or civil union.
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Kittilaksanawong, Wiboon. "Value Creation and Appropriation in Buyer-Supplier Relationships." In Handbook of Research on Global Supply Chain Management, 127–38. IGI Global, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-9639-6.ch007.
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The productive relationship between buyer and supplier is often subject to opportunistic behaviors of the supplier. When selecting a supplier, firms have to balance between benefits of production efficiency and costs of transactional integrity. To minimize the supplier's opportunism, firms devise formal and informal governance mechanisms that match with characteristics of the relationship at the firm level, sourcing strategy of the buyer, at the industry level, competition among suppliers, and at the country level, national culture where the supplier's operations are located. While concurrently employing both formal and informal governance mechanisms may be more effective in suppressing the supplier's opportunism, it may be too costly in the design and implementation. The best strategy for the buyers is to adopt the governance mechanism that matches with characteristics of the relationship at different levels.
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Tzabbar, Daniel, and Alex Vestal. "The Interdependencies of Formal and Informal Network Structure and the Exploration of New Technological Opportunities Among Geographically Dispersed Firms." In Understanding the Relationship Between Networks and Technology, Creativity and Innovation, 123–63. Emerald Group Publishing Limited, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/s1479-067x(2013)0000013008.
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Smith, Natalya, and Ekaterina Thomas. "On the Relationship between Informal and Formal Institutions, Foreign Direct Investment, and Innovation in Emerging Markets." In Multinational Enterprise Management Strategies in Developing Countries, 176–97. IGI Global, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-0276-0.ch009.
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This chapter examines innovation in socio-institutional environments of three largest and most diverse emerging markets: Russia, India and China over the period 1990-2014. It considers formal (proxied by corruption) and informal (proxied by trust) institutions and non-linear forces. It also examines the role of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) in (the likelihood of) fostering innovation and of two research and development (R&D) inputs: R&D expenditures and personnel. A significantly positive direct effect of trust and a negative direct effect of corruption are confirmed, whilst there is a significant non-linear decreasing relationship with trust and increasing relationship with corruption. Interestingly, FDI and R&D expenditures are found to decrease innovation, whilst R&D personnel increase innovation output across the sample.
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Zapata-Cantú, Laura, Teresa Treviño, Flor Morton, and Ernesto López Monterrubio. "Digital Technologies as Media to Transfer Knowledge in IT Firms." In Advances in Marketing, Customer Relationship Management, and E-Services, 204–17. IGI Global, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-9607-5.ch009.
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During the last decade, improvements in information and communication technologies have made possible the transformation of knowledge transfer processes from purely informal to increasingly formal and more diverse communication mechanisms that enrich intra-organizational communication channels. In this chapter, the authors followed a case study approach to analyze three Mexican companies with the objective of understanding how companies in the IT sector are implementing digital technologies to achieve knowledge transfer in their organizations. The findings suggest that workers seek and choose tools that can be personalized and customized to adapt to their own needs. New digital technologies are proving to be a new and relevant channel of communication among people: therefore, these should be considered to be one possible way to motivate knowledge transfer at work.
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Chirisa, Innocent, and Tinashe Bobo. "Informal Sector Operations and the Environment." In Advances in Electronic Government, Digital Divide, and Regional Development, 361–78. IGI Global, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-4165-3.ch020.
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Using case studies from Cairo, Harare, Kigali, and Addis Ababa, this study seeks to disentangle the relationship that exists between the informal sector and the urban environments in Africa. It argues that there are two sides to the coin of the informal sector: the informal sector as a major contributor to urban environmental pollution (land, water, air, and sound), and the sector works as a “cleanser” given its ability to re-use the materials that the formal sector has disgorged. The study defines the inputs, processes, throughputs, and outputs in the sector in keeping with the debates of informal sector contributor to poor environmental management and the informal sector cleanser of the potentially polluted environment. In light of these debates, the authors see the extant imperative of balancing between the two debates in order to inform the urban environmental policy. Overall, with improved technology or appropriate technology coupled with rigorous environmental stewardship campaigns, it is possible to create safer cities where brown, green, and red issues are balanced out.
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Sousa, Lisa. "Marital Relations." In The Woman Who Turned Into a Jaguar, and Other Narratives of Native Women in Archives of Colonial Mexico. Stanford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.11126/stanford/9780804756402.003.0004.
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Chapter 4 examines marital relations in indigenous communities of highland Mexico. The first part of the chapter reveals the social, political, and economic significance of marriage to shed light on marital expectations and obligations. The chapter also considers informal unions, and the circumstances that gave rise to these types of arrangements. The second section of the chapter examines marital conflicts and domestic violence that developed in failed relationships. Formal and informal attempts to resolve disputes illustrate cultural expectations and attitudes about one’s rights within a relationship. The study reveals a complex process of negotiation among husbands and wives, their households, and local native officials, in which women sometimes aired their grievances before the community. Chapter 4 argues that the criminal prosecution of wife-beating suggests that domestic violence, especially when it was deemed excessive, was not condoned in indigenous communities.
Conference papers on the topic "Formal-informal relationship"
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Malgorzata Ali, Irena. "Doing the Organizational Tango: Symbiotic Relationship between Formal and Informal Organizational Structures for an Agile Organization." In InSITE 2016: Informing Science + IT Education Conferences: Lithuania. Informing Science Institute, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.28945/3441.
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[This paper is published in the Interdisciplinary Journal of Information, Knowledge, and Management, Volume 11.] This paper reports on research with a broad objective to examine the relationship between two organizational entities, the formally structured organization and informal organizational structures, in a changing operational environment, more specifically during military deployments. The paper draws on organizational and complexity paradigms; based on empirical evidence obtained through qualitative techniques, it describes mechanisms that enable a symbiotic relationship between these two organizational structures in a complex operational landscape. Substantive findings provide insights into the dynamics of the interactions between these structures and illuminate the relationship between three enabling factors – accountability, responsible autonomy, and command and control arrangements – that need to be considered to fully exploit the strengths inherent in both formal and informal structures. Based on these findings, a model for enhancement of organizational agility in response to changes in a complex operational environment is described. The model is predicated on feedback and mutual adjustment of the organization, institution and individual through sensemaking; it illustrates the dynamic nature of interactions that are required for such a response.
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Gironi, Roberta. "The Diagonal City: crossing the social divisions." In 24th ISUF 2017 - City and Territory in the Globalization Age. Valencia: Universitat Politècnica València, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/isuf2017.2017.6266.
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Roberta Gironi Departamento de Proyectos Arquitectónicos, UPV. Camino de Vera, s/n. 46022 Valencia Joint Doctorate Dipartimento di Architettura – Teorie e Progetto. “Sapienza” Università degli Studi di Roma. Via Gramsci, 53. 00100 Roma E-mail: roberta.gironi@gmail.com Keywords (3-5): Informal processes, dynamic transformation, new planning approach, flexible space, self-organization Conference topics and scale: Reading and regenerating the informal city Contemporary cities are affected by transformations that put in discussion the claim of control and stability to which the urban project aspires. All those gradual adjustments are manifested according to the demand, bring toward a less formal and more flexible spatial order, for which the traditional forms of the "static" city become the background of the "kinetic" landscape of informal cities. On the contrary of the formal processes of urban planning, informality process is configured as an organic development model and a flexible dynamic system opened to changes. The informal space is produced according to principles of spontaneity and self-organization. A consideration on the possibility to assume different approaches can be proposed. Those approaches should integrate in the design reasoning all the dynamics usually excluded by the discourse on the urban project, which processes can become catalysts to enrich the methods of planning and design of the urban space. Through the analysis of the case-study Previ Lima and the Living Room at the Border of St. Ysidro, the aim is to delineate in which way the contemporary architecture can absorb and metabolize these processes, triggering a different approach to a different method to intervene in the spaces of relationship among formal and informal. It is believed that the informal urban qualities cannot be eliminated and is impossible to ignore the inhabitants' practices, but rather to work on the intersection between collective and individual actions. References Brillembourg A., Feireiss K., Klumpner H. (2005), Informal City (Prestel Publishing, Munich) Cruz T. (2008), "De la frontière globale au quartier de frontière: pratiques d'empiètement", Multitudes, 31(1). Davis M. (2006), Planet of Slums (Verso, London). Hernandez F., Kellett P., Allen L.K. (2010), Rethinking the informal city: critical perspectives from Latin America (Berghahn books, New York, Oxford). McFarlane C., Waibel M., (2012), Urban Informalities: Reflections on the Formal and Informal (Ashgate, Farnham). Jacobs J. (1961), The death and life of great American cities(Random House, New York- Toronto). Roy A., Alsayyad N., (2004) Urban Informality: Transnational Perspectives from the Middle East, Latin America, and South Asia (Lexington Books, Lanham)
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Davey, Bill, and Arthur Tatnall. "The Lifelong Learning Iceberg of Information Systems Academics - A Study of On-Going Formal and Informal Learning by Academics." In InSITE 2007: Informing Science + IT Education Conference. Informing Science Institute, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.28945/3088.
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This article describes a study that examined the lifelong learning of information systems academics in relation to their normal work. It begins by considering the concept of lifelong learning, its relationship to real-life learning and that lifelong learning should encompass the whole spectrum of formal, non-formal and informal learning. Most world governments had recognised the importance of support for lifelong learning. Borrowing ideas and techniques use by Livingstone in a large-scale 1998 survey of the informal learning activities of Canadian adults, the study reported in this article sought to uncover those aspects of information systems academics’ lifelong learning that might lead policy setters to understand the sources of learning valued by these academics. It could be argued that in the past the university sector was a leader in promoting the lifelong learning of its academic staff, but recent changes in the university environment around the world have moved away from this ideal and academics interviewed from many countries all report rapidly decreasing resources available for academic support. In this environment it is important to determine which learning sources are valued by information systems academic so that informed decisions can be made on support priorities.
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Shapovalov, V. К., I. F. Igropulo, M. M. Аrutyunyan, and E. V. Khokhoeva. "Psychological and pedagogical features of development of nonformal social-entrepreneural education in the north caucasus." In INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC AND PRACTICAL ONLINE CONFERENCE. Знание-М, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.38006/907345-50-8.2020.708.723.
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The current situation in the North Caucasus is characterized by a high level of social tension, the severity of socio-economic problems, the solution of which is possible on the basis of the potential of social entrepreneurship. The lack of a scientifically based methodological and theoretical basis for teaching social entrepreneurship in the system of non-formal education is a constraining factor in the rapid, holistic development of social entrepreneurship in the republics of the North Caucasus. The aim of the study is to analyze the content-structural and technological features of informal social and entrepreneurial education. The research methodology is based on the application of the basic ideas of system-activity, ecosystem, axiological, andragogical and competency-based approaches. When solving research problems, methods of a comparative analysis of scientific literature on the problem of social entrepreneurship, entrepreneurial education, methods of comparing and summarizing scientific and theoretical results and empirical information were used. The analysis of the experience in the region allowed the authors to identify and present the characteristics of the psychological and pedagogical features of informal social and entrepreneurial education in the North Caucasus: – strategic orientation of non-formal social and entrepreneurial education on advancing social transformations in the region; institutionalization of the system of social and cultural norms that promote the development and support of social entrepreneurship as a factor in youth self-employment, its involvement in innovative socio-educational practices; – axiological potential of non-formal social and entrepreneurial education: the formation of students’ sustained interest in socially oriented entrepreneurial activity; systematic development of their entrepreneurial competencies; – openness of non-formal social and entrepreneurial education: strengthening the relationship of subjects of social and entrepreneurial education in the regions with the external sociocultural environment, actively involving existing social entrepreneurs in the development of the local entrepreneurial community based on the values of the public good, taking into account dynamic social changes in a wide regional and global context. An analysis of the results allows us to conclude that the development of nonformal social and entrepreneurial education involves the widespread use of interactive educational technologies in the formation of applied entrepreneurial competencies of students, the establishment of a new style of interaction of social entrepreneurs based on trust, resource sharing, value-semantic coordination of ideas and approaches to innovative development of the republics North Caucasus.
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Quadrato, Vito. "Reinforced concrete prototypes for the factory in Italy (1950-1975). The architectural expressive machines." In 8º Congreso Internacional de Arquitectura Blanca - CIAB 8. Valencia: Universitat Politècnica València, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/ciab8.2018.7608.
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The relationship between architectural expressiveness and concrete formal structure was the leitmotif of the Italian structuralism in the second post-war two decades. The design of industrial structures radicalized this relationship because of the nature of the production processes that imposed to the architect the dimension of standardisation, repetition and economy of means. This approach reduced the distance between architectural form and informal building. This research aims to show how this condition transforms the idea of design process by some Italian authors, in the restricted field of reinforced-concrete structures for industry. The architectural form becomes a process that includes all the aspects of the project: the technological content (cooling, ventilation and water-drainage systems), the economic side, the engineering start up. In this way, the project of industrial structures is an outcome of the components design, constituted by structural elements (pillars, beams, desk boards), and controlled by the project of a structural bay, as a device for the design process. In this sense, the proposed paper shows the research on the Kodak factory in Marcianise by Aldo Favini and Gianluigi Gh. as a paradigm of this phenomenon. The paper illustrates how the hollow structural form of the elements addresses the problem of the technological content in the architectural design, showing morphological- structural models that isolates the bay as a design device. This aspect defines a specific quality of the industrial prototypes, developed through the professional partnership between the architect and the engineer. The knowledge about this kind of industrial prototypes is useful on one hand to admit these building as an Italian historical heritage that needs to be preserved, on the other hand to understand how it is possible transform these buildings through a new adaptive reuse.
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Buta, Simona. "Organizational Trust - Result of Formal and Informal Relationships Development in Business Organizations." In The 16th Economic International Conference New Challenges and Opportunities for the Economy 4.0, May 7-8th, 2020, Suceava, Romania. LUMEN Publishing House, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.18662/lumproc/ncoe4.0.2020/20.
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Soyref, Max, and Philip Seltsikas. "Towards a Holistic Understanding of Security Process: Formal Controls and Informal Relationships." In 2014 47th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (HICSS). IEEE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/hicss.2014.601.
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Lucena, Juan, Jason Delborne, Katie Johnson, Jon Leydens, Junko Munakata-Marr, and Jen Schneider. "Integration of Climate Change in the Analysis and Design of Engineered Systems: Barriers and Opportunities for Engineering Education." In ASME 2011 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2011-64975.
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The goal of this paper is to begin mapping perspectives of engineering faculty on barriers and opportunities related to the integration of climate change in the analysis and design of engineered systems (CC&ES). Although both sustainability and renewable energy have been receiving increasing attention in engineering education for quite some time, climate change, especially as it relates to engineered systems, has yet to become a widely accepted topic of teaching and research. From recent literature on engineering education and from interviews with engineering faculty, a picture emerges of whether and how climate change is an important dimension in the analysis and design of engineered systems. From those sources, we begin to see what it might take to incorporate the relationship between climate change and engineered systems in engineering education, what the barriers and opportunities to this incorporation might be, and what strategies might be available to institutionalize this incorporation in engineering education. Support for this paper comes from a larger research project on “Climate Change, Engineered Systems, and Society” which has the goal to develop conceptual and educational frameworks and networks of change agents to promote effective formal and informal education for engineering students, policymakers and the public at large. The project partners include the National Academy of Engineering (NAE), Arizona State University, Boston Museum of Science, Colorado School of Mines (CSM), and the University of Virginia. Within this larger team, the CSM team is planning to develop a testbed for the incorporation of CC&ES in engineering education. Hence, our first step is to find related curricular innovations in the engineering education literature and perspectives from engineering faculty on barriers and opportunities to the integration of CC&ES in engineering education.
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McMahon, Chris A., David J. Pitt, Yong Yang, and Jon H. Sims Williams. "Review: An Information Management System for Informal Design Data." In ASME 1993 International Computers in Engineering Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/edm1993-0113.
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Abstract Engineering information management may be divided into formal information management, which involves data modelling, data exchange and transaction handling, and into informal information management, which is concerned with the organisation and delivery of design advice and design parameter data. This paper describes a system, called Review, which has been developed for the management of informal design information from multiple sources. The system uses a hybrid hypertext/database approach to provide for the indexing and viewing of information sources using arbitrary attribute sets, and for the establishment of relationships between information entities using both static and dynamic links in a hypertext framework. Information may be accessed both by query and by browsing along relationships in the hypertext network. The paper presents an overview of the system design, and examples of its application to design advisory systems and documentation.
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Papamichail, Theodora, and Ana Peric. "Informal planning: a tool towards adaptive urban governance." In 55th ISOCARP World Planning Congress, Beyond Metropolis, Jakarta-Bogor, Indonesia. ISOCARP, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.47472/mcur1568.
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Formal planning instruments and procedures have often been unpopular and ineffective for solving complex spatial issues, such as urban sprawl or transport congestion. As a result, such conflicts turn into complex planning tasks that usually exceed the provisioned time and funding, especially when faced with adversarial interests of actors from different organisations, sectors or social groups. Hence, informal planning, as a non-binding supplement to official planning instruments, is often considered highly effective. In its broadest sense, informal planning includes the principles of collaborative dialogue, diverse networks, trustful relationships and tailor-made processes among interested parties. Consequently, informal planning processes foster sound decision-making delivering a spectrum of problem-oriented solutions and increasing public consensus, while enacting experimentation, learning, change, and the creation of shared meanings among stakeholders. However, informal planning cannot be taken for granted – it is strongly interwoven with the planning culture influenced by the historical and political background, and the current socio-economic conditions. This paper revolves around several pillars. After an introductory section, a brief historical overview firstly identifies the place of informal planning in various planning models that have appeared since the 1960s. More specifically, informal planning is analysed against the theoretical concept of collaborative rationality. Finally, the paper focuses on a specific informal planning procedure called the ‘test planning method’, being analysed against the previously elaborated theoretical background. As this instrument links both formal and informal planning, its comparison and interrelation with the theoretical background of collaborative rationality contributes to elucidating the following attributes of adaptive (collaborative) urban governance: 1) flexible and agile institutional arrangements supportive to various kinds of urban planning mechanisms (not only official tools), 2) proactive and imaginative planners ready to accept solutions created outside the technical domain of instrumental rationality, and 3) inclusion of numerous stakeholders to exchange various information and different types of knowledge, i.e. expert and experiential knowledge. Observed through the example of the test planning method, the article finally highlights the successful aspects of informal planning, however, pointing also to its shortcomings, which could be expected in the societies with a lack of key democratic elements
Reports on the topic "Formal-informal relationship"
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Kimboko, Priscilla. The articulation of formal and informal helping: the influence of organizational context on relationships between professional and lay caregivers. Portland State University Library, January 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.15760/etd.352.
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