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Xue, Jin, Geoffrey Qiping Shen, Rebecca Jing Yang, Irfan Zafar, E. M. A. C. Ekanayake, Xue Lin, and Amos Darko. "Influence of formal and informal stakeholder relationship on megaproject performance: a case of China." Engineering, Construction and Architectural Management 27, no. 7 (May 12, 2020): 1505–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ecam-07-2019-0353.
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PurposeThe purpose of this research is to seek better relational strategies between formal and informal stakeholder relationships to improve megaproject performance.Design/methodology/approachThe conceptual model was developed with twenty hypotheses based on the literature review. Then a questionnaire survey was conducted, and the collected data were analyzed by Partial Least squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) for validating the proposed model. Finally, the findings were discussed by a comparative study to explain the different effects of the formal and informal relationship on megaproject performance, and the managerial implications are presented for the stakeholders to implement the relationship management in the megaprojects.FindingsThe research finding reveals that formal relationship plays a dominating role in cost, quality, and labor protection; meanwhile, it is still more reliable in improving coordination, safety and environmental protection. Both formal and informal relationship is equally important towards collaboration and scheduling while the informal relationship is more effective in communication and project transparency.Originality/valueThe study extends the knowledge of relationship management in the domain of the megaproject performance. It provides a comprehensive and systematic understanding of the impact of formal and informal stakeholder relationships on ten aspects of the megaproject performance by the proposed conceptual model and PLS-SEM results. The research findings contribute to the theory of relationship management on how the different influences between formal and informal stakeholder relationships lead to better megaproject performance from inter-organizational level to project and societal level.
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Folkestad, Göran. "Formal and informal learning situations or practices vs formal and informal ways of learning." British Journal of Music Education 23, no. 2 (June 29, 2006): 135–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0265051706006887.
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During the last decade there has been an awakening interest in considering not only formalised learning situations within institutional settings, but also all the various forms of informal musical learning practices outside schools. Informal musical learning outside institutional settings has been shown to contribute to important knowledge and aspects of music education. In this article, I will examine research studies which in different ways focus on formal and informal learning situations and practices or formal and informal ways of learning. I will consider the relationship between music education as praxis (music pedagogy) and as research, and the relationship between these two facets of music education and the surrounding society. I will identify four different ways of using and defining formal and informal learning, respectively, either explicitly or implicitly, each one focusing on different aspects of learning: (i) the situation, (ii) learning style, (iii) ownership, and (iv) intentionality. Formal – informal should not be regarded as a dichotomy, but rather as the two poles of a continuum; in most learning situations, both these aspects of learning are in various degrees present and interacting. Music education researchers, in order to contribute to the attainment of a multiplicity of learning styles and a cultural diversity in music education, need to focus not only on the formal and informal musical learning in Western societies and cultures, but also to include the full global range of musical learning in popular, world and indigenous music in their studies.
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Lu, Chang, and Bo Yu. "The Effect of Formal and Informal External Collaboration on Innovation Performance of SMEs: Evidence from China." Sustainability 12, no. 22 (November 18, 2020): 9636. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12229636.
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External collaboration is an effective way for small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) to improve innovation performance and obtain sustainable competitiveness. This study focuses on the influence of external collaboration on innovation performance of SMEs. Specifically, this study classifies external collaboration into formal and informal external collaboration, and explores their different impacts on innovation performance of SMEs, respectively. Moreover, this study examines the moderating effects of managers’ entrepreneurial orientation and organizational legitimacy on the relationships between formal and informal collaboration and innovation performance of SMEs. Survey data from 213 high-tech manufacturing SMEs in China reveals that: (1) Both formal and informal external collaboration have positive effects on innovation performance of SMEs, and informal external collaboration offers greater benefits than formal external collaboration; (2) managers’ entrepreneurial orientation positively moderates the relationship between informal external collaboration and SMEs’ innovation performance; (3) organizational legitimacy positively moderates the relationships between formal and informal external collaboration and SMEs’ innovation performance. This study enriches the research on the relationship between external collaboration and innovation performance of SMEs, and advances the understanding of the contextual factors between formal and informal external collaboration-SMEs’ innovation performance relationships through elucidating the moderating role of managers’ entrepreneurial orientation and organizational legitimacy.
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WEIR, ALAN. "INFORMAL PROOF, FORMAL PROOF, FORMALISM." Review of Symbolic Logic 9, no. 1 (August 7, 2015): 23–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1755020315000234.
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AbstractIncreases in the use of automated theorem-provers have renewed focus on the relationship between the informal proofs normally found in mathematical research and fully formalised derivations. Whereas some claim that any correct proof will be underwritten by a fully formal proof, sceptics demur. In this paper I look at the relevance of these issues for formalism, construed as an anti-platonistic metaphysical doctrine. I argue that there are strong reasons to doubt that all proofs are fully formalisable, if formal proofs are required to be finitary, but that, on a proper view of the way in which formal proofs idealise actual practice, this restriction is unjustified and formalism is not threatened.
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Wei, Daojiang, and Huimin Li. "An Empirical Study on the Influencing Factors of Knowledge Sharing in Project Context." Journal of Systems Science and Information 2, no. 2 (April 25, 2014): 154–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jssi-2014-0154.
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AbstractThe article makes a comparative research on the effect of leader supporting, interpersonal relationship, knowledge sharing mechanisms and organizational incentive on the formal and informal knowledge sharing in the project context. Through the establishment of structural equation model, some conclusions have been reached as follows: Firstly, leader supporting positively influences both formal and informal knowledge sharing, whereas the interpersonal relationship partly mediates between leader supporting and informal knowledge sharing; Moreover, the interpersonal relationship has a significant effect on both formal and informal knowledge sharing; Sharing mechanisms can significantly promote formal knowledge sharing, but there is no direct impact on informal side. Instead, the interpersonal relationship plays a fully mediating role between sharing mechanism and informal sharing; Finally, organizational incentive has a significant promotion on formal sharing, but negatively influences the informal sharing.
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Chung, Kee Hoon, and DaEun Kim. "Explaining Asian growth paradox through interaction between informal and formal institutions." Asian Education and Development Studies 10, no. 4 (March 10, 2021): 600–614. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/aeds-10-2020-0235.
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PurposeMuch of existing research has attempted to explain Asian Growth Paradox through formal institution – role of the government or rule of law. Therefore, this paper attempts to empirically explain the paradox with informal institution including interaction between informal and formal institutions. Two interrelated research questions summarize this research. First, how can we capture the relationship between informal and formal institutions? Then, how is that relationship different for Asian Paradox states vs non-paradox states?Design/methodology/approachTo capture the relationship between informal and formal institutions, we use Helmke and Levitsky (2004)'s framework to categorize the interaction as complementing, competing, substituting and accommodating. We perform cross-sectional regression analysis for more than 130 countries.FindingsWe find that the developed, developing and the Asian Paradox states display different patterns of interaction between informal and formal institutions. However, we also find that the interaction effect has a limited value explaining growth for most of these countries, suggesting that Helmke and Levitsky (2004)'s framework has limitations. Finally, we challenge the notion of Asian Paradox states, as countries outside of Asia also qualify as the Paradox states.Originality/valueNot much empirical effort has examined how different relationships between informal and formal institutions can explain growth internationally across countries. We show that different institutional patterns explain growth across the Paradox states and non-Paradox states.
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Katongole, Celestine, John C. Munene, Muhammed Ngoma, Samuel Dawa, and Arthur Sserwanga. "Entrepreneur’s Intrapersonal Resources and Enterprise Success among Micro and Small Scale Women Entrepreneurs." Journal of Enterprising Culture 23, no. 04 (December 2015): 405–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218495815500144.
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The study explores the relationship between intrapersonal resources (formal schooling, formal entrepreneurial education and training, and informal entrepreneurial training and education) and success of micro and small enterprises (MSEs). Using Structural Equation Modeling, the study tested the mediating role of entrepreneurial competence in this relationship on a sample of 303 women drawn from the tourism and hospitality sector. The results reveal that entrepreneurial competence plays a mediating role in the relationship between intrapersonal resources and enterprise success. The results also show that informal entrepreneurial training is important in complementing formal entrepreneurial training and education towards enterprise success. It is also shown that formal schooling has a weak relationship with entrepreneurial competence but has varying relationships with both financial and non-financial success.
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Liu, Huan. "Formal and Informal Care: Complementary or Substitutes in Care for Elderly People? Empirical Evidence From China." SAGE Open 11, no. 2 (April 2021): 215824402110164. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/21582440211016413.
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To integrate the care resources of the elderly, while promoting the development of formal social care resources, some countries have gradually turned to the development of family informal care resources. In China, informal family care has a more important role, whereas social formal care resources are far from meeting the needs of older people. Thus, this strategy can only be effective if there is a clear complementary relationship between informal care and formal care. Empirical analysis is selected from the China Health and Nutrition Survey (CHNS) database, which conducted 10 follow-up surveys in 12 provinces and municipalities in China. A two-tier stochastic frontier (TSFA) model was used to analyze the relationship between three different kinds of formal care and informal family care. The formal complementary and substitute effects on informal care eventually led to higher actual informal care level. The net effect of formal care on informal care is positive, and the complementary effects of formal care are still dominant even in different regions. Increasing informal care does not crowd out or reduce formal care; thereby, facilitating the return of care to families can effectively reduce public service expenditures.
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Clerkin, Richard M., and Eric Fotheringham. "Exploring the Relationship Between Public Service Motivation and Formal and Informal Volunteering." Journal of Public and Nonprofit Affairs 3, no. 1 (March 31, 2017): 23. http://dx.doi.org/10.20899/jpna.3.1.23-39.
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In this paper, we apply public service motivation to the ongoing discussion of formal and informal volunteering and whether these are two distinct constructs or variations on the same theme. This exploratory research uses survey data of undergraduate students reporting their participation in both types of volunteering activities. Using structural equation modeling, these formal and informal volunteering activities show different influences on three dimensions of PSM. In addition to PSM, high school volunteering and religiosity have direct effects on rates of formal volunteering, which in turn positively influence the PSM dimensions of civic duty and self-sacrifice. Being an Evangelical Christian is associated with increased informal volunteering, which is positively related to the PSM compassion dimension. These results indicate that the different dimensions of PSM, and how formal and informal volunteering influences them, should be useful tools for scholars and practitioners seeking to understand these distinct types of pro-social behaviors.
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Virkkula, Esa. "Informal in formal: The relationship of informal and formal learning in popular and jazz music master workshops in conservatoires." International Journal of Music Education 34, no. 2 (November 30, 2015): 171–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0255761415617924.
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LITWIN, HOWARD, and CLAUDINE ATTIAS-DONFUT. "The inter-relationship between formal and informal care: a study in France and Israel." Ageing and Society 29, no. 1 (December 10, 2008): 71–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0144686x08007666.
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ABSTRACTThis study examined whether formal care services delivered to frail older people's homes in France and Israel substitute for or complement informal support. The two countries have comparable family welfare systems but many historical, cultural and religious differences. Data for the respondents aged 75 or more years at the first wave of the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE) were analysed. Regressions were examined of three patterns of care from outside the household: informal support only, formal support only and both formal and informal care, with the predictor variables including whether informal help was provided by a family member living in the household. The results revealed that about one-half of the respondents received no help at all (France 51%, Israel 55%), about one-tenth received care from a household member (France 8%, Israel 10%), and one-third were helped by informal carers from outside the household (France 34%, Israel 33%). More French respondents (35%) received formal care services at home than Israelis (27%). Most predictors of the care patterns were similar in the two countries. The analysis showed that complementarity is a common outcome of the co-existence of formal and informal care, and that mixed provision occurs more frequently in situations of greater need. It is also shown that spouse care-givers had less formal home-care supports than either co-resident children or other family care-givers. Even so, spouses, children and other family care-givers all had considerable support from formal home-delivered care.
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Saleem, Misha. "The Effect of Ownership Rights on Urban Households’ Access to Credit in Lahore." LAHORE JOURNAL OF ECONOMICS 16, no. 2 (July 1, 2011): 111–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.35536/lje.2011.v16.i2.a5.
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Land titling and ownership rights have recently been advocated in policy circles as a powerful tool for poverty reduction. The lack of formal titling prevents the use of property as collateral, and hence prevents the capital embedded in these assets from being "unlocked." Some studies show a fairly insignificant relationship between informal loans and property rights, while others indicate a significant positive relationship between formal loans (credit cards, bank loans, etc.) and land ownership. The objective of this article is to look at the impact of owned titled land on formal and informal loans among urban households in Lahore. Here, formal loans are seen in terms of bank loans and credit cards while informal loans are characterized as loans taken from relatives, friends, or local moneylenders. The findings suggest that land ownership has a positive and significant relationship with formal loans but no relationship with either bank loans or informal loans alone.
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Martins, Saturnina Alves da Silva, Marcio C. Machado, Maciel M. Queiroz, and Renato Telles. "The relationship between quality and governance mechanisms." Benchmarking: An International Journal 27, no. 3 (February 14, 2020): 1085–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/bij-03-2019-0114.
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PurposeRecent literature has highlighted the importance of quality and governance in supply networks. Usually, the relationships between the actors are complex, comprising both formal and informal interactions. Despite recent advances in quality and governance in supply networks, extant literature highlights the lack of quality in healthcare supply-chain networks in relation to governance mechanisms. This paper aims to investigate the role of governance mechanisms and their influence on the quality of healthcare supply networks, and assumes that governance instruments can support quality performance.Design/methodology/approachA multiple-case research approach was employed. Six organisations in the Brazilian healthcare sector were analysed (four operate only with renal replacement therapy, one is a material supplier, and one operates with renal replacement therapy and collective procurement).FindingsFindings showed that there is no formalised supply network structure in these organisations. A possible consequence of this is that the supply-network governance is dominated by informal relationships. In the quality dimension, managers' awareness is limited, but there are mechanisms in place to control the quality of the materials.Practical implicationsHealthcare managers can actively invest in the social aspects of the relationship between buyer and supplier, such as trust and commitment, thus increasing responsiveness in patient care. However, this informal procedure can lead to problems with tracking and reliability, ultimately leading to quality problems. Therefore, it is recommended that formal and informal governance instruments be used jointly to improve service quality.Originality/valueThis study suggests that the integration of formal and informal mechanisms of governance can improve the quality of supply networks. Additionally, if the administrative process is purely formal, network relationships and their efficiency will be impaired.
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DUNÉR, ANNA, and MONICA NORDSTRÖM. "The roles and functions of the informal support networks of older people who receive formal support: a Swedish qualitative study." Ageing and Society 27, no. 1 (December 6, 2006): 67–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0144686x06005344.
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Several studies of frail older people have focused on the relationship between formal and informal care, while others have examined the character of inter-generational relationships. Yet knowledge of the significance of the informal-support networks of older people who receive formal care is still scarce. The aim of this paper was to explore how older Swedes who receive formal elder-care experienced their informal support networks. The findings presented emanate from a qualitative case study. The structural, interaction and functional dimensions of the support networks were the main analytical tools. In the study population, the size of the formal support network varied from one to 12 people (or categories of people), and the size of the informal support network varied from one to six people (or categories of people). The main results demonstrate the importance of informal support with reciprocal relationships, and the value of confidants and emotional support, both of which contribute to feelings of belonging, security and wellbeing. A well-functioning formal and informal support network allows individuals to maintain autonomy in old age, even when they have to depend on help from others.
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Cruz-García, Paula, and Jesús Peiró-Palomino. "Informal, formal institutions and credit: complements or substitutes?" Journal of Institutional Economics 15, no. 4 (February 18, 2019): 649–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1744137419000018.
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AbstractThis paper analyses the relationship between informal institutions measured by social trust and the provision of private credit. Research on the trust–finance relationship abounds, although most of it is confined to the micro-level, with far fewer contributions from a wide, cross-country perspective. Considering a sample of 119 economies in the period 1993–2015, results suggest that social trust is an important determinant of private credit, and that its effects are transmitted indirectly via some particular aspects of the quality of economic-judicial institutions. In addition, and contrary to previous findings in related areas, substitutive effects for informal and formal institutions are not found. Therefore, informal institutions can improve the quality of the certain types of formal institutions but they are, per se, unable to replace them in the provision of credit. Accordingly, a solid economic-judicial system becomes essential to guarantee credit transactions.
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Wu, Wen, Jingli Liu, and Xiaopu Shang. "Gain without pay causes lazybones’ loss." Chinese Management Studies 12, no. 3 (August 6, 2018): 634–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/cms-03-2017-0057.
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Purpose Building on social informational processing theory, the purpose of this paper is to develop and test a theoretical model of moderated mediation in which social loafing tendency serves as an intervening mechanism that explains associations among two dimensions of leader–member relationships (formal and informal relationships, namely, leader–member exchange and leader–member guanxi) and customer service performance. Design/methodology/approach The authors designed a field study to test the hypotheses presented in this paper. A survey of 304 supervisor–employee pairs and matched customers generally provide support for this model. Findings The authors found that social loafing tendency played a mediating role between leader–member relationships and customer service performance. Co-worker service-oriented OCB moderated the positive relationship between leader–member guanxi and loafing tendency. Research limitations/implications More samples should be collected from both private and state-owned company. Both the informal and formal leader–member relationships should be unanimously included in examining how the leader–member relationships influence focal employee’s attitude and behavior, particularly in societies where the informal relationship plays noticeable role. Practical implications Managers should properly deal with formal and informal relationship with subordinates. Originality/value The influence of leader–member guanxi on employees and organization is controversial in extant literature. In some sense, this finding contributes to extant literature by further clarifying the influence of guanxi on the focal employee’s performance.
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van Loon, Karsten A., Pim W. Teunissen, Erik W. Driessen, and Fedde Scheele. "Formal Versus Informal Judgments: Faculty Experiences With Entrustment in Graduate Medical Education." Journal of Graduate Medical Education 10, no. 5 (October 1, 2018): 537–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4300/jgme-d-18-00120.1.
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ABSTRACT Background Entrustment of residents has been formalized in many competency-based graduate medical education programs, but its relationship with informal decisions to entrust residents with clinical tasks is unclear. In addition, the effects of formal entrustment on training practice are still unknown. Objective Our objective was to learn from faculty members in training programs with extensive experience in formal entrustment how formal entrustment relates to informal entrustment decisions. Methods A questionnaire was e-mailed to all Dutch obstetrics and gynecology program directors to gather information on how faculty entrusts residents with clinical independence. We also interviewed faculty members to explore the relationship between formal entrustment and informal entrustment. Interviews were analyzed with conventional content analysis. Results Of 92 programs, 54 program directors completed the questionnaire (59% response rate). Results showed that formal entrustment was seen as valuable for generating formative feedback and giving insight into residents' progress in technical competencies. Interviewed faculty members (n = 12) used both formal and informal entrustment to determine the level of resident independence. Faculty reported they tended to favor informal entrustment because it can be reconsidered. In contrast, formal entrustment was reported to feel like a fixed state. Conclusions In a graduate medical education program where formal entrustment has been used for more than a decade, faculty used a combination of formal and informal entrustment. Informal entrustment is key in deciding if a resident can work independently. Faculty members reported being unsure how to optimally use formal entrustment in practice next to their informal decisions.
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Penning, Margaret J., and Neena L. Chappell. "Self-Care in Relation to Informal and Formal Care." Ageing and Society 10, no. 1 (March 1990): 41–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0144686x00007844.
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ABSTRACTThis paper examines the prevalence, inter-relationships and correlates of various forms of self, informal and formal care. Analyses of data drawn from a random sample of 743 non-institutionalised elderly individuals living in Winnipeg, Manitoba reveal similarities as well as differences among the three types of care. Self- and formal care are somewhat similar, being positively related and having similar correlates. Nevertheless, substitutability as a consequence of medical scepticism is also evident. Both are unrelated to informal care. It is poor health in the form of functional disability and the availability of support through the marital relationship which are the strongest correlates of informal care. In contrast, health (chronic conditions and perceived health status) as well as beliefs in the efficacy of both preventative health behaviours and medical services are among the strongest correlates of self- and formal care.
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Saunders, S., and E. Loots. "Measuring the informal economy in South Africa." South African Journal of Economic and Management Sciences 8, no. 1 (January 13, 2015): 92–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/sajems.v8i1.1286.
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Measuring the size of the South African informal economy has received inadequate attention, making it difficult for policy-makers to assess the impact of policy measures to stimulate informal economic activity. This article aims to estimate the size of the informal economy by using the Currency Demand Approach. The empirical results reveal that the informal economy as a percentage of GDP decreased from 1967 to 1993, before levelling off. The growth in the informal econmy has also underperformed in comparison to formal economic growth. There appears to be a causal relationship running from the informal to the formal economy. Macro-economic policies aimed at the formal economy will not necessarily 'trickle down' to the informal, while these polcies aimed at the informal economy may have a profound effect on the formal economy.
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Wasowska, Aleksandra, and Igor Postula. "Formal and informal governance mechanisms in state-owned enterprises." Baltic Journal of Management 13, no. 4 (October 1, 2018): 410–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/bjm-06-2017-0172.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to shed light on the formal and informal governance mechanisms of state-owned enterprises operating in a post-transitional economy of Poland. Design/methodology/approach The study combines legal analysis of Polish regulations in force, review of literature on the Poland’s institutional legacy, and a statistical analysis, based on a data set of 204 management board members, 180 external supervisory board members, and 114 state officials supervising Polish SOEs in 2011. Findings Legally designed relationships among the management board, supervisory board, and the state treasury, represented by the minister and ministry officials, constitute the key formal governance mechanisms in Polish SOEs. They are, however, complemented by relationships between SOEs and their stakeholders and distorted by other informal phenomena, including informal noninstitutional behavior, mechanisms grounded in cognitive and normative institutions, and perception of the relationship structure by the actors themselves. As a result, key corporate governance actors differ in their perception of governance influences upon SOEs. Practical implications This study contributes to policymaking by helping authorities gain a better understanding of the governance challenges in SOEs. Originality/value This paper is one of the first and few empirical studies investigating the issue of formal and informal governance mechanisms in SOEs in post-transitional economies of CEE.
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Lehmann, Steffen. "The unplanned city: Public space and the spatial character of urban informality." Emerald Open Research 2 (April 22, 2020): 16. http://dx.doi.org/10.35241/emeraldopenres.13580.1.
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The ‘unplannable’ is a welcomed exception to the formal order of urban planning. This opinion article explores some examples of informal urbanism and discusses its ambiguous relationship to public space and unplanned activities in the city. The informal sector offers important lessons about the adaptive use of space and its social role. The article examines the ways specific groups appropriate informal spaces and how this can add to a city’s entrepreneurship and success. The characteristics of informal, interstitial spaces within the contemporary city, and the numerous creative ways in which these temporarily used spaces are appropriated, challenge the prevalent critical discourse about our understanding of authorised public space, formal place-making and social order within the city in relation to these informal spaces. The text discusses various cases from Chile, the US and China that illustrate the dilemma of the relationship between informality and public/private space today. One could say that informality is a deregulated self-help system that redefines relationships with the formal. Temporary or permanent spatial appropriation has behavioural, economic and cultural dimensions, and forms of the informal are not always immediately obvious: they are not mentioned in building codes and can often be subversive or unexpected, emerging in the grey area between legal and illegal activities.
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Chappell, Neena, and Audrey Blandford. "Informal and Formal Care: Exploring the Complementarity." Ageing and Society 11, no. 3 (September 1991): 299–317. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0144686x00004189.
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ABSTRACTAlthough several authors have speculated about the type of relationship between informal and formal care, relatively little empirical work directly examines the interface between the two support systems. This paper examines the correlates of using neither system, only one system and several combinations of both systems. It explores the characteristics of those who do and do not make complementary use of both systems and under what circumstances the two systems are complementary. Multivariate analyses are performed, using logistic regression analyses, to examine the correlates of the different sources of support. Analyses demonstrate that those who utilize the formal care system do so while retaining care from the informal network. Use of the formal system in conjunction with informal care appears to take place in two instances:when seniors are in need and critical elements of their informal network are lacking, or when they have an intact informal support network, but their health needs are extremely high. In both of these instances the formal system enters to assist the informal network. The data point to the complementarity of the two care systems, not in terms of task specificity, but rather, in terms of a sharing of overall task load.
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Kuipers, Kathy J. "Formal and Informal Network Coupling and its Relationship to Workplace Attachment." Sociological Perspectives 52, no. 4 (December 2009): 455–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/sop.2009.52.4.455.
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Williams, Colin C., and Sara Nadin. "Evaluating the Nature of the Relationship between Informal Entrepreneurship and the Formal Economy in Rural Communities." International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Innovation 12, no. 2 (May 2011): 95–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.5367/ijei.2011.0028.
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This paper evaluates critically the different theorizations of the nature of the relationship between informal entrepreneurship and the formal economy, which variously depict informal entrepreneurship as a leftover from a previous era, a survival practice for those excluded from the formal economy, and a complement or an alternative to participation in the formal economy. Reporting evidence from 350 face-to-face interviews in English rural communities, no single theorization is found to be universally applicable. Instead, all are shown to be valid in relation to different forms of informal entrepreneurship, and only by combining them is it feasible to achieve a finer-grained, more comprehensive explanation of this complex and multifarious phenomenon.
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Warne, Nathaniel A. "Institutional justice and the virtue of gratitude." Anglican Theological Review 103, no. 3 (June 22, 2021): 286–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00033286211023902.
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This paper explores the relationship between justice, institutions, and the medieval virtue of gratitude. It does this by focusing on a thirteenth-century account of the virtue of gratitude in the work of Thomas Aquinas. It argues that institutions, both formal and informal, provide a helpful framework for considering the relationship between gratitude and a number of important benefactor and beneficiary relationships within the hierarchy of virtues that make up the cardinal virtue of justice. This paper first explores Thomas’ account of the virtues of justice and gratitude. It then looks at recent literature in theology and ethics of institutions showing how formal and informal institutions can help cultivate gratitude.
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Huang, Xianhan, and Chun Lai. "Connecting formal and informal workplace learning with teacher proactivity: a proactive motivation perspective." Journal of Workplace Learning 32, no. 6 (July 6, 2020): 437–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jwl-01-2020-0005.
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Purpose It is vital in today’s society that teachers are proactively involved in educational change. Given that proactive motivation is a critical driver of proactivity, this study aims to investigate how teachers’ formal and informal workplace-learning experiences were connected with their proactive motivations to implement educational change. Design/methodology/approach The authors used a qualitative case study approach to describe the relationships between teachers’ formal and informal learning activities and their different proactive motivations. The authors collected data from 17 teachers via individual interviews and open-ended questionnaire and performed analyses using a continuous inductive and deductive coding process. Findings The authors found that informal teacher learning can trigger three types of proactive motivation, whereas formal teacher learning is mainly connected with the can do and energised to motivations. The authors also found that formal and informal learning complement and compete with each other in shaping the can do motivation. Moreover, the authors found that informal learning played the dominant role in the reason to motivation, whereas informal and formal learning were separately connected to the energised to motivation. Practical implications These findings indicate that greater attention must be paid to teachers’ informal workplace-learning experiences. Specifically, teachers’ informal learning experiences should be actively integrated into their formal workplace training to enhance their proactive motivation to educational change. Moreover, teachers’ learning preferences and teaching experience should be considered in the design of teacher-training programmes. Originality/value Based on the proactive motivation model of Parker et al. (2010), the authors have uncovered the mechanisms of workplace learning that drive teacher proactivity. The authors have examined the relationship between teachers’ formal and informal workplace-learning and proactive teaching. The findings will assist policymakers and administrators to identify effective means of motivating teachers to engage in workplace learning.
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Yang, Kun (Michelle), and Michael J. Pisani. "When informality meets formality: evidence from China." Chinese Management Studies 12, no. 1 (April 3, 2018): 184–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/cms-03-2017-0055.
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Purpose This study aims to explore “what impact does competition from informal enterprises have on formal firms” within the Chinese economic and business environment. Design/methodology/approach The paper opted for an exploratory study utilizing the cross-sectional survey data “2012 China Enterprise Survey” conducted by the World Bank. The survey is composed of approximately 200 business-related questions across the spectrum of business operations. In all, 2,700 privately owned Chinese firms are included in the logistic regression analysis. Findings Results show the impact of informal firm competition upon formal firms in China are influenced by geographical location, industry sector, ownership profile, governmental ownership, online presence and the extent of obeying labor regulations or the time spent in handling the governmental regulatory environment. There is a competitive and complementary simultaneous intertwined relationship between formal and informal economy. It occurs in a formal economy not fully divorced from the structural inertia of the planned economy as it transitions to a market-based economy. Practical implications This paper extended the assumption of institutional theory and presented it as a dynamic view of the evolution of organizations. It contributes by offering a simultaneous dual relationship between the formal and informal economy. It also adds one more potential feature of populations in the population ecology theory. Originality/value This exploratory paper empirically examines the impacts of informal sector enterprises on formal sectors firms in China and proposes a dual force effect of the informal economy to the formal economy given the current Chinese institutional environment. The study also provides a platform for further research on the interactions between the formal and informal sectors in emerging markets.
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Orgambídez, Alejandro, and Helena Almeida. "Core Burnout and Power in Portuguese Nursing Staff: An Explanatory Model Based on Structural Empowerment." Workplace Health & Safety 67, no. 8 (July 9, 2019): 391–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2165079918822648.
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In the nursing context, structural empowerment has proved to be an organizational tool leading to the prevention of stress and burnout. Structural empowerment is defined as the perception of the presence or absence of empowering conditions in the workplace. However, few studies have explored the particular relationships between power in organizations, structural empowerment, and burnout. The aim of this study was to examine the mediator role of structural empowerment (access to opportunities, information, support, and resources) in the relationship between formal and informal power, and core burnout among Portuguese nurses. We administered a questionnaire among a convenience sample of 304 nurses employed in public hospitals. Model fit and mediation analysis were conducted using path analysis and bootstrapping methods. Formal power, informal power, access to opportunities, and access to resources were significant and negative predictors of core burnout. Opportunities, resources, and informal power had a direct influence on core burnout. Formal power and informal power showed an indirect influence, mediated by opportunities and resources, on core burnout. These findings suggest that by providing nurses with high levels of formal and informal power, as well as access to resources and opportunities, their risk of core burnout can be lowered.
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Singh, Balbir. "Informal Power Structures and Grassroots Politics in Sirmaur, Himachal Pradesh." Social Change 49, no. 4 (November 22, 2019): 605–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0049085719873466.
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The study, based on outputs obtained from villages of Shillai block in Sirmaur district of Himachal Pradesh, looks at the informal power structure found in the state’s rural areas. Both formal and the informal power structures have historically coexisted but we will study various factors that empower informal power structures and critically contrast them to the equality-based, constitutionally legalised formal power structures. This entails an understanding of the basis of mobilisation and relationships among different caste groups, the role and influence of local deity institutions, the traditional elitist strata as well as the nature of institutions like Khumlis and their subsequent relationship with formal political institutions. This purposive, investigative and participatory study was conducted in the villages of Shillai block where the process of modernisation has been very slow. This is probably why the historically privileged, traditional elite and informal institutions continue to dominate the entire social structure. The marginalised stratum of society has consequently received minimum participation and representation in formal institutions or the legislating, executing and adjudicating of policies and decisions.
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Zhang, Hui, Ying Chen, and Xiaohu Zhou. "Gender and financing in entrepreneurship: research evidence from China." Chinese Management Studies 14, no. 3 (January 15, 2020): 677–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/cms-07-2019-0262.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate ways to mitigate gender bias in entrepreneurial financing. The authors aim to unveil the role entrepreneurs’ gender played in formal and informal financing under Chinese context, as well as the moderating role corporate social responsibility (CSR) played in such relationships. Design/methodology/approach This paper adopts ANOVA test and multiple regression method to empirically examine the relationship of entrepreneurs’ gender, formal financing, informal financing and CSR with second hand data from The Eleventh Private Enterprise Survey covering a sample of firms across China. Findings The results demonstrate that comparing to start-ups led by men, start-ups led by women are less likely to get either formal or informal financing. The results also suggest that CSR negatively moderates the impact entrepreneurs’ gender has on formal financing but not on informal financing. Originality/value By focusing on both formal and informal financing, the research of gender’s effects on firms’ financing has been extended. Also, by proving that CSR can help to mitigate gender bias in formal financing, contribution has also been made to the research field of gender financing. This paper contributes to the CSR literature by sorting out another benefit CSR has in new venture financing. Overall, findings of this study deepen the existing understanding of gender issues in the context of entrepreneurial financing.
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Akudugu, Mamudu Abunga. "Agricultural productivity, credit and farm size nexus in Africa: a case study of Ghana." Agricultural Finance Review 76, no. 2 (July 4, 2016): 288–308. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/afr-12-2015-0058.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine the connections of agricultural productivity, access to credit and farm size in Africa using Ghana as a case study. Design/methodology/approach – The paper employs mixed methods – quantitative and qualitative strategies for data collection and analyses. The hierarchical competitive model was used for the quantitative analyses supplemented with qualitative analyses using key informant interviews, focus group discussions and household case studies. Findings – The results show that there is significant relationship between credit from formal and informal sources and agricultural productivity. Thus access to formal and informal credit increases farm household agricultural productivity by about 0.10 (p=0.05) and 0.45 (p < 0.01), respectively. The quadratic terms of formal and informal credit as well as farm size were found to significantly influence agricultural productivity. The implication of this is that the relationships between formal credit, informal credit and farm size on one hand and agricultural productivity on the other are non-linear in nature. The interactions of formal credit with informal credit; informal credit with farm size; and formal and informal credit with farm size have significant relationships with agricultural productivity. The amount of remittance received by farm households has negative and insignificant influence on agricultural productivity. Market access is also an insignificant determinant of agricultural productivity in Ghana. Originality/value – This paper provides new insights on whether the scale of production (farm size as proxy) and access to financial services (credit as a proxy) matter in promoting agricultural productivity in Africa using Ghana as a case study. Thus the paper is of relevance to policy-makers and practitioners in Africa and Ghana in particular who are seeking to make informed policy decisions on effectively incorporating credit provision into the agricultural transformation agenda of the continent.
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SCHNEIDER, JUSTINE, ANGELA HALLAM, M. KAMRUL ISLAM, JOANNA MURRAY, BETH FOLEY, LOUISE ATKINS, SUBE BANERJEE, and ANTHONY MANN. "Formal and informal care for people with dementia: variations in costs over time." Ageing and Society 23, no. 3 (May 2003): 303–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0144686x02001149.
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The services used by people with dementia and their carers were measured at three time points over 17 months. This analysis is unusual in that both informal care and formal inputs were costed. The costs estimates for informal inputs developed here may be applied to other data sets. Two hypotheses to explain the inter-relationship between informal and formal care inputs, substitution and supplementation, were compared in analysing the data. This paper explores the variations in costs according to the living arrangements of the people with dementia, by level of dependency and over time, and finds systematic differences. The costs of the inputs from co-resident carers consistently exceeded the costs of formal services, with informal care constituting up to 40 per cent of the total costs burden for dementia care. When informal inputs were included, non-domestic residential care emerged as less, not more, costly than care in the community. There was a shift in costs burden from health services to social services over time as more people moved into non-domestic settings. Multivariate analyses identified several predictors of informal and formal care costs: physical disability, level of cognitive impairment, living in non-domestic settings, and formal care provided. Non-domestic care predicted lower inputs of both formal and informal services. Dementia level was positively associated with informal inputs. Physical frailty was associated with more formal care, but less informal care. More formal service inputs predicted higher informal care inputs. There is evidence of supplementation of informal care by formal services in the early stages of care, followed by substitution as the person with dementia enters residential care.
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Teske, John A. "Levels of Organization in Formal and Informal Events." Psychological Reports 58, no. 2 (April 1986): 515–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1986.58.2.515.
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Subjects found similarities among seven levels of organization within two formal and two informal collections of human events. Levels of organization included body-parts, movement, behavior, anion, disposition, relationship, and grouping. Similarity-difference judgments were made within sets of three event-descriptions combining adjacent levels of organization. With comparisons involving higher levels, subjects were less likely to select the higher of two intended similarities. Subjects also showed a preference for similarities based on action. Female, better educated, and nonathletic subjects were relatively more likely to select the higher of adjacent-level similarities. Decreases in the likelihood of finding the higher similarities across higher and higher-level comparisons were monotonic for informal events but nonmonotonic for formal events; on the average, subjects were less likely to find the higher-level similarities in comparisons drawn from formal events. Results are discussed in terms of changes in ability to differentiate levels of organization across different, but multi-leveled kinds of events.
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Tsui, Jennifer, Jenna Howard, William L. Miller, Denalee M. O'Malley, Shawna V. Hudson, Ellen Rubinstein, Alicja Bator, and Benjamin F. Crabtree. "Opportunities for improving cancer care management through primary care-oncology relationships." Journal of Clinical Oncology 36, no. 30_suppl (October 20, 2018): 80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2018.36.30_suppl.80.
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80 Background: Improvements in the management of care transitions between primary care and oncology are critical for achieving optimal care quality and outcomes for cancer patients and survivors. We examine relationships between innovative PC practices and oncologists to inform and strengthen PC-oncology interfaces in diverse healthcare settings. Methods: Comparative case studies of 14 innovative PC practices throughout the United States examined strategies for providing cancer survivorship care. Field researchers observed each practice for 10-12 days, recording fieldnotes and conducting key informant and formal, semi-structured interviews with clinicians and staff. We extracted all data related to PC-oncology relationships and then collaboratively identified patterns to characterize these relationships through an inductive “immersion/crystallization” analysis process. Results: Nine of the 14 practices discussed either formal or informal PC-oncology relationships. Nearly all practices with existing formal PC-oncology relationships were embedded within healthcare systems. Private, independent practices had more informal relationships between individual PC physicians and specific oncologists. Practices with formal relationships noted ease of communication and transfer of patient information, timeliness in patient referrals, and direct access to oncologists; while practices with informal relationships noted the benefits of having close engagement with specific oncologists. Regardless of relationship type, remaining challenges include lack of clarity about roles during cancer treatment and beyond. Conclusions: With the rapid transformation of U.S. healthcare towards system ownership of primary care practices, efforts are needed to integrate the strengths of both formal and informal PC-oncology relationships to improve care for cancer patients and survivors.
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Di Gessa, Giorgio, and Emily Grundy. "The Dynamics of Paid and Unpaid Activities Among People Aged 50–69 in Denmark, France, Italy, and England." Research on Aging 39, no. 9 (June 14, 2016): 1013–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0164027516654521.
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In the context of the current policy emphasis on extending working lives, we investigate whether the relationship between participation in paid work, other formal, and informal activities among people aged 50–69 is complementary or competitive. We also investigate differences in associations between countries using comparable longitudinal data from Denmark, France, Italy, and England. We find positive associations between informal and formal engagement in cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses. Paid work was negatively associated with formal and informal engagement, and respondents who stopped working were more likely to be engaged in formal (Denmark and France) and informal activities (England and Italy) at follow-up than respondents who continued working. However, the strongest predictor of formal and informal engagement at follow-up was baseline engagement. In the context of policy aims to extend working lives and broaden older people’s participation in other productive activities, new balances between work and other forms of engagement are still to be found.
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Vivatsurakit, Tanthaka, and Jessica Vechbanyongratana. "Education–Occupation Mismatch and Its Wage Penalties in Informal Employment in Thailand." Asian Development Review 38, no. 1 (March 22, 2021): 119–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/adev_a_00160.
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This study examines the incidence of vertical mismatch among formal and informal workers in Thailand. Using the 2011, 2013, and 2015 Thailand Household Socio-economic Surveys, the study analyzes the relationship between vertical mismatch and wage penalties and premiums across four types of workers: formal government, formal private firm, informal private firm, and informal own-account workers. The incidence of overeducation is modest among the oldest cohort (8.7%) but prevalent among the youngest cohort (29.3%). Government employees face the highest overeducation wage penalties (28.2%) compared to matched workers, while in private firms, informal workers have consistently higher overeducation wage penalties than formal workers. Educated young workers are increasingly absorbed into low-skill informal work in private firms and face large overeducation wage penalties. The inability of many young workers to capitalize on their educational investments in Thailand's formal labor market is a concern for future education and employment policy development in Thailand.
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Luria, Gil, Allon Kahana, Judith Goldenberg, and Yair Noam. "Leadership Development: Leadership Emergence to Leadership Effectiveness." Small Group Research 50, no. 5 (August 26, 2019): 571–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1046496419865326.
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This study aimed to understand how leadership effectiveness of the trainer in a leadership development program can influence emerging leaders’ development and effectiveness. We hypothesized that the trainer’s leadership effectiveness would be a boundary condition. In this two year longitudinal field study, military cadets’ leadership effectiveness from their emergence as informal peer leaders during basic training through the officer training course (OTC) to their formal leadership roles as active duty officers was followed. The sample included 854 cadets and their 72 trainers. We found that cadets’ effectiveness during OTC mediated the relationship between informal leadership emergence during basic training and their subsequent effectiveness as formal leaders. Furthermore, trainers’ effectiveness moderated the relationship between cadets’ informal leadership emergence and effectiveness in OTC. Results indicate that informal emerging leaders are more likely to develop into highly effective formal leaders when supervised by effective trainers. Theoretical and applied implications are discussed.
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Hargreaves, David J. "Intercultural perspectives on formal and informal Music learning." DEDiCA Revista de Educação e Humanidades (dreh), no. 1 (March 1, 2011): 53–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.30827/dreh.v0i1.7152.
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This paper reviews some of the changes and developments that have occurred in music education over the last decade, following Hargreaves and North’s (2001) international review. I describe some recent developments in England, in which change has been very rapid, and in which education has had a high political profile, and then consider the three main issues which emerged from our international review, namely curriculum issues; the aims and objectives of music education; and the relationship between music in and out of school. I go on to describe two theoretical models which were developed as a result of my work with the Qualifications and Curriculum Authority (QCA) in England: these are models of the different opportunities in music education, and of its intended outcomes. The first of these reveals the importance of the differences between formal and informal music learning, both of which can take place inside as well as outside schools. I conclude by reflecting on the power and ubiquity of music in young people’s everyday lives, which mean that music education policy should reflect and capitalize upon this power.
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Deb, Rouhin, Harsh Vardhan Samalia, and Santosh Kumar Prusty. "The role of informal competition in driving export propensity of emerging economy firms." International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy 40, no. 1/2 (January 13, 2020): 184–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijssp-06-2019-0131.
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Purpose Competitive pressure from informal firms has always been a threat to the formal enterprises. However, the strategic choices a firm makes to deal with such competitive pressures still remain under-explored. The purpose of this paper is to examine the influence of informal competitive pressures in driving export propensity of formal firms. Design/methodology/approach The paper is based on a standard error logistic model, and the model takes into account the contingent relationships along with the primary relationship. The authors draw the sample of 9,812 manufacturing firms spanning across the Indian sub-continent from the World Bank enterprise survey conducted in the year 2014. Findings The empirical results indicated that the level of competition from informal firms is positively associated with the propensity to export. The primary relationship is also affected by various contingent factors such as regulatory obstacles, bribery and new product development. Research limitations/implications Although the World Bank enterprise survey data provide a broad coverage, the study warranted few proxy measures in order to operationalize formal competition as it was not captured directly in the concerned data set. Practical implications The analysis demonstrates that informal competition has direct effect on the firm’s propensity to export. The findings indicate that export is an attractive action alternative for firms facing informal completion in an emerging economy. The results further indicate that this effect strengthens as institutional factors such as regulatory obstacles and bribery increase. Social implications The paper is an attempt to alter the prevailing negative view on informality. The findings indicate that informal competition spurs competitiveness in the formal sector indicating its positive role in the economic growth of the nation. Originality/value The paper takes cue from attention-based view of the firm and the institutional escapism logic to affirm the role of informal competition and various contingent institutional and strategic factors in driving export propensity.
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Rye, Tom, Jason Monios, Robert Hrelja, and Karolina Isaksson. "The relationship between formal and informal institutions for governance of public transport." Journal of Transport Geography 69 (May 2018): 196–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2018.04.025.
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Tamir, Pinchas. "Factors Associated with the Relationship between Formal, Informal, and Nonformal Science Learning." Journal of Environmental Education 22, no. 2 (January 1991): 34–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00958964.1991.9943052.
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Rosen, Larry D., Jennifer Chang, Lynne Erwin, L. Mark Carrier, and Nancy A. Cheever. "The Relationship Between “Textisms” and Formal and Informal Writing Among Young Adults." Communication Research 37, no. 3 (April 7, 2010): 420–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0093650210362465.
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Escandon-Barbosa, Diana, David Urbano-Pulido, and Andrea Hurtado-Ayala. "Exploring the Relationship between Formal and Informal Institutions, Social Capital, and Entrepreneurial Activity in Developing and Developed Countries." Sustainability 11, no. 2 (January 21, 2019): 550. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11020550.
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Most research on entrepreneurial activities and institutions focuses on identifying certain relationships between formal and informal institutions and entrepreneurship across economies. In this study, we advance entrepreneurship research by examining how social capital as a characteristic of the institutional environment affects the relationship between formal and informal institutions and entrepreneurial activities, differentially, in developing and developed economies. Supporting institutional theory and social capital theory, the results from our sample of 39 countries from 2001 to 2014, which contains over 30,000 identified individuals, indicate that social capital has a stronger influence in the relations between institutions and entrepreneurship. In developing countries, this influence is greater in the relationship between property rights, access to credit, subjective insecurity, and entrepreneurial activity. In developed countries, the greater effect of social capital is on the relationship between corruption and entrepreneurial activity.
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Woog, Samantha, Eleanor McConnell, Deborah Gold, and Kirsten Corazzini. "RELATIONSHIP-CENTERED CARE: ADULT DAY CARE FOR PERSONS LIVING WITH DEMENTIA AND THE SENSES FRAMEWORK." Innovation in Aging 3, Supplement_1 (November 2019): S72—S73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igz038.282.
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Abstract Relationship-centered dementia care (RCDC) has been related to improved quality of residential long-term care for persons living with dementia (PLWD). The senses framework supports accomplishing RCDC, whereby PLWD meet fundamental needs or senses through caregiving relationships. This study explored the application of the senses framework to a non-residential, long-term care setting, and included relationships across formal and informal caregivers. The study design is a qualitative, descriptive study of PLWD (N=3), with matched formal (N=3) and informal (N=3) caregivers in one adult day care setting in North Carolina. Semi-structured individual interviews explored each of the six senses of security, belonging, continuity, purpose, achievement, and significance. Interviews were analyzed using both inductive and deductive thematic analysis. Themes elucidate convergence and divergence of how senses are met or not met across triads of caregiving relationships. Findings inform our understanding of how to integrate the larger social network of PLWD for relationship-centered care.
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Davis-Sramek, Beth, Ayman Omar, and Richard Germain. "Leveraging supply chain orientation for global supplier responsiveness." International Journal of Logistics Management 30, no. 1 (February 11, 2019): 39–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijlm-09-2017-0225.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to utilize middle-range theorizing to examine whether a US manufacturer can leverage supply chain orientation (SCO) to garner responsiveness from a global supplier. To capture the interplay of macro-level institutional environments, the authors examine the moderating effect of institutional distance on the SCO–supplier responsiveness relationship. Design/methodology/approach Primary survey data collected from US manufacturers are utilized to measure SCO and supplier responsiveness. Two secondary data sets (EIU and GLOBE) capture formal and informal distance at the institutional level and are used to test the moderating effect of institutional distance. Findings The research finds that SCO can facilitate global supplier responsiveness. A post hoc exploratory analysis reveals a three-way interaction, where the SCO–supplier responsiveness relationship is strengthened when formal and informal institutions are either very similar or very different. Research limitations/implications The research offers a more nuanced understanding of manufacturer–supplier relationships in global supply chains by demonstrating how country-level (macro) characteristics can influence firm-level (micro) supply chain phenomena. It extends research on SCO by illustrating how institutional distance interacts with a manufacturer’s ability to leverage SCO to enable supplier responsiveness. Practical implications Manufacturers should increase their attentiveness to institutional distance. When both formal and informal distances are different (i.e. high distance), SCO can create a powerful lever to improve global supplier responsiveness. Likewise, when formal and informal institutions are similar (i.e. low distance), SCO reinforces joint efforts and collaboration to create additive benefits, whereby suppliers are incentivized to be responsive to unexpected environmental changes. Originality/value This research addresses the growing call for more empirical studies that examine how country-level institutions influence firm-level phenomena. It also utilizes secondary data to serve as a proxy for formal and informal institutional distance.
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Bairagya, Indrajit, Tulika Bhattacharya, and Pragati Tiwari. "Does Vocational Training Promote Female Labour Force Participation? An Analysis for India." Margin: The Journal of Applied Economic Research 15, no. 1 (February 2021): 149–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0973801020976601.
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The objective of the article is to assess the impact of formal and informal vocational training on female labour force participation in India, based on the Periodic Labour Force Survey data for 2017–2018, employing a trivariate probit model. Results show that participation both in formal and informal vocational training has a positive and statistically significant impact on female labour force participation across all specifications of the regression models, thus showing the robustness of the relationship. Most importantly, the provision of vocational training helps break the traditional U-shaped relationship between female labour force participation and educational levels. However, the fact that the percentage of formal vocational training holders is much lower than that of informal vocational training holders and that it varies among males and females, points to the need for special policy attention on the promotion of female participation in formal vocational training on a large scale. JEL Codes: J21, J24, J71
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Ngiba, Cyril Nhlanhla, David Dickinson, Louise Whittaker, and Claire Beswick. "Dynamics of trade between the formal sector and informal traders." South African Journal of Economic and Management Sciences 12, no. 4 (April 26, 2011): 462–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/sajems.v12i4.189.
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The informal sector in South Africa is a significant, but not well understood phenomenon. One important question relates to the nature of the relationship between the formal and informal sector. This article uses Porter’s five forces model to interrogate the linkages between informal fruit and vegetable traders in the Natalspruit Market (Ekurhuleni) and their formal suppliers, primarily the Johannesburg Fresh Produce Market. While the threat of new products is low, the street traders’ position is weakened by the threat of new entrants, consumer bargaining power and lack of cooperation among street traders. In relation to supplier power, we conclude that while this varies according to a number of factors, the formal sector is dominant over informal fruit and vegetable sellers in this market. This finding rests primarily on the observation that, because of their fragmentation, the informal traders’ collective buying power is not being used in the same way as large formal retailers of fruit and vegetables to obtain better terms of trade with the formal economy supplier.
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Maticka-Tyndale, Eleanor, Jessica Penwell Barnett, and Trocaire. "Exploring the Relationship Between Stigma, Stigma Challenges, and Disclosure Among Slum-Dwelling Survivors of Intimate Partner Violence in Kenya." Violence Against Women 26, no. 10 (July 16, 2019): 1188–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1077801219856101.
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This article uses survey data from 131 women living in urban slums in Kenya to explore associations between stigma, stigma challenges, empowerment, and disclosure of intimate partner violence (IPV). A total of 81.7% of women reported informal or formal disclosure of IPV. A bystander offering help and experiencing stigma were associated with significant increases in the odds of informal and formal disclosure. There were also significant positive associations between participating in financial decision-making, membership in survivor support groups, and formal disclosure. Results suggest that interpersonal, community, and structural challenges to stigma interfere with stigma as a barrier to disclosure.
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Palat Narayanan, Nipesh, and René Véron. "Informal production of the city: Momos, migrants, and an urban village in Delhi." Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 36, no. 6 (May 8, 2018): 1026–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0263775818771695.
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This paper attempts to understand the production of the city through informality. In particular, informal practices related to the momo (dumpling) industry, concentrated in the “urban village” of Chirag Dilli, are analysed in their dialectic relationship with formal planning and legislation in Delhi. We use a Lefebvrian framework that views city-making as an interaction of formal representations in the form of master plans, etc., informal and formal spatial practices (including momo production and living patterns) and representational (imagined) spaces related to neighbourhoods and the city. Drawing on primary qualitative data, we examine how informality informed the formal planning. The uneven application of state legislation, in turn, fostered particular informal practices (such as momo manufacturing) and the emergence of a distinct urban morphology and of new cohabitation practices. The informal momo industry also altered the representational associations made with both the Chirag Dilli neighbourhood and the city of Delhi. The paper shows how informal practices constantly interact with formal frameworks to co-produce urban space and consequently the city. We argue that informal practices are not necessarily in conflict with formal planning or subverting it, but that they play a central role in their own right for the production of space.
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Hunter, Starling David. "Combining Theoretical Perspectives on the Organizational Structure-Performance Relationship." Journal of Organization Design 4, no. 2 (August 28, 2015): 24. http://dx.doi.org/10.7146/jod.16781.
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Much of the literature linking organization structure to performance falls into two broad research streams. One stream concerns formal structure – the hierarchy of authority or reporting relationships as well as the degree of standardization, formalization, specialization, etc. The impact of formal structure and other elements of organization design on performance is typically contingent on factors such as strategic orientation, task characteristics, and environmental conditions. The other research stream focuses on informal structure – a network of interpersonal and intra-organizational relationships. Properties of informal structure are typically shown to have a more direct (less contingent) impact on organizational performance. Despite these pronounced differences in the conceptualization of organization structure, considerable overlap and complementarity exist between the two research streams. In this article, I compare and contrast a pair of exemplars from each stream – the information processing perspective and the social network perspective – with respect to their conceptualizations of organization structure and its relationship to performance. Several recommendations for future research that combines the two approaches are offered.