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Journal articles on the topic 'Formal planning'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 7 June 2025

Last updated: 2 August 2025

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1

O’Regan, Nicholas, and Abby Ghobadian. "Formal strategic planning." Business Process Management Journal 8, no. 5 (2002): 416–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/14637150210449102.

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The literature contends that the lack of strategic business planning is a major drawback in the implementation of business process initiatives such as total quality management. In addition, it is evident that strategic planning firms achieve better performance than other firms. However, strategic planning often fails due to problems or barriers encountered at the implementation stage. It is unclear from the limited research carried out to date what actions, if any, firms can take to minimise or eliminate these barriers. This paper examines the concept of strategic planning and identifies the b

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Samuelsson, Joachim, Jim Andersén, Torbjörn Ljungkvist, and Christian Jansson. "Formal accounting planning in SMEs." Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development 23, no. 3 (2016): 691–702. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jsbed-12-2015-0167.

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Purpose – Several studies have highlighted the importance of management accounting practices such as formal short-term planning and formal long-term planning for SME performance. However, few studies have considered what actually explains differences in the use of formal planning (from a management accounting approach) in SMEs. Family ownership and EO are two plausible explanations for such differences. The purpose of this paper is therefore to examine how family ownership and EO are correlated to the use of formal short-term planning and formal long-term planning in SMEs. Design/methodology/a

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Boerner, Kathrin, Sara M. Moorman, Deborah Carr, and Katherine A. Ornstein. "Insufficient Advance Care Planning? Correlates of Planning Without Personal Conversations." Journals of Gerontology: Series B 76, no. 1 (2020): 104–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gbaa076.

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Abstract Objectives Advance care planning (ACP) typically comprises formal preparations (i.e., living will and/or durable power of attorney for health care) and informal discussions with family members and health care providers. However, some people complete formal documents without discussing them with others. If they become incapacitated, their appointed decision makers may lack guidance on how to interpret or enact their formal wishes. We document the prevalence and correlates of this partial approach to ACP. Method Using multinomial logistic regression models and data from a U.S. sample of

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Elbanna, Said, and Tamer H. Elsharnouby. "Revisiting the relationship between formal planning process and planning effectiveness." International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management 30, no. 2 (2018): 1016–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijchm-12-2016-0675.

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Purpose The purpose of this study is to address a timely research question by clarifying whether formal planning is a worthy approach for hotels. In so doing, the authors developed a theoretical model that extends prior research by exploring how the formal planning process influences organizational capabilities and decision-making style. The model also examines the impact of the three identified factors on planning effectiveness. Design/methodology/approach Data were collected from 175 hotels located in United Arab Emirates (UAE) and Qatar and hypotheses were tested using structural equation m

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Grundke, Claudia, Gabriele Röger, and Malte Helmert. "Formal Representations of Classical Planning Domains." Proceedings of the International Conference on Automated Planning and Scheduling 34 (May 30, 2024): 239–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/icaps.v34i1.31481.

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Planning domains are an important notion, e.g. when it comes to restricting the input for generalized planning or learning approaches. However, domains as specified in PDDL cannot fully capture the intuitive understanding of a planning domain. We close this semantic gap and propose using PDDL axioms to characterize the (typically infinite) set of legal tasks of a domain. A minor extension makes it possible to express all properties that can be determined in polynomial time. We demonstrate the suitability of the approach on established domains from the International Planning Competition.

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Spichkova, Maria, Milan Simic, and Heinz Schmidt. "Formal Model for Intelligent Route Planning." Procedia Computer Science 60 (2015): 1299–308. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2015.08.196.

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Langley, Ann. "The roles of formal strategic planning." Long Range Planning 21, no. 3 (1988): 40–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0024-6301(88)90032-5.

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Yang, Weibo, Shouming Hou, Zhenhao Qi, and Huilai Zhi. "A Formal Concept Analysis Method for Path Planning Based on Formal Contexts." Journal of Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence 2, no. 1 (2025): 15–21. https://doi.org/10.54097/k08npz81.

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Path planning is widely applied in various fields, including robotic movement and 3D printing. In this paper, we propose a path planning method by combining formal concept analysis and the Q-learning algorithm to study grid map path planning. First, a grid map is represented as a formal context, and based on formal concept analysis theory, the necessary region concepts are defined and introduced into the Q-learning algorithm to obtain the optimal path. Finally, through system experiments, it has been proven that using the necessary region concept can reduce redundant information and the effect

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Mayer, Richard, Madhav Erraguntla, Christopher Menzel, and Jyh Chen Hwang. "Formal model of single agent planning situations." Journal of Systems Integration 4, no. 3 (1994): 219–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01976184.

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10

Sinha, Deepak K. "The contribution of formal planning to decisions." Strategic Management Journal 11, no. 6 (1990): 479–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/smj.4250110606.

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Assoc., Prof. M. Sihab Ridwan Ph.D, and Nuh Kartini MM IA. "Strategic Planning: Intuitive-Anticipatory and Formal Planning System and the History of Strategic Planning: A Conceptual Approach." Journal of Economics, Finance And Management Studies 08, no. 05 (2025): 2705–9. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15356057.

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Strategic planning is interlinked with the entire fabric of management. It is a function and concern of managers at all levels in an organisation. The objectives of this paper is to review strategic planning to explore the conceptual foundations of strategic planning. This study adopts a qualitative method based on an extensive literature review. This study reveals that there are two types of management: that which is completed at the highest of an organisational structure is strategic management; everything else is operational management. Based on the extensive literature review, this study a

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12

Uzzell, Douglas. "Dissonance of Formal and Informal Planning Styles, Or Can Formal Planners Do Bricolage?" City Society 4, no. 2 (1990): 114–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/city.1990.4.2.114.

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13

Dimitrovska Andrews, Kaliopa. "Mastering the city: Formal and informal planning tools." Urbani izziv 9, no. 2 (1998): 111–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.5379/urbani-izziv-en-1998-09-02-001.

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14

Orlick, S. C. "Justifying the value of a formal planning education." Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design 20, no. 5 (1993): 499–510. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/b200499.

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15

Nogueira, Fernando, Monique Borges, and Jan-Hendrik Wolf. "Collaborative Decision-Making in Non-formal Planning Settings." Group Decision and Negotiation 26, no. 5 (2017): 875–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10726-016-9518-2.

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16

Falshaw, J. Richard, Keith W. Glaister, and Ekrem Tatoglu. "Evidence on formal strategic planning and company performance." Management Decision 44, no. 1 (2006): 9–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/00251740610641436.

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17

Dooris, Michael J., and G. Gregory Lozier. "Adapting formal planning approaches: The pennsylvania state university." New Directions for Institutional Research 1990, no. 67 (1990): 5–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ir.37019906703.

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18

Kabir, Md Humayun. "Corporate Social Responsibility in the Formal Strategic Planning of South African Listed Companies." Asian Journal of Business and Accounting 17, no. 1 (2024): 79–118. http://dx.doi.org/10.22452/ajba.vol17no1.3.

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Manuscript type: Research paper Research aims: This study investigates the relationship between formal strategic planning and corporate social responsibility (CSR) in the South African context, considering JSE-listed companies. Design/Methodology/Approach: This study employed multiple-scale items with a five-point Likert scale to measure CSR and formal strategic planning. A chi-square test was performed to test the significance of the relationship between the variables. Research findings: The analysis of all South African listed companies (i.e., JSE-listed companies) revealed that formal strat

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Hadi, Rizal, Wahidmurni, Ni'matuz Zuhro, and Nur Yanah. "Business Plan for Non-formal Education Services." Airlangga Journal of Innovation Management 6, no. 1 (2025): 86–102. https://doi.org/10.20473/ajim.v6i1.64916.

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Business plan design skills are essential competency for entrepreneurs, as a well-crafted business plan helps stakeholders easily understand and trust the proposed document. This study aims to describe business planning analysis from four key perspectives: (1) marketing, (2) operations, (3) human resources, and (4) finance, and focusing on the case of Gama Private Center, a non-formal educational institution. This study used qualitative case study approach. The findings reveal that Gama Private Center employs a structured business plan that includes: (1) a marketing strategy informed by market

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20

Idak, Yu. "REPRESENTATION OF MORPHOLOGICAL CONTENT IN CITY PLANNING." Vìsnik Nacìonalʹnogo unìversitetu "Lʹvìvsʹka polìtehnìka". Serìâ Arhìtektura 5, no. 2 (2023): 53–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/sa2023.02.053.

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Morphological content is a fundamental concept denoting the formal and essential aspects of objects in the realm of morphology. Such a concept encourages a multifaceted analysis and understanding of the form and structure capable of embracing elements in the surrounding world. In the context of urban planning, morphological content serves as a crucial tool for analyzing and interpreting the formal expression of a city and its structural elements. It encompasses the collection of things, connections, attributes, properties, and processes that define the substantive aspects of urban structure an

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Schwenk, Charles R., and Charles B. Shrader. "Effects of Formal Strategic Planning on Financial Performance in Small Firms: A Meta-Analysis." Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice 17, no. 3 (1993): 53–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/104225879301700304.

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Researchers have been examining the effects of formal strategic planning on small firm financial performance for more than twenty years. Reviewers of prior studies have drawn differing conclusions as to whether formal planning improves small firm performance. We have applied meta-analysis for the first time to the results of previous studies on formal strategic planning and small firm performance. The results suggest that even though the size of the effects for planning for individual studies Is not large, the overall relationship between formal planning and performance across studies Is posit

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Caughron, Jay J., and Michael D. Mumford. "Project Planning: The Effects of Using Formal Planning Techniques on Creative Problem-Solving." Creativity and Innovation Management 17, no. 3 (2008): 204–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8691.2008.00484.x.

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23

Dibrell, Clay, Justin B. Craig, and Donald O. Neubaum. "Linking the formal strategic planning process, planning flexibility, and innovativeness to firm performance." Journal of Business Research 67, no. 9 (2014): 2000–2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2013.10.011.

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Abbas, Mahmud Ph. D., and Mohammed Saad Kasim. "Planning Implementation and Evaluation of Adult and NonFormal Education Programme in Nigeria." International Journal of Social Science And Human Research 05, no. 08 (2022): 3533–37. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6988631.

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The paper title planning implementation, evaluation of adult and non formal education programme in Nigeria examine the concepts planning as systematic arrangement of human and material resources to coordinate the activities of the organization or programme. The paper also looked at need analysis and programme planning of adult and non formal which include: asking, observing and testing. The paper also examines types of planning in adult and non formal education programme which include among others: hierarchical, frequency and contingency. The authors discuss in details steps in programme plann

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25

Damurski, Łukasz. "From Formal to Semi-formal and Informal Communication in Urban Planning. Insights from Polish Municipalities." European Planning Studies 23, no. 8 (2015): 1568–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09654313.2014.993935.

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Denis, Jean-Louis, Ann Langley, and Daniel Lozeau. "The Role and Impact of Formal Strategic Planning in Public Hospitals." Health Services Management Research 8, no. 2 (1995): 86–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/095148489500800202.

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In recent years, formal strategic planning methods originally developed for private business have been increasingly adopted by health care institutions, including publicly funded hospitals. Yet, as a technocratic management process, formal planning may seem at first sight to run counter to the natural mode of strategy formation in these organizations where negotiation and mutual adjustment between powerful groups of professionals, managers and government agencies traditionally control decision-making. This article describes an exploratory study aimed at understanding how formal strategic plann

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Xin, Cheng, Lukas Grunau, Mario Thron, and Matthias Riedl. "Enhancements in formal process description by using a formal method." at - Automatisierungstechnik 71, no. 3 (2023): 198–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/auto-2022-0103.

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Abstract To facilitate the planning of product processes, the Formalized Process Description (FPD) model was proposed. It enables users to graphically describe the requirements of a production process. However, the FPD model has limits. To overcome these limits, this paper describes an extension of the FPD model, which is called the Extended FPD model. The objects in the Extended FPD model are assigned types and logical statements to represent their specifications. Hence, the expressive power of the FPD model is enhanced. In this paper, a formal definition of the Extended FPD model is also pre

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Starkowski, Dariusz, and Paweł Bardziński. "Formal and Legal Conditions of Municipal Waste Transport Planning." Engineering and Protection of Environment 20, no. 3 (2017): 399–420. http://dx.doi.org/10.17512/ios.2017.3.10.

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Giraud, Kelly, Tom Jacobus, and Kent Nelson. "Improving Workforce Productivity Through Formal Maintenance Planning and Scheduling." Proceedings of the Water Environment Federation 2016, no. 1 (2016): 248–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.2175/193864716821124070.

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Abdulaziz, Mohammad, and Lukas Koller. "Formal Semantics and Formally Verified Validation for Temporal Planning." Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence 36, no. 9 (2022): 9635–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v36i9.21197.

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We present a simple and concise semantics for temporal planning. Our semantics are developed and formalised in the logic of the interactive theorem prover Isabelle/HOL. We derive from those semantics a validation algorithm for temporal planning and show, using a formal proof in Isabelle/HOL, that this validation algorithm implements our semantics. We experimentally evaluate our verified validation algorithm and show that it is practical.

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Giraud, Kelly, Tom Jacobus, and Kent Nelson. "Improving Workforce Productivity Through Formal Maintenance Planning and Scheduling." Proceedings of the Water Environment Federation 2015, no. 4 (2015): 1–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.2175/193864715819556534.

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32

Hornaday, Robert W., and Kent E. Curran. "Formal Planning and the Performance of Business Simulation Teams." Simulation & Gaming 27, no. 2 (1996): 206–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1046878196272005.

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Jacome, M. G., and S. W. Director. "A formal basis for design process planning and management." IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems 15, no. 10 (1996): 1197–210. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/43.541440.

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Xiao, Xuesu, Jan Dufek, and Robin R. Murphy. "Robot Risk-Awareness by Formal Risk Reasoning and Planning." IEEE Robotics and Automation Letters 5, no. 2 (2020): 2856–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/lra.2020.2974434.

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Shin, Susanna H., and Niten Singh. "IP169. Vascular Surgery Trainees Should Have Formal Career Planning." Journal of Vascular Surgery 67, no. 6 (2018): e132. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvs.2018.03.171.

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36

Lyle, John T. "The utility of semi-formal models in ecological planning." Landscape and Urban Planning 21, no. 1-2 (1991): 47–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0169-2046(91)90032-h.

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Cialdea Mayer, Marta, Andrea Orlandini, and Alessandro Umbrico. "Planning and execution with flexible timelines: a formal account." Acta Informatica 53, no. 6-8 (2015): 649–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00236-015-0252-z.

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HIROSE, Keiichi, and Haruyuki FUJII. "A FORMAL REPRESENTATION OF PLANNING KNOWLEDGE FOR STRUCTURAL DESIGN." Journal of Structural and Construction Engineering (Transactions of AIJ) 64, no. 516 (1999): 173–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.3130/aijs.64.173.

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39

Armstrong, J. Scott. "The value of formal planning for strategic decisions: Reply." Strategic Management Journal 7, no. 2 (1986): 183–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/smj.4250070207.

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O'Regan, Nicholas, and Abby Ghobadian. "Formal strategic planning: annual raindance or wheel of success?" Strategic Change 16, no. 1-2 (2007): 11–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jsc.777.

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Elboher, Amihay, Ava Bensoussan, Erez Karpas, Wheeler Ruml, Shahaf S. Shperberg, and Eyal Shimony. "A Formal Metareasoning Model of Concurrent Planning and Execution." Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence 37, no. 10 (2023): 12427–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v37i10.26464.

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Agents that plan and act in the real world must deal with the fact that time passes as they are planning. When timing is tight, there may be insufficient time to complete the search for a plan before it is time to act. By commencing execution before search concludes, one gains time to search by making planning and execution concurrent. However, this incurs the risk of making incorrect action choices, especially if actions are irreversible. This tradeoff between opportunity and risk is the problem addressed in this paper. Our main contribution is to formally define this setting as an abstract m

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Thomeer, Mieke Beth, Rachel Donnelly, Corinne Reczek, and Debra Umberson. "Planning for Future Care and the End of Life: A Qualitative Analysis of Gay, Lesbian, and Heterosexual Couples." Journal of Health and Social Behavior 58, no. 4 (2017): 473–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022146517735524.

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Two key components of end-of-life planning are (1) informal discussions about future care and other end-of-life preferences and (2) formal planning via living wills and other legal documents. We leverage previous work on the institutional aspects of marriage and on sexual-minority discrimination to theorize why and how heterosexual, gay, and lesbian married couples engage in informal and formal end-of-life planning. We analyze qualitative dyadic in-depth interviews with 45 midlife gay, lesbian, and heterosexual married couples ( N = 90 spouses). Findings suggest that same-sex spouses devote co

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Firdous, Amnah, Najia Saher, Afsah Imtiaz Elahi, and Uzma Waheed. "Formal Specification and Design of E-Learning IMS." Review of Applied Management and Social Sciences 4, no. 1 (2021): 307–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.47067/ramss.v4i1.125.

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The purpose of this research study is to look at, how the utilization of planning techniques / strategies having the most important impacts on any project /organization’s success and imaginative problem?solving. In particular Project Planning Techniques, three most important arranging basic strategies including, Gantt graphs, case?based arranging and basic way investigation, were studied &analyzed. As this study is an empirical in nature which purposes to highlight the project standards used to examine the accomplishment of projects and the project planning techniques being practically app

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Pudzis, Edgars, Sanda Geipele, Armands Auzins, et al. "Evaluation of Formal and Informal Spatial Coastal Area Planning Process in Baltic Sea Region." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 9 (2021): 4895. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18094895.

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Many shared views of both scholars and practitioners reflect spatial planning as a place-creating process that must be understood from a multi-level perspective. Formal and informal planning modes have variations in planning practices in different countries. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the interaction of formal and informal spatial planning in the frame of the spatial planning system in the Baltic Sea region. We were searching to highlight the involvement possibilities of territorial communities in the spatial planning process around the Baltic Sea region, focusing on coastal areas and

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45

Eka Wulandari, Agnes Rini, Rr Tutik Sri Hariyati, Kuntarti Kuntarti, Hanny Handiyanti, and Titiek Muhaeriwati. "Pengalaman Perawat dalam Program Peningkatan Pendidikan Formal." Jurnal Keperawatan Silampari 6, no. 2 (2023): 1400–1412. http://dx.doi.org/10.31539/jks.v6i2.4344.

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This study aims to explore nurses' experiences in improving formal education at X Lampung Selatan Hospital. The method used is a phenomenological qualitative research design using a descriptive approach. The research results show that there are five themes for nurses' experience, namely: 1) Understanding of the importance of formal education for nurses; 2) Support for nurses in continuing their studies; 3) Obstacles in increasing formal education; 4) Satisfaction with the manager's efforts to support education improvement; 5) Impact of formal education improvement program. In conclusion, the n

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Ben Lamine, Rihab, Raoudha Ben Jemaa, and Ikram Amous Ben Amor. "Formal Specification of Adaptable Semantic Web Services Composition." International Journal of Information Technology and Web Engineering 13, no. 4 (2018): 14–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijitwe.2018100102.

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This article proposes a formal specification method for Web services composition based on context-aware semantic planning graph technique. The authors first use a graph planning technique to conceive an adaptable semantic Web services composition. They use an ontology based context model for extending Web services descriptions with information about the most suitable context for its use. Then, the composition problem is transformed into a semantic context aware graph planning problem to build a set of best-composed Web services based on the user's context. Because of the error-prone nature of

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Kibona, Degratias. "Influence of Financial Management Capabilities on Semi-Formal Financial Accessibility among Incubated Small and Medium Entrepreneurs in Tanzania." UONGOZI Journal of Management and Development Dynamics 32, no. 1 (2024): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.69522/uongozi.v32i1.83.

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Financial management capabilities are expected to positively influence financial accessibility among entrepreneurs. This article examines the influence of financial management capabilities among incubated entrepreneurs on their access to semi-formal finance. Financial management capabilities were measured by financial decision-making, analysis of financial information, and financial planning capabilities. Relevant information was collected from 117 Tanzanian incubated entrepreneurs. Data was analysed using the SPSS Version 20, and multiple regression analysis to test the impact of financial de

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48

Abdulaziz, Mohammad. "Interactive Theorem Provers: Applications in AI, Opportunities, and Challenges." Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence 38, no. 20 (2024): 22660. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v38i20.30276.

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Interactive theorem provers (ITPs) are computer programs in which axioms and a conjecture are stated in a formal language, and a user provides the ITP with relatively high-level steps of a formal proof for the conjecture. Then, by invoking automated theorem provers, the ITP tries to generate low-level steps that fill the gaps between the steps provided by the user, thus forming a complete formal proof of the conjecture. The ITP also checks the entire formal proof against the axioms, thus confirming the soundness of all derivations in the formal proof. In this talk, I will discuss the existing

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Powell, Paul C., and Charles I. Zigelman. "Formal Manufacturing Approaches to Modern Shipbuilding." Journal of Ship Production 5, no. 03 (1989): 188–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.5957/jsp.1989.5.3.188.

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This paper describes how a formal manufacturing environment, as defined by the American Production and Inventory Control Society (APICS), compares with modern shipbuilding techniques. Formal manufacturing, through a product-based build strategy, provides a framework for integrating contract scheduling, design development, material purchasing, inventory control, production capacity planning, and production control. An understanding of formal manufacturing provides a foundation for understanding modern shipbuilding techniques.

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M Gbadamosi, Olasunkanmi, Luke N. Onuoha, and Jonathan Chinaka Nwosu. "Planning and Financing Continuing and Non-Formal Education in Nigeria." Issues in Informing Science and Information Technology 10 (2013): 185–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.28945/1805.

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