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Journal articles on the topic 'Formaldehyde solution'

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Published: 5 June 2025

Last updated: 15 July 2025

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H., C. MALHOTRA, and S. JASSAL P. "Kinetics of Acid-cataiysed Resorcinol-Formaldehyde Reaction." Journal of Indian Chemical Society Vol. 62, Sep 1985 (1985): 657–61. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6322157.

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Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi, Delhi-110 007 Manuscript received 12 July 1984, revised 22 April 1985, accepted 11 September 1985 A kinetic study of the reaction of resorcinol with formaldehyde has been carried out at temperatures 65, 70, 75 and 80° using hydrochloric acid as catalyst. The pH was maintained at 2.15, 2.38, 2.75 and 3.20. The rate is found to increase with the decrease in pH of the reaction. The reaction follows an overall second order rate kinetics. The overall rate constant has been resolved Into the step rate constants. The Arrhenius parameters for the overall reaction and also for the step reactions have been calculated. A comparative study of the overall second order rate constant for resorcinol-formaldehyde reaction has been made with those of overall second order rate constant for phenol-formaldehyde and p-cresol-formaldehyde reaction in order to establish the effect of substituents on the rate of the reaction.

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Selinay BORAZAN, Murat Sırrı AKOSMAN, Recep KARA, and Abdurrahman Fatih FİDAN. "Storage solutions containing tea tree oil may be alternative cadaver detection and storage solution." World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews 25, no. 3 (2025): 1120–29. https://doi.org/10.30574/wjarr.2025.25.3.0825.

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Cadaver education in health sciences is very important for the professional development of the student. Dead human or animal bodies are used for cadaver training. It is aimed to be used for many years by exposing the bodies to various chemicals immediately after they die, purifying them from microbes and ending autolysis. The chemical formaldehyde is the most common and most easily applicable chemical for this process today. Although widely used, formaldehyde has negative effects on students, employees and the environment. These problems have pushed scientists into different pursuits. In this study, both a cadaver fixation and a cadaver storage solution that can be used in a healthy way instead of formaldehyde were investigated. As a result of the literature review, a solution composition consisting of a mixture of borax, nitrate, nitrite, glycerin, alcohol and thyme oil was created. Half of the seven kidneys, which were brought from the slaughterhouse and divided into two equal halves longitudinally, were left in this solution, and the other half was placed in the 10% formaldehyde solution used for cadaver storage for fixation for one month. When the kidneys were examined after one month, it was observed that the microbial growth in the solution remained low enough not to cause any deterioration. While color changes were at better levels than formaldehyde, texture profile analysis values were found to be closer to fresh kidney tissue. Although the tissue can be recognized at any magnification in histological examinations, it was observed that the cell nuclei received less dye in some sections at x100 magnification. As a result, it was concluded that this solution can be used as a cadaver fixation and storage solution, but more research is needed on it.

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Schlosser, Manfred, Titus Jenny, and Yves Guggisberg. "Monomeric Formaldehyde in Ethereal Solution." Synlett 1990, no. 11 (1990): 704. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-1990-21218.

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Benet, Arnau, Jordina Rincon-Torroella, Michael T. Lawton, and J. J. González Sánchez. "Novel embalming solution for neurosurgical simulation in cadavers." Journal of Neurosurgery 120, no. 5 (2014): 1229–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/2014.1.jns131857.

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Object Surgical simulation using postmortem human heads is one of the most valid strategies for neurosurgical research and training. The authors customized an embalming formula that provides an optimal retraction profile and lifelike physical properties while preventing microorganism growth and brain decay for neurosurgical simulations in cadavers. They studied the properties of the customized formula and compared its use with the standard postmortem processing techniques: cryopreservation and formaldehyde-based embalming. Methods Eighteen specimens were prepared for neurosurgical simulation: 6 formaldehyde embalmed, 6 cryopreserved, and 6 custom embalmed. The customized formula is a mixture of ethanol 62.4%, glycerol 17%, phenol 10.2%, formaldehyde 2.3%, and water 8.1%. After a standard pterional craniotomy, retraction profiles and brain stiffness were studied using an intracranial pressure transducer and monitor. Preservation time—that is, time that tissue remained in optimal condition—between specimen groups was also compared through periodical reports during a 48-hour simulation. Results The mean (± standard deviation) retraction pressures were highest in the formaldehyde group and lowest in the cryopreserved group. The customized formula provided a mean retraction pressure almost 3 times lower than formaldehyde (36 ± 3 vs 103 ± 14 mm Hg, p < 0.01) and very similar to cryopreservation (24 ± 6 mm Hg, p < 0.01). For research purposes, preservation time in the cryopreserved group was limited to 4 hours and was unlimited for the customized and formaldehyde groups for the duration of the experiment. Conclusions The customized embalming solution described herein is optimal for allowing retraction and surgical maneuverability while preventing decay. The authors were able to significantly lower the formaldehyde content as compared with that in standard formulas. The custom embalming solution has the benefits from both cryopreservation (for example, biological brain tissue properties) and formaldehyde embalming (for example, preservation time and microorganism growth prevention) and minimizes their drawbacks, that is, rapid decay in the former and stiffness in the latter. The presented embalming formula provides an important advance for neurosurgical simulations in research and teaching.

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Can, Z. S., and M. D. Gurol. "Effect of bromide ions on formaldehyde formation during ozonation of drinking waters." Water Supply 1, no. 4 (2001): 119–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2001.0075.

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The effect of bromide ions on formaldehyde formation during ozonation was studied by ozonating solutions of Suwannee River humic acids at three different bromide ion concentrations in a semi-batch system. No significant effect was observed during the initial 20 minutes of ozonation in the presence of 1 mg/l of bromide and during 10 minutes of ozonation in the presence of 10 mg/l bromide ions in solution. However, upon further ozonation, formaldehyde formation was significantly slower in the humic acid solution containing 10 mg/l of bromide. The effect of bromide ions at the later stages of ozonation was due to the formation of oxidized bromide species, which act as efficient hydroxyl radical scavengers in the system. The presence of 10 mg/l chloride ions in solution did not affect formaldehyde formation during 50 minutes of ozonation.

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Richter, William, Michelle Sunderman, Zachary Willenberg, Michael Calfee, Shannon Serre, and Joseph P. Wood. "Effectiveness of formaldehyde in various soil types as a wide area decontamination approach for Bacillus anthracis spores." PLOS ONE 17, no. 11 (2022): e0277941. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0277941.

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The purpose of this study was to evaluate and compare the decontamination efficacy of liquid formaldehyde solutions for three soil types (sand, loam, and clay) against spores of Bacillus anthracis (B.a.) and Bacillus atrophaeus. Approximately 1 x 108 colony forming units were inoculated into each sample. Through a series of six bench-scale experiments, two concentrations and two volumes of liquid formaldehyde solution were then added to the soil samples and allowed to remain in contact for either 24 or 48 hours. Decontamination efficacy was assessed at either 22° or 10°C with or without lids atop the sample jars. Complete inactivation (no spores recovered from the soil samples, typically providing > 7 log reduction) of B.a. occurred in all soil types in five of the six tests, while complete inactivation of B. atrophaeus was achieved in all soil types for three of the six tests. The results demonstrated a higher probability of complete inactivation of spores for samples that were covered, samples that received the higher volume of formaldehyde, and those contaminated with B.a. Overall, the use of liquid formaldehyde solution (2.5–5%) was highly effective in inactivating entire spore populations (typically > 107 CFU) for both B.a. and B. atrophaeus in the soil matrices studied. Covering the soil after application would allow for less formaldehyde solution to be used without impacting the overall efficacy of the process. The data from this study may aid in the selection of appropriate decontamination parameters when using liquid formaldehyde for soil remediation. The data may also aid in the decision to use B. atrophaeus as a surrogate for B.a. when performing further decontamination studies using liquid formalin solutions.

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Reinhardt, Robert M., and B. A. Kottes Andrews. "A Vapor Transport Method for Estimating Free Formaldehyde in Solutions of Textile Chemicals." Textile Research Journal 58, no. 7 (1988): 409–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/004051758805800706.

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A method to determine the free formaldehyde contents of solutions of textile chemicals was investigated. The amount of free formaldehyde in various solutions could be estimated quantitatively by a vapor transport method. Previous studies on vapor transport of formaldehyde to and from cotton fabrics had suggested the promise of this technique for quantification. With proper control of conditions, a direct relationship exists between free formaldehyde in a solution and that transported to cotton. The new vapor transport method eliminates much of the interference that complicates or prohibits the use of current analytical methods with solutions containing complex mixtures of textile chemicals. The study gives a description of the method, representative data obtained and their statistical correlation, and an indication of further development needed for standardization of the method.

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Jin, Xiaohong C., Regina M. Ballentine, William P. Gardner, et al. "Determination of Formaldehyde Yields in E-Cigarette Aerosols: An Evaluation of the Efficiency of the DNPH Derivatization Method." Separations 8, no. 9 (2021): 151. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/separations8090151.

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Recent reports have suggested that (1) formaldehyde levels (measured as a hydrazone derivative using the DNPH derivatization method) in Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems (ENDS) products were underreported because formaldehyde may react with propylene glycol (PG) and glycerin (Gly) in the aerosol to form hemiacetals; (2) the equilibrium would shift from the hemiacetals to the acetals in the acidic DNPH trapping solution. In both cases, neither the hemiacetal nor the acetal would react with DNPH to form the target formaldehyde hydrazone, due to the lack of the carbonyl functional group, thus underreporting formaldehyde. These reports were studied in our laboratory. Our results showed that the aerosol generated from formaldehyde-fortified e-liquids provided a near-quantitative recovery of formaldehyde in the aerosol, suggesting that if any hemiacetal was formed in the aerosol, it would readily hydrolyze to free formaldehyde and, consequently, form formaldehyde hydrazone in the acidic DNPH trapping solution. We demonstrated that custom-synthesized Gly and PG hemiacetal adducts added to the DNPH trapping solution would readily hydrolyze to form the formaldehyde hydrazone. We demonstrated that acetals of PG and Gly present in e-liquid are almost completely transferred to the aerosol during aerosolization. The study results demonstrate that the DNPH derivatization method allows for an accurate measurement of formaldehyde in vapor products.

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Berlian, Zainal, Elfira Rosa Pane, and Sri Hartati. "EFEKTIVITAS KUNYIT (Curcuma domestica) SEBAGAI PEREDUKSI FORMALIN PADA TAHU." Jurnal SainHealth 1, no. 1 (2017): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.51804/jsh.v1i1.72.1-14.

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The use of formalin increasingly widely circulated among sellers tahu, because nature tahu easily broken then the sellers know much use out using formalin. Turmeric has active compounds that issaponin. It can be used to minimize the presence of formaldehyde in tahu This study used tahu immersed in 5% formalin solution added a solution of turmeric. The research carried on in the Laboratory of the Polytechnic Palembang Health Nutrition Department. Determination of formaldehyde using a spectrophotometer test. The study used a completely randomized design (CRD) with a model of Factorial three factors, namely soaking treatment (60 minutes, 75 minutes, 90 minutes) giving a solution of Turmeric (0 %, 10 %, 15 %, 20 %) and storage factor (0, 24, 48, 72 hours). The parameters used are formaldehyde levels and organoleptic test. These results indicate that treatment of soaking time did not significantly affect the levels of formaldehyde in tahu that F count -0.022 smaller than F table 6.94. Treatment addition of turmeric solution concentration does not significantly affect the levels of formaldehyde at 0.864 tahu that F count is smaller than F table 3.16. The storage time treatment also did not significantly affect the levels of formaldehyde in tahu that F count -11.16 smaller than 2.73. However, the interaction between the immersion treatment, turmeric solution concentration and storage time significantly affect the levels of formaldehyde in the tahu, namely 282.16 F count larger than F table 1.75. And the results of organoleptic able to change the texture of aroma and color in tahu with decreasing levels of formaldehyde in tahu. In this study, formaldehyde levels lowest in 90 minutes soaking treatment, the concentration of 20 % deposit 72 hours .

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Hayashi, Tateki, Clayton A. Reece, and Takayuki Shibamoto. "Gas Chromatographic Determination of Formaldehyde in Coffee Via Thiazolidine Derivative." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 69, no. 1 (1986): 101–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/69.1.101.

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Abstract Thiazolidine formed from trace quantities of formaldehyde in an aqueous solution containing cysteamine at pH 8 was extracted with chloroform and subsequently analyzed by a gas chromatograph equipped with a fused silica capillary column and a thermionic nitrogen-phosphorus specific detector. Recoveries of formaldehyde from the aqueous solutions at levels lower than 1 ppm were slightly over 100%. Quantitative analysis of formaldehyde in commercial brewed and instant coffees showed 3.4-4.5 ppm in the brewed and 10-16.3 ppm in the instant coffee.

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Barokah, Giri Rohmad, Hedi Indra Januar, Tati Nurhayati, and Agoes Jacoeb. "Muscle tissue structural changes in bombay-duck (Harpodon nehereus) induced by formaldehyde solution during post-mortem storage." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1033, no. 1 (2022): 012067. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1033/1/012067.

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Abstract Formaldehyde is a harmful compound that is usually used as an illegal preservative agent in fisheries products to prevent spoilage and extend shelf life. In several fishery products, formaldehyde can be formed endogenously during the post mortem process through degradation of trimethylamine oxide (TMAO) by enzymatic process. Exogenous and endogenous formaldehyde can affect the textural and structural change in fish muscle tissue significantly influencing flesh quality. This study was aimed to characterize the structural change of the muscle tissue in Bombay duck (Harpodon nehereus) that is immersed with formaldehyde solution on chilling storage temperature. The Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) analysis was used to identify and characterize the structural change in muscle tissue samples, which were immersed with formaldehyde solution 0%, 1%, 3%, and 5%. SEM analysis identified that in transversal section samples immersed with formaldehyde solution 0% (control) intermyofibrillar space was increased significantly during post mortem storage. This was in line with the increased of myofibril, connective tissue and sarcolemma lost on samples. Furthermore, on samples that were immersed with formaldehyde solution 1%,3%, and 5% the degradation of myofibril and intermyofibrillar was can be held and the connectivity tissue muscle still showed strong aggregation during post mortem storage.

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Moura, Juliana Silva, Lidiany Karla Azevedo Rodrigues, Altair Antoninha Del Bel Cury, Emilena Maria Castor Xisto Lima, and Renata Matheus Cunha Rodrigues Garcia. "Influence of storage solution on enamel demineralization submitted to pH cycling." Journal of Applied Oral Science 12, no. 3 (2004): 205–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1678-77572004000300008.

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Extracted human teeth are frequently used for research or educational purposes. Therefore, it is necessary to store them in disinfectant solutions that do not alter dental structures. Thus, this study evaluated the influence of storage solution on enamel demineralization. For that purpose, sixty samples were divided into the following groups: enamel stored in formaldehyde (F1), stored in thymol (T1), stored in formaldehyde and submitted to pH cycling (F2), stored in thymol and submitted to pH cycling (T2). All samples were evaluated by cross-sectional microhardness analysis and had their percentage of mineral volume versus micrometer (integrated area) determined. Differences between groups were found up to 30-µm depth from the enamel surface (p < 0.05), where samples from group T2 were more demineralized. It was concluded that the storage solution influenced the reaction of a dental substrate to a cariogenic challenge, suggesting that formaldehyde may increase enamel resistance to demineralization, when compared to demineralization occurring in enamel stored in thymol solution.

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Boice, D. C., D. W. Naegeli, and W. F. Huebner. "Polyoxymethylene in Cometary Dust: Laboratory Tests." International Astronomical Union Colloquium 126 (1991): 265–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0252921100066926.

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AbstractWe have investigated the stability of gas-phase formaldehyde oligomers and its implications for cometary science. Our experiments indicate that when a formaldehyde-methanol solution is vaporized in the mass spectrometer, high molecular mass POM species (45, 61, 75, 91, 105, 121, 135, 151, 165 amu) exist in the gas phase in the temperature range 473 K to 773 K. These laboratory results complement our previous experiments using a formaldehyde-water solution and indicate that formaldehyde oligomers are stable in the gas phase up to at least 6 monomeric units in length. Methanol is important in the end-capping process of the oligomers, leading to increased stability and a richer mass spectrum when compared to the formaldehyde-water solution. The results are consistent with mass spectra obtained by theGiottoPICCA instrument exhibiting alternating 14-16 amu mass peaks.

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Amirudin, Tedy, and Bayu Pratama Putra. "Pengawetan Preparat Jaringan Anatomi Plastinasi." Jurnal Ilmiah Ecosystem 23, no. 1 (2023): 197–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.35965/eco.v23i1.2526.

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Pengenalan formalin, larutan formaldehida, sebagai desinfektan dan fiksatif merupakan peningkatan penting dalam ilmu anatomi dan histologi. Tulisan ini merupakan garis besar sejarah penggunaan formalin berdasarkan teks sumber primer dan kajian sejarah. Kami menggambarkan bagaimana penemuan asetaldehida pada abad ke-18 mengarah pada pengembangan formalin sebagai bahan yang paling umum dalam cairan pembalseman di abad ke-20 dan masih digunakan sampai sekarang. Kontribusi yang sangat penting untuk proses ini dibuat oleh Justus von Liebig, Alexander Butlerow dan August Wilhelm Hofmann dalam pengembangan teknik preparasi anatomis dan histologis, dan oleh Ferdinand Blum, Ferdinand Julius Cohn, Frederick C. Kenyon dan Victor Wehr dalam penggunaan praktis dari larutan formaldehida dalam pengawetan dan fiksasi jaringan lunak. Namun, formalin bukannya tanpa kekurangan dan karena toksisitasnya semakin dipahami, metode untuk mengurangi efeknya dituntut. Akhirnya teknik preparasi yang lebih aman dikembangkan, termasuk plastinasi Hagens dan Metode Pembalseman Thiel. Teknik-teknik ini suatu hari nanti mungkin sebagian besar menggantikan larutan formalin konsentrasi tinggi tetapi keduanya masih membutuhkan setidaknya sejumlah kecil formaldehida untuk mengawetkan jaringan untuk dipelajari. The introduction of formalin, formaldehyde solution, as a disinfectant and fixative is an important advance in anatomy and histology. This paper is an outline of the history of the use of formalin based on primary source texts and historical studies. We describe how the discovery of acetaldehyde in the 18th century led to the development of formaldehyde as the most common ingredient in embalming fluids in the 20th century and is still used today. Very important contributions to this process were made by Justus von Liebig, Alexander Butlerow and August Wilhelm Hofmann in the development of anatomical and histological preparation techniques, and by Ferdinand Blum, Ferdinand Julius Cohn, Frederick C. Kenyon and Victor Wehr in the practical use of formaldehyde solutions in preservation and fixation of soft tissues. However, formalin is not without drawbacks and as its toxicity is increasingly understood, methods to mitigate its effects are demanded. Eventually safer preparation techniques were developed, including Hagens plastination and Thiel's Method of Embalming. These techniques may one day largely replace high-concentration formalin solutions but both still require at least small amounts of formaldehyde to preserve the tissue for study.

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Krupin, К. N., A. A. Supil'nikov, P. A. Lopanchuk, E. A. Mishurinskaya, and Ya Frishons. "Modern methods of fixation of biological material for educational purposes." Bulletin of the Medical Institute "REAVIZ" (REHABILITATION, DOCTOR AND HEALTH) 14, no. 5 (2024): 13–17. https://doi.org/10.20340/vmi-rvz.2024.5.morph.1.

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To ensure the safety of the educational process, the world is constantly looking for new ways to fix autopsy material. The purpose of our work was to search for literature data on new preservative solutions used in modern conditions for the fixation of cadaveric biological material for educational purposes. To achieve this goal, a scientific search was conducted on the RSCI and PUBMED database over the past 5 years with additional study of article-by-article links. As a result of the literature review, it has been established that modern methods of fixation of autopsy material have been developed, including solutions both containing formaldehyde and without its use. The current trend is determined by reducing the amount of formaldehyde used in such solutions or removing it from tissues before the educational process. Modern conservation techniques have proven themselves on the good side, allowing for the realism of biological tissues, but they are always more expensive than the standard fixation technique using an aqueous formaldehyde solution due to the cost of the solution or equipment itself.

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Nengsih, Sri, Akrajas Ali Umar, Muhamad Mat Salleh, and Muhammad Yahaya. "Detection of Formaldehyde Using Plasmonic Properties of Gold Nanoparticles ." Key Engineering Materials 495 (November 2011): 79–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.495.79.

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This paper reports a study on plasmonic properties of gold nanoparticles to detect the presence of formaldehyde solution in water. Gold nanoparticles were grown on substrates by the seed mediated growth method. A sensor system was setup, comprises a light source, a dual arm fibre optic probe, a spectrometer and sensor chamber. The detection of formaldehyde was done by comparing the Localized Surface Plasmon Resonance (LSPR) spectra of gold nanoparticles samples immersed in the deionised water and formaldehyde solution. It was observed that the peak position LSPR spectra of nanogold samples and their intensity were change by the presence formaldehyde. The difference between resonance peak intensity of LSPR spectra gold nanoparticles sample in formaldehyde solution and water can be used as sensing sensitivity parameter of the sensor. It was found that the sensing sensitivity is increase with the size of nanoparticles until it reach the optimum particles size.

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Inagamov, Sabitjan Yakubzhanovich, Feruza Azadovna Pulatova, and Gafur Israilovich Mukhamedov. "UREA FORMALDEHYDE OLIGOMERS – INHIBITORS OF POLYSACCHARIDE DESTRUCTION OF SODIUM CARBOXYMETHYL CELLULOSE, PRODUCED FROM WOOD PULP." chemistry of plant raw material, no. 1 (March 21, 2025): 95–105. https://doi.org/10.14258/jcprm.20250113181.

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The objective of this work is to study the kinetics of changes in the structure and properties of interpolymer complexes obtained on the basis of sodium carboxymethylcellulose polysaccharide (Na-CMC) with urea-formaldehyde oligomers (UFO). The stability period of solutions of Na-CMC interpolymer complexes with UFO determination of viscosity at various temperatures has been studied. Experimental data show that when storing aqueous solutions of Na-CMC, the viscosity decreases due to changes in the structure due to the rupture of polyester bonds, which leads to a decrease in the molecular weight of Na-CMC. With the addition of a urea-formaldehyde oligomer and the formation of a polycomplex, the stability time of the Na-CMC solution increases due to inhibition of the destruction of sodium carboxymethyl cellulose in aqueous systems. The results of the viscosity study are also confirmed by IR spectroscopic data, which show a decrease in the intensity of the absorption band related to the oxygen bridge of sodium carboxymethylcellulose, which leads to a decrease in the viscosity of Na-CMC solutions. Addition of a urea-formaldehyde oligomer to Na-CMC, i.e. the formation of a polycomplex between the constituent components of Na-CMC and UFO leads to an increase in the stability period of Na-CMC solutions by 4-5 times. For stable storage of Na-CMC solutions, solutions of urea-formaldehyde oligomers that inhibit the destruction of the Na-CMC solution can be used as a highly effective preservative.

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Rahayuningsih, Edia, Ayub Wijayanto, and Putri Nurfitasari. "Preservation of Natural Colorant Extract of Jalawe Fruit Peel (Terminalia bellirica) in Water-Based Solution." Indonesian Journal of Chemistry 16, no. 3 (2018): 315. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/ijc.21148.

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The general objective of this study is to preserve natural colorant extract of jalawe fruit peel in water-based solution during storing. The specific objectives in this research are finding suitable type and amount of antimicrobial compound to prevent biological degradation of the natural colorant jalawe extract, as well as determining the colorant half-life by evaluating its degradation rate. The colorant extract solution was added to a reactor followed by addition of an antimicrobial compound. Samples were taken at certain periods of time and they were then centrifuged to separate the flock from the mixture. The amounts of colorant compound in the solution and microbes in the flock were analyzed using a gravimetric method. The results showed that solutions of formaldehyde in water and chitosan in acetic acid could inhibit the degradation of jalawe extract. The most effective concentrations of formaldehyde and chitosan in the jalawe extract were 0.015 and 0.125%, respectively, with respect to total volume of the extract. The half-life of jalawe extract in a water based solution with the addition of formaldehyde and chitosan was 140 and 180 days respectively, while that without any addition of the antimicrobial compounds was 25 days.

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Siribunbandal, P., S. Pudwat, T. Osotchan, and R. Jaisutti. "Colorimetric sensor for formaldehyde detection using thiol-functionalized polydiacetylene and zinc oxide nanocomposites." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2431, no. 1 (2023): 012010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2431/1/012010.

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Abstract Formaldehyde is a toxic pollutant that harmful effect on human health. This work focus on the development of a colorimetric sensor to detect formaldehyde solution using composites of polydiacetylene (PDA), thiol-functionalized polydiacetylene (PDA-SH) and zinc oxide (ZnO) nanosheets. The as-prepared PDA/PDA-SH/ZnO vesicles exhibit a blue color, and change to a red color in the presence of formaldehyde solution. With increasing formaldehyde concentrations, the optical absorption spectra show the decreasing of absorption intensity at 640 nm wavelength, and new absorption peak occurred at 540 nm wavelength with increasing its intensity. Additionally, the PDA/PDA-SH/ZnO sensor exhibit high selective to formaldehyde and its color transition is easily observed by the naked-eye. These results indicate a possibility to use PDA/PDA-SH/ZnO sensor for on-site monitoring formaldehyde in an environment.

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Murat, Sırrı AKOSMAN, KARA Recep, and Fatih FİDAN A. "Preservation of muscle tissue with a formaldehyde-free borax solution for gross anatomy lessons." World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews 16, no. 3 (2022): 390–95. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7895287.

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It is known that formaldehyde has serious toxicological effects on medical students, laboratory workers and environmental health. Recently various scientists search for a safe preservation fluid instead of the formaldehyde. One of them and the famous one is the Thiel’s embalming solution. However, it has been realized that it causes deterioration in muscle tissues. It was determined that this deterioration was caused by the boric acid. In the present study, previously formalin fixed muscle tissues were stored into the alkali form of boron during 40 days. At the end of the trial the appearance of the borax stored cadavers was quite similar to the formalin stored cadavers. In cross-sections taken from the muscle tissues, no deterioration could observe. Additionally, there was no putrid odor; on the contrary, a slight level of formaldehyde odor. In microbiological tests, there was a slight insignificant increase in the total number of bacteria in borax solutions. As a result, it was concluded that borax could be used as a cadaveric storage solution, and it can be more appropriate to use borax instead of boric acid in Thiel's solution.

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Matějíček, Alois, and Jaroslav Černý. "Synthesis of N-hydroxymethylacrylamide in an aqueous solution." Collection of Czechoslovak Chemical Communications 51, no. 8 (1986): 1656–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1135/cccc19861656.

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The paper deals with a reaction between acrylamide and formaldehyde leading to the synthesis of N-hydroxymethylacrylamide. The reaction was carried out in the temperature range 303.2 to 333.2 K, pH 9.2-10.35, at the methanol concentration 0-6.5239 mol l-1 at the constant molar ratio of acrylamide to formaldehyde 1 : 1. The time dependence of the loss of formaldehyde in the reaction mixture was approximated by an empirical relation (cF)0 - cF = t/(A + Bt), which was used in the determination of the rate constants for a reaction leading to the synthesis of N-hydroxymethylacrylamide and for the reversible reaction, and of the equilibrium constant of the reaction. The measurements and calculations showed that the optimal conditions for the synthesis of N-hydroxymethylacrylamide were 313.2 K, methanol concentration 1.5 mol l-1 and pH 9.8-10.1.

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Martínez-Aquino, Carlos, Ana Costero, Salvador Gil, and Pablo Gaviña. "Resorcinol Functionalized Gold Nanoparticles for Formaldehyde Colorimetric Detection." Nanomaterials 9, no. 2 (2019): 302. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano9020302.

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Gold nanoparticles functionalized with resorcinol moieties have been prepared and used for detecting formaldehyde both in solution and gas phases. The detection mechanism is based on the color change of the probe upon the aggregation of the nanoparticles induced by the polymerization of the resorcinol moieties in the presence of formaldehyde. A limit of detection of 0.5 ppm in solution has been determined. The probe can be deployed for the detection of formaldehyde emissions from composite wood boards.

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Karakoyun, Zeynep Nisa, Ömer Faruk Karakoyun, Sümeyye Gül Yılmaz, and Yalcin Golcuk. "A case report on unintentional ingestion of formaldehyde solution." Ege Tıp Dergisi 63, no. 2 (2023): 313–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.19161/etd.1352530.

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Formaldehyde (FA) or formaldehyde solution, whose industrial name is formalin ad systematic name is methanal (CH2O), is an organic compound in the aldehyde structure. Industrially, FA is used for its preservative and sterilizing agent properties. Fish farms use FA solutions against bacterial diseases in juvenile fish, protect to fish, and for disinfection purposes. Although FA is a frequently used substance in the industrial, laboratory, and cosmetic fields, the literature is very scare in terms of toxic doses or symptoms in cases of oral intakes. This case describes the clinical course and wrong mismanagement acute oral FA ingesting.

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Setiarso, Pirim, and Aisyah Rahmatul Fajrin. "SYNTHESIS OF NANO-BENTONITE MODIFIED GRAPHENE OXIDE ELECTRODE FOR FORMALDEHYDE ANALYSIS BY CYCLIC VOLTAMMETRY." Jurnal Kimia Riset 9, no. 2 (2024): 144–50. https://doi.org/10.20473/jkr.v9i2.43669.

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In this research, each graphene oxide and nano-bentonite was synthesized using the Improved Hummers method and the Sonochemical method for formaldehyde detection by cyclic voltammetry. Formaldehyde detection by cyclic voltammetry has several factors to accurately detect formaldehyde, such as electrode composition, the pH of the solution, the deposition time, and the scan rate. In this study, formaldehyde detection using nano-bentonite modified graphene oxide electrode has the optimum electrode composition in the ratio of graphene oxide: paraffin: nano-bentonite 3:2:5, pH of the optimum solution for detection of formaldehyde 4, 10-second deposition time and scan rate 100 mV/sec. Nano-bentonite modified graphene oxide electrode has a detection limit of up to 0.16856 ppm (0.005613 mM) with a recovery of 99.414%. This sensor was successfully applied for formaldehyde measurement in the actual sample and showed good selectivity, sensitivity, reproducibility, and precision.

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Aditya, Dwi Martha Nur, Adhimas Setyo Wicaksono, Acik Afandi, Lady Theresa Adeodata, and Lisa Thalia Mulyanata. "NEUTRALIZE BACTERIAL ACTIVITY WITH ANATOMICAL EMBALMING SOLUTIONS." Jurnal Riset Kesehatan 11, no. 2 (2022): 123–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.31983/jrk.v11i2.9234.

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Formaldehyde had some degree of toxicity in the human body as a cadaver preservation solution. Recent studies showed that moderate formaldehyde levels in cadavers could neutralize SARS-CoV-2. However, other effects of formaldehyde levels in the air are not yet known on bacteria. This study aims to determine the optimal level of formaldehyde that can be used to neutralize bacteria and is safe for humans. This study used a post-test control group design with formaldehyde level as the independent variable and bacterial colonization as the dependent variable. The results showed that the mean levels of formaldehyde with the bacterial colony respectively were P1 (1.378±0.716; 0.40±0.10), P2 (0.347±0.038; 1.40±0.10), P3 (0.137±0.006; 2.40 ±0.10), P4 (0.042±0.005; 3.32±0.09), and P5 (0.009±0016; 4.40±0.10). The statistical analysis results revealed a value of p0.05, which indicated that the higher the formaldehyde level, the higher the ability to neutralize bacterial activity. The study concluded the optimum level for neutralizing bacterial activity safe for humans is about 0347±0038 mg/m3.

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Takeuchi, Masaharu, Tomoharu Nakayama, and Hisamitsu Yamamoto. "Charactarization of Formaldehyde-Free Electro-Less Copper Plating for Semi-Additive Process." International Symposium on Microelectronics 2021, no. 1 (2021): 000275–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4071/1085-8024-2021.1.000275.

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Abstract Typically, industrial electroless copper plating solutions use formaldehyde as a reducing agent. However, since formaldehyde has a strong odor and is a carcinogenic substance, it has an adverse effect on the working environment and the human body. Therefore, an electro-less copper plating solution containing no formaldehyde is desired. We have researched and developed a formaldehyde-free electro-less copper plating solution and evaluated its properties for applications such as panel level package (PLP). Price is the main reason for selecting agents with reducing power to copper for use in the plating market. We promoted to develop the plating solution using sodium hypophosphite as a reducing agent, which is the next least expensive after formalin solution. The reducing agent used in this plating solution has low catalytic activity for copper. As a result, when the palladium catalyst on the resin is covered with copper plating, the plating deposition rate is reduced. In order to prevent the deposition reaction from stopping during plating, a metal salt with high catalytic activity for this reducing agent is plated. The method of adding to the liquid was carried out. As a result, the bath stability of the development bath is excellent because no Cannizzaro reaction or disproportionate reaction of the first copper ion occurs, unlike ordinary electro-less copper plating solutions. This is a major advantage in terms of running costs and requirements for ancillary the plating equipment. When the characteristics of the plating film by development bath were examined, the internal stress was found to be as low as 150 MPa on the tensile side. The adhesion to the ABF resin was high, ranging from 500 to 700 gf/cm. Also it exhibits excellent plating deposition inside blind via hole (BVH) which is equivalent to that of general electro-less copper plating solution, it can be applied to semi-additive process package boards where electro-less copper plating film is etched.

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Wang, Chen, Yanli Gao, Xinrong Qiu, et al. "A Rapid and Interference-Resistant Formaldehyde Detection Method Based on Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy with a Reaction-Induced Self-Amplification Strategy." Chemosensors 12, no. 7 (2024): 132. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors12070132.

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Formaldehyde is widely utilized across various industries such as food, textiles, and leather, yet its presence raises significant health concerns due to its irritation and carcinogenicity. Numerous methods have been developed to probe it in solution and gas states. Among them, absorption spectroscopy-based methods commonly employed. However, these methods require complex preprocessing for colored solutions to avoid interference. In response to this challenge, a novel interference-resistant detection kit leveraging surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) coupled with reaction-induced self-amplification for rapid and direct detection of formaldehyde was developed. The kit needed only ten minutes and achieved a limit of detection lower than 10−4 μg/mL with a handheld Raman spectrometer. Thanks to the kit’s reaction with formaldehyde, colloidal nanoparticles were linked to form “hot-spots” to further enhance the SERS signals. The signal demonstrated outstanding resistance to interference, including different dyes, ensuring a practical tool for direct detection of formaldehyde in complex solutions.

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Zyablov, Aleksandr, Anna Merenkova, Larisa Belchinskaya, and Konstantin Zhuzhukin. "THE USE OF PIEZOELECTRIC SYSTEMS WITH MOLECULAR PRINTS FOR FORMALDEHYDE DETERMINATION IN WASTE WATER OF WOOD PROCESSING PLANTS." Forestry Engineering Journal 11, no. 1 (2021): 78–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.34220/issn.2222-7962/2021.1/7.

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The development of methods for controlling formaldehyde content in wastewater, ensuring high accuracy, ease of use, rapidity and efficiency is an urgent problem of the woodworking industry. This article discusses a method for determining the content of formaldehyde and its concentrations in water using piezoelectric sensor systems with molecular imprinting polymers, which make it possible to form three-dimensional complementary voids for the templates of the molecules being detected during polymerization and their subsequent removal. Piezoelectric sensor with molecular imprints of formaldehyde molecules for the express determination of its concentration in solution has been obtained. A grading graph with a linear relationship has been built. The coefficient of determination (R2) was determined to be 0.9815. Unknown concentrations of formaldehyde in solutions were found by the "added-found" method. For sensory determination of unknown concentrations in solution, the standard deviation (Sr,%) is less than 7%. Thus, it has been established that piezoelectric sensors modified with molecularly imprinted polymers allow highly accurate determination of the concentration of unknown pollutants in wastewater of woodworking enterprises. They are economically beneficial, regenerated with further deposition of a polymer with other imprints on their surface

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Shi, Kai Qi, Shuang Xi Shao, and Wei Gang Yin. "An Improved Non-Formaldehyde Tissue Preservative." Advanced Materials Research 356-360 (October 2011): 360–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.356-360.360.

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Formalin (formaldehyde solution) is generally used as embalming fluid and tissue fixation agent because of its low price, antiseptic sterilization ability and good application effect and so on. However, the intense excitant odor of the formaldehyde and its volatile cause great harm for human health and working environment. In order to solve the problems caused by formaldehyde, an improved non-formaldehyde tissue preservative is invented. The preservative is a blend of acid, buffer solution and cross-linking agent, which act as mildew preventive, stabilizer and fixative respectively. The improved preservative is characterized and applied on animal and body tissue fixation and preservation. The results show that the improved preservative is a more desirable tissue preservative than formaldehyde not only due to its good mildew proof, low volatile and odor, but also the same preservation and fixation effects as formaldehyde. It will be considered as a real environmental friendly preservative in near future.

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Poernomo, Achmad, I. Widyastutik, H. B. Purnamasari, and F. Ariyani. "Effect of salting time on formaldehyde content of dried salted Indo-Pacific mackerel." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 919, no. 1 (2021): 012042. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/919/1/012042.

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Abstract This paper reports an analysis of formaldehyde in dried salted short mackerel (Rastrelliger brachysoma) which was intentionally added with formaldehyde compared to those that was not. The purpose was to see whether salting could cover up the illegal use of formaldehyde. Mackerel was obtained from one day fishing landed at Karangantu Fishing Port, Serang-West Java. The fish was transported in ice by road (3 hours) to the laboratory in Jakarta, and divided into two groups upon arrival. One group was soaked in 3% (w/v) formaldehyde solution for 30 minutes, while another group was not (control treatment). They were then salted in saturated brine for 12 and 24 hours at ambient temperature and sun dried subsequently to 40% moisture content or less. The formaldehyde content of raw materials was in the range of 1.4-1.7 ppm, indicating that natural formaldehyde was present in the fish. Soaking in 3% formaldehyde solution for 30 minutes significantly increased fish formaldehyde content from 1.4-1.7 to 154-157 ppm, and decreased to 42.3-58.1 after 24 and 12h salting which then dropped to 25.0-35.9 ppm after drying, respectively. Those of control showed a slight decrease after salting and increase after drying, i.e. 2.7-3.4% in the final products. This results indicate that salting could not disguise the illegal use of formaldehyde to preserve raw materials, however small amount of formaldehyde in dried salted fish could be regarded natural formaldehyde of the fish.

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Murat Sırrı AKOSMAN, Recep KARA, and A. Fatih FİDAN. "Preservation of muscle tissue with a formaldehyde-free borax solution for gross anatomy lessons." World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews 16, no. 3 (2022): 390–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/wjarr.2022.16.3.1341.

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SCHLOSSER, M., T. JENNY, and Y. GUGGISBERG. "ChemInform Abstract: Monomeric Formaldehyde in Ethereal Solution." ChemInform 22, no. 13 (2010): no. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chin.199113133.

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Pfeil, Sonja, Hans Hieke, Petra Brohmann, and Monika Wimmer. "Low cost and effective reduction of formaldehyde in gross anatomy: long throw nozzles and formaldehyde destruction using InfuTrace™." Environmental Science and Pollution Research 27, no. 36 (2020): 45189–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-09961-0.

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AbstractFormaldehyde is extraordinarily effective for fixation of human corpses and is routinely used in embalming solutions in anatomical dissection courses all over the world. High concentrations in vapors emitted from corpses embalmed with formaldehyde make it necessary to reduce the emission from cadavers for fulfilling tightening permissible exposure limits (PEL) worldwide. The study provides possible solutions to a problem faced by many anatomy labs. The emission of 50 human corpses was examined using 240 active personal and stationary samples with sampling tubes placed in the breathing area of probands or directly above the corpses. For measuring formaldehyde exposures along the dissection course, air samples were collected during the progress of dissection. Best results were achieved by a combination of post-embalming treatment with InfuTrace™, a formaldehyde binding solution applied to corpses fixed with 3% formaldehyde, and a modified ventilation system consisting of three long throw nozzles mounted vertically at the ceiling above the longitudinal axis of each dissection table. In this scenario, the inhalative exposure for students and teachers did not exceed 0.1 ppm during muscle dissection and 0.041 ppm during organ dissection, which are both dissection steps linked to high emission rates. The data emphasizes the necessity to use a combination of different methods — chemical polymerization of formaldehyde combined with a modified ventilation system — to reduce formaldehyde air loads far below the German PEL (0.3 ppm) and even the Japanese PEL (0.1 ppm) when using a standard 3%-formaldehyde fixation.

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Gao, Zhen Zhong, Chao Yue, Hai Bo Cao, Xiao Bo Wang, Xiao Feng Zhu, and Rui Hang Lin. "Preparation and Formaldehyde Emission and Bonding Performance of Novel Modified Urea-Formaldehyde Resin Adhesive." Advanced Materials Research 490-495 (March 2012): 3476–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.490-495.3476.

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Low formaldehyde emission and high bonding strength were two basic criterions of a good urea-formaldehyde resin adhesive (UFRA). In our study, melamine modified methylolurea solution (MUS), was synthesized and used as modifier for UFRA. The bonding strength and formaldehyde emission of urea-formaldehyde resin adhesives(UFRA) were influenced by some factors such as F/U molar ratio of the main resin, F/U molar ratio of modifier, melamine content, mixing ratio of main resin with modifier, which were investigated by a series of single-factor experiments. The results showed that the best adhesive bonding strength of UFRA was 0.93MPa and the lowest formaldehyde emission was 0.43mg / L, when F/U molar ratio of the main resin was 1.5, F/U molar ratio of the MUS was 0.5, the mass fraction of melamine addition level was 5wt.% of MUS, and the mixing mass ratio of methylolurea solution (MUS) to the main UF resin was 20:80.

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Egorin, Andrei, Eduard Tokar, Mikhail Tutov, and Arseniy Portnyagin. "Porous Resorcinol-Formaldehyde Resins." Colloids and Interfaces 3, no. 1 (2018): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/colloids3010007.

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Porous ion-exchanging resorcinol-formaldehyde resins were prepared by removing an inorganic template (CaCO3) and by polymerization of a highly concentrated emulsion with toluene as a dispersing phase. As compared to original resorcinol-formaldehyde resins, the porous one is characterized with higher values of internal diffusion, providing exceptional purification coefficients. However, the amounts of the introduced CaCO3 and toluene have to be below 10 wt.% and 25 wt.%, respectively, to avoid fast degradation of the ion-exchanger. Under dynamic conditions, average purification coefficients in the model solution of Cs-137 are twice higher than those of the non-porous sample. The prepared porous ion-exchange resin can be used in cases when high Cs-137 uptake from liquid media should be realized at increased rates of solution percolation.

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Kawalerczyk, Jakub, Joanna Walkiewicz, Dorota Dziurka, Radosław Mirski, and Jakub Brózdowski. "APTES-Modified Nanocellulose as the Formaldehyde Scavenger for UF Adhesive-Bonded Particleboard and Strawboard." Polymers 14, no. 22 (2022): 5037. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14225037.

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This work examines the possibility of applying non-modified nanocellulose and nanocellulose functionalized with 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES) as a formaldehyde scavenger for commonly used urea-formaldehyde (UF) adhesive. The effect of silanization was determined with the use of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS), and elemental analysis. Moreover, the ability of cellulosic nanoparticles to absorb the formaldehyde from an aqueous solution was investigated. After homogenization, cured UF adhesives were examined with the use of FTIR, energy-dispersive spectroscopy (SEM-EDS), and the perforator method to determine the content of formaldehyde. Manufactured boards made of rape straw particles and wood particles were tested in terms of their physico-mechanical properties and formaldehyde emission. Studies have shown that the applied method of silanization was effective. Furthermore, in the case of non-modified nanocellulose, no sign of formaldehyde scavenging ability was found. However, the functionalization of cellulosic nanoparticles with APTES containing an amino group led to the significant reduction of formaldehyde content in both the aqueous solution and the UF adhesive. The mechanical properties of both strawboards and particleboards were improved due to the nanocellulose reinforcement; however, no effect of silanization was found. Nevertheless, functionalization with APTES contributed to a decrease in formaldehyde emission from boards, which was not found in the case of the introduction of non-modified cellulosic nanoparticles.

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Huang, Zhao, Zhongsen Tang, and Long Chao. "Double-Cabin Galvanic Cell-Synthesizing Nanoporous, Flower-like, Pb-Containing Pd–Au Nanoparticles for Nonenzymatic Formaldehyde Sensor." Molecules 29, no. 12 (2024): 2772. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules29122772.

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In this work, a novel formaldehyde sensor was constructed based on nanoporous, flower-like, Pb-containing Pd–Au nanoparticles deposited on the cathode in a double-cabin galvanic cell (DCGC) with a Cu plate as the anode, a multiwalled carbon nanotube-modified glassy carbon electrode as the cathode, a 0.1 M HClO4 aqueous solution as the anolyte, and a 3.0 mM PdCl2 + 1.0 mM HAuCl4 + 5.0 mM Pb(ClO4)2 + 0.1 M HClO4 aqueous solution as the catholyte, respectively. Electrochemical studies reveal that the stripping of bulk Cu can induce underpotential deposition (UPD) of Pb during the galvanic replacement reaction (GRR) process, which affects the composition and morphology of Pb-containing Pd–Au nanoparticles. The electrocatalytic activity of Pb-containing nanoparticles toward formaldehyde oxidation was examined in an alkaline solution, and the experimental results showed that formaldehyde mainly caused direct oxidation on the surface of Pb-containing Pd–Au nanoparticles while inhibiting the formation of CO poison to a large degree. The proposed formaldehyde sensor exhibits a linear amperometric response to formaldehyde concentrations from 0.01 mM to 5.0 mM, with a sensitivity of 666 μA mM−1 cm−2, a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.89 μM at triple signal-to-noise, rapid response, high anti-interference ability, and good repeatability.

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Aristophanous, Marios. "Does your preservative preserve? A comparison of the efficacy of some pitfall trap solutions in preserving the internal reproductive organs of dung beetles." ZooKeys 34, no. 34 (2010): 1–16. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.34.215.

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Eight pitfall trap preservatives, brine, saturated borax solution, propylene glycol (33%, 50%, 75%), white vinegar, 100% ethylene glycol, FAACC (Formaldehyde 4%, Acetic acid 5%, Calcium chloride 1.3%), 4% phosphate buffered formaldehyde and 96% ethanol, were compared for their ability to preserve the internal reproductive organs of the dung beetle Liatongus militaris (Laporte) (Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae) for up to 28 days in the field. Relative evaporation rates of the preservatives in riparian vine thicket and low open woodland environments were also compared. 96% ethanol, FAACC and 4% phosphate buffered formaldehyde were the only solutions found to preserve all of the internal reproductive organs. Evaporation rates were lower in the vine thicket and some preservatives such as ethanol completely evaporated within seven days. 4% phosphate buffered formaldehyde is recommended as a preservative for pitfall traps left in the field for periods longer than one week. Possible ways to prevent trap interference by mammals and risks to the environment due to overspill are also discussed.

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Sun, Yu, and Yuguo Sun. "Strong Effect of Process Parameters on the Properties of Boron-Containing Phenolic Resins with High Char Yield." Applied Sciences 10, no. 4 (2020): 1408. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10041408.

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This work is focused on the optimization of critical process parameters for preparation of boron-containing phenolic resin (B-containing PR), including the molar ratios of formaldehyde/phenol and potassium borate/phenol, reaction time; and measurement of surface tension of B-containing PR solution and wettability between B-containing PR solution and carbon fibers. The effects of the formaldehyde/phenol and potassium borate/phenol molar ratios on the char yield of the B-containing PR was studied. The highest char yield of B-containing PR could be as high as 71% under optimal conditions (molar ratios of formaldehyde/phenol = 1.8 and potassium borate/phenol = 0.2, and reaction time = 13 h). The effect of concentration and tested temperature on the surface tension of B-containing PR solution was investigated, and the wettability between B-containing PR solution and carbon fibers was evaluated for the first time, providing useful theory and experimental data for the preparation of B-containing PR-based composites.

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Méhes, Gábor, and Lívia Beke. "Tissue fixation in the clinical praxis – the 120-year-old formalin." Orvosi Hetilap 155, no. 14 (2014): 550–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/oh.2014.29859.

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Formalin, the saturated watery solution of formaldehyde is used in every health care institution worldwide as an effective and cheap tissue fixative. The beneficial effect of the formaldehyde solution was discovered and published exactly 120 years ago and, despite significant technological developments, the formula is still used in the same way. However, tissue based molecular techniques including multiple gene mutation testing from isolated DNA require a highly standardized tissue preservation procedure and the strict control of the composition of the fixative solution applied. Orv. Hetil., 2014, 155(14), 550–553.

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Tokar', Eduard, Marina Palamarchuk, Mikhail Tutov, Anna Matskevich, and Andrei Egorin. "Resorcinol-Formaldehyde Resins for Cesium Removal from Solutions Produced after Processing Spent Ion-Exchangers." Key Engineering Materials 842 (May 2020): 107–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.842.107.

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A series of resorcinol-formaldehyde resins (RFR) has been prepared and studied in terms of Cs-137 uptake efficiency from solutions (0.75М NaOH-2.25M NaNO3) intended for processing spent ion-exchangers. Sample synthesized at molar ratio of resorcinol to formaldehyde of 1.8:2.2 and solidified at 210 °C (sample RFR-3-1-210) has shown the best sorption-selective performance and chemical stability. Implementing RFR in dynamic sorption scheme enables to reduce its decay due to short contact time. In dynamic conditions, after feeding 1000 bed volumes of the solution, RFR 3-1-210 maintains its sorption properties after 6 sorption-desorption cycles.

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Bollmus, Susanne, Cara Beeretz, and Holger Militz. "Tensile and Impact Bending Properties of Chemically Modified Scots Pine." Forests 11, no. 1 (2020): 84. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f11010084.

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This study deals with the influence of chemical modification on elasto-mechanical properties of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.). The elasto-mechanical properties examined were impact bending strength, determined by impact bending test; tensile strength; and work to maximum load in traction, determined by tensile tests. The modification agents used were one melamine-formaldehyde resin (MF), one low molecular weight phenol-formaldehyde resin, one higher molecular weight phenol-formaldehyde resin, and a dimethylol dihydroxyethyleneurea (DMDHEU). Special attention was paid to the influence of the solution concentration (0.5%, 5%, and 20%). With an increase in the concentration of each modification agent, the elasto-mechanical properties decreased as compared to the control specimens. Especially impact bending strength decreased greatly by modifications with the 0.5% solutions of each agent (by 37% to 47%). Modification with DMDHEU resulted in the highest overall reduction of the elasto-mechanical properties examined (up to 81% in work to maximum load in traction at 20% solution concentration). The results indicate that embrittlement is not primarily related to the degree of modification depended on used solution concentration. It is therefore assumed that molecular size and the resulting ability to penetrate into the cell wall could be crucial. The results show that, in the application of chemically modified wood, impact and tensile loads should be avoided even after treatment with low concentrations.

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Gupta, Vandana, and Jayapal Anandkumar. "Synthesis of crosslinked PVA-ceramic composite membrane for phenol removal from aqueous solution." Journal of the Serbian Chemical Society 84, no. 2 (2019): 211–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/jsc180424083g.

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In this study, the thin-film composite membrane (TFCM) was fabricated for phenol?water separation using formaldehyde crosslinked polyvinylalcohol (PVA) coating on fly ash-fuller clay ceramic substrate. Thin film was created using 10 % PVA with different concentrations of formaldehyde (1?5 g). The characterization of synthesized membrane such as swelling and chemical stability, permeation study, molecular weight cut off (MWCO), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and contact angle analysis was carried out to optimize the membrane. The stability of active layer increases with increase in the amount of formaldehyde, whereas the hydrophilicity, degree of swelling, flux and pore size decrease. The smallest pore (1.91 nm) was obtained in the active layer when PVA crosslinked with 3 g formaldehyde (PF3). Phenol?water separation was conducted with PF3 to optimize the process parameters, such as feed concentration, pH and operating pressure. Maximum phenol separation (85 %) was obtained at 207 kPa for 200 mg L-1 of feed phenol. High phenol removal was found at pH 6.0 and thereafter it decreased in alkaline pH. Phenol removal decreased from 80.6 to 19.8 % with the increase in pressure from 207 to 414 kPa, whereas flux increased from 5.3 to 52.38 L m-2 h-1. The results demonstrate that fabricated CM can be successfully used for phenol?water separation.

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VISBAL, Heidy, Chanel ISHIZAKI, and Kozo ISHIZAKI. "Surface Modification of Diamond Powder with Formaldehyde Solution." Journal of the Ceramic Society of Japan 113, no. 1317 (2005): 344–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.2109/jcersj.113.344.

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ITABASHI, Takeyuki, Haruo AKAHOSHI, Tadashi IIDA, Eiji TAKAI, and Naoki NISHIMURA. "Development of Formaldehyde Free Electroless Copper Plating Solution." Journal of Japan Institute of Electronics Packaging 5, no. 3 (2002): 252–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.5104/jiep.5.252.

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Rodriguez, L., N. Lu, and N.-L. Yang. "Anhydrous Molecular Formaldehyde Solution as a Synthetic Reagent." Synlett 1990, no. 04 (1990): 227–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-1990-21045.

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Cazut, S. A. I., E. H. Ramírez Maisuls, M. R. Delfino, J. M. Romero, N. L. Jorge, and E. A. Castro. "Thermal decomposition of formaldehyde diperoxide in aqueous solution." Russian Journal of General Chemistry 79, no. 10 (2009): 2187–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s107036320910017x.

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Masamoto, Junzo, Hajime Nagahara, Tsuneshi Yokoyama, Rikio Fujikawa, Tadashi Tanaka, and Tomio Yamaguchi. "Ultrahigh Molecular Weight Polyoxymethylene from Aqueous Formaldehyde Solution." Chemistry Letters 28, no. 10 (1999): 1131–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1246/cl.1999.1131.

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Freeman, Lawrence M. "Formalin is a 40% solution of gaseous formaldehyde." American Journal of Surgery 167, no. 4 (1994): 456. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0002-9610(94)90160-0.

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Long, Robert T. L., and Robert H. Edwards. "Formalin is a 40% solution of gaseous formaldehyde." American Journal of Surgery 167, no. 4 (1994): 456–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0002-9610(94)90161-9.

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