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Journal articles on the topic 'Formalin and mice'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 3 June 2025

Last updated: 31 July 2025

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1

Vardiyan, Reyhane, Daniyal Ezati, Morteza Anvari, Nasrin Ghasemi, and Alireza Talebi. "Effect of L-carnitine on the expression of the apoptotic genes Bcl-2 and Bax." Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine 47, no. 3 (2020): 155–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.5653/cerm.2019.03440.

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Objective: The genes Bcl-2 and Bax play important roles in apoptosis. Many studies have shown that formalin has a strong deleterious effect on male fertility and can induce apoptosis. L-carnitine has been reported to potentially reverse the negative effects of formalin, leading to improved spermatogenesis. In this study, we examined the levels of expression of Bcl-2 and Bax in mice treated with formalin and L-carnitine.Methods: Thirty adult BALB/c mice were categorized into three groups. The mice in the control group (n=10) were not injected with any substance. The mice in the second group (n=

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Rosland, Jan Henrik, Arne Tjølsen, Bjørn Mæhle, and Kjell Hole. "The formalin test in mice: effect of formalin concentration." Pain 42, no. 2 (1990): 235–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0304-3959(90)91167-h.

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3

Hasan, Md Tanvir, Saima Akter, Dipu Roy, et al. "Elucidating the Effects of Formalin as Food Preservative on Hematological Profile and Fertility of Swiss Albino Mice." Journal of Science and Technology Research 6, no. 1 (2024): 73–81. https://doi.org/10.3329/jscitr.v6i1.77378.

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In Bangladesh, the use of formalin as a food preservative has recently expanded significantly. With this backdrop, the study was attempted to discover changes in the fertility, gross structure, and histoarchitecture of the male reproductive system and hematology in Swiss albino mice as a result of formalin use. Up until experimental week 24, four groups of four mice each were given normal drinking water mixed with formalin at doses of 1%, 5%, 10%, and 20%, respectively, orally. A control group of mice (n=4) were given normal drinking water only. After 24 weeks of treatment, the testicular weig

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Srikanth, Ullas Gowda K., Chandranaik B. Marinaik, Amitha Reena Gomes, et al. "Evaluation of Safety and Potency of Kyasanur Forest Disease (KFD) Vaccine Inactivated with Different Concentrations of Formalin and Comparative Evaluation of In Vitro and In Vivo Methods of Virus Titration in KFD Vaccine." Biomedicines 11, no. 7 (2023): 1871. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines11071871.

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We evaluated the safety and potency of the Kyasanur Forest disease (KFD) vaccine inactivated with different formalin concentrations in mice, since the side effects due to higher formalin concentrations have been a major reason for vaccine refusal. Furthermore, with an objective to reduce the use of mice in vaccine testing, we performed quantification of the KFD virus by real-time PCR and compared it with in vivo titration in mice. The KFD vaccine prepared in chicken embryo fibroblast cells was inactivated with 0.04%, 0.06%, and 0.08% concentrations of formalin. The vaccine inactivated with 0.0

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Yun, Mijung, Naemi Ditlevsen Regen, Yuvicza Anchondo, et al. "Acetaminophen effects upon formalin-evoked flinching, postformalin, and postincisional allodynia and conditioned place preference." PAIN Reports 9, no. 5 (2024): e1168. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/pr9.0000000000001168.

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Abstract Introduction: We explored in mice, the analgesic, tolerance, dependency, and rewarding effects of systemic acetaminophen (APAP). Methods: Studies employed adult mice (C57Bl6). (1) Intraplantar formalin flinching + post formalin allodynia. Mice were given intraperitoneal APAP in a DMSO (5%)/Tween 80 (5%) or a water-based formulation before formalin flinching on day 1 and tactile thresholds assessed before and after APAP at day 12. (2) Paw incision. At 24 hours and 8 days after hind paw incision in male mice, effects of intraperitoneal APAP on tactile allodynia were assessed. (3) Repeat

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Boules, Mona, Paul Fredrickson, and Elliott Richelson. "An NTS2 Analog Enhances the Analgesic Effects of Morphine in an Animal Model of Persistent Pain and Does not Exhibit Tolerance." Open Pain Journal 7, no. 1 (2014): 23–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1876386301407010023.

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The analgesic efficacy of neurotensin agonists depends on their activation of two receptor subtypes, NTS1 and/or NTS2. In this study we determined the role of NTS2 in an animal model of persistent pain (intraplantar injection of formalin) with the use of the NTS2-selective analog, NT79 and NTS2-knockout mice (NTS2-/-). Wild type (WT) and NTS2-/- mice were pretreated with NT79 and tested for formalin-induced lifting and biting. Additionally, the effect of repeated administration of NT79 and morphine alone and in combination was determined in WT mice. Intraplantar injection of formalin produced

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Lopes, Douglas M., Heather L. Cater, Matthew Thakur, Sara Wells, and Stephen B. McMahon. "A refinement to the formalin test in mice." F1000Research 8 (June 20, 2019): 891. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.18338.1.

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The constant refinement of tests used in animal research is crucial for the scientific community. This is particularly true for the field of pain research, where ethical standards are notably sensitive. The formalin test is widely used in pain research and some of its mechanisms resemble those underlying clinical pain in humans. Immediately upon injection, formalin triggers two waves (an early and a late phase) of strong, nociceptive behaviour, characterised by licking, biting, lifting and shaking the injected paw of the animal. Although well characterised at the behaviour level, since its pro

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Lopes, Douglas M., Heather L. Cater, Matthew Thakur, Sara Wells, and Stephen B. McMahon. "A refinement to the formalin test in mice." F1000Research 8 (August 2, 2019): 891. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.18338.2.

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The constant refinement of tests used in animal research is crucial for the scientific community. This is particularly true for the field of pain research, where ethical standards are notably sensitive. The formalin test is widely used in pain research and some of its mechanisms resemble those underlying clinical pain in humans. Immediately upon injection, formalin triggers two waves (an early and a late phase) of strong, nociceptive behaviour, characterised by licking, biting, lifting and shaking the injected paw of the animal. Although well characterised at the behaviour level, since its pro

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9

Gu, Yong Hong, Xue Bin Yan, Dong Huang, Rui Han, and Li Xiang Wu. "NR2B-siRNA Mediated by Hydroxyapatite Nanoparticles Relieves for Malin-Induced Pain of Mice." Advanced Materials Research 343-344 (September 2011): 926–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.343-344.926.

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To observe the effect of NR2B-siRNA mediated by hydroxyapatite nanoparticles (HA) on formalin-induced inflammatory pain of mice and the expression of NR2B in spinal cord. To preliminarily investigate the feasibility of HA as siRNA carrier to transfer NR2B-siRNA in vivo. The sequence-specific NR2B-siRNA of mice was designed and synthesized initially. Using HA as a siRNA carrier, green fluorescent protein(GFP)-siRNA as the control, 4 ug of NR2B-siRNA was administered into subarachnoid space of mice via conscious injection. On 7th day after intrathecal injection, formalin test was observed for 1

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Brenchat, Alex, Maria Rocasalbas, Daniel Zamanillo, Michel Hamon, José Miguel Vela, and Luz Romero. "Assessment of 5-HT7Receptor Agonists Selectivity Using Nociceptive and Thermoregulation Tests in Knockout versus Wild-Type Mice." Advances in Pharmacological Sciences 2012 (2012): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/312041.

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No study has ever examined the effect of 5-HT7receptor agonists on nociception by using 5-HT7receptor knockout mice. Basal sensitivity to noxious heat stimuli and formalin-induced nociception in both phase I and II of the formalin test did not differ in 5-HT7receptor knockout mice and paired wild-type controls. Similarly, there was no significant difference in basal body temperature between both genotypes. Subcutaneous administration of 5-HT7receptor agonists AS-19 (10 mg/kg), E-57431 (10 mg/kg), and E-55888 (20 mg/kg) significantly reduced formalin-induced licking/biting behavior during the p

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Hitosugi, Hideki, Junzo Kamei, and Yutaka Kasuya. "Formalin-induced nociceptive response in diabetic mice." Japanese Journal of Pharmacology 58 (1992): 175. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0021-5198(19)49024-0.

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12

Kamei, Junzo, Hideki Hitosugi, and Yutaka Kasuya. "Formalin-induced nociceptive responses in diabetic mice." Neuroscience Letters 149, no. 2 (1993): 161–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0304-3940(93)90761-9.

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13

Haramipour, Pegah, Shahin Hassanpour, and Alireza Rezaei. "Anti-nociceptive Activity of L-citrulline in Mice Using Formalin and Hot Plate Tests: Possible Mechanism of Action." Avicenna Journal of Medical Biochemistry 10, no. 2 (2022): 120–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.34172/ajmb.2022.2355.

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Background: Peripheral pain regulation is a very complex phenomenon due to the numerous neural pathways responsible for it. Objectives: The current study aimed to determine the anti-nociceptive activity of L-citrulline and the possible role of opioidergic, nitric oxide (NO), and serotoninergic systems in mice using the formalin and hot plate tests. Methods: In this study, 300 male NMRI mice were divided into 2 groups: 150 mice were used for the formalin test and 150 for the hot plate test (tests 1-6) with 4 sub-groups in each (n=50). The formalin test determined pain caused by the injection of

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Almahdy, Almahdy, and Fitra Kurniasi. "Efek Teratogenik Ikan Tuna Yang Mengandung Formalin Pada Fetus Mencit." Jurnal Kedokteran YARSI 24, no. 1 (2017): 042–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.33476/jky.v24i1.130.

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Penelitian efek teratogenik ikan tuna yang mengandung formalin pada fetus mencit putih telah dilakukan. Penelitian dilakukan pada 20 ekor mencit betina hamil yang dibagi menjadi 5 kelompok. Kelompok pertama adalah kelompok kontrol yang hanya diberi air, kelompok kedua adalah mencit hamil yang hanya diberi formalin 1,82 mg/kg BB, kelompok ketiga diberi ikan tuna yang mengandung formalin 1,82 mg/kg BB, kelompok keempat diperlakukan dengan ikan tuna yang mengandung formalin 3,64 mg / kg BW, dan kelompok kelima adalah ikan tuna mengandung formalin yang dibeli dari pasar tradisional. Perlakuan dibe

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MANAM, VISHNU KIRAN, and G. Sumathi. "Vaccine Preperative Trial for Leptospirosis and their Pathological, Immunological Study by Serum Electrophoresis." Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics 10, no. 3-s (2020): 116–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.22270/jddt.v10i3-s.4172.

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Leptospirosis is a fatal infectious disease caused by different serovars of Leptospira spirochetes affecting humans and animals. In the present study, the trials of the whole-cell killed formalin treated monovalent vaccine using Leptospira icterohaemorrhagiae and trivalent vaccine using Leptospira icterohaemorrhagiae, Leptospira louisiana, and Leptospira hebdomadis were studied. The serum electrophoresis studies were done after administration of the vaccine into the experimental albino mice along with the booster dose of the vaccinated serum by densitometric readings. Similarly, the pathologic

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Paul, Tanushree, Sumitava Roy, Raktim Mukherjee, Saikat Pramanik, and Susanta Roy Karmakar. "Assessment of toxicity of formalin use as food preservative evidenced by cytotoxic and genotoxic effects in mice: An in vivo study." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH AND REVIEW 12 (August 30, 2017): 43–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.52756/ijerr.2017.v12.006.

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The present study was conducted to find out the deleterious effects of formalin by studying cytogenetical parameters, namely chromosome aberration (CA), mitotic indices (MI) and sperm head anomaly (SHA) in mice. Healthy mice weighing between 20-25 gms were fed with formalin at a dose 0.042mg/kg body weight to find out whether there is any toxicity induced by this chemical. Experiments were carried out at three different fixation intervals, namely 7 Days (7D), 14 Days (14D) and 21 Days (21D), maintaining suitable controls. The investigation reveals that feeding of formalin induced geno-toxicity

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Sidra Shah and Ayesha Shaukat. "ANTI-NOCICEPTIVE OUTCOMES OF ANTICONVULSANT/ANTIDEPRESSANT MEDICINES IN THE MANAGEMENT OF FORMALIN INDUCED PAIN IN GROUP OF MICE." Pakistan Postgraduate Medical Journal 35, no. 01 (2024): 26–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.51642/ppmj.v35i01.695.

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Background: Anti-depressant are used to treat various disorders like neuropathic pain, migraine etc. Anticonvulsant drugs may have a role in the modulation of changes include inhibition of voltage gated ion channels at sites of spinal, supraspinal and peripheral. Objectives: An experimental observational study was carried out to find the role of anti-nociceptive outcomes of anticonvulsant/antidepressant medicines in the management of formalin induced pain in group of mice. Methods: A total of 20 albino mice weighed 20-30 gm. were taken from animal dwelling of The University of Laho

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Chen, Guo-Zhong. "Contribution of Spinal PKCγ Expression to Short- and Long-lasting Pain Behaviors in Formalin-induced Inflamed Mice". January 2018 1, № 21;1 (2018): E555—E564. http://dx.doi.org/10.36076/ppj.2018.5.e555.

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Background: Over-expression of spinal protein kinase C γ (PKCγ) contributes to the induction of persistent bilateral hyperalgesia following inflammatory injury, yet the role of spinal PKCγ in short- and long-lasting pain behavior is poorly understood. Objective: This study aimed to characterize the contribution of spinal PKCγ to spontaneous pain and long-lasting bilateral hyperalgesia in formalin-induced inflamed mice using pharmacological inhibition. Study Design: Laboratory animal study. Setting: The study was performed in the Department of Human Anatomy and K.K. Leung Brain Research Centre,

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Ivanova, E. A., A. G. Vasilchuk, K. N. Koliasnikova, and L. G. Kolik. "Analgesic effect of N-phenylacetylglycyl-L-proline ethyl ester compared to cycloprolylglycine in formalin test in mice." Russian Journal of Pain 23, no. 2 (2025): 5. https://doi.org/10.17116/pain2025230215.

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Objective. To evaluate analgesic effect of N-phenylacetylglycyl-L-proline ethyl ester and cycloprolylglycine in formalin test in mice. Material and methods. Acute somatic pain in male ICR mice (n=48) was simulated by injecting 2.5% formalin into the hind paw. Throughout 30 min after injection, we recorded duration of pain reaction (paw raised above the floor of the chamber or tucked in; licking of the paw) in each phase: phase I (acute) (0-5 min); interphase (5-15 min); phase II (15-30 min). Analgesic effect of N-phenylacetylglycyl-L-proline ethyl ester and cycloprolylglycine was assessed afte

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Gwon, Do Hyeong, Song I. Kim, Seoung Hun Lee, et al. "NFAT5 Deficiency Alleviates Formalin-Induced Inflammatory Pain Through mTOR." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 5 (2021): 2587. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22052587.

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Nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT5) is a well-known transcription factor that regulates the expression of genes involved in osmotic stress. However, the role of NFAT5 in inflammatory pain remains unknown. Here, we studied the function of NFAT5 in inflammatory pain using NFAT5-heterozygous (Het) mice. To study inflammatory pain, we injected 10 µL of 2% formalin into the right hind paws of mice and monitored pain behaviors, such as licking, lifting, and flinching, for 60 min. After the first 15 min (phase I), there were no significant differences in pain behaviors between wild-type (WT)

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Bukar, Bukata B., Naomi E. Tsokwa, and Omolola D. G. Orshi. "Ameliorative and fecundity potentials of aqueous extract of Azanza garckeana (T. Hoffm) fruit pulp in formalin-induced toxicity on male albino mice." Journal of Pharmacy & Bioresources 17, no. 2 (2021): 164–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/jpb.v17i2.10.

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The study investigated the ameliorative and fecundity potentials of Azanza garckeana on formalin-induced toxicity in mice testes. Male albino mice were divided into eight groups of five mice each. Group I was administered normal saline (1 ml/kg per oral); Group II received formalin (10 mg/kg) alone; Groups III, IV and V received formalin (10 mg/kg IP) plus extract (orally) at 125, 250 and 500 mg/kg respectively for 40 days; Groups VI, VII and VIII received extract alone at 125, 250 and 500 mg/kg respectively. Gonadotropin assays and sperm analysis were carried out using standard methods. Anima

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Yang, Shao-bin, Ai-min Yang, Shu-fang Su, Hui-hui Wang, Ning-bo Wang, and Qiang Chen. "Neuronostatin induces hyperalgesia in formalin test in mice." Neuroscience Letters 506, no. 1 (2012): 126–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neulet.2011.10.064.

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Braber, S., K. A. T. Verheijden, P. A. J. Henricks, A. D. Kraneveld, and G. Folkerts. "A comparison of fixation methods on lung morphology in a murine model of emphysema." American Journal of Physiology-Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology 299, no. 6 (2010): L843—L851. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajplung.00192.2010.

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Emphysema is characterized by enlargement of the alveoli, which is the most important parameter to assess the presence and severity of this disease. Alveolar enlargement is primarily defined on morphological criteria; therefore, characterization of this disease with morphological parameters is a prerequisite to study the pathogenesis. For this purpose, different methods of lung fixation were evaluated in a murine model of LPS-induced lung emphysema. Five different methods of lung fixation were evaluated: intratracheal instillation of fixatives, in situ fixation, fixed-volume fixation, vascular

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Miri, Abdolhossein, Javad Sharifi-Rad, Kaveh Tabrizian, and Ali Akbar Nasiri. "Antinociceptive and Anti-Inflammatory Activities ofTeucrium persicumBoiss. Extract in Mice." Scientifica 2015 (2015): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/972827.

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Background.Therapeutic properties ofTeucriumspecies as antioxidant, antibacterial, analgesic, anticancer, diuretic, and tonic compounds have been proved earlier.Materials and Methods. In this study, the antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects of the aqueous extract ofTeucrium persicumon chronic pain, sciatic nerve ligation as a model of neuropathic pain, and inflammatory models were investigated by formalin, hot-plate, and cotton pellet-induced granuloma models in mice, respectively.T. persicumaqueous extracts (100, 200, and 400 mg/kg) were orally gavaged for one week. On 8th day, the ti

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Sá, Rita de Cássia da Silveira e., Leandra Eugênia Gomes de Oliveira, Franklin Ferreira de Farias Nóbrega, Jnanabrata Bhattacharyya, and Reinaldo Nóbrega de Almeida. "Antinociceptive and Toxicological Effects ofDioclea grandifloraSeed Pod in Mice." Journal of Biomedicine and Biotechnology 2010 (2010): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2010/606748.

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The acute treatment of mice with an ethanolic extract from the seed pod ofDioclea grandiflora(EDgP) at doses of 75, 150 and 300 mg/kg by intraperitoneal administration produced a significant antinociceptive effect as displayed by the acetic acid-induced writhing test and the formalin test. The antinociception was observed through the first (neurogenic pain) and second (inflammatory pain) phases in the formalin test. The hot plate test did not show an increase in the antinociceptive latency whereas the motor performance was affected by the administration at 300 mg/kg at the beginning (30 minute

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Hu, Si-Ping, Jing-Jing Zhao, Wei-Xing Wang, et al. "Coapplication of Lidocaine and Membrane-Impermeable Lidocaine Derivative QX-222 Produces Divergent Effects on Evoked and Spontaneous Nociceptive Behaviors in Mice." BioMed Research International 2014 (2014): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/628729.

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The present study was aimed at investigating the analgesic properties of a combination of lidocaine and QX-222 and its effects on evoked pain behavior (complete Freund’s adjuvant-induced allodynia and hyperalgesia in inflammatory condition) and spontaneous pain behavior (formalin-induced acute pain) in mice. Drugs were injected adjacent to sciatic nerve or into plantar. Motor function, thermal withdrawal latency, mechanical withdrawal threshold, and licking/biting were evaluated by behavioral tests. A combination of lidocaine and QX-222 adjacent sciatic nerve injection produced the long-lastin

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Raup-Konsavage, Wesley M., Diana E. Sepulveda, Jian Wang, Nikolay V. Dokholyan, Kent E. Vrana, and Nicholas M. Graziane. "Antinociceptive Effects of Cannabichromene (CBC) in Mice: Insights from von Frey, Tail-Flick, Formalin, and Acetone Tests." Biomedicines 12, no. 1 (2023): 83. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines12010083.

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Cannabis sativa contains minor cannabinoids that have potential therapeutic value in pain management. However, detailed experimental evidence for the antinociceptive effects of many of these minor cannabinoids remains lacking. Here, we employed artificial intelligence (AI) to perform compound–protein interaction estimates with cannabichromene (CBC) and receptors involved in nociceptive signaling. Based on our findings, we investigated the antinociceptive properties of CBC in naïve or neuropathic C57BL/6 male and female mice using von Frey (mechanical allodynia), tail-flick (noxious radiant hea

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Andrade, Andressa de, Mariana Appel Hort, Lucia Emanueli Schimith, et al. "Antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects of cellular and extracellular extracts from microalga Chlamydomonas pumilioniformis on mice." Acta Scientiarum. Biological Sciences 43 (March 30, 2021): e52889. http://dx.doi.org/10.4025/actascibiolsci.v43i1.52889.

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Microalga species have attracted interest as a source of bioactive compounds with several pharmacological activities. Previous studies reported that microalgae from the genus Chlamydomonas have anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. In this study, antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities of two extracts from microalga Chlamydomonas pumilioniformis were investigated. Cellular and extracellular extracts were prepared from a 14 day-batch culture in WC medium at the end of exponential growth and their carbohydrate contents were determined. Antinociceptive effects of extracts were ev

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Silva, Juliane C., Larissa A. R. O. Macedo, Grasielly R. Souza, et al. "Orofacial antinociceptive effect of the ethanolic extract of Annona vepretorum Mart. (Annonaceae)." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C 71, no. 7-8 (2016): 209–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znc-2015-5024.

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Abstract Annona vepretorum Mart. (Annonaceae) is a species popularly known in Brazil as “araticum” and “pinha da Caatinga”. We have evaluated the antinociceptive effects of A. vepretorum in formalin-, capsaicin-, and glutamate-induced orofacial nociception in mice. Male Swiss mice were pretreated with either saline (p.o.), A. vepretorum ethanol extract (Av-EtOH 25, 50 and 100 mg/kg, p.o.), or morphine (10 mg/kg, i.p.), before formalin, capsaicin, or glutamate was injected into the right upper lip. Pre-treatment with Av-EtOH at all doses produced a reduction in face-rubbing behavior induced by

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Jafari-Tirabadi, Farima, Shahin Hassanpour, and Ahmad Asghari. "The Possible Anti-nociceptive Effect of Troxerutin and Neural Interactions Using Formalin and Writhing Tests in Mice." Avicenna Journal of Medical Biochemistry 11, no. 1 (2023): 66–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.34172/ajmb.2023.2394.

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Background: Previous reports suggest flavonoids as potent analgesic compounds. Objectives: Based on these observations, the present study investigated the anti-nociceptive action of troxerutin and neural interactions with opioidergic, serotoninergic, and nitrergic systems in mice. Methods: A total of 340 male mice were randomly divided into 2 categories. Each category included four experiments with four groups. In the first experiment of formalin examination, the animals intraperitoneally received saline and troxerutin (50, 150, and 300 mg/kg). In the second experiment, the animals received sa

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Aduema, W., U. Azunna, and J.U Agbai. "Analgesic Activity of Vigna Unguiculata in CD-1 Mice Following Formalin Administration." CONTINENTAL J. BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES 10, no. 2 (2017): 1–9. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.838306.

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<em>This study was intended to determine the effects of Vigna unguiculata on pain sensation in 40 adult Swiss white mice. The mice were randomly selected into four groups (A, B, C and D) and allowed to acclimatize for a period of 3 weeks. With free access to food and water. They were subsequently subjected to a treated period of 4 weeks, during which group B,C and D(test group)received cooked, uncooked beans and serotonin precursor diets containing 50%(cooked and uncooked beans) and 0.2/50g)serotonin precursor diets. Group A, however (control), received normal rodent chow.</em><em> The results

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Pandey, Jitendra, Sushma Bhusal, Laxman Nepali, et al. "Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Artemisia vulgaris Leaves, Originating from Three Different Altitudes of Nepal." Scientific World Journal 2021 (June 22, 2021): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/6678059.

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This study aimed to evaluate and compare the in vivo chronic anti-inflammatory efficacy, from the ethyl acetate and ethanolic extracts of Artemisia vulgaris leaves, grown at three different altitudes in Nepal, by formalin-induced paw edema in Swiss albino mice. Edema was induced on the mice paw by administering 0.2% of formalin injection. Indomethacin was used as a standard drug at the concentration of 5 mg/kg of body weight. Ethyl acetate and ethanolic leaves extract, at the concentration of 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg, were used as test drugs. Standard drug and all the extracts were administered

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Siqueira, Rosana S., Leonardo R. Bonjardim, Adriano A. S. Araújo, et al. "Antinociceptive Activity of Atranorin in Mice Orofacial Nociception Tests." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C 65, no. 9-10 (2010): 551–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znc-2010-9-1004.

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Physicochemical characterization and antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities of atranorin (AT) extracted from Cladina kalbii Ahti in formalin- and capsaicin-induced orofacial pain and anti-inflammatory tests in rodents were studied. Physicochemical characterization showed that AT has the general formula C19H18O8. Male Swiss mice were pretreated with AT (100, 200, and 400 mg/kg, i.p.), morphine (3 mg/kg, i.p.), or vehicle (0.9% saline with two drops of 0.2% Tween 80) before formalin (20 μl, 2%) or capsaicin (20 μl, 2.5 μg) were injected into the right vibrissa. Our results showed that

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Dangana, Ojochebo Elizabeth, Achile Caleb Jonah, et al. "Eucalyptus Globulus Ethanol Extract Mitigates Formalin-Induced Acute Cardiotoxicity by Lowering Uric Acid and Lactate Dehydrogenase in Male Swiss Mice." Pharmaceutical and Chemical Journal 7, no. 4 (2020): 20–29. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13955199.

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Background: <em>E.globulus</em> is a medicinal plant which has been shown to possess and exhibit various beneficial properties like anti-inflammatory, anticancer, antibacterial, antiseptic and astringent. Aim: To investigate the cardioprotective properties of <em>E. globulus</em> against formalin-induced acute cardiotoxicity in male Swiss mice and to determine the possible mechanism of its cardioprotective effects. Materials and Methods:  Thirty animals were randomly selected into six groups of five animals each as follows; Control group received distil water, extract group (500mg/kg <em>

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Mbiantcha, M., A. Kamanyi, R. B. Teponno, A. L. Tapondjou, P. Watcho, and T. B. Nguelefack. "Analgesic and Anti-Inflammatory Properties of Extracts from the Bulbils ofDioscorea bulbiferaL. varsativa(Dioscoreaceae) in Mice and Rats." Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2011 (2011): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2011/912935.

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The aqueous and methanol extracts from the dry bulbils ofDioscorea bulbiferaL. var sativa (Dioscoreaceae)—evaluated orally at the doses of 300 and 600 mg/kg against pain induced by acetic acid, formalin, pressure and against inflammation induced by carrageenan, histamine, serotonin and formalin in mice and rats, showed a dose dependant inhibition of pain and inflammation with a maximum effect of 56.38%, 73.06% and 42.79% produced by the aqueous extract, respectively on pain induced by acetic acid, formalin and pressure while the methanol extract at the same dose respectively inhibited these mo

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Alijani, Akram, Rahmatoolah Parandin, Namdar Yousofvand, and SHahrbanoo Oryan. "Effects of Testosterone on Analgesia in Formalin-Treated Mice." Journal of Ardabil University of Medical Sciences 18, no. 1 (2018): 70–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.29252/jarums.18.1.70.

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Han, P., J. Zhao, S. B. Liu, et al. "Interleukin-33 mediates formalin-induced inflammatory pain in mice." Neuroscience 241 (June 2013): 59–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2013.03.019.

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Bornhof, Manuel, Harald Ihmsen, Helmut Schwilden, David C. Yeomans, and Alexander Tzabazis. "The Orofacial Formalin Test in Mice Revisited—Effects of Formalin Concentration, Age, Morphine and Analysis Method." Journal of Pain 12, no. 6 (2011): 633–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpain.2010.11.009.

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Gobetto, María Natalia, Libia Catalina Salinas Castellanos, Natalia Estefanía Contreras, et al. "Segmental Upregulation of ASIC1 Channels in the Formalin Acute Pain Mouse Model." Pharmaceuticals 15, no. 12 (2022): 1539. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ph15121539.

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Background: Hindpaw injection of formalin in rodents is used to assess acute persistent pain. The response to formalin is biphasic. The initial response (first minutes) is thought to be linked to inflammatory, peripheral mechanisms, while the latter (around 30 min after the injection), is linked to central mechanisms. This model is useful to analyze the effect of drugs at one or both phases, and the involvement of ion channels in the response. Acid-sensing ion channels (ASICs) regulate synaptic activities and play important roles in pain conditions. Recently, psalmotoxin-1 (Pctx-1), a toxin th

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Wotton, Janine M., Emma Peterson, Laura Anderson, et al. "Machine learning-based automated phenotyping of inflammatory nocifensive behavior in mice." Molecular Pain 16 (January 2020): 174480692095859. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1744806920958596.

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The discovery and development of new and potentially nonaddictive pain therapeutics requires rapid, yet clinically relevant assays of nociception in preclinical models. A reliable and scalable automated scoring system for nocifensive behavior of mice in the formalin assay would dramatically lower the time and labor costs associated with experiments and reduce experimental variability. Here, we present a method that exploits machine learning techniques for video recordings that consists of three components: key point detection, per frame feature extraction using these key points, and classifica

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Alaqla, Ali, Yang Hu, Shengyuan Huang, Sunniva Ruiz, Toshihisa Kawai, and Xiaozhe Han. "TLR9 Signaling Is Required for the Porphyromonas gingivalis-Induced Activation of IL-10-Expressing B Cells." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24, no. 7 (2023): 6693. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms24076693.

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Immune cell pattern-recognition receptors such as Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play important roles in the regulation of host responses to periodontal pathogens. Our previous studies have demonstrated that immune regulatory B cells were activated by TLRs and alleviated periodontitis inflammation and bone loss. The purpose of this study is to determine the role of TLR9 signaling in the activation and IL-10 production of the primed-immune B cells in vitro. Wild-type (WT) and TLR9 knockout (TLR9KO) mice (C57BL/6 background, n = 5) were pre-immunized intraperitoneally with 1 × 108 formalin-fixed P.

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Okokon, Jude E., Anwangabasi E. Udoh, Chinyelu Clementina Osigwe, Ugonma Florence Uwaeme, and Henry Thomas Okon. "Analgesic Activity of Alchornea laxiflora Stembark Extract in Mice." Asian Journal of Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology 17, no. 6 (2025): 22–29. https://doi.org/10.9734/ajbgmb/2025/v17i6470.

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Alchornea laxiflora is used in Ibibio ethnomedicine for the treatment of various diseases such as pains. This work was designed to validate and confirm the ethnomedical use of this plant in the treatment of pain. The ethanol stembark extract of Alchornea laxiflora (141-424 mg/kg) was evaluated for analgesic activity against experimentally-induced pains in mice using acetic acid-induced writhing, formalin-induced hind paw licking and thermally-induced pain models. The stembark extract significantly (p<0.005-0.001) inhibited pains in all the models tested in a dose-dependent manner. The extra

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Sha, Zhiyi, and Richard W. Compans. "Induction of CD4+ T-Cell-Independent Immunoglobulin Responses by Inactivated Influenza Virus." Journal of Virology 74, no. 11 (2000): 4999–5005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.74.11.4999-5005.2000.

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ABSTRACT Through cognate interaction between antigen-specific B-cell and CD4+ αβ T cells, the CD4+ αβ T cells secrete cytokines that initiate immunoglobulin (Ig) class switching from IgM to IgG. In this study, we show that formalin-inactivated influenza PR8 virus induces virus-specific IgM and IgG responses in the absence of CD4+ T cells and that all four subclasses of IgG are produced. The immunized CD4-deficient mice were also found to be completely protected against lethal infection with live, pathogenic influenza virus. The ability of CD4+ T-cell-deficient mice to generate these IgG respon

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Miranda, Hugo F., Viviana Noriega, Fernando Sierralta, Ramón Sotomayor-Zárate, and Juan Carlos Prieto. "Pharmacological approach to mechanism of action of tramadol in murine nociception and inflammation assays." World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews 6, no. 2 (2020): 030–36. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4313012.

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The analgesic activity of tramadol has been recognized both in man and in several animal models of pain. However an extensive characterization of the opioid mechanism of action of tramadol of pain has not been reported. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activity of tramadol in different animal pain models and to determine the effect of the selective opioid antagonist: naltrexone, naltrindole and nor-binaltorphimine. The i.p. administration of tramadol induced a dose-dependent with the following order of potency: formalin hind paw, phas

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Keller, James E. "Characterization of New Formalin-Detoxified Botulinum Neurotoxin Toxoids." Clinical and Vaccine Immunology 15, no. 9 (2008): 1374–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cvi.00117-08.

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ABSTRACT Antigenicities of several formalin-detoxified botulinum neurotoxin preparations were measured by inhibition and sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and immunogenicity was studied in mice. The toxoids were derived primarily from the serotype A 150-kDa neurotoxin protein, while one toxoid was derived from the naturally occurring 900-kDa toxin-hemagglutinin complex. Antigenicity was severely compromised in two commercially available toxoids. A variety of new toxoids were synthesized in-house by optimizing formaldehyde reaction conditions. Three of the resulting toxoids we

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Puspitasari, Vina, Retno Sri Wahjuni, Amung Logam Saputro, Iwan Sahrial Hamid, and Prima Ayu Wibawati. "Effectiveness of Clove Flower Extract (Syzygium Aromaticum L.) as Analgesic on Licking Time Reaction in Male Mice with Formalin Induction." Jurnal Medik Veteriner 4, no. 2 (2021): 226. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/jmv.vol4.iss2.2021.226-230.

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This research is about testing the effectiveness of clove flower extract (Syzygium aromaticum L.) as an analgesic against the beating time caused by formalin male mice. This research is experimental with the Complete Random Design formula producing four times repetition (N = 4) and divided into five treatment groups (t = 5). Data were analyzed using ANAVA factorial test then followed by Duncan test. All tests are carried out with Product Solutions and Service Statistics (SPSS). The results of research and statistical analysis prove that clove flower extract at a dose of 1% is an effective dose

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Rezaee-Asl, Masoume, Mandana Sabour, Vahid Nikoui, Sattar Ostadhadi, and Azam Bakhtiarian. "The Study of Analgesic Effects of Leonurus cardiaca L. in Mice by Formalin, Tail Flick and Hot Plate Tests." International Scholarly Research Notices 2014 (September 1, 2014): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/687697.

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Leonurus cardiaca, commonly known as motherwort, is a member of the Lamiaceae family. It has a number of interesting biological activities, for example, sedative and hypotensive, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial activities. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of alcoholic extract of aerial part of Leonurus cardiaca on nociceptive response using formalin, tail flick, and hot plate tests in mice. The acute treatment of mice with an ethanolic extract at doses of 500 and 250 mg/kg by intraperitoneal administration produced a significant antinociceptive in th

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Guimarães, Adriana G., Francilene V. Silva, Maria A. Xavier, et al. "Orofacial Analgesic-Like Activity of Carvacrol in Rodents." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C 67, no. 9-10 (2012): 481–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znc-2012-9-1006.

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Carvacrol (CARV) is a phenolic monoterpene present in the essential oil of several aromatic spices. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the antinociceptive effect of CARV on formalin-, capsaicin-, and glutamate-induced orofacial nociception in mice. Male mice were pretreated with CARV [25, 50, and 100 mg/kg body weight (BW), intraperitoneal (i.p.)], morphine (5 mg/kg BW, i.p.), or vehicle (distilled water + one drop of 0.3% cremophor in distilled water), before formalin (20 μl, 2%), capsaicin (20 μl, 2.5 μg), or glutamate (40 μl, 25 μM) was injected into the right upper lip. Our r

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Cruz de Oliveira Jr., Pedro, Eloise Balen, Jucicleia da Silva Arrigo, Anelise Samara Nazari Formagio, Marciane Maximo da Silva, and Candida Aparecida Leite Kassuya. "Analgesic effect of methanolic extract obtained from Schinus terebinthifolius leaves." Biomedical and Biopharmaceutical Research Journal 17, no. 2 (2020): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.19277/bbr.17.2.234.

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Previous studies from our group showed the analgesic effects of essential oil and extracts of Schinus terebinthifolius. The aims of this research were to evaluate the anti-nociceptive, anti-arthritic properties of methanolic extract obtained from S. terebinthifolius (MEST) leaves in animal models of experimental pain and arthritis. The MEST (30 and 100 mg/kg) reduced both phases of formalin induced licking behavior in Swiss mice. The MEST (100 mg/kg) reduced mechanical hyperalgesia induced by carrageenan in swiss mice. The MEST (100 mg/kg) oral administration reduced significantly the mechanic

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AL- Sultan, I. T., and E. R. AL- Kanany. "EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON SOME PROTECTIVE METHODS AGAINST HYDATID CYST INFECTION IN MICE." Iraqi Journal of Veterinary Medicine 24, no. 2 (2000): 179–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.30539/ijvm.v24i2.1175.

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Experimental study albion mice as a host was conducted in on attempt to inactivate the larval stage of Echinococcus granulosus by formalin treatment. Animals were divided into three groups. The first group was inoculated subcutaneously with alive ovine hydatid protoscolices , whereas the second group was inoculated similarly with 0.75% formalin- treated protoscolices. The rhird group was remained as negative control. a comparison was held between the three groups from haematological , immunological and histopathological points of view. The haematological picture revealed lymphopenia, eosinophi

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